Corrosion resistance of Nickel based superalloys in acidic media

Test 1
Condition: 1. 10% sulfuric acid, pure, exposure for 240 hours at 107oC or 225oF
2. 10 % sulfuric acid + nickel sulfide contaminants, exposure for 672 hours at 93 oC
or 200 oF
Alloy
SS 316
AlloCo 20

Condition 1
Mm/y
3.81 Mm/y
0.90 Mm/y

Condition 2
Mm/y
0 Mm/y
0 Mm/y

Mpy
150 Mpy
35.5 Mpy

Mpy
0 Mpy
0 Mpy

Test 2:
Influence of 40 gms per liter of CuSo4 (copper sulfate) on attack of alloys in presence of 10 %
sulfuric acid at 66oC or 150 oF
Alloy

SS 304
SS 316
Monel 400
Silicon Bronze

Corrosion rate
Cupric sulfate, 40 gram per
liter
Mm/y
Mpy
0.06 Mm/y
2.3 Mpy
Nominal
Nominal
5.16 Mm/y
203 Mpy
damaged

Air free, non-oxidizing salts

Mm/y
66 Mm/y
2.13 Mm/y
0.18 Mm/y
0.38 Mm/y

Mpy
2600 Mpy
84 Mpy
7 Mpy
15 Mpy

Test 3
Magnitude of cupric sulfate causing corrosion of Stainless steel 304, stainless steel 316 in
sulfuric acid solutions
Acid
magnitude
Wt %
5%
5%
5%
5%
30 %
30 %

temperature
oC
38 oC
66 oC
79 oC
93 oC
38 oC
93 oC

oF
100
150
175
200
100
200

oF
oF
oF
oF
oF
oF

Weight % of cupric sulfate to

cause prevention
SS 304
SS 316
0.20 %
Nil
0.25 %
0.01 %
1%
0.5 %
1%
0.5 %
1%
0.5 %
2%
1%

Test 4
Influence of oxidizing agents and chlorides on attack of stainless steels and high nickel alloys
Alloy

SS 316
Incoloy
825

Corrosion rate
10 % sulfuric acid
Mm/y
0.74
Mm/y
0.03
Mm/y

mpy
29 Mpy
1 Mpy

10% sulfuric acid +

5% nitric acid
Mm/y
mpy
0.13
5 Mpy
Mm/y
0.05
2 Mpy
Mm/y

10% sulfuric acid +

5% sodium chloride
Mm/y
mpy
17.04
671 Mpy
Mm/y
5.16
203 Mpy
Mm/y

Carpente
r 20Cb 3

0.03
Mm/y

1 Mpy

0.05
Mm/y

2 Mpy

4.60
Mm/y

181 Mpy

Test 5
Influence of surface preparation on mean corrosion rate of annealed passivated stainless
steels in aerated sulfuric acid at 70oC or 158of
H2S
O4

Conc
%
40 %
50 %
60 %

SS 304
Sample
prepared
in dry
grinder
Mm/ Mp
y
y
41.9 165
1
0
60.9 240
6
0
53.3 210
4
0

Sample
prepared
on wet
grinder
Mm/ Mp
y
y
non
non
e
e
non
non
e
e
11.9 470
4

SS 310
Sample
prepared
in dry
grinder
Mm/ Mp
y
y
non
non
e
e
12.9 510
5
5.59 220

Sample
prepared
on wet
grinder
Mm/ Mp
y
y
non
non
e
e
non
non
e
e
non
non
e
e

SS 316
Sample
prepared
in dry
grinder
Mm/ Mp
y
y
6.10 240
35.8
1
26.6
7

141
0
105
0

Sample
prepared on
wet grinder
Mm/
y
non
e
non
e
non
e

Mpy
none
none
none

Test 6
Corrosion rate in running black acid 90 to 95 %
Condition: 90 to 95 % sulfuric acid flowing at 2 m per sec at ambient temperature.
Alloy
SS 304
SS 316
Gray cast iron
Carbon steel

Corrosion rate
Mm/y
None
None
Below 1.52 Mm/y
25.4 Mm/y

mpy
None
None
Below 60 mpy
1000

Test 7
Evaluation of corrosion rates in wash container
Alloy
Stainless steel
316
Carpenter 20 Cb
Incoloy 825

Attack rate
Ordinary
6.55 mm/y

258 mpy

Cold wall
0.38 mm/y

15 mpy

3.18 mm/y
3.43 mm/y

125 mpy
135 mpy

0.13 mm/y
0.13 mm/y

5 mpy
5 mpy

Test 8
Evaluation of corrosion rates in presence or absence of anodic protection in chloride
containing sulfuric acid
Stain
less

Condition
Aerated at 30oC or 86
oF

Corrosion rate
Anodic protection
provided

Anodic protection not

provided

steel
grad
es
Ss
310

SS
310

SS
304

SS
304

Mm/y

Mpy

Mm/y

Mpy

0.01 Mm/y
0.01 Mm/y

0.35 Mpy
0.27 Mpy

none

none

none

none

0.05 Mm/y

2.1 Mpy

none

none

0.05 Mm/y
7.49 Mm/y
8.38 Mm/y

2.1 Mpy
295 Mpy
330 Mpy

none

none

0.23 Mm/y

9 Mpy

None

none

0.64 Mm/y

25 Mpy

None

none

0.2 Mpy

0.66 Mm/y

26 Mpy

0.01
Mm/y
-

0.40 Mm/y
0.36 Mm/y

15.7 Mpy
14 Mpy

None

None

0.07 Mm/y

2.9 Mpy

none

None

0.08 Mm/y

3.2 Mpy

0.2 Mpy

2.5 Mpy
1340
Mpy
1930
Mpy
1125
Mpy
77 Mpy

None

None

None

None

+ 10(-1)N

0.06 Mm/y
34.04
Mm/y
49.02
Mm/y
28.58
Mm/y
1.96 Mm/y

0.01
Mm/y
-

0.2 Mpy

+ 0.5 N

2.87 Mm/y

113 Mpy

0.01
Mm/y
0.04
Mm/y

N H2SO4
N H2SO4 + 10(-5)N
NaCl
N H2SO4 + 10(-3)N
NaCl
N H2SO4 + 10(-1)N
NaCl
N H2SO4 + 0.5 N NaCl
10N H2SO4
10N H2SO4 + 10(-5)N
NaCl
10N H2SO4 + 10(-3)N
NaCl
10N H2SO4 + 10(-1)N
NaCl
10N H2SO4 + 0.4 N
NaCl
10N H2SO4 + 0.5 N
NaCl
N H2SO4
N H2SO4 + 10(-5)N
NaCl
N H2SO4 + 10(-3)N
NaCl
N H2SO4 + 10(-1)N
NaCl
N H2SO4 + 0.5 N NaCl
10N H2SO4
10N H2SO4
NaCl
10N H2SO4
NaCl
10N H2SO4
NaCl
10N H2SO4
NaCl

+ 10(-5)N
+ 10(-3)N

1.6 Mpy

Test 9
Stress corrosion cracking in 50% sulfuric acid + 3% sodium chloride at 30 oC or 86 oF
Alloy

Nickel Content Weight %

Stainless steel 304

Stainless steel 310
Incoloy 800
Inconel 600

8.89 %
21.59 %
31.90 %
76 %

Test 10

Mean time to damage

(days)
1
No damage
No damage
No damage

Mean corrosion rates for different cast alloys in sulfuric acid at 80 oC or 176 oF
Alloy

Wrough
t alloy

Corrosion rate in acid weight

10%
25 %
50 %
Mm/ mpy Mm/ mpy Mm/ mpy
y
y
y
0.02 0.8
0.04 1.5
0.17 6.7

78 %
Mm/ mpy
y
0.92 36.3

93 %
Mm/ mpy
y
0.07 2.9

0.94

37.2

4.1

162

CW
12M-2
In 862

Hastell
oy C
Alloy
6X

CN 7M

0.51

20.1

0.57

22.5

CF-8M

Carpen
ter 20
SS 316

1.32

52

84.7

CD4MCu

Ferraliu
m

0.00
2

0.1

1.23

Abo
ve
182.
5
0.32

Abo
ve
718
5
12.6

3.7

145

3.94

155

1.62

63.6

0.83

32.7

333
4

Abo
ve
942

8.7

342

6.1

240

48.6

Abo
ve
612

Abo
ve
371
00
Abo
ve
241
00

4.6

180

1.47

58

Test 11
Consistent attack rates of Cast PH-56 alloys against ACI CF-8M
H2S
O4,
%

Temperature
oC

50

Ambie
nt
Ambie
nt
Ambie
nt
Ambie
nt
Ambie
nt
Ambie
nt
Ambie
nt
Ambie
nt
Boiling

Boiling

Boiling

65
78
10
20
30
78
93

21
oC
21
oC
21
oC
80
oC
80
oC
80
oC
80
oC
80
oC
100
oC
100
oC
100
oC

oF

70 oF
70 oF
70 oF
176
oF
176
oF
176
oF
176
oF
176
oF
212
oF
212
oF
213
oF

PH-55A
Mm/y mp
y
0.47
18.
7
0.46
18.
2
0.09
3.7

PH-55B
Mm/ mpy
y
0.02 0.8

PH-55C
Mm/ mpy
y
0.01 0.4

0.03

1.1

0.05

SS CF-8M
Mm/ mp
y
y
34.4 135
4
6
7.87 310

0.02

0.6

0.01

0.2

2.08

82

0.59

23.
2
44
5.2
-

0.02

0.6

0.1

2.54

100

2.81

110.
6
-

0.00
3
0.01

0.5

480

3.80

12.1
9
-

13
6.8
44.
8
1.3

3.34

38.1

52.
8
27
1.3

11.3
1
3.47
1.14
0.03
1.34
6.89

0.15

0.30

131.
4
11.8

149.
6
6.1

0.02

0.6

6.60

150
0
260

0.21

8.3

0.01

0.4

1.39

55

1.72

67.6

0.03

1.2

3.81

150

7.39

291.
1

1.12

44.2

6.71

264

Test 12
Corrosion rates of precipitation hardening stainless steels in dilute sulfuric acid
Allo
y

S
174
00

For
m

Bar
Bar
Bar
Bar
Bar

S51
740
0

Bar
Bar
Bar

S17
400

Bar
Bar
Bar

S17
700

Bar
Bar

S17
700

She
et
She
et
She
et
She
et
She
et
She
et
She
et
She
et
She
et

Heat
processing

H469oC or
875 oF
H496oC or
925 oF
H 552 oC or
1025 oF
H 600 oC or
1075 oF
H621 oC or
1150 oF
H496oC or
925 oF
H 552 oC or
1025 oF
H621 oC or
1150 oF
H496 oC or
925 oF
H552 oC or
1025 oF
H621 oC or
1150 oF
TH 454 oC or
850 oF
TH 510 oC or
950 oF
TH 566oC or
1050oF
TH 621 oC or
1150 oF
RH 510 oC or
950 oF
TH 454 oC or
850 oF
TH 510 oC or
950 oF
TH 566oC or
1050 oF
TH 593 oC or
1100 oF
TH 621 oC or
1150 oF
TH 510oC or
950 oF
RH566oC or
1050 oF

Corrosion rate
Sulfuric acid at 36oC or 95 oF
1%
Mm/y
0

mpy
0

2%
Mm/y
0

mpy
0

5%
Mm/y
.04

mpy
1.7

Sulfuric acid
176 oF
1%
Mm/y mpy
.03
1.1

.04

1.4

.03

.02

0.7

.29

.03

1.2

.01

0.5

0.3

0.01

at 80oC or
2%
Mm/y
.27

mpy
10.8

1.3

.19

7.4

.25

10

.02

.9

.32

12.5

.03

11.
3
1

.08

.60

23.7

.19

7.6

0.04

1.4

0.26

10.3

.02

0.9

.29

0.07

2.8

0.17

6.8

0.3

.02

0.7

.32

0.02

0.7

0.32

12.5

0.01

0.3

.02

0.7

.08

11.
6
12.
6
3.2

0.02

0.7

0.13

5.2

0.20

7.7

0.02

0.7

0.25

9.9

0.34

0.02

0.7

0.36

14

13.72

540

7.57

298

7.19

283

700

.10

4.1

17.7
8
1.35

53

30.2
3
53.5
9
7.19

13.
3
119
0
211
0
283

33.5
3
34.5
4
7.21

132
0
136
0
284

242
0
249
0
706

.12

4.9

.20

7.7

3.94

155

3.12

123

1.01

3.40

134
.8

3.38

133

9.34

367

.02

.6

.04

1.4

159
0
226

15.9
8
19.2
0
20.8
0
6.55

629

.20

14.0
7
21.0
8
40.3
9
5.74

554

.01

39.
9
.5

61.4
7
63.2
5
17.9
3
11.2
0
4.29

188
0
189
0
603

.01

.4

.02

.6

1.17

46

0.70

.02

.6

.02

.08

4.95

195

0.82

.01

.3

.02

0.9

3.63

143

6.73

27.
7
32.
4
265

.20

7.8

1.52

60

19.8
9

783

10.3
9

47.2
4
48.0
1
15.3
2
10.5
4
12.7
0
19.0
2
26.1
6

830

756
819
258

409

441
169

415
500
749
103
0

S17
700

S15
700

SS
304

SS
304

She
et
She
et
She
et
She
et
She
et
She
et
She
et
She
et
She
et
Bar

She
et

She
et

TH 454 oC or
850 oF
TH510 oC or
950 oF
TH 566 oC or
1050 oF
TH 593 oC or
1100 oF
TH 621 oC or
1150 oF
RH 510oC or
950 oF
TH 510 oC or
950 oF
TH566oC or
1050 oF
RH510oC or
950 oF
Annealed @
1066 oC or
1950 oF and
Cooled
Annealed @
1066 oC or
1950 oF and
Cooled
Annealed @
1066 oC or
1950 oF and
Cooled

.01

.4

.01

.2

467

.4

11.8
6
21.6
7
0.56

580

22

14.7
3
13.0
3
0.05

1.8

35.3
1
37.5
9
3.68

139
0
148
0
145

.84

33

2.95

116

.01

.4

.01

.01

.2

.01

.5

0.41

16

0.04

1.6

0.91

36

.01

.2

.02

.6

1.73

68

0.02

0.8

4.34

171

.01

.5

3.20

126

8.36

329

839

6.60

260

760

453

57

11.5
1
12.2
4
6.10

240

19.3
0
14.2
2
17.5
3
8.89

21.3
2
35.5
6
33.0
2
36.5
8
12.1
9

0.68

6.93

273

1.98

26.
7
78

.01

.5

.02

.7

.71

28

1.45

.01

.4

.01

.4

0.03

1.2

0.03

1.2

1.70

67

.01

.4

.06

2.3

0.36

14.
3

1.10

43.
3

1.57

62

853

482

513

560
690
350

A -> annealed at 1066 oC or 1950 oF and cooled

H -> hardened at given temperature
T - > conditioned at 760 oC or 1400 oF
R - > refrigeration at -73 oC or -100 oF

Test 13
Corrosion rates of S35000 and S45000 in dilute sulfuric acid
Alloy

S3500
0
S3500
0
S3500
0

Heat processing
or hardness
SCT

Corrosion rate
1 % H2So4 at 38 oC or
100oF
Mm/y
mpy
0.03 Mm/y 1.3 mpy

5 % H2SO4 at 24 oC or
75 oF
Mm/y
mpy
-

DA

2.36 Mm/y

93 mpy

SA

0.03 Mm/y

1 mpy

140
0
130
0
144
0
480

S4500
0
S4500
0
S4500
0
304
S1740
0
410
431

H482 oC or 900
oF
H 538 oC or 1000
oF
H 621 oC or 1150
oF
Rb 80
H510 oC or 950
oF
Rc 45
Rc 45

0.03 Mm/y

1 mpy

0.08 Mm/y

3 mpy

0.23 Mm/y

9 mpy

1.46 Mm/y
-

57.6 mpy
-

0.28 Mm/y
0.05 Mm/y

11 mpy
2 mpy

44 Mm/y
36 Mm/y

1732 mpy
1402 mpy

Test 14
Evaluation of SS 216 and Stainless steel 316 in sulfuric acid
Alloy

SS
216
SS
316

Corrosion rate
Weight % of sulfuric acid
1%
2%
Mm/y mpy Mm/y mpy
.08

3.2

.06

2.3

none

non
e

none

non
e

3%
Mm/
y
.04
none

mpy

4%
Mm/y

mpy

5%
Mm/y

1.4
non
e

mpy

6%
Mm/y

mpy

.09

3.5

2.01

79

.05

1.9

.04

1.4

.91

36

.24

9.6

Test 15
Evaluation of Nitronic 50 and stainless steel 316 in H2SO4
Alloy

Nitron
ic 50
SS
316
Nitron
ic 50
SS
316

Corrosion rate
Sulfuric acid content
Temperature 1 %
oC
oF
Mm/
y
80
176
Belo
oC
of
w
0.03
80
176
0.05
oC
of
Boili
Boili
0.68
ng
ng
Boili
Boili
ng
ng

2%
Mm/
y
Belo
w.
03
.28

26.9
-

mpy
Belo
w1

11

5%
Mm/
y
Belo
w.
03
1.52

1.64

64.4

3.33

131

9.04

3.05

120

6.60

260

18.5
4

mpy
Belo
w1

Belo
w1

10 %
Mm/ mp
y
y
.72
28.
2

20 %
Mm/ mp
y
y
3.38 133

80

2.54

12.2

480

41.6
6
55.8
8

164
0
220
0

mpy

Test 16
Comparison of alloys in 2 % sulfuric acid at 80 oC or 176 oF
Alloy
Nitronic 60
SS 304
SS 316

Corrosion rate
Mm/y
mpy
1.14 Mm/y
45 mpy
6.17 Mm/y
243 mpy
0.28 Mm/y
11 mpy

10
0
35
6
73
0

Test 17
Lab corrosion tests of Incoloy 825 in CP sulfuric acid
H2SO4 wt
%
40 %
50 %
60 %
60 %

Corrosion rate-temperature
50 oC or 122 oF
100 oC or 212 oF
Mm/y
mpy
Mm/y
mpy
0.01
0.5 mpy
0.36
14 mpy
Mm/y
Mm/y
0.03
1 mpy
0.36
14 mpy
Mm/y
Mm/y
0.10
4 mpy
0.51
20 mpy
Mm/y
Mm/y
0.13
5 mpy
0.51
20 mpy
Mm/y
Mm/y

Boiling
Mm/y
0.28
Mm/y
0.51
Mm/y
3.05
Mm/y
34.54
Mm/y

mpy
11 mpy
20 mpy
120 mpy
1360
mpy

Test 18
Corrosion rates of Incoloy 825 in boiling 31.8 % H2SO4 (4M)
Heat
1
2
3
moderate

Corrosion rate
Technical type
Mm/y
0.58 Mm/y
0.57 Mm/y
0.65 Mm/y
0.60 Mm/y

mpy
22.9
22.5
25.5
23.6

mpy
mpy
mpy
mpy

CP type
Mm/y
0.60 Mm/y
0.72 Mm/y
0.41 Mm/y
0.58 Mm/y

mpy
23.5
28.5
16.2
22.7

mpy
mpy
mpy
mpy

Test 19
Corrosion rates of Incoloy 825 in boiling sulfuric acid solutions
Solutions

Boiling 31.8 , H2SO4 in cold finger condenser

Boiling 31.8 , H2SO4 using Liebig, condenser with regular sparge
of 0.9 to 1.5 per minute
Boiling 31.8 , H2SO4 + 5 g/l dissolved kind 348 stainless steel,
Liebig condenser
Boiling 31.8 , H2SO4 +25 g/l dissolved grade 348 stainless steel,
Liebig condenser
Boiling 31.8 , H2SO4 +50 g/l dissolved grade 348 stainless steel,
Liebig condenser
Boiling 31.8 , H2SO4 +25 g/l dissolved grade 304 stainless steel,
Liebig condenser

Corrosion
rate
Mm/y mpy
1.08
42.
6
0.59
23.
1
0.05
2
0.15

5.8

0.06

2.3

0.02

0.8

Test 20
Corrosion rate of Incoloy 825 in boiling 31.8 % 4M technical grade sulfuric acid in heat transfer
conditions

Metal temperature
oC
oF
127 oC
260 oF
138 oC
280 oF

Corrosion rate
mm/y
0.76 mm/y
0.93 mm/y

149 oC
149 oC

0.86 mm/y
0.50 mm/y

300 oF
300 oF

mpy
30 mpy
36.8
mpy
34 mpy
19.6
mpy

Test 21
Comparison of Hastelloy G and Hastelloy G3 in sulfuric acid conditions
Conditions

Temperature
oC
oF

5 % H2SO4

Boiling

10 % H2SO4

Boiling

20 % H2SO4

Boiling

50 % H2SO4

Boiling

7 % H2SO4 + 3
FeCl3
7 % H2SO4 + 3
FeCl3
7 % H2SO4 + 3
FeCl3
7 % H2SO4 + 3
FeCl3
7 % H2SO4 + 3
FeCl3
7 % H2SO4 + 3
FeCl3
50 % H2SO4 +

Corrosion rate
Alloy G
Alloy G3
Mm/y
mpy Mm/y mpy
.28
11
0.30
12

% HCl +1% CuCl2 + 1 %

21 oC

Boilin
g
Boilin
g
Boilin
g
Boilin
g
70 oF

% HCl +1% CuCl2 + 1 %

21 oC

70 oF

.03

% HCl +1% CuCl2 + 1 %

70 oC

30.5

455

70 oC

120
0
339

11.6

% HCl +1% CuCl2 + 1 %

11.3

445

% HCl +1% CuCl2 + 1 %

Boiling

1920

Boiling

240
0
-

48.8

% HCl +1% CuCl2 + 1 %

34.5

1360

42 g/l Fe2(SO4)3

Boiling

158
oF
158
oF
Boilin
g
Boilin
g
Boilin
g

0.30

12

.36

14

0.48

19

0.81

32

2.7

108

3.6

143

none

none

8.6
61

Test 22
Corrosion of Monel alloy 400 in boiling sulfuric acid
Acid wt %
5%
10 %
19 %
50 %
75 %
96 %
Test 23

Boiling temp
oC
101 oC
102 oC
104 oC
123 oC
182 oC
293 oC

oF
214
216
219
253
360
560

oF
oF
oF
oF
oF
oF

Test time
hours
23
23
23
20
20
3

Corrosion rate
Mm/y
Mpy
0.086
3.4
0.061
2.4
0.19
7.5
16.5
650
58.4
2300
83.8
3300

Corrosion of Monel alloy 400 in air saturation sulfuric acid solution comprising of ferric sulfate
at 30oC or 86 oF
H2SO4 wt %

2.02 %
2.44 %
1.60 %
1.66 %
0.532 %
0.604 %
0.710 %
0.0635 %
0.0650 %
0.0857 %

Iron %

None
1%
None
0.05 %
None
0.05 %
0.10 %
None
0.005 %
0.010 %

Corrosion rate
Mm/y

Mpy

0.70
Above 25.4
0.58
5.02
0.47
6.17
10.7
0.31
1
1.74

27.7
Above 1000
22.8
197.7
18.7
242.9
423
12.4
39.5
68.5

Ratio of
corrosion to in
pure H2So4
41.1
8.7
13
23.1
32
5.5

Test 24
Lab corrosion test of Inconel alloy 625 in 80oC or 176oF sulfuric acid
Acid wt %
15
50
60
70
80

Corrosion rate
Mm/y
0.19
0.43
0.71
1.6
2.3

%
%
%
%
%

mpy
7.4
17
28
64
90

Test 25
Alloy

Inconel alloy
625
Cast alloy 625
Incoloy 825

Corrosion rate
Solution saturated with
Air
Mm/y
mpy
0.02
0.7

nitrogen
Mm/y
0.11

mpy
4.5

0.02
0.49

0.22
0.11

8.6
4.5

0.7
19.4

Table 26
Corrosion rate of Hastelloy B2 in boiling sulfuric acid
Acid wt
%
2%
5%
10 %
20 %
30 %
40 %
50 %
50 %
50 %

Corrosion rate
Mm/y
0.013
0.076
0.051
0.018
0.018
0.023
0.025
0.051
0.025

Mpy
0.5
3
2
0.7
0.7
0.9
1
2
1

60 %
70 %

0.051
0.23

2
9

Test 27
Lab corrosion tests of Nickel 200 in sulfuric acid solutions at natural temperatures
Acid
wt %
1%
2%
5%
5%
10 %
20 %
50 %
93 %
95 %

Temp
oC
30
21
19
30
21
21
30
30
21

oC
oC
oC
oC
oC
oC
oC
oC
oC

oF
86
70
65
86
70
70
86
86
70

oF
oF
oF
oF
oF
oF
oF
oF
oF

Test
time
hours
120
5
100
24
96
5
24
24
20

Velocity
m/sec Ft/sec
0.08
None
None
0.08
None
None
0.08
0.08
None

0.26
None
None
0.26
None
None
0.26
0.26
None

Corrosion rate
unaerated
Mm/y mpy
0.05
2
0.06
2.2
0.23
9
0.04
1.7
0.10
4
1.8
71

aerated
Mm/y
1.24
1.55
0.41
0.25
-

mpy
49
61
16
10
-