Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tamil Alai
1
Waste to Wealth
Dr. A. Abdul Rahman
First Edition
December - 2012
Contact
Mobile : +91 94433 39369
E.mail : aarahaman@gmail.com
Published by
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Pages: 96
Price : Rs.150
Waste to Wealth
Dedicated
to
Thiru.
Foreword
The decades of experience in academic, industrial and
field research is worth documenting.
Professionally a scientist, as a citizen I feel obligatory to
publish the technical know-how on waste management. It
is a pleasure to let the public know about the technologies
that have been implemented on solid waste management,
waste water treatment and bio gas production. This will be
an initiative to practice the eco friendly and cost effective
technology. I shall continue presenting technologies specific
to industries in solar salt works, tannery, textile, distillery and
sewage. I feel honoured to have taken up this and to receive
encouragement from various sources.
The readers comments and constructive criticisms are
solicited for the betterment of this initiative.
Waste to Wealth
S.no
CONTENTS
1.
Waste Management
Introduction
Stepping into a greener word
2.
Chapter - 1
Solid Waste Management
Biocompost
3.
Chapter - 2
Bio Gas Plant
Introduction
Design of the biogas plant
Advantages
Process
Biogas plant civil construction
Tackling problems of bio gas plant
4.
Chapter - 3
Waste water management
Introduction
Composition of grey water
5.
Chapter - 4
Grey water treatment by
Root Zone bed Technology
Page
7
28
60
71
6.
Chapter - 5
Human Urine Treatment
Fabrication of urine treatment reactor
80
7.
Chapter - 6
Mosquito Control and
Water Treatment Using Ecobioballs
91
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Words are inadequate to express my hearty gratitude and sincere
thanks to our beloved and respected chairman Thiru. Mjf. Ln. Leo Muthu,
Thiru. J.Sai Prakash, CEO / Managing Trustee,
Dr. T. Suriya Kumar, Registrar, Sairam Group of Institutions.
Prof.V.R.Rajamanickam, Director
Dr.C.V.Jayakumar, Principal,
Prof.Dr.A.Rajendra Prasad, Dean (R&D)
Sri Sairam Engineering College
&
Prof.Dr.G.Victor Rajamanickam, Director (R& D)
Sairam Advanced Centre for Research, West Tambaram, Chennai for
their guidance and encouragement.
I have special thanks to offer for the personalities as they helped me
in accomplishing my endeavours through my participation in academic
activities, workshops and training camps.
Dr. G. Natarajan, FCA, Chairman, Gojan Educational Institutions. Chennai
Dr.Sethu Kumanan,Chairman, Soka Ikeda College of Arts & Science for
women, Madhanangkuppam Chennai
Thiru.B.Haribabu,Chairman,Sri Venkateswara College of
Technology,Vadakkal Village, Sriperumbadur, Chennai
Er.S.Selvamani,Chairman,E.S Engineering College, Villupuram
Dr. H. Malleshappa, IFS., Director of Environment & Member Secretary,
EMAT-NGC, Er. S. Arumugam, Executive Engineer,
Department of Environment, Tamil Nadu Government, Chennai
Er. R. Lakshmi, M.E., District Environment Engineer,
Tamil Pollution Control Board, Pudukkottai.
Dr.M.Suresh Gandhi, Coordinator INSPIRE science camp,Department of
Geology,Univesity of Madras,
Dr.P. Mariappan, Asistant Engineer, TWAD Board, Trichirapalli
I am indebted to Mr. H. Ishaq ,Tamil Alai Media World, Chennai
for his valuable suggestions and for the successful
completion of this project.
I thank Ms. Sindhu Sivalingam and Mr. R. Venugopal for their assistance in
accomplishing the book by sparing their valuable time.
I believe the valuable support from the above personalities will continue
to be forthcoming in the future also enabling me to make my endeavours
enduring while establishing a humane relationship.
Prof. A.
Waste to Wealth
Abdul Rahman
WASTE MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
A journey towards excellence is both exhilarating as well as
daunting a concept realized by vision to action oriented plan
of developing and implementing technologies from the wastes as
residual utilization to wealth, useful for healthy living to mankind.
This technology is cost effective, eco-friendly and is every mans
need at doorstep. This initiative heads to prevent the menace that
could arise out of improper waste management that we generate.
Without knowing ways of safe disposal, burning of solid waste
is also practiced in several places which produces highly toxic
gases.
It is indeed possible to safely manage waste both of solid and
liquid nature that is generated in every household and community
dwellings like students hostel etc., Implementation of these
technologies can prevent the problems due to flies, microbes, waste
water stagnation, unpleasant smell, and breeding of mosquitoes.
This reality once practiced will ensure a hygienic environment that
guarantees a physically, mentally and socially healthy living family.
The prime cost that is required is your time and effort. Time that
will make the place you live better in every aspect, time that will
make every home realize the zero waste concept.
Waste to Wealth
Chapter - 1
Solid waste comprise all the waste arising from human and
animal activities that are normally solid and that are wasted or
unwanted.
It is estimated that solid waste generated in small, medium and
large cities and towns in India is about 0.1 kg, 0.3 0.4 kg and 0.5
kg per capita per day respectively. Studies carried out by NEERI
indicated that the per capita generation rate increases with the
size of the city and varies between 0.3 to 0.6 kg/day. The estimated
annual increase in per capita waste quantity is about 1.33% per year.
As per a recent survey (CPCB, 1999), the quantities of municipal
solid waste generation in metro cities are as follows.
Vegetable, leaves
40.15
Grass
Paper
Plastic
Glass/ceramics
0.44
Metal
0.64
Stones/ashes
41.81
Miscellaneous
11.73
3.80
0.81
0.62
Description %
Plastics
7.04
Green wastes
Inerts
Paper
6.45
6.99
Food wastes
8.0
1.45
3.14
Metals
0.03
32.25
34.65
Environmental Concerns due to waste handling: Greenhouse gases from solid waste activities Landfills are top
source of methane GHG; refuse fleets are significant sources of Co2
and N2O. Wasted recyclable materials have lost inherent energy
production activities (i.e., Co2 and N2O).
Volatilized heavy metals (e.g., mercury and lead), dioxins and furans
from open burning dumpsites are low-standard incinerators.
Leachate from unlined and uncovered, dumpsites contaminates
ground and surface waters become breeding ground for animals
and mosquitoes.
Waste to Wealth
10
Health concern :
Short terms
1. Water Pollution
a. Eutrophication
b. Heavy metals
Long terms
2. Air Pollution
b. Ozone depletion
c. Acid rain
3. Soil Pollution
a. Heavy metals
11
12
A.1.Composting
Composting is the decomposition of organic matter by microorganism
in warm, moist, aerobic and anaerobic environment. Farmers
have been using compost made out of cow dung and other agrowaste.
The compost made out of urban heterogeneous waste is found to
be of higher nutrient value as compared to the compost made out
of cow dung and agro-waste.
Composting is suitable for organic biodegradable fraction of
MSW, yard (or garden) waste/waste containing high proportion
of lignocelluloses materials, which do not readily degrade under
anaerobic conditions, waste from slaughterhouse and dairy
waste.
This method, however, is not very suitable for wastes that may be
too wet and during heavy rains open compost plants have to be
stopped.Leaves have to be dried before composting.
Any organic waste gets 12 hours to get biodegraded aerobically.
Hence remove it from the site before it produces odour problem.
2. Vermicomposting
Vermi-compost is the natural organic manure produced from the
excreta of earthworms fed on scientifically semi-decomposed
organic waste.
This process has been successfully used in a limited scale up to 80
metric ton per day in Bangalore, Pune, Mumbai etc. but there is
no large-scale centralized plant experiences in India.
13
B. Waste to Energy
Waste - to-energy plants can be constructed closer to the source.
Waste-to-energy plants can handle upto 25 to 100 Tons/day.
The waste producer takes responsibility and fore see an immediate
benefit in power generated.
Such plants are small, simple and inexpensive to manufacture,
install and operate.
It comes with an advantage of low gas emissions and hence is easy
to comply with regulations.
Public - Private Partnership mode could be used for such
projects.
14
5.Incineration
Specially instakked incenerators are recommended for safe disposal
of sanitary napkins.Conventionally practiced method is either
harmful or poses problems such as choking of sewage pipelines
due to flushing of napkins.
This method, commonly used in developed countries is most
suitable for high calorific value waste with a large component of
paper, plastic, packaging material, pathological wastes etc.
It can reduce waste volumes by over 90 per cent and convert waste
to innocuous material, with energy recovery.
6. Arc Process
Pyrolysis/Gasification, Plasma Pyrolysis Vitrification (PPV)/Plasma
Plasma gasification is a non-incineration thermal process, which uses
extremely high temperatures in an oxygen-starved environment to
15
Waste to Wealth
16
BIOCOMPOST
Process: Simply put, the process of converting food waste to
organic manure involves aerobic bacteria-mediated chemical
transformations.
Food waste is collected from the hotels,hostels and mega dining
facility and is treated with bacteria in bins with sufficient aeration
in the plant. The process takes about 36 days when provided with
regular aeration and moisture. If organic waste contains more
moisture, worms will emerge resulting anaerobic condition.Hence
the lumps have to be broken by constant stirring allowing enough
aeration.
17
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18
19
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21
22
23
The author
training the
staff to carry
out composting
and collection of
manure.
24
Odourless manure.
25
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26
27
Chapter - 2
BIOGAS PLANT
Introduction:
There is a single simple solution to answer two major problems we face
- combating high cost of energy and accumulated biodegradable wastes;
solution being Biogas plants.Incorporating biogas plant in the construction
phase of the apartments or community houses does not only save cost on
constructing separate septic tank for toilet but also converts your waste
to energy.
An anaerobic biogas reactor is an anaerobic treatment technology
that produces a mix of methane, CO2 and traces of other gases that can
be easily converted to electricity, light and heat. Since the bio gas plant is
under ground construction it also minimises land use.
28
Advantages
Generation of a renewable valuable energy source is the key of biogas
plant. low capital cost; low operating cost; long life span. Ecofriendly, zero
maintenance, no sludge, no odour and no risk in handling biogas.
29
Testing facility
Testing facility for testing the waste and overflow are required for proper
maintenance of the plant.
Commissioning the plant requires stepwise execution and
monitoring.
The work consisting of the followings:
1. Site clearing
2. Excavation for pit
3. Bottom packing
7. Dome RCC
8. Dome plastering
Waste to Wealth
30
Process:
Methane gas is produced through anaerobic digestion (fermentation) of
decaying plants, animal matter, and food waste. It is the naturally occurring
emission of bacteria that thrive without oxygen. Production of methane
occurs in three stages of digestion. The biogas produced in anaerobic
digester is burned to generate clean renewable energy.
Stages of digestion:
It refers to various reactions and interactions between
methanogens(methane producing bacteria), non-methanogens and
substrates fed into the digester as inputs. This is a complex physio-chemical
and biological process involving different factors in its simple form.
The break down of inputs that are complex organic material is achieved
through three stages as described below:
Stage 1:
Hydrolysis: The waste material consists of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
and inorganic materialsin the presence of water. Large molecular complex
substances are solubilised into simpler ones with the help of excreta cellular
enzymes released by the bacteria. This stage is also known as polymer
breakdown stage. For example, the cellulose consisting of polymerised
glucose is broken down to dimeric,and then to monomeric sugar molecules
(glucose) by cellulolytic bacteria.
Stage 2:
Acidification: The monomer such as glucose which is produced in Stage
1 is fermented under anaerobic condition into various acids with the help
of enzymes produced by the acid forming bacteria. At this stage, the acid
forming bacteria break down molecules of six atoms of carbon (glucose)
into molecules of less atoms of carbon (acids) which are in a more reduced
state than glucose. The principal acids produced in this process are acetic
acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and ethanol.
31
Stage 3:
Methanization :The principle acids produced in Stage 2 are produced
by methanogenic bacteria to produce methane. The reaction that takes
place in the process of methane production is called methanization and is
expressed by the following equations. (Karki and Dixit,1984).
CH3COOH
Acetic acid
CH4
2CH3CH2OH + CO2
Ethanol
CO2 + 4H2
+ CO2
CH4 + 2CH3COOH
Methane + Water
Weeks
Days
Hours
Waste to Wealth
32
Qty
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
2 Nos
1No
1 No
1 No
2.00 Mtr
1.00 Mtr
1 No
1 No
1 No
1 No
1.00 Mtr
1No
1 No
2Nos
1No
2Nos
1No
2 Nos
1 No
2 Nos
2Nos
1 No
1 No
5 Feet
1No
1No
1No
1No
10 Nos
2 Nos
1No
10 Mtrs
2 Kg
33
Gas
Burning Time
Decide the capacity of Fermenter and gas holder tanks required from
the above. Total costs depending on the size of sintax tanks.However,for
1m3 capacity of biogas plant costs Rs.27,000/-
Waste to Wealth
34
Only the cow dung is charged into the biogas chamber. After 40th day
the gas evolution is checked. While initial checking care should be taken
to release the air locked in the chamber .
The smell will indicate the presence of the biogas. Further, a person need
to be stationed in the control valve when checking the gas by lightening. If
it is confirmed the connection with the gas stove could be given to facilitate
use of gas . It is advised to use biological material which is biodegradable
alone should be used. If by any chance plastic material is sent in to the
chamber it will clog the opening of the pipe the gas will be stopped. HENCE
AVOID PUTTING ANY NON- BIODEGRADABLE MATERIAL. Particularly egg
Shell should be avoided. Charge the material with toilet waste continuously
and the kitchen waste water and the solid wastes. Continuous production
of gas will be available for domestic use.
There is no sludge generated into the plant. There will not be smell in
the gas. The waste water will be produced which will be discharged through
the pipe lines provided for the purpose. It may contain colour can also be
removed by having sand filter . However, it can be directly used to irrigate
the plants. Biogas is non-hazardous, eco-friendly and much efficient than
the LPG .
35
PVC pipes of 60mm, 90mm size and other materials used for fabricating
biogas plant
36
37
Two pipes have been inserted ,one in bottom (To remove sludge) and
other in top to remove excess slurry.
Waste to Wealth
38
Fixing the 12.5mm dia pipe with required holes inside the gas holding
tank of 750 litre capacity.
39
The cow dung slurry is poured into the inlet pipe as the author watches
the process.
The cow dung slurry is the starting material added into the digester of
1000 litre capacity.
Waste to Wealth
40
Lifting the digester tank 1000 litre capacity and to position on the base.
41
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42
The student watches the cowdung slurry made dust free and in proper
thickness being poured into the digester.
43
Note the gas tap on the top of the gas holder 750 litre capacity in an
inverterd position.
Waste to Wealth
44
The gas holder is now positioned into the digester which has been filled
with cowdung slurry.
The author with Dr. Sethu Kumaran, Chairman, Soka Ikeda College of
Arts and Science for women Madanakuppam at Chennai with staff.
45
Dr. Akash Ouchi, Coordinator in South Asia and Middle East, Soka
Gakkai International, India inspecting the biogas plant
46
Er. V. Subramanian,
Executive Engineer,
STP, Perungudi,
Chennai Metropolitan
water supply and
Sewerage Board,
with the author at the
biogas plant site.
47
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49
50
51
52
Completion of construction of
bio gas plant.
53
A view of the bio gas plant with pipe line and control valve.
The Hostel staff with the author enjoying the bio gas flame from the bio
gas reactor in the kitchen.
Waste to Wealth
54
Cover the top of the inlet and outlet opening, especially of the
Chinese type plants, firmly to avoid accidental falling of calves,
children, etc.
Mix dung and water till there are no lamps which may otherwise
cause reduced gas production.
Purge air from all delivery lines by allowing gas to flow for an interval
prior to first use.
Use good - quality and efficient burner and other gas appliances.
Keep patience for production of gas during initial filling of the plant
with slurry.
55
Donts:
-
Any earth in the mixing-pit of the gobar. It will fill up the bottom
of the digester pit and cause problems.
Any straw or grass, etc., in the mixing pit. If any does get in remove
it before letting the slurry into the digester pit.
Do not let any oil, soap or detergent into the plant as these
substances kill the bacteria and stop all gas production.
Never allow any person to enter the gas plant when it is full of dung
slurry.
Never use more than 40% urine to avoid increase ammonia which
will give less gas and poorer quality and in course of time may stop
gas production.
Waste to Wealth
56
PROBLEM
BURSTING
OF THE
DIGESTER WITH
EXCESSIVE GAS
PRESSURE.
CORROSION
OF THE GAS
HOLDER
CAUSE
SOLUTION
a) Gas holder at
the top become
jammed in the
digester due to
drying of the
scum in between
the gas holder
and digester
and restricting
movement of the
holder.
b) Guide frame
gets loosened from
its support and
the holder cannot
move freely.
methane and
Gas holders,
commonly made
of mild steel,
remain in contact
with digester
slurry and with
the gas containing
other gases,
including H2S
Which is highly
corrosive
Painting of the
gas holder with
black paint or even
coal tar each year.
Alternative materials
like PVC, Ferro
cement, galvanized
iron, fiberglass, etc.
may be used to
manufacture the
holder
57
CLOGGING OF
THE INLET/
OUTLET PIPES.
Accumulation of
feed or scum.
BREAKDOWN
OF CENTRAL
GUIDE-PIPE.
Rusting
REDUCTION IN
PRODUCTION
OF GAS IN
WINTER
(REDUCTION IN
PRODUCTION
BY 50%
SUMMER).
Waste to Wealth
Methanogenic
bacteria are
mesophillic
and reduction
in temperature
adversely affects
gas production.
The fall in gas
production starts
when temperature
falls below 20c.
58
Pipes should be
washed or flushed
regularly with clean
water or should be
cleaned with a pole
moving up and down.
Replacement (as it is
mostly beyond repair)
a) Insulation: The
whole plant including
the gas holder may be
insulated with material
such as straw.
b) Glass house effect:
A plastic airtight tent
may be built over the
gas plant. Care must
be taken to avoid on
explosion in case any
gas gets collected in
the tent.
c)Enzymes, too, have
been found to increase
gas production but the
method is extremely
expensive.
d)Water hyacinth
added to cattle
dung enhances gas
production. Water
containing algae
when added gives a
significant increase
in gas production,
especially in plants
using pig manure.
SHOW RATE
OF GAS
PRODUCTION
OR NO GAS
PRODUCTION.
NO GAS AT
STOVE.
a) increase in
toxicity with
retention time.
b) Increase in solid
content.
c) pH too acidic or
too alkaline.
d) Low
temperature.
e) Digester filled
with exhausted
dung heaps.
f) Digester filled
up with raw dung
followed by water
to make the slurry.
a) Dilution or low
loading makes
ammonia toxicity less
critical.
b) Stirring, dilution or
low loading reduces
viscosity.
c) Do not change the
slurry mixture of a
working digester.
d) Do not use
exhausted dung
heaps.
Make the slurry as
recommended.
a) Valve should be
opened.
b) Condensate should
be removed.
59
Chapter - 3
Waste to Wealth
60
Advantages
This technology reduces the demands on potable sources of
freshwater.
It may reduce the need for large wastewater treatment systems,
if significant portions of the waste stream are reused or recycled.
Capital costs are low to medium, for most systems, and are
recoverable in a very short time; this excludes systems designed
for direct reuse of sewage water.
Operation and maintenance are relatively simple except in direct
reuse systems, where more extensive technology and quality
control are required.
Provision of nutrient-rich wastewaters can increase agricultural
production in water-poor areas.
Pollution of seawater, rivers, and groundwaters may be reduced.
Lawn maintenance and golf course irrigation is facilitated in resort
areas.
In most cases, the quality of the wastewater, as an irrigation water
supply, is superior to that of well water.
Disadvantages
If implemented on a large scale, revenues to water supply and
wastewater utilities may fall as the demand for potable water for
non-potable uses and the discharge of wastewaters is reduced.
Reuse of wastewater may be seasonal in nature, resulting in the
overloading of treatment and disposal facilities during the rainy
season; if the wet season is of long duration and/or high intensity,
the seasonal discharge of raw wastewaters may occur.
61
Introduction
I. HOUSEHOLD WASTE WATER TREATMENT :
What is grey water
Greywater is the term given to all used water discharged from a house,
except from toilet water (Black water ). Grey water includes shower, bath,
wash basin, kitchen sink, dishwasher, washing machine and laundry tub
water. This water is called grey water because it turns grey if stored for a
while. It also becomes quite smelly if stored for a day or so.
Grey water is sometimes called sullage. Toilet water is generally called
blackwater or sewage. In most literature, both are grouped together as
wastewater. This convenient label is misleading because grey water is very
different from blackwater, and neither should be wasted water. Both can
be re-used for garden irrigation, but require different methods and levels
of handling because of their fundamental differences.
Grey water is far easier, safer and cheaper to re-use than black water,
Houses with composting toilets have no black water, and should be
encouraged.
Waste to Wealth
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64
Treatment Technology
65
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67
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68
Grey water is collected and after settlement and lime treatment over
flows in the subsequent tanks.Dr. Mrs. Ranjithakani, Advisor, Soka Ikeda
College of Arts & Science for women observes the methodology of
treatment process.
69
S.No
Characteristics
Unit (mg/l)
1.
2.
3
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Apperence
Colour
Odour
Turbidity
Total dissolved solids
pH
Alkalinity as CaCO3
Total Hardness as CaCO3
Calcium as Ca
Magnesium as Mg
Iron as Fe
Manganese as Mn
Nitrate as NO3
Chloride as Cl
Fluoride as F
Sulphate as SO4
Aluminium as Al
Arsenic as As
Chromium as Cr
Mercury as Hg
Cadmium as Cd
Selenium as Se
Lead as Pb
Copper as Cu
Zinc as Zn
Boron as B
Cyanide as CN
G+r;rpf; nfhy;ypfs;
Microorganisms in Number
Residual Chlorine Cl2 as Cl
Clear
25
No smell
10
2000
6.5 -8.5
600
600
200
100
1.0
0.3
100
1000
1.5
400
0.2
0.05
0.05
0.001
0.01
0.01
0.05
1.5
15
5
0.05
0.001
Nil
0.2
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70
Chapter - 4
71
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72
73
74
The entry of grey water by gravity flow into tanks. The entire area is
protected by iron mesh thus preventing entry by animals.
75
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76
Root zone Treatment. Reed plants and the treated water collection tanks
at each reed bed.
77
Prof.R.Damodharan, (IIT-M) with the author and guest at the grey water
treatment site.
Prof.Dr. A.Rajendra Prasad, Dean with Thiru. Sai Prakash Leo Muthu,
CEO Sri Sairam Group of Institutions at Root zone
Treatment site at IIT - M
Waste to Wealth
78
Comparison between conventional treatment and root
zone method of treatment.
While conventional system the civil construction, mechanics & supplies,
chemicals sample analysis on the maintenance cost and overall power cost
are high when compared to the root zone treatment method.
The cost benefit analysis indicates that there will be saving for a flow
of sewage when root zone system is installed.
79
Chapter - 5
80
Advantages:
1. Urine separation system has many advantages related to
emission of odour and nutrient recovery.
2. Energy (energy efficiency) analyses of sewage treatment
system show that phosphorous and nitrogen recycling efficiency is
highest if urine separation is used.
3. Urine separation system also show that the storage, transport
and spreading large amounts of urine prevents serious obstacles to
system efficiency.
4. Large volumes of urine are needed to fertilize farmland, leading
to transportation costs.
5. Another problem of urine separation system is the loss of
nitrogen by ammonia evaporation during storage and spreading.
81
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83
84
85
86
87
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88
89
CONCLUSION
It proved possible to capture the majority of nutrients contained
in urine in the form of solid minerals. By adding small amounts of
Magnesium Oxide(MgO), struvite was obtained and identified as
a main component in the precipitated crystalline mixture
Natural zeolites, showed excellent ammonium adsorbent qualities
in contact with human urine.
The human urine treatment facility is simple, effective, easily
manageable and economically viable
Eco-technology is much in demand all over the world.
Recovery of nutrients from separated urine reported here could
play a role in the rural as well urban sanitary systems of the future,
which will almost certainly be much more diverse than it is today,
with many different technologies at different places.
In combination with struvite crystallization, most of the phosphorous
and potassium and 65-80% of the nitrogen could be recovered.
The mixture of struvite and natural mineral adsorbent has good
nutrient qualities and can be used as soil conditioner.
Human urine after treatment could be used by hydroponic system
to cultivate plants using golden bamboo Bambusa bambusoidis
where the intersepta are absent
Waste to Wealth
90
Chapter - 6
The eco bio-ball is used dependent upon the volume of water. Three
bio balls per square meter is recommended.
The effective microorganisms and fungi start reacting as soon as the
eco bio-ball is reached at the bottom of the water body. The clay gets
dissolved. The chemical present in the eco bio-ball zeolite is a dissolved
and reduces the turbidity of the bottom water. The microbes present in the
ecobio-ball degrades the dissolved organic material present in the form
of slime and sludge. The solar radiation penetrates the polluted water.
The micro algae and other microscopic animals such as zooplanktons
emerge because of the dissolved nutrients. Thus polluted water is treated
biologically into good water.
One could also use hay filled jute material in the form of bag. The
hay is immersed in the polluted water which will in turn produce micro
organisms. These will consume the organic wastes and convert into clean
water resource.
The advantages could be benefitted by this simple technology even
can be applied to water stagnant bodies
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WHAT IS A NANOBIOBALL?
The Nanobioballs are designed with the clay materials, zeolite, bacteria
and silver nanoparticles.
The clay helps the nanobioballs to sink and dissolves in the pond.
Zeolite dissolves in bottom water column and helps to reduce the
turbidity of water and make the water transparent helps in penetration
of solar radiation
Bacteria help in the fermentation of the organic material present in the
pond thus preventing foul odour.
The silver nanoparticles acts on the bacteria present in the pond water
and controls their multiplication.
Biological Synthesis of
Silver nanoparticles
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Silver nitrate (AgNO3)
Pencillium chrysogenum
Azadiracta indica (neem)
Potato dextrose agar
Millipore distilled water
Whatman filter paper
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CHANGE IN COLOUR
Waste to Wealth
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WITHOUT ECOBIOBALL
WITH ECOBIOBALL
( Less Organic Matter Treated)
OBSERVATION
It was observed that after introduction of nanobioball in to the cooum
river sample there is reduction in the number of bacterial colonies.
And an single even colony of bacteria was observed.
Thus using these nanobioballs control on the multiplication of undesired
bacteria was clearly observed. Water samples were further tested for other
parameters.
CONCLUSION
Due to the reduction in the foul odour the mosquito getting attracted
to pond was controlled.
This has been observed in lily ponds of TAJ CONNEMARA Chennai
which faced a serious mosquito menace before
Total organic matter reduction was observed which discouraged the
mosquito to lay the eggs.
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The substratum of the lily pond was treated with Ecobioballs showing
improvement in water quality.
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