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MULTIPHASE FLOW
Prof Ratnadip R Joshi
Hydrodynamics in
Porous Media
Darcys Law
Darcy then observed that the flow of water in a vertical column was
well described by the equation
A
Q= K
(H1 - H 0 )
L
Darcys expression is written in a general form for isotropic media as
q = -K H
q is the specific flux vector (L/T; volume of water per unit area
per unit time),
K is the saturated hydraulic conductivity tensor (second rank)
of the media (L/T), and
H is the gradient in hydraulic head (dimensionless)
MT Unit 5: Prof R R Joshi
= i, j, k
x y z
The result of operating on a scalar function (like potential) with
is the slope of the function
F points directly towards the steepest direction of up hill with a
length proportional to the slope of the hill.
Later well use F. The dot just tells us to take the dell and
calculate the dot product of that and the function F (which needs to
be a vector for this to make sense).
dell-dot-F is the divergence of F.
If F were local flux (with magnitude and direction), F would be the
amount of water leaving the point x,y,z. This is a scalar result!
F takes a scalar function F and gives a vector slope
F uses a vector function F and gives a scalar result.
MT Unit 5: Prof R R Joshi
H1 H0
H =
L
Q = Aq Q has units volume per unit time
Specific flux, q, has units of length per time, or velocity.
For vertical flow: speed at which the height of a pond of fluid would
drop
CAREFUL: q is not the velocity of particles of water
The specific flux is a vector (magnitude and direction).
Potential expressed as the height of a column of water, has units of
length.
q = -KH
Is the right side of Darcys law indeed a vector?
h is a scalar, but H is a vector
Since K is a tensor (yikes), KH is a vector
So all is well on the right hand side
Notes on K:
we could also obtain a vector on the right hand side by
selecting K to be a scalar, which is often done (i.e.,
assuming that conductivity is independent of direction).
MT Unit 5: Prof R R Joshi
K xx K xy K xz h h h
K yx K yy K yz x y z
K zx K zy K zz
h
h
h
h
h
h
K h +K h +K h ;K
+K yy
+K yz
;K zx
+K zy
+K zz
xx
xy
xz
yx
x
z
x
y
y
y
z
x
z
flux in x-direction
flux in y-direction
flux in z-direction
Looking holistically
u
u
u -1 P
z
u
+ u
+ v
+ w
=
-g
+ 2u
x
y
z
x
x
t
MT Unit 5: Prof R R Joshi
10
Creeping flow
u
u
u
u
z
-1 P
+ u
+ v
+ w
2u
=
+
-g
t
x
y
z
x
x
u = u = u = 0
x y z
Similarly changes in velocity with time are small
u 0
t
so N-S is:
P + gz = 2u
11
r
V
ro
12
=1
14
< 0.5:
15
d eff
4A
,
P
particle volume
6
d p ,eff
total volume V p
. (1 )
MT Unit 5: Prof R R Joshi
16
Therefore:
Vp
d p ,eff 6
A
p
2
di ,eff = .
.d p ,eff ,
3 1
vi di ,eff
Gi di ,eff
const.
=
Rebed ,eff const
=
.
,
where =
Gi
=
vi
17
G0 =
v0
=
m / A0
and
Gi =
G0
and
Rebed ,eff .
G0 d p ,eff
(1 )
18
Function of Re
For a single straight duct of short length, dimensionless
momentum-transfer coefficient
where
d eff dP
4 dz
w
Cf
=
1
1
U 2
U 2
2
2
P p + | gz | z
MT Unit 5: Prof R R Joshi
19
and
f bed
1
di ,eff ( dP / dz )
const. 2
1 2
vi
2
3
1
dP
d p ,eff dz
G02 /
150
f bed
+ 1.75
Re R Joshi
MT Unit 5: Prof Rbed
20
21
22
23
Expensive Catalyst
enzyme (immobilized)
Large Surface area
24
Fixed bed
25
Fixed bed
26
Fixed bed
Sphericity
Volume of particle = Vp
Surface Area of particle = Ap
Surface Area of sphere of same volume (Vs =Vp) = As
Sphericity = As/Ap
May be around 0.3 for particles used in packed beds
lower sphericity ==> larger surface area
Ap,
Vp
As,
Vs
27
Fixed bed
= Ap /Vp
Minimal value for sphere
Some books use S to denote area (instead of A)
Assume all the particles are identical
Rings (Raschig,etc)
Tarus saddle
MT Unit 5: Prof R R Joshi
Pall Ring
28
Fixed bed
What is the pressure drop we need, to force the fluid through the column?
29
Fixed bed
Void fraction= =
VR VALL PARTICLES
=
VR
30
Fixed bed
31
Fixed bed
In normal usage, both the terms height and length may be used
interchangeably (to mean the same thing)
Adsorption rate, equilibrium and other parameters will also influence the
determination of height & diameter
Note: columns with large dia and shorter length (height) will have lower
pressure drop
What can be the disadvantage(s) of such design ? (tutorial)
32
Fixed bed
33
D2
Force =
P
D2
4
Contact area
Force =
34
r =R
r2
=
V Vmax 1 2
R
=VR (1 )
Vp
Vmax = 2 Vavg
2 Vmax 4 Vavg
=
=
R
R
Vp
Ap
Ap
VR (1 )
8 Vavg
D
35
Find effective diameter (i.e. Use Hydraulic radius), to substitute in the formula
Also relate the velocity between particles to some quantity we know
Flowvolume = VR
Wetted Area= N p Ap
Hydraulic diameter
DH = 4
Flow Area
ContactPerimeter
VR (1 )
Vp
=4
Ap
Flowvolume
wetted area
36
4
Ap
( ) V
p
Ap
8
V
1
(
)
8 Vavg
avg
Vp
=
=
DH
4
A
2 Vavg (1 ) p
Vp
37
V0 =
Q
D2
V0
38
2 Vavg (1 ) p
Vp
2 V0 (1 ) p
Vp
=
2
D2
4
Ap
V
2
1
(
)
0
Vp
Ap
D2
VR (1 )
=
P
2
Vp
4
Ap
2 V0 (1 )
V p D 2
D2
4
4
VR =
D2
4
39
Ap
V
2
1
) V D2
0(
D2
p
=2
P
L
4
4
2
Pressure drop
2 LV0 (1 )
=
3
Ap
Vp
Vp
Dp =
6
Ap
Vp
40
Pressure drop
P
2 LV0 (1 )
=
3
6
Dp
72 LV0 (1 )
D p 2 3
150 LV0 (1 )
P =
D p 2 3
P
MT Unit 5: Prof R R Joshi
2A
25 LV0 (1 ) p
Vp
=
6 3
41
D2
4
f =
=constant
1 V 2
2 avg
2
=constant 1 Vavg
2
However
Vavg =
Re
V0
=K
V02
2
MT Unit 5: Prof R R Joshi
42
Vp
Ap
=VR (1 )
Vp
D2
Force =
P
=
Contact area
4
Ap
V02
= K 2 VR (1 )
Vp
D2
4
Ap
V02
=
P K 3 L (1 )
Vp
43
V02
6
1
(
)
Dp
2
Ap
V
0
=
P K 3 L (1 )
Vp
Use the combination of laminar + turbulent pressure drops: valid for all regimes!
PLaminar
=
Ptotal
150 LV0 (1 )
= 2 3
Dp
150 LV0 (1 )
Dp
2
7 LV02 (1 )
4 D p 3
MT Unit 5: Prof R R Joshi
+ PTurbulent
7 LV02 (1 )
=
4 D p
150 LV0 (1 )
Dp
2
7 LV02 (1 )
4 D p 3
f =
1 V 2
2 avg
laminar + turbulent
f =
1 V 2
2 avg
Ap
2 V0 (1 ) V 7 V 2
p
+
2
2
24
f =
1 V 2
2 avg
MT Unit 5: Prof R R Joshi
45
Ap
2 V0 (1 ) V
V02
p
+ K 2
2
f =
=
2
V
1 0 2
2
Ap
4
1
( ) V 7
+
V0
12
Ap
Ap
25
1
( ) V 7
100 4 (1 ) V 7
p
48
=
+
V0
12
3V0
+
12
46
Ap
25
1
( ) V 7
+
=
3V0
12
25
1
)
(
Dp 7
3V0
12
D p V0
D p V0
47
Example
48
Fixed Bed
A
B
f = + n +C
Re Re
0.8
0.4
0.2
MT Unit 5: Prof R REdge
Joshi
Center
49
Edge
Fixed Bed
~0.4
50
Fixed Bed
P dependent variable
Dcolumn
51
Fluidized bed
When the fluid (moving from bottom of the column to the top)
velocity is increased, the particles begin to move at (and above) a
certain velocity.
At fluidization,
Weight of the particles == pressure drop (area)
Remember to include buoyancy
P
D2
4
=
( s f
=
( s f
) (1 )V
) (1 )
D2
4
52
V
n
=
Vt
Ar =
p
2
53
Porosity increases
Bed height increases
Fluidization can be sustained until terminal velocity is reached
If the bed has a variety of particles (usually same material, but
different sizes)
calculate the terminal velocity for the smallest particle
Range of operability = R
54
Range of operation
depends on Ar
40
100
104
108
Ar
55
D p
2
s
0.5
Particulate fluidization
Typically for low Ar numbers
More homogenous mixture
56