Optimizing Specific Energy Performance For A Residence in Composite Climate

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VIKRAM ADITYA NARLA
Title of thesis
OPTIMIZING SPECIFIC ENERGY PERFORMANCE FOR A RESIDENCE IN COMPOSITE CLIMATE
Name of degree
M.ARCH
Date Submitted
30/06/2011
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Optimizing specific energy

performance for a residence in
composite climate
Vikram Aditya Narla

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the
master of Architecture The University of Auckland 2011
6/30/2011
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Abstract
Artificial cooling is becoming a common and unavoidable feature in residential buildings in India. The
associated problems of cooling on energy demand are well known. Climate responsive techniques
can aid to reducing energy for cooling and enhancing the efficiency in energy use. In that context the
purpose of this research is to investigate the effect on cooling loads by varying material configurations
in the envelope design of specific typology of domestic dwellings in Hyderabad (a city in India with
composite climate).
Post occupancy evaluation on existing dwellings of a particular gated residential enclave was
conducted to assess the problems regarding passive heat gains. The study included observational
evaluation of site conditions and physical measurements of temperature within the dwellings.
Commonalities observed from the case study in the dwellings help set up base case dwelling model
with variables obtained from the same dwelling. Using computer simulations techniques, isolated
building elements with variations in Material configurations were tested and compared with each other
to find which was most beneficial to reduce the cooling load.
Recommendations to the specific envelope features supported by the findings are made to enable the
groups involved in residential construction practices in Hyderabad make informed choices for
developing enhanced residential real-estate.
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Acknowledgement
I would like to express my humblest gratitude to the people, who I had the good fortune to encounter,
while experiencing the research process.
First, to my supervisor Dr.Hugh Byrd, who helped me in the possibility of completing my thesis under
testing conditions I would not, had it not been for his advice on my work, have completed this thesis.
His patient supervision and valuable comments were of great help to me.
To Dr. Rosangela Tenorio, who in her stint with me, helped me establish the foundation for this thesis.
To Dr. Paola Leardini, who, despite her busy schedule always made some time for me to clarify my
doubts.
To Najah Alwi, for enriching my knowledge on a particular software used in this thesis with her rain of
questions.
To Malti Surpur Aravind, for steering my thoughts to clarity during those moments my thesis drove me
into potholes of confusion.
To my dearest friend for seven and half years till date, B.G Srirama who kept me working on track
whenever he felt I derailed.
And last but not the least to them who I am forever fortunate of being the son too, my parents, who in
their own implicit way have motivated me throughout this journey.
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Table of Contents
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ 2
Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................ 3
Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................. 4
List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................... 10
1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 14
1.1
Research Hypothesis: ......................................................................................................... 15
1.2
Aims and Objectives: .......................................................................................................... 15
1.3
Research scope and limitations: ......................................................................................... 15
1.4
Significance of the research: ............................................................................................... 16
Energy crisis ............................................................................................................................... 17

2.1
Global context ..................................................................................................................... 17
2.2
Depleting fossil fuel supply ................................................................................................. 17
2.3
Energy issues: Indian context ............................................................................................. 18
2.3.1
Policy changes: ........................................................................................................... 19
2.3.2
Building Codes ............................................................................................................ 19
2.4
Energy use by building sector (residential sector) ............................................................... 20
2.5
Electricity use in Buildings: ................................................................................................. 21
Climate of the region .................................................................................................................. 23

3.1
Hot and Dry ........................................................................................................................ 23
3.2
Warm and Humid ................................................................................................................ 24
3.3
Moderate ............................................................................................................................ 25
3.4
Cold and Sunny .................................................................................................................. 25

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3.5
Composite climatic zone ..................................................................................................... 26
3.6
Climate change ................................................................................................................... 29
3.6.1
3.7
Growth in Air-conditioning: .................................................................................................. 34
3.8
Views on energy efficiency in India: .................................................................................... 35
3.9
Concluding comment: ......................................................................................................... 36
Climate responsive design.......................................................................................................... 37

4.1
Site parameters .................................................................................................................. 38
4.1.1
Landform and its orientation ........................................................................................ 38
4.1.2
Vegetation pattern....................................................................................................... 38
4.1.3
Water bodies ............................................................................................................... 38
4.1.4
Street width and orientation ........................................................................................ 39
4.1.5
Open spaces and built form ........................................................................................ 39
4.2
Plan form and orientation .................................................................................................... 39
4.2.1
Building configuration .................................................................................................. 39
4.2.2
Building orientation ..................................................................................................... 39
4.3
Climate change in India............................................................................................... 30
Building envelope ............................................................................................................... 40
4.3.1
Roof: ........................................................................................................................... 40
4.3.2
Wall type: .................................................................................................................... 40
4.3.3
Openings and Fenestrations: ...................................................................................... 40
4.3.4
Shading and textures: ................................................................................................. 41
Hyderabad and its residential building industry: .......................................................................... 42

5.1
Profile of the city ................................................................................................................. 42
5.2
Physical Characteristics ...................................................................................................... 43
5.3
The residential building Industry of Hyderabad ................................................................... 43

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5.4
Gated residential enclaves:................................................................................................. 46
5.5
Recent accounts in residential real-estate in Hyderabad .................................................... 47
5.5.1
Influences during development ................................................................................... 49
5.5.2
Penetration of Gated residential enclaves (Gated communities) ................................. 49
5.6
The dwelling format: ........................................................................................................... 51
5.7
Construction methods ......................................................................................................... 52
Thermal Performance ................................................................................................................. 53

6.1
Thermal comfort.................................................................................................................. 54
Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 55
7.1
Case study method ............................................................................................................. 55
7.2
Simulation Method: ............................................................................................................. 58
7.3
Parameters of base case: ................................................................................................... 60
7.3.1
8
Description of Parameters Investigated: ..................................................................... 60
Case study ................................................................................................................................. 74

8.1.1
Description of Buildings:.............................................................................................. 74
8.1.2
Case study findings ..................................................................................................... 75
8.2
Site settings ........................................................................................................................ 82
8.3
Plan from and Orientation: .................................................................................................. 83
8.4
Envelope features ............................................................................................................... 83
Simulation results ....................................................................................................................... 84

9.1
Case set 1 effect of orientation on performance ................................................................. 84
9.1.1
Base case with West orientation ................................................................................. 84
9.1.2
Base case with south orientation................................................................................. 85
9.1.3
Base case with East orientation .................................................................................. 87
9.1.4
Base case with North Orientation ................................................................................ 88

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9.2
Case set 2 effect on performance with changes in roof material configuration.................... 90
9.2.1
R.C.C roof with Mudphuska ........................................................................................ 90
9.2.2
R.C.C roof with bitumen felt ........................................................................................ 92
9.2.3
R.C.C roof with Poly urethane foam ............................................................................ 94
9.3
Case set 3 effect on performance with changes in Wall material configuration ................... 96
9.3.1
Concrete Block wall .................................................................................................... 96
9.3.2
Auto-claved Cellular Concrete block wall .................................................................... 98
9.3.3
Brick wall with expanded polystyrene insulation ........................................................ 100
9.4
Case set 4 effects on performance with combination approach ........................................ 102
9.4.1
R.C.C roof with Mudphuska and concrete block wall ................................................ 102
9.4.2
R.C.C roof with Mudphuska and Auto-claved concrete block wall ............................. 104
9.4.3
R.C.C roof with Mudphuska and brick wall with Polystyrene ..................................... 106
9.4.4
R.C.C roof with bitumen felt and concrete block wall ................................................ 108
9.4.5
R.C.C roof with bitumen felt and Autoclaved cellular concrete block wall .................. 110
9.4.6
R.C.C roof with bitumen felt and Brick wall with Polystyrene insulation..................... 112
9.4.7
R.C.C roof with Polyurethane foam and Concrete block wall .................................... 114
9.4.8
R.C.C roof with Polyurethane foam and Autoclaved cellular Concrete block wall ..... 116
9.4.9
R.C.C roof with Polyurethane foam and Brick wall with Polystyrene insulation ......... 118
9.5
Case set 5 effects on performance with change in surface colour .................................... 120
9.5.1
Base case with external paint - 0.6 Reflectance ........................................................ 120
9.5.2
9.5.3
9.5.4
Insulated case with external paint - 0.6 Reflectance ................................................. 126
9.5.5
9.5.6

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9.6
Summary of results ........................................................................................................... 131
9.6.1
Case set 1 Effect on cooling load based on orientation............................................. 131
9.6.2
Case set 2 Effect on cooling load with roof variables ................................................ 131
9.6.3
Case set 3 Effect on cooling load with wall variables ................................................ 131
9.6.4
Case set 4 Effect on cooling load based on combination approach .......................... 131
9.6.5
Case set 5 Effect on cooling load with surface colour variables ................................ 132
10
Discussion and conclusion ................................................................................................... 133
10.1
Orientation: ....................................................................................................................... 133
10.2
Roof (R1, R2 and R3) ....................................................................................................... 134
10.3
Wall (W1, W2 and W3) ..................................................................................................... 135
10.4
Combination approach R1 -W1, W2 and W3: ................................................................... 136
10.5
10.6
10.7
Colour (reflectance): ......................................................................................................... 139
10.8
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 139
10.9
Recommended roof systems: ........................................................................................... 140
10.10
Recommended wall systems: ....................................................................................... 141
10.11
Limitations to insulation: ................................................................................................ 141
11
Further considerations: ......................................................................................................... 142
11.1
Thickness and shape: ....................................................................................................... 142
11.2
Glazing: ............................................................................................................................ 142
11.3
Future research: ............................................................................................................... 142
Bibliography and References ........................................................................................................... 144

Appendix .......................................................................................................................................... 146
Case set 1 Effect of Orientation on cooling load ........................................................................... 146
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Case set 2 Effect on cooling with varying roof material................................................................. 150

Case set 3 Effect on cooling with varying wall material................................................................. 153
Case set 4 Effect on cooling by combining wall and roof material ................................................ 156
Case set 5 Effect on cooling by combining wall and roof material ................................................ 165
Temperature log Of House no 39 from 13th June to 15th June 2010 .............................................. 171
Temperature log Of House no 64 from 13th June to 15th June 2010 ............................................. 172
Temperature log Of House no 41from 27th June to 29th June 2010 .............................................. 173
Temperature log Of House no 64 from 27th June to 29th June 2010 ............................................. 174
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List of Figures
Figure 1: trends in Commercial energy production in India Source:(planningcommission 2002) ........ 18
Figure 2: level of Urbanization since the year 1970 -2005 Source: (Singh and Michaelowa 2004) ..... 21
Figure 3: Annual electricity consumption or residential and commercial buildings in India
Source:(Singh and Michaelowa 2004) ................................................................................................ 22
Figure 4: Appliance penetration levels in Urban households .............................................................. 22
Figure 5: Map of India showing climatic zones (NBC 2005)................................................................ 23
Figure 6: Classification of climate adapted from (NBC 2005) ............................................................. 26
Figure 7: prevailing wind rose of Hyderabad ...................................................................................... 28
Figure 8: Climate summary and degree of heating/cooling hours ....................................................... 28
Figure 9: Monthly diurnal averages and Daily conditions. ................................................................... 29
Figure 10: Changes in temperature sea level and northern hemisphere snow cover Source: statistics
from Intergovernmental panel for climate change IPCC. Retrieved
from:http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/figure-spm-3.html ................................... 30
Figure 11 Temperature anomaly Source:(Lal et al. 2001) .................................................................. 31
Figure 12 total heat wave mortality rates (Akpinar-Ferrand and Singh 2010) ..................................... 32
Figure 13 Spatial distribution of heat waves in India between 1911 and 1999 (Akpinar-Ferrand and Singh
2010). .................................................................................................................................................. 33
Figure 14 Increased Air-condition sales in India (Akpinar-Ferrand and Singh 2010) .......................... 34
Figure 15: Map of Andhra Pradesh..................................................................................................... 42
Figure 16: total built up area of MCH Building permissions in Sq.m ................................................... 44
Figure 17: View of Mumbai from the sea http://www.goiit.com/posts/list/0/community-shelf-the-crownto-mumbai-s-skyline-974295.htm ....................................................................................................... 44
Figure 18: View of Auckland from sea Source: http://www.planetware.com/picture/auckland-nznz689.htm retireved on 14-0602011 16:46 ........................................................................................ 45
Figure 19: Gated residential enclave: multifamily residence. Source:
http://www.srikrishnagroup.com/realestate_New/krishegardens.html Retrieved on: 14-06-2011 ........ 46
Figure 20: Ariel view of Gated residential enclave in mixed format. Source: http://maps.google.co.nz/
key word IJM Rain tree park, Retrieved on: 14-06-2011 17:22pm ...................................................... 46
Figure 21: Gated residential enclave as single family dwellings. Source: http://hyderabad.olx.in/villasfor-sale-near-hightech-city-hyderabad-a-p-iid-193249622, Retrieved on 14-06-2011 17:28 pm ......... 47
Figure 22 Distribution of Urban households by type of dwellings ........................................................ 48
Figure 23: Map of India with case study location ................................................................................ 55
Figure 24 Entry view of Tulsi Gardens (Gated residential enclave) .................................................... 56
Figure 25: Escort Junior Data logger .................................................................................................. 57
Figure 26: North West view of Ecotect simulation Model .................................................................... 59
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Figure 27: South west view of Ecotect simulation model .................................................................... 59

Figure 28 base case parameters ........................................................................................................ 60
Figure 29: Orientation parameters ...................................................................................................... 62
Figure 30: Roof option R1parameters ................................................................................................ 63
Figure 31: Roof option R1 material properties .................................................................................... 63
Figure 32: Roof option R2 parameters ............................................................................................... 64
Figure 33: Roof option R2 material properties .................................................................................... 64
Figure 34: Roof option R3 parameters ............................................................................................... 65
Figure 35: Roof option R3 Material properties .................................................................................... 65
Figure 36: Wall option W1 parameters ............................................................................................... 66
Figure 37: Wall option W1 material properties .................................................................................... 66
Figure 38: Wall option W2 parameters ............................................................................................... 67
Figure 39: Wall option W2 material properties .................................................................................... 67
Figure 40: Wall option W3 Parameters ............................................................................................... 68
Figure 41 Wall option W2 Material properties ..................................................................................... 68
Figure 42: Combination option R1W1 parameters .............................................................................. 69
Figure 48: Combination option R3W1 ................................................................................................. 71
Figure 51: Base case colour option 0.6 reflectance for ....................................................................... 72
Figure 52: Base case colour option 0.7 reflectance ............................................................................ 72
Figure 53: Base case colour option 0.8 reflectance ............................................................................ 72
Figure 54: Insulated case colour option 0.6 reflectance...................................................................... 73
Figure 57: Ariel view of Tulsi Gardens ................................................................................................ 74
Figure 58: Images of House no 64 ..................................................................................................... 74
Figure 59 typical floor plans of the selected dwelling units ................................................................. 75
th
th
Figure 60 Temperature readings of house no 39 13 June to 15 June (Refer appendix) ................. 76

th
th
Figure 61 temperature readings of house no 64 13 June to 15 June 2010 (Refer appendix).......... 77

th
th
Figure 62 Temperature reading of House no 41 from 27 June to 29 June 2010 (Refer appendix).. 78
th
th
Figure 63 Temperature readings of house no 64 from 27 June to 29 June 2010 (Refer appendix) 79
Figure 64 electricity bill readings of House no 39 from 01 March 2007 to 01 March 2011 .................. 80
Figure 65 Electricity bill readings of house no 64 from 01 March 2007 to 01 March 2011 .................. 81
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Figure 66: base case simulation model oriented west ........................................................................ 84

Figure 67: Monthly heating/cooling loads of west orientation (refer appendix A1 for Monthly loads) .. 84
Figure 68: Monthly heating/cooling graph of west orientation ............................................................. 85
Figure 69: Base case simulation model oriented south ...................................................................... 85
Figure 70: Monthly heating/cooling loads of south orientation (refer appendix A2 for Monthly loads) . 86
Figure 71: Monthly heating/cooling graph of south orientation............................................................ 86
Figure 72: Base case simulation model oriented east ........................................................................ 87
Figure 73 Monthly heating/cooling loads of east orientation (refer appendix A3 for Monthly loads) .... 87
Figure 74: Monthly heating/cooling graph of east orientation.............................................................. 88
Figure 75: Base case simulation model oriented north ....................................................................... 88
Figure 76: Monthly heating/cooling loads of north orientation (refer appendix A4 for Monthly loads) . 89
Figure 77: Monthly heating/cooling graph of north orientation ............................................................ 89
Figure 78: Monthly heating/cooling loads of R1 (refer appendix B1 for Monthly loads) ...................... 90
Figure 79: Monthly heating/cooling Graph of R1 ................................................................................ 91
Figure 81: Monthly heating/cooling graph of R2 ................................................................................. 93
Figure 83: Monthly heating/cooling graph of R3 ................................................................................. 95
Figure 84: Monthly heating/cooling loads of W1 (refer appendix C1 for Monthly loads)...................... 96
Figure 85: Monthly heating/cooling graph of W1 ................................................................................ 97
Figure 86: Monthly heating/cooling loads of W2 (refer appendix C2 for Monthly loads)...................... 98
Figure 87: Monthly heating/cooling graph of W2 ................................................................................ 99
Figure 88: Monthly heating/cooling loads of W3 (refer appendix C3 for Monthly loads).................... 100
Figure 89: Monthly heating/cooling graph of W3 .............................................................................. 101
Figure 90: Monthly heating/cooling loads of R1W1 (refer appendix D1 for Monthly loads) ............... 102
Figure 91: Monthly heating/cooling graph of R1W1 .......................................................................... 103
Figure 93: Monthly heating/cooling loads of R1W2........................................................................... 105
Figure 100: Monthly heating/cooling loads of R2W3 (refer appendix D6 for Monthly loads) ............. 112
Figure 101: Monthly heating/cooling graph of R2W3 ........................................................................ 113
Figure 102 Monthly heating/cooling loads of R3W1 (refer appendix D7 for Monthly loads) .............. 114
Figure 104 Monthly heating/cooling loads of R3W2 (refer appendix D8 for Monthly loads) .............. 116
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Figure 106: Monthly heating/cooling loads of R3W3 (refer appendix D9 for Monthly loads) ............. 118
Figure 108: Monthly heating/cooling loads of Base case with 0.6 reflectance (refer appendix E1 for
Monthly loads) .................................................................................................................................. 120
Figure 109: Monthly heating/cooling graph of Base case with 0.6 reflectance .................................. 121
Monthly loads) .................................................................................................................................. 122
Monthly loads) .................................................................................................................................. 124
Figure 114: Monthly heating/cooling loads of Insulated case with 0.6 reflectance (refer appendix E4
for Monthly loads) ............................................................................................................................. 126
Figure 115: Monthly heating/cooling graph of insulated case with 0.6 reflectance ............................ 127
Figure 120: Comparative graph of cooling loads between west, south, east and north orientation ... 133
Figure 121: Comparative graph of cooling loads between Base case, R1, R2 and R3 ..................... 134
Figure 122: Comparative graph of cooling loads between Base case, W1, W2 and W3................... 135
Figure 123: Comparative graph of cooling loads between base case, R1W1, R1W2 and R1W3 ..... 136
Figure 126: Comparative graph of cooling loads between base and insulated case ......................... 139
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1 Introduction
Following the economic reforms in India two decades ago, there came about tremendous growth in its
economy. Apart from inviting foreign direct investments it offered opportunities to set up multinational
firms in India. This growth also accompanied rapid urbanization due to the opportunities and better
livelihoods. Rapid urbanization causes overcrowding leading to housing shortage and also increases
the energy demand within cities. Hyderabad faces the same fate as, Bombay and Bangalore and
other metros across India.
Since the starting of this decade, Hyderabad became established as the hub of the Information
technology sector by hosting large multinational companies within its region. Presently, the
information technology, aside from Pharmaceutical industry, has become the major economic
contributor to city and also to the state of Andhra Pradesh. The foreign investment bought by these
companies set of informal markets which fuelled the real-estate industry specifically, the residential
sector. To meet the enormous demand induced by the impending urbanization process, residential
settlements were constructed rapidly.
One of the many comfort providing urban residential forms that became prevalent during this time is
the gated residential enclave. Gated residential enclaves have become popular choice of residence
as they have the advantages of living independently yet being a part of a community within the safety
of a fence and because, people are freed from taking up the task of the construction process. These
enclaves are usually preferred by the economically comfortable middle class, who share a majority of
the population in the cities of India. The aim of the developer was to satisfy the consumer by providing
visually pleasant buildings in seemingly natural environs and produce it in short time to overcome
competitions. Hence, the design of these may or may not follow climatic parameters in the process of
rapid deliverance.
Another aspect of comfort that is popular among this group is artificial cooling. Subsidised electricity
rates, economic wellbeing and subsequent social lifestyle changes have given rise to artificial cooling
and the requirement of Air-conditioners have shifted from a single room to more than one. Climate
also is the chief contributor to this growth. India has a mixture of various climatic zones ranging from
arid, temperate, moderate and cold, Hyderabad which experiences the composite climate consists of;
hot summers, warm humid monsoon and cold winters. None of the seasons last longer than six
months, hence the term composite climate. In the summer months, people experience high thermal
stress as day temperatures reach 40DegC and artificial cooling is required. Artificial cooling has its
impact on energy consumption, but because of the climatic situation it is one such feature that cannot
be entirely eliminated.
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Electricity is one of the clean energy carriers that are demanded in the rapidly urbanizing Hyderabad.
However, electricity shortages are a common occurrence and summers pose a problem because of
peak loads. The growing use of Air-conditioners is known to cause incremental stress on peak loads.
Expanding the electric utilities is a strategic response of the concerned authorities. However,
electricity in India is largely produced by coal. Problems associated with the use of coal are well
known. Continuous use of this fossil fuel could lead to serious and unavoidable environmental
impacts.
Climate responsive techniques are a relevant solution to lessen the associated problems of cooling.
This thesis, therefore, focuses on the important aspects of the built form of dwellings in a specific
gated residential enclave that can contribute to reduction of energy use.
1.1 Research Hypothesis:

There is potential energy saving in residential dwellings by adopting building elements with better
thermal performance
1.2 Aims and Objectives:

The research took its origins from the general observations the author made on the presence of air
conditioners in all the new and existing constructions of residential settlements in Hyderabad. In that
context two questions formed whether the current residential design practices allowed better thermal
performance? This question leads to the post-occupancy evaluation to monitor the existing dwelling
thermal performance. Study and evaluation of the building design in the climatic context, the
investigation into current energy policies concerned with energy use in residential buildings and also
The objectives that developed from the questions are:
Identifying, understanding and discussing the existing design approaches.
To investigate the effects of variable design features on the cooling load of the building.
1.3 Research scope and limitations:

The research is focussed towards one Gated residential enclave. Gated residential enclaves are
notable urban settlement forms in the city of Hyderabad and their existence is a resultant of comfort
aspirations of the economically comfortable middle class and rich societies. They appear in various
formats ranging from double storied single family residential units to multifamily units arranged within
defined property limits.
The type of residential settlement forms are many and differ largely by the economic situations. In the
context gated residential enclaves offer better opportunity for the study as they are notably prevalent,
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they are designed with established programmatic configurations based on the esoteric philosophies of
Vaastu (an Indian counterpart of the Chinese Feng Shui). This thesis is not investigating the
programme configuration aspects of the dwelling, so Vasstu which is the determinant of such is only
being discussed as a form of commonality in this settlement type.
Under the condition, the case study was conducted. The gated residential enclave that has been
selected for the study was completed in the year 2005 when the demand for such settlement type was
in its nascent stages.
Investigations carried out in this thesis are limited to the effects of variable changes to the wall and
roof material configurations under conditioned states. In addition, the effect of orientation on the
building is also looked at through the simulations. The results obtained are directed to only establish
the importance of upgrading to enhance the overall thermal performance and address cooling energy
demand. This research does not investigate the effects of other heat gain systems such as windows
and shadings. In addition the research also does not investigate the effects of Hybrid cooling
designs, which involve a combination of Passive designs and supplemental air-conditioning systems.
There are no national standards established for the energy use of residential buildings so comparison
is done in between different simulated cases.
An important feature to evaluate cooling loads is the thermal comfort temperatures. The research
uses the comfort temperature ranges indicated in the National building code of India. The period of
data collection and case study duration was limited to 2 weeks in total on account of cost and allowed
travel time away from the university. The weather files used in the simulation were obtained from built
in weather data for the chosen city.
1.4 Significance of the research:

The construction industry is largely influenced by the dynamics of market and subsequently the
developers and architects function as dictated by the current demands. The demand may be so rapid
that climate responsive strategies may not be included into the real-estate products, produced by
these developers.
Through the study the research aims to derive solutions to supplement existing strategies that enable
the developers and architects to make informed choices for their real-estate products.
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2 Energy crisis
2.1 Global context
The awareness level of depleting fossil fuels and energy crisis allied with global warming has been
growing rapidly around the world. However, the present state of energy issues takes its origins from
the 1970s oil crisis, which led to the realization of the limits of energy availability.
One of mankinds primary resources is energy. It is essential both to facilitate production and for its
contribution to quality of life through the services it renders- heating/cooling, light, mobility, personal
comfort and leisure. Majority of energy consumed comes from exhaustible sources, primarily in
the form of fossil fuels. It cannot be denied that the discovery and utilization of fossil fuels has
contributed to the development of mankind. However, the overuse of an inexhaustible source such as
fossil fuels has led to the consequence of severe problems like global warming and environmental
degradation.
2.2 Depleting fossil fuel supply
There have been many predictions on the amount of time left for fossil fuels to diminish. None of
which have a provided a positive or reliable results. However, according to International energy
agency it has been estimated that reserves of oil coal and gas will deplete around 43, 184 and 64
years respectively. The International Energy Agency states Fossil fuels remain the dominant sources
of energy worldwide, accounting for 77% of the demand increase in 2007-2030. Although oil
demand is expected to drop by 2.2% in 2009 as a whole, following a drop of 0.2% in 2008, it is
projected to recover from 2010 as the world economy pulls out of recession, rising from around 85
million barrels per day in 2008 to 105 mb/d in 2030, an increase of around 24%. In 2007-2030,
demand for coal grows by 53% and demand for natural gas by 42% (Tanaka 2009).
Seeking development is a necessity to all nations, both industrialised and developing, in the track of
progress. It is a fact that the majority of global energy consumption is accounted by the industrialised
nations. However, developing or emerging nations are also consuming energy in the process of their
growth. India and China for example, currently in a fast track of economic progress, will probably have
an escalated demand in energy. Energy is the essential tool for the development and both
industrialised and developing nations will not stop seeking it. A continued approach in this manner
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without balance can expect the depletion date to be even sooner. Sustainable approaches to such
issues will play crucial roles for continued prosperities.
2.3 Energy issues: Indian context

India is the largest democracy of the world, it is a political leader among developing nations. It is the
most populous nation after china with over one billion people across various regions under different
climate. The energy consumption, economic growth and population are related. According to
discussions of the clean development mechanism strategies;
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) grew at an average rate of 4.9% per year in the past three decades
until 1990. Significant economic reforms in 1991 spurred economic activities leading to an average
growth rate of 6.7% during 199296. The South-East Asian economic crisis in 1997 put a brake on
the accelerating growth rate, though in 1998 the economy revived, averaging 6.1% from 1997 to
2000.
India ranks sixth in the world in terms of energy demand accounting for 3.5 % of world commercial
energy demand in 2001. With a GDP growth rate of 8 % set for the Tenth Five- Year Plan (2001
2006), the energy demand is expected to grow at 5.2 %. Still, at 479 kg of oil equivalent (kgoe),
annual per capita energy consumption is low even compared to other developing countries(Singh
and Michaelowa 2004).
The country has seen significant growth in total energy use during the last five decades, with a shift
from non-commercial to commercial sources of energy. Accordingly, the production of commercial
sources of energy has increased significantly. The following table indicates the commercial energy
production.
Figure 1: trends in Commercial energy production in India Source:(planningcommission 2002)
Observing the pattern of energy production in India, coal and oil are at 52 per cent and 33 per cent
respectively with natural gas, hydro and nuclear contributing to the balance. Nearly 62 percent of
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power generation is from coal fired thermal power plants and 70 per cent of the coal produced every
year in India has been used for thermal generation. Energy consumption in India is expected to have
more than doubled by 2020 to meet development aspirations.
In the same report the authors have stated, International concern for rising anthropogenic
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and potential dangerous consequences of global climate change
led to negotiation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) during
the Earth summit in June 1992, signed and ratified by India. Indian per capita CO2 emissions
averaged 1/12th of high-income countries in the 1990s. In fact, per capita emissions in India were
approximately half of those of low and middle-income countries for the same period. While home to
17% of the worlds population, India only has a 5% share of world GHG emissions. Still it ranks 5th in
the world after the U.S., China, Russia, and Japan (Singh and Michaelowa 2004).
2.3.1 Policy changes:

The union government in collaboration with many international agencies have attempted to move
towards efficient and optimised energy utilization with the inherent view to rectify the problems
concerned with GHG emissions. However, for many years, efforts to finance energy efficiency and
conservation measures have bypassed the building sector(Singh and Michaelowa 2004). This is so
because extensive research concerning energy use was never documented for the building sector.
2.3.2 Building Codes

The establishment of energy conscious building code (ECBC 2005) by the Bureau of energy
efficiency India (BEE) is significant step towards addressing the challenges of sustainability. However,
the codes are applicable to building with a connected load of 500kv; this implies that residential
buildings are not included and the codes are only recommended (ECBC 2005). This limitation is due
to the fact that the residential dwellings differ largely by economic situations. Also, the perception of
higher costs with the employment of energy efficient strategies has limited the necessary changes.
This is also agreed by the authors(Singh and Michaelowa 2004) who in their discussion papers have
stated the following the new energy conservation act for efficient use of energy in various
establishments accounts for the energy efficiency in commercial sector, but the residential sector is
still not properly addresses. In normal course of construction, the usage of insulation and efficient
glazing system is still very limited and the benefits of employing energy efficiency measures have still
not percolated among masses.
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2.4 Energy use by building sector (residential sector)
Energy use in Indian residential buildings is the highest amongst Asia pacific partnership countries
(Indraganti 2010)
The building sector contributes significantly to the incremental demand of energy by consuming
around 40 % of the total primary energy consumption. The Indian residential sector consumes
200,708 mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) which represents 11% of the worlds energy
consumption in the residential sector (www.earthtrends.org 2003).
In Indian households energy is mainly used for cooking, lighting and heating/cooling. Heating/cooling
is region and climate specific. A major portion of energy demand in this sector is met through noncommercial fuels such as fuel wood and dung. The rural household sector, which is the largest energy
consuming sector accounting for 75% of the total energy consumed by the domestic sector, depends
largely on traditional fuels. According to the 2001 census of India, only 43.5% of rural households
have an electricity connection and more than 85% of rural households use it for lighting purpose only.
90% of the rural households are dependent on biomass fuels such as fuel wood, dung and
agricultural residue for their energy demand (TEDDY 2003)
The Indian urban sector is 28.4 % of the countrys total population; it is consuming a proportionate
share of energy at 25%. Around 87% of the urban population have access to electricity to meet their
energy demands. This means that the urban sector is highly dependent on cleaner energy carriers
like electricity and LPG (liquid petroleum gas). As indicated in previous chapters about the growth in
the economy of the country, the per capita income is increasing and thus the purchasing power for a
more leisurely lifestyle with extensive usages of electricity is rising.
Another reason for growth in energy use is the shift of population from rural to urban centres. The
united nations human settlement indicators for India show a clear drift of rural population towards
urban centres. During the last two consecutive censuses (1991 -2001), it has been observed that the
urban population growth rate was 31.45, whereas the rural population growth rate was 21.2%. figure
below shows the level of urbanization for the country and expected percentages of urban population
for the year 2005(Singh and Michaelowa 2004).
This shift of population from rural to urban centres primarily for seeking better opportunities and
amenities is leading to growth in the use of clean energy and subsequently increasing energy demand
mostly through the built environment.
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Figure 2: level of Urbanization since the year 1970 -2005 Source: (Singh and Michaelowa 2004)
2.5 Electricity use in Buildings:

The emergence of a middle class society during the decades of the 1980s and the 1990s is identified
as a remarkable social development in India. This society, comprised of urban-based professionals,
administrative and business class, has been the main driving force towards modernization by their
demand of loosening of economic controls, better education for children and better standards of living.
Thus during the last decade, the residential and commercial sector has been consuming electricity at
the rate of 13.2% (Singh and Michaelowa 2004). Subsidised electricity rates and aspiration for more
comfortable style of living has been the main cause of this increase. The penetration level of
appliances is also considered one of the main reasons for this growth as indicated in the discussion
below.
Most of the electricity consumed in the residential sector is used to power appliances.
The diffusion of appliances ownership is particularly elastic to income. With increasing electricity
access and raising income level, the number of households owning appliances is increasing very
rapidly in India. NSSO surveys (1997, 2001a, 2005b) provide appliance saturation by MPCE for rural
and urban areas. The number of households owning a TV doubled from 13% in 1993 to 26% in 2002
in rural areas and increased from 49% to 66% in urban areas (NSSO, 2005b). In the case of
refrigerators, the upward trend was even more impressive; saturation went from 12% in 1993 to 28%
in 2001 in urban areas and from 1% to 4% in rural areas (NSSO, 1997 and 2005b). Some hierarchical
level of preference among appliances can be observed. Basic appliances such as fans and TVs are
more evenly distributed among households with different levels of income (Figure 4), while other
appliances are owned only by households with the highest level of income. This is the case of water
heaters, washing machines and air conditioners, which can be considered as more luxurious goods.
In between, air coolers and refrigerators are increasing more steadily throughout the different level of
income(de la Rue du Can 2009).
The electricity consumption in this sector is essentially in buildings and building establishments for
various end uses. Comparing the electricity consumption figure 3 between Indian residential buildings
to commercial buildings it is clear that residential buildings use much more energy. It is also evident
from the figure below that out of the total demand for electricity the energy use by Air-conditioners is
only 7%.
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Figure 3: Annual electricity consumption or residential and commercial buildings in India Source:(Singh
and Michaelowa 2004)
However, looking at the projections of rate of appliances indicated in the figure below, in the year
2005 the rate for air-conditioners was around 3% and it grew steadily to 6% and is projected to grow
to 15% by 2020. So far, the growth in air-conditioners has been based on the economic wellbeing of
the people. However, climate of regions also influences the choice of using air conditioners. In the
next chapter the different climatic zones of India have been discussed to clearly demarcate and
understand the composite climate. As it has the characteristic of all other climates.
Figure 4: Appliance penetration levels in Urban households
Source:(de la Rue du Can 2009)
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3 Climate of the region

To describe the climate of Hyderabad, it is necessary to understand the climatic classification of India.
The climate of India is diverse, similar to Northern Europe. It varies from extremely hot regions, such
as Rajasthan to extremely cold regions of the Himalayas. Indias climate varies drastically from region
to region. Hence, the climate largely demands appropriate design and construction of the buildings.
Specifically the climatic factors that must be considered are solar radiation, ambient temperature,
Humidity, rainfall and wind. The National building code of India (NBC-2005) has classified the climate
of India as follows:
Figure 5: Map of India showing climatic zones (NBC 2005)
3.1 Hot and Dry

This zone lies in between the western and the central part of India as shown in Figure 3. A few towns
of this region that experience this type of climate are Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, and Sholapur. In typical hot
dry regions, the land is usually flat comprised mainly of sand and rock with sparse vegetation of
thorny trees and bushes along with cacti. The underground water level is usually very low and there
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are very few sources of water. The solar radiation levels range from 800-950w/m2 due to such high
intensities during the daytime; the surroundings of these regions get heated up very quickly. The
maximum ambient temperatures in summer are as high as 40-45DegC during the day and 20-30Deg
C at night. With the onset of winter the temperature ranges from 5-25 DegC during the day and 010DegC at night. It may be noted that the diurnal variations in temperature is quiet high, that is, more
than 10 DegC.
The climate is observed to be dry due to the fact that the relative humidity is generally very low,
ranging from 20 to 40% which is further exacerbated with low vegetation and surface water bodies.
Moreover, the hot and dry regions receive less rainfall with the annual precipitation being less than
500 mm. The severity of this climate is experienced by the hot winds that blow during the day in
summers and sandstorms that appear now and then. The night is usually cool and pleasant. This
zone also experiences uncomfortable glares under clear sky conditions due to the high solar
radiation.
The night skies are clear and promote faster dissipation of heat absorbed by the ground. Hence, the
air is much cooler at night than during the day. Since the climate has high solar radiation and hot
winds blow during the day time. It is imperative to control these factors. Therefore, the design criteria
should be aimed towards minimizing heat gain by providing adequate shading, reducing exposed
area, controlling and scheduling ventilation, and increasing humidity leading to lower air temperatures.
The land surrounding the objects emits lot of heat in the afternoons and evenings. As far as possible,
this heat should be avoided by appropriate design features.
3.2 Warm and Humid

The coastal regions of the country fall under the warm humid zone. The cities that experience this
zone are Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. These regions have high humidity encouraging abundant
vegetation. The diffuse fraction of solar radiation is quiet high due to the cloud cover, and on clear
days the radiation can be intense. The presence of clouds promotes only marginal dissipation of heat
absorbed by the ground. Hence, this region experiences less diurnal variation in temperature. The
summer day time temperatures usually range between 30-35 Deg C and the night time temperatures
are 20 -25 DegC. Although the temperatures are not excessive, discomfort exists due to the high
humidity. An important characteristic in this region is the relative humidity, which is generally very
high, at about 70-90% throughout the year. Precipitation is also high, being about 1200 mm
per year, or even more. Hence, the provision for quick drainage of water is essential in
this zone. The wind is generally from one or two prevailing directions with speeds ranging from
extremely low to very high. Wind is desirable in this climate, as it can cause sensible cooling of the
body. The main design criteria to be considered for this region are aimed towards minimising heat
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gain through shading and promote heat loss by maximising cross ventilation. Dissipation of humidity
is also essential to reduce discomfort.
3.3 Moderate
This region covers only a small portion when compared with other climatic types. Pune and
Bangalore are examples of cities that fall under the climatic zone. Areas having moderate climate are
generally located on hilly or high plateau regions like the Deccan plateau. Solar radiation is
moderately intense and is more or less the same throughout the year. Being located at relatively
higher elevations, these regions experience lower temperatures when compared to hot and dry
climates. The thermal stress induced by theses temperatures I neither too hot nor too cold. The
daytime summer temperatures range from 30 Deg C to 34 DegC and night time ranges from 17 to 24
Deg C. The relative humidity is low in winters and summers, varying from 20- 55%, and going upto
55-90% during the monsoon seasons. The total rainfall exceeds 1000 mm per year. This zone
experiences dry winters. The wind flow is strong in the summer. Their speed and direction are
influenced by the topography of this region. The sky is mostly clear with occasional presence of low,
dense clouds during summers. The design criteria are similar to the warm and humid regions.
3.4 Cold and Sunny

Cold and sunny climate covers the northern most regions of India. Places that fall in this climate are
Leh and Ladakh. The topography of this region is mountainous with little to no vegetation it is typically
considered a cold desert. Although it is very cold, the solar radiation is generally intense with very low
percentage of diffuse radiation. The average summer day time temperatures range between 17 to 24
Deg C and night time temperatures are 4 to 11 Deg C. The winters are extremely cold with the day
time temperatures ranging from -7 to 8 DegC and the night time range from -14 to 0 DegC. The cloud
cover is usually 50 % due to this the sky remains fairly clear throughout the year.
The region has very less humidity at about 10 -50% and precipitation is less than 200 mm per year.
As this region experiences cold desert climatic conditions, the design criteria are to resist heat loss by
insulation and controlling infiltration. Simultaneously, heat gain needs to be promoted by admitting
and trapping solar radiation within the living space.
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S.no
Climatic
Zone
Mean
Monthly
Max Temp
(Deg C)
Mean
Monthly
Relative
Humidity
(%)
1
2
3
Hot-Dry
Warm-Humid
Temperate
Below 55
Above 55
Above 75
3
4
Cold
Composite *
Above 30
Above 25
Between
25-30
Below 25
Varies
Below 75
All values
Figure 6: Classification of climate adapted from (NBC 2005)
Each climatic zone does not have the same climate for the whole year; it has a particular season for
six months and may experience the other seasons for the remaining period. A climatic zone that does
not have any season for more than six months may be called as a composite zone.(NBC 2005)
3.5 Composite climatic zone

Cities that experience composite climate have intense solar radiation in summer and a small fraction
of diffuse radiation (Nayak and Prajapati 2006). The monsoon period is predominantly diffuse
radiation due to low intensity. The maximum daytime temperature in summers is in the range of 32
43 C, and night time values are from 27 to 32 C. In winter, the values are between 10 to 25 C
during the day and 4 to 10 C at night. The relative humidity is about 20 25 % in dry periods and 55
95 % in wet periods. The presence of high humidity during monsoon months adds on the reason to
term it composite climate.
Precipitation in this zone varies between 500 1300 mm per year. This region receives strong winds
during monsoons from the south-east and dry cold winds from the north-east. In summer, the winds
are hot and dusty. The sky is overcast and dull in the monsoon, clear in winter and frequently hazy in
summer. Generally, composite regions experience higher humidity levels during monsoons than hot
and dry zones. Otherwise most of their characteristics are similar to the latter. The highest maximum
(day) temperature ever recorded was 45.5 C (113.9 F) on 2 June 1966, while the lowest minimum
(night) recorded temperature was 6.1 C (43 F) on 8 January 1946.
According to National building code(NBC 2005) of India, Hyderabad falls under the composite climate.
It is characterized by hot summers, warm humid monsoons and dry winters and none of the
conditions last longer than six months. Hot summers begin from late February, peak in May and
dissipate in June with the onset of south west monsoon. During the period of hot summers the
weather conditions are dry with high diurnal temperature - and low humidity at - .The intensity of solar
radiation is very high and the sky is rarely overshadowed. The people of the region experience a high
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degree of discomfort during such periods. This, however changes by the pre monsoon period (from
late June to October) and during this time the temperature is lower and humidity becomes high. The
sky is overcast with clouds resulting in less solar intensity due to diffuse radiation.
The period of winter commences in October and lasts till late February, during this period the region
witnesses dry and cold conditions with the temperature going as low as 5 DegC. Hyderabad has a
wide range of temperatures throughout the year, with mean daily temperatures of 30 36 C in the
summer and 20 24 C in the coldest months. Mean maximum temperatures in May are between 40
and 43 C, while peak temperatures have reached even 47 C. In the winter, mean minimum
temperatures are 13 to 17 C in December. Hyderabad has mean diurnal temperature variations of
12DegC. More than 75% of rainfall occurs during monsoon season, from June to September, with the
majority of rain coming in July. Rain increases rapidly in June (during which month 15% of annual
rainfall occurs) as opposed to May, which only receives 5% of annual rainfall.
In order to address the role of solar passive design within buildings in Hyderabad, it is important to
recognize the climatic parameters of the region. The period witnessed during the summer months as
discussed before ascribe to a hot and dry condition. In such a condition, it is imperative to control
solar radiation and movement of hot winds. The design criteria should therefore aim at resisting heat
gain by providing shading, reducing exposed area, controlling and scheduling ventilation, and
increasing thermal capacity. The presence of water bodies is desirable as they can help increase
the humidity, thereby leading to lower air temperatures. The ground and surrounding objects emit a lot
of heat in the afternoons and evenings. As far as possible, this heat should be avoided by appropriate
design feature (Nayak and Prajapati 2006).
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Figure 7: prevailing wind rose of Hyderabad
Figure 8: Climate summary and degree of heating/cooling hours
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Figure 9: Monthly diurnal averages and Daily conditions.
3.6 Climate change

One of the outcomes of the energy crisis has been the climate change. Alongside the energy issue,
climate change, which was earlier referred to as global, warming, has taken a renewed interest of
concern. Climate change is a natural phenomenon on earth and usually spans over a large segment
of time, ranging from decades to millions of years. But activities such as industrial revolution have
begun to affect the natural cycle of climate change and also added problems to the ecosystem. As a
result, the people are witnessing abnormal heating of earths surface rendering an anthropogenic
climate change.
A publication of the intergovernmental panel on Climate change indicates that global average surface
temperatures have increased by 0.76C (from0.57C to 0.95C) over the 20th century, and according
to projected models the global surface temperature will increase by 4.4 (1.4 to 5.8C) by 2100
relative to 1990. The impacts of climate change are also visible in the rise of sea level; Observations
since 1961 show that the average temperature of the global ocean has increased to depths of at least
3000 m and that the ocean has been absorbing more than 80% of the heat added to the climate
system. Such warming causes seawater to expand, contributing to sea level rise. Additional impacts
can be expected on the water cycle, carbon and nutrient cycles, air quality and the productivity of
agricultural grazing and timber lands and the geographic distribution, behaviour, abundance and
survival of plant and animal species, including vectors and hosts of human disease. (IPCC 2007)
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Figure 10: Changes in temperature sea level and northern hemisphere snow cover Source: statistics
from Intergovernmental panel for climate change IPCC. Retrieved
from:http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/figure-spm-3.html
Observing the causes of Anthropogenic climate change, it has been found that the major contribution
comes from greenhouse gases, which are Carbon dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, Methane and other
synthetic industrial gases. Greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect, in which case the short
wave radiation coming from the sun is permitted and the long wave radiation coming from the earth is
trapped, moderating the earths temperature to support life. However, excessive concentration of
greenhouse gases result in the continuous rise of earths temperature.
3.6.1 Climate change in India

The primary points of impact of climate change are air temperature and rainfall.
India as a peninsular country has approximately 6000km of coastline along the mainland and an
additional 1500km around its islands of Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar. It is divided by the
tropic of cancer into two halves. The northern half being temperate and southern half tropical. The
peninsular region experiences more rainfall and less variation in temperatures than the inner
continent. Alternatively, the inner continent experiences temperatures from near freezing levels in
winter to 40Deg C or more during summer. The Himalayan states which are located in the
northernmost regions of the country experience sub-freezing temperatures during the winter with
elevated regions in those states receiving sustained snow.
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The primary points of impact of climate change are air temperature and rainfall. They also influence
the occurrences of extreme weather events such as the frequency and intensity of droughts, cyclones
and floods(Panagariya 2009). The following briefly discusses the changes in the temperatures and
rainfall; melting of glaciers and sea levels; and extreme weather events in India in the last century.
Temperature
Figure 11(Lal et al. 2001) shows that temperatures in India have recently increased in two phases: the
first half of the 20th century and the period since the mid-1970s. Between 1950 and 1970 there was
no trend. The warming in India is concentrated in the post-monsoon and winter seasons and in the
maximum daytime temperatures rather than night-time minimum temperatures. In the monsoon
season, temperatures exhibit a declining trend in northwest India and no trend in the rest of the
country (Panagariya 2009)
Figure 11 Temperature anomaly Source:(Lal et al. 2001)
Rainfall:
With respect to rainfall, The Government of India (India 2004), Although the monsoon rainfall at the
all- India level does not show any trend and seems mainly random in nature over a long period of
time, the presence of pockets of significant long-term changes in rainfall have been recorded. Areas
of increasing trend in the monsoon seasonal rainfall are found along the west coast, north Andhra
Pradesh and north-west India (+10 to +12 per cent of normal/100 years) and those of decreasing
trend over east Madhya Pradesh and adjoining areas, north-east India and parts of Gujarat and
Kerala (-6 to -8 per cent of normal/100 years).
Sea level:
The average of the sea level along Indias coastline is reported to be rising at 1mm per year on the
average. According to The Government of India(India 2004) at 0.4 to 2.0 mm per year, the rise is the
highest along the Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat and the coast of West Bengal. Along the Karnataka coast,
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there is a relative decrease in the sea level. Much of the rise in the sea levels has been due warming
of seawater that increases its volume.
Extreme Weather Events:
Since the last decade of the twentieth century, a significant rise in the frequency, persistency and
spatial extent of heat waves in India has been observed(IPCC 2007).
As mapped by (Akpinar-Ferrand and Singh 2010) Certain states of India were observed to be more
prone to heat waves over time as seen in figure6 . The Indian states of Bihar, Maharashtra, West
Bengal, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir had the highest total number of heat
waves between 1911 and 1999. Mortality rates between 1978 and 1999 have been recorded for the
northern states of Rajasthan, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.(De et al. 2005) However, the recent severe
heat waves of 1998, 2002 and 2003, accompanied by high mortality rates, were observed primarily in
the more southern states of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. The severe heat wave experienced in
Andhra Pradesh in 2003 resulted in a death toll of more than two-thousand. Hyderabad belongs to the
state of Andhra Pradesh, India. The state as discussed in the previous chapter of the climate also has
problems with heat waves.
Figure 12 total heat wave mortality rates (Akpinar-Ferrand and Singh 2010)
In the same research (Akpinar-Ferrand and Singh 2010) they have discussed that air-conditioners will
be important in India in the context as they are known to alleviate human health problems caused by
heat. For instance, the decrease in heat-related mortality in North Carolina, South Finland, and
Southeast England between 1971 and 1997 has been attributed to the utilization of A/Cs(Donaldson
et al. 2003).
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Figure 13 Spatial distribution of heat waves in India between 1911 and 1999 (Akpinar-Ferrand and Singh 2010).
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3.7 Growth in Air-conditioning:

In India, residential and commercial air-conditioning has become one of the fastest growing markets
Residential and commercial air-conditioning has become one of the fastest growing markets of the
cooling technology industry in India since the late 1990s, expanding 20% on average per annum as
shown in figure 8. The air-condition equipment sales have increased considerably over the decade
across all regions , especially packaged window A/C and split A/C systems which can be easily
installed by the owners(M.Santamouris 1996). It is proven that the Greenhouse gases contained in
these systems have impact on the natural environment. Recent technological and efficiency
enhancements and energy ratings have put-forth improved systems in the market. However, in
tropical countries like India there is still use of units with harmful GHGs due to their low cost(Mohanraj
et al. 2009). This will certainly have unavoidable impact on the natural environment unless it is
addressed with sensible design solutions addressed to cope with the climatic stress of the tropical
regions.
Figure 14 Increased Air-condition sales in India (Akpinar-Ferrand and Singh 2010)
In 2008, the A/C industry anticipated a large increase in sales due to growing affordability of the units,
in addition to the construction-led industry growth of 2122% (Seth.Y 2008) Following are the impacts
associated with air-conditioning are as discussed by (M.Santamouris 1996).
Environmental
Wide use of air-conditioning units can cause a shift in electrical energy consumption to the
summer season and an increased peak electricity demand.
Increased electricity energy production contributes to exploitation of the finite fossil fuels, to
atmospheric pollution and to climatological changes.
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Heat rejection during the production process (for electrical energy and air conditioning units) and
from the operation of air-conditioning units themselves increases the phenomenon of the urban
heat island.
Ozone-layer depletion can be caused by CFCs and HFCs (the most common refrigerants of
currently used air-conditioning units) from possible leakage.
Indoor air quality
Increased indices of illness symptoms known as sick building syndrome
Occupants dissatisfaction with indoor comfort conditions.
Economic
Economic and political dependence of countries with limited resources on other countries, richer
in natural resources.
3.8 Views on energy efficiency in India:

Energy use in commercial and residential buildings varies with income groups, building construction
typology climate and several other factors. Within these facets there exists a significant scope to
reduce energy use simultaneously providing the energy services for both existing and new
constructions. Although the saving potential of each may vary with typology, climate, space
conditioning needs and design based requirements, on an average it is estimated that implementation
of energy efficient options would help in achieving 30% electricity savings in new residential buildings
and 40% in commercial buildings. With existing buildings it is considered to be 20% in residential
sector and around 30 % in the commercial sector1
India.gov.in/allimpfrms/alldocs/15651.doc
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3.9 Concluding comment:

Residential energy use is growing in India. Apart from urbanization and level of appliance penetration,
the energy growth is also caused due to the growing use of air conditioners. Also, the energy use
differs by income and region. Energy use tends to be higher in urban regions when compared with
rural regions. Additionally, the energy intensity is higher among the economically comfortable and
decreases with declining levels of income.
Cooling energy needs is dictated not only by the climate but also the installed equipment and building
type. For any building to function appropriately, its first design response is towards the climate of its
region. Unlike office buildings, where activities are predicted and equipment loads add on to the
cooling load of the building, the activities of residential buildings are diverse. Hence climate and
building envelope features are the first important factors to be addressed for the building to have
efficient energy performance.
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4 Climate responsive design

The objectives of the research include the understanding of the building characteristics with regards
to the climate which is done by the physical observations of the case study location and building.
To evaluate the case study building it is important to discuss the effects of various factors which
influence the heat gain or loss in the buildings(Krishan et al. 2010). These factors are further divided
into Site, plan form and orientation and Building parameters. As the prevailing climate in Hyderabad is
similar to hot and dry conditions, the design objectives are referred from them. As discussed in
previously the hot and dry climate is characterised by very high radiation levels and ambient
Temperatures, accompanied by low relative humidity. Therefore, it is desirable to keep the heat out of
the building, and if possible, increase the humidity level. The design objectives accordingly are:
Resist heat gain by:
Decreasing the exposed surface
Increasing the thermal resistance
Increasing the thermal capacity
Increasing the buffer spaces
Decreasing the air-exchange rate during daytime
Increasing the shading
Promote heat loss by:
Ventilation of appliances
Increasing the air exchange rate during cooler parts of the day or night-time
Evaporative cooling (e.g. roof surface evaporative cooling)
Earth coupling (e.g. earth-air pipe system)
37 | P a g e
The general recommendations for the climate are summarised as follows:
The surrounding environmental parameters include landform and orientation, vegetation

pattern, Water bodies, street widths and orientation, Open spaces and built forms etc.
The building parameters include the roof form, wall types with material thickness, window
positioning, shading devices, overhangs and louvers, and skylights.
4.1 Site parameters

4.1.1 Landform and its orientation
Land form or topography influences the convective currents. The land or topography of the site forms
in various ways, it could either be flat, sloping or undulating. For a flat land similar conditions would
prevail across its landscape. However, in the case of undulating landscape under hot-dry climates,
the choice of the building site should be in a depressed zone. This is due to the fact that cold air tends
to settle down in depressions while hot air rises. Similarly leeward side is the preferable for buildings
on slopes. Nevertheless, warm winds would be minimum on either slope.
The landform orientation has little meaning when the land is flat. However, North orientation is the
most preferred orientation for sloped sites as they receive least direct radiation. This fact only holds
good if the slope is steep enough to shade the building.
4.1.2 Vegetation pattern

Vegetation and trees are effective to provide shade and reduce heat gain. they affect the air humidity
level and also cause pressure differences thereby influencing the air speeds. Therefore, they can
direct air or deflect is taking on the role of a buffer. Plants, shrubs and trees absorb radiation in the
process of Photosynthesis. As a result, they cool the environment. For hot-dry climates trees can be
used to significantly reduce the heat gain from east-west orientation as well as buffer hot breezes.
4.1.3 Water bodies

It is proven that water is most essential to reduce the heat that enters the building. As water absorbs
relatively large amount of solar radiation, they are most effective for evaporative cooling.
At night, however, the water bodies release the heat to the surroundings. For hot-dry climates, water
bodies can be used both for evaporative cooling and minimizing heat gain. By taking into account the
wind patterns and vegetation; air directed over the water enters the building at cooler temperatures.
Similarly a roof pond system minimizes heat gain through roof.
38 | P a g e
4.1.4 Street width and orientation

Street widths determine the amount of radiation falling onto the building as well as the street.
Orientation affects the time of the day when radiation is maximum or minimum. Manipulating the
street widths and orientation can lead to reduction in heat gain. The width of the street and building
height also affect the day light received. For hot dry climates, the prime need it to minimize heat gain
by using the building form to block the sun. Small street width to building height ration ensures narrow
streets and thereby shading. Ideally, streets running along the north-south orientation should be
narrow. This would enable mutual shading benefit from morning and evening sun. However, this
aspect can be considered advantageously only when planning and designing new residential
colonies.
4.1.5 Open spaces and built form

Open spaces have to be seen in conjunction with the built form. In an integrated format they can allow
for free air movement and allow effective heat gain or loss. Open spaces in any building are
inevitable. The real question is to what extent they should be open as the microclimate is affected by
the built form. An open area allows more of the natural climate to prevail.
The functioning of open spaces is such, is the ground is hard and building surfaces are dark in colour,
then much of the radiation is reflected and absorbed by the surrounding buildings. If , however the
ground is of soft and is filled with vegetation, lesser heat is reflected.
For hot-dry climates, compact planning with minimum open spaces is desirable as it would reduce
heat gain as well as heat loss.
4.2 Plan form and orientation

4.2.1 Building configuration
For hot-dry climatic regions, it is desirable to prevent discomfort by slowing the rate of temperature
rise in the building interiors. To achieve this, the building should be preferably of compact size.
Additionally large plain surfaces should be avoided this can be achieved by interrupting the design of
the building envelope. The ratio of floor area to volume determines the relative exposure of the
building to solar radiation. A preferable layout is that of a patio or a courtyard surrounded by walls,
this prevents the hot air from accessing the interior spaces. Such a configuration is very common in
hot-dry climate.
4.2.2 Building orientation

The main objective in deciding upon a given orientation in hot dry climate regions is to minimize the
impact of the sun on the building in summer. The pattern of solar radiation indicates the clear
39 | P a g e
preference for north-south orientation of the larger faade surfaces and especially of the windows.
Such orientation enables inexpensive and natural shading for the larger faade surfaces.
The heat radiation falling on the walls can be further decimated by choosing reflective colours for the
walls.
4.3 Building envelope

4.3.1 Roof:
In this region, the diurnal range of temperature is large, within the range of 10-12 DegC. The daytime
values are accompanied by cool breezes. Hence, flat roofs are considerably useful for both night time
heat dissipation in summer and daytime heat gain in winter. The material of the roof should be
massive; preferably reinforced cement concrete (RCC) slab over asbestos cement (AC) sheet roof.
External insulation in the form of Mudphuska with inverted earthen pots is also suitable. A false ceiling
in rooms having exposed roofs can help in reducing the discomfort level (Nayak J.K. 1999). (Sodha
M.S. 1991)have reported that the provision of roof insulation yields greater lifecycle savings compared
to walls in this climate.
Additionally, heat dissipation can be sped by evaporative cooling. Night time radiative cooling can
also be employed to perform this function. The former mechanism should have a high thermal
transmittance levels to support the function. The larger the roof area, the better is the cooling effect.
The maximum requirement of water per day for a place like Jodhpur is about 14.0 kg per square
metre of roof area cooled. Spraying of water is preferable to an open roof pond system (Sodha M.S.
1991). One may also consider of using a vaulted roof (Fig. 5.14) since it provides a larger surface
area for heat loss compared to a flat roof.
4.3.2 Wall type:

In multi-storeyed buildings, walls and glazing account for most of the heat gain. It is estimated that
they contribute to about 80% of the annual cooling load of such buildings (Nayak J.K. 1999)So, the
control of heat gain through the walls by shading is an important consideration in building design. One
can also use a wall with low U-value to reduce the heat gain. However, the effectiveness of such walls
depends on the building type. For example, in a non-conditioned building, autoclaved cellular
concrete block wall is not recommended; whereas it is desirable in a conditioned building.
4.3.3 Openings and Fenestrations:

In hot and dry climates, minimising the window area (in terms of glazing) can definitely lead to lower
indoor temperatures. It is found that providing a glazing size of 10% of the floor area gives better
performance than that of 20% (Nayak J.K. 1999). Less radiation is received on the northern side of
the faade during the entire year when compared with the other sides. Hence more windows should
40 | P a g e
be provided on the north faade of the building. External shading devices, vertical or horizontal fins
and moveable shading devices including curtains and venetian blinds should be provided over
openings to provide sun control. Openings are preferred at higher levels (ventilators) as they help in
venting hot air. Since daytime temperatures are high during summer, the windows should be kept
closed to keep the hot air out and opened during night-time to admit cooler air. Screening devices
termed as Jaalis (lattice works) made of wood or R.C.C may be considered as they allow ventilation
while blocking out solar radiation. Scheduling air changes (i.e. high air change rates at night and
during cooler periods of the day, and lower ones during day times) help in significantly reducing the
discomfort that is caused by the temperature differences. Heat can also be reduced by using glass
with low transmissivity.
4.3.4 Shading and textures:

Change of colour is a cheap and effective technique for lowering indoor temperatures. Colours having
low absorptivity should be used to paint the external surface. Darker shades should be avoided for
surfaces exposed to direct solar radiation. The surface of the roof can be of white broken glazed tiles
(china mosaic flooring). The surface of the wall should preferably be textured to facilitate self-shading.
41 | P a g e
5 Hyderabad and its residential building

industry:
5.1 Profile of the city
Hyderabad is located in the heart of Telangana region of the Deccan Plateau. Though the region is
regarded as one of the backward regions of the country, Hyderabads growth and prospects have not
been tampered because of the same. Two National highways (NH7 and NH 9) pass through the city,
connecting it well to Mumbai, Vijayawada, Bangalore and Chennai. The city is also well connected by
rail to all parts of the country. It is noted that, due to its good linkages and thriving transport corridors,
the city has been growing along these major regional corridors, which are predominantly industrial.
The Master plan of the Hyderabad Urban Development Authority also treats these corridors as
potential growth areas.
Figure 15: Map of Andhra Pradesh
42 | P a g e
5.2 Physical Characteristics

Hyderabad city is situated at 17-22 N Latitude and 78-27 E Longitude and is on an average of 1734
feet (525.5 meters) above the mean sea level. The citys topography is like a trough while the
contours from northern side gradually dipping down Southward unto the river Musi at the lowest
contour of 1500 feet (425.5 meters) and a gradual increase further down south beyond the river.
Similarly the contours taper gradually from West to East. The highest level is on the Jubilee Hills with
the peak at a level of 2025 feet (617 meters). The area is made up of the old rocks known as Archean
rocks, while a substantial portion is occupied by lava flows known as Deccan traps. Granite is
available extensively in several areas. Hyderabad city is surrounded by rock eminences ranging from
200=300 feet in height among which are Moula Ali, Golconda, Ammaguda, Keesara gutta, etc. River
Musi, a tributary of river Krishna, flows through Hyderabad city and is a dry bed for most part of the
year. Hyderabad, being situated on a plateau and having rocky out-crops all around, is dotted by
many tanks and lakes. Some of the major lakes are Hussain Sagar, Osman sagar, Himayat sagar, Mir
Alam Tank, Saroornagae Tank, Durgam Cheruvu, Jeedimetla Tank, Shamirpet Lake, Umda Sagar,
etc.
5.3 The residential building Industry of Hyderabad

House construction activity in Hyderabad is mainly confined to the private sector. However, the land
use and development is still governed by local authorities.
In order to understand the residential building industry, it is useful to have a look at the urban land
development pattern in Hyderabad. The local government Hyderabad metropolitan development
Authority (HMDA) formerly termed Hyderabad Urban development Authority (HUDA) and the Andhra
Pradesh Housing board (APHB) are the two important government institutions in addition to Greater
Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) formerly Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) which
promote the building activity in the city(Reddy 1996). A prevailing pattern in their function of current
land development is that they obtain funds by letting urban land to investors and the funds are used to
enhance the public facilities and infrastructures. The investors develop the land guided by the urban
master plan and regulatory plan prepared by the HMDA. Due to this pattern, land development and
building construction are always carried out at a large scale. With the reforms and policies geared
towards IT and ITES development which have fuelled the real estate sector. The real-estate sector
has been providing turn-key projects shifting the patterns for home owners away from developing land
individually to buying finished dwellings.
Since the reforms and reduction in interest rates, urban housing has been undergoing significant
growth and development. According to the Housing data indicated in the draft master plan for
43 | P a g e
Hyderabad metropolitan area 2006, the number of occupied residential houses in 1981 was 491713
and that grew by 67% to 821508 in 1991. The growth level for recent times can be seen in the figure 9
Figure 16: total built up area of MCH Building permissions in Sq.m

Source: http://www.hmda.gov.in/EBGH/home/issueswefaceinourcity.html retrieved on 14-06-2011
The residential vernacular architecture has had its own features and generally responded to the
climate of the region. However, the purpose of the current residential building industry seems to be to
accommodate as many people as possible with a monotonous settlement pattern. So the residential
building types do not have many differences across other cities of Hyderabad. Aside from Hyderabad
and other metro cities like Bombay and Delhi, architecture all around the world is approaching to the
point of having similar appearances with slight regional differences under the influence of
globalisation, particularly in modern cities. Such influence is visible as the pictures show below.
Figure 17: View of Mumbai from the sea http://www.goiit.com/posts/list/0/community-shelf-the-crown-tomumbai-s-skyline-974295.htm
44 | P a g e
Figure 18: View of Auckland from sea Source: http://www.planetware.com/picture/auckland-nz-nz689.htm

retireved on 14-0602011 16:46
The national sample survey organisation has classified the residential buildings in the following way:
Independent house
Apartment building
Chawl or basti
Source: National Sample Survey Office, NSSO, Ministry of Statistics & P.I.
Independent house are usually single or double storied and sometimes three storied. The apartment
buildings range from three storied buildings to high rise which are 10 storied or more. Chawl or basti
are basically two or more roomed residential dwellings pertaining to the slum regions.
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5.4 Gated residential enclaves:

Gated residential enclaves or commonly known as gated communities in Hyderabad are available in
various configurations. They usually include a group of apartments enclosed within a defined space
as shown in figure 12.
Figure 19: Gated residential enclave: multifamily residence. Source:

http://www.srikrishnagroup.com/realestate_New/krishegardens.html Retrieved on: 14-06-2011
They also are designed with a mixed configuration of apartment blocks and independent houses, or
they are designed with only independent houses as shown in figure 20 and 21.
Figure 20: Ariel view of Gated residential enclave in mixed format. Source: http://maps.google.co.nz/ key
word IJM Rain tree park, Retrieved on: 14-06-2011 17:22pm
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Figure 21: Gated residential enclave as single family dwellings. Source: http://hyderabad.olx.in/villas-forsale-near-hightech-city-hyderabad-a-p-iid-193249622, Retrieved on 14-06-2011 17:28 pm
In general the characteristic features of gated residential enclaves are as follows:
Strictly controlled entrances
Closed perimeter walls and fences
Residential streets
Shared amenities
Single family dwellings and/or multifamily dwellings
5.5 Recent accounts in residential real-estate in

Hyderabad
The architecture of the post independent period was influenced by architects like Le Corbusier and
Louis I Kahn. At the time new materials and technology gained entry in the construction industry
enabling the architects to explore and experiment more stable and higher structures. Residential
apartments were a result of those conditions.
Hyderabad residential architecture predominantly consists of apartment type dwellings which are
usually middle-rise. These middle-rise apartments consisted of dwelling units arranged in three to five
levels. With growing urbanization, property developers acquired land, usually containing an
abandoned or vacant building, demolished and rebuilt apartments in the land. However, with the
contribution of Information technologies and its constituents into the economic structure of
47 | P a g e
Hyderabad. The informal markets developed from them have fuelled the real estate sectors. This in
turn allowed them to format gated residential enclaves upgrading the expectations of people. This is
evident in the figures indicated in the 58th and 59th round of National sample survey of India where in
2002 and 2003 the percentage of Independent houses in Andhra Pradesh (the state whose capital is
Hyderabad) was 57.7% in 2002 and grew to 58.8% in 2003 as shown in figure below.
HOUSING
Table 28.3 (B) -DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE OF DWELLINGS
NSS 58th Round
(July 2002-Dec. 2002)
India/State/
Union Territory
_______________________________
IndepeFlat
Chawl/
ndent
Basti
House
and others*
(Percentage)
NSS 59th Round
(January 2003-Dec. 2003)
____________________________
_
IndepeFlat
others
ndent
House
10
11
12
13
All India
60.5
21.8
17.7
63.3
20.6
16.0
States:
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Goa
Gujarat
Jammu and Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
57.7
68.7
57.4
NR
70.3
64.6
66.5
70.5
85.8
80.4
31.4
NR
61.1
76.8
68.0
NR
55.4
NR
76.3
55.2
31.5
24.7
16.4
NR
22.6
21.7
21.5
14.2
6.4
11.4
22.8
NR
19.8
16.1
16.0
NR
32.4
NR
13.4
25.1
10.7
6.5
26.2
NR
7.1
13.7
12.0
15.3
7.7
8.2
45.8
NR
19.1
7.1
16.0
NR
12.2
NR
10.3
19.7
58.8
NR
80.8
68.3
NR
73.6
85.1
55.0
74.9
86.0
84.7
32.6
NR
79.5
75.7
79.6
NR
57.1
NR
78.3
32.3
NR
9.4
19.0
NR
13.2
8.1
25.1
15.2
9.0
9.7
23.8
NR
13.8
14.6
10.7
NR
34.5
NR
11.8
8.9
NR
9.8
12.7
NR
13.1
6.8
20.0
9.8
5.0
5.6
43.6
NR
6.6
9.6
9.7
NR
8.3
NR
9.9
Figure 22 Distribution of Urban households by type of dwellings

Source: http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/site/India_Statistics.aspx?status=1&menu_id=14 retrievd on 17-06-2011.
48 | P a g e
5.5.1 Influences during development

An article prepared by a consulting company in Hyderabad in 2008 outlines the situation of the
residential real-estate in Hyderabad. As discussed by them, the residential real estate in Hyderabad
occupies almost 80% of the total area that is under development. The industry is still growing, due to
the fact that only one half of the Greater Hyderabad Population lives in permanent structure (the rest
of the population is distributed in Chalws or bastis, within the slums of Hyderabad). According to the
estimates of the 11th plan the housing shortage was about 1.98 million houses with the bulk of
shortage being below the poverty line housing i.e., Economically weaker sections (EWS) and Low
Income group housing (LIG).
The residential housing segment in Hyderabad is primarily driven by the IT industry and a significant
percentage of IT professionals invest in real estate, a house/apartment for themselves, their family
and also a piece of land for their children as today, investments into property provide high returns with
relatively low risk in the long term. Further, with a significant NRI population from Andhra Pradesh,
who have graduated from the state returning to India, or planning to invest in the real estate industry
of Hyderabad, the demand for good quality housing is expected to continue. With IT and ITES
industry likely to show a CAGR of 20% up to year 2012, along with growth of Pharma and Biotech
industry, the demand for residential housing segment is likely to continue.
5.5.2 Penetration of Gated residential enclaves (Gated communities)

The onset of this decade saw the boom of the IT industry in Hyderabad, residential market was
incidentally affected with the rise of new formats of dwelling typologies that promised safer
environments, cleaner surroundings and more comfort. The gated residential enclaves were heralded
in the earlier part of the decade as indicated in the newspaper articles below.
Gated communities the new rage
By M.L. Melly Maitreyi
HYDERABAD, JAN. 4. A new concept of housing - Gated communities - with rows of duplex houses
bound by a compound wall and gates manned by security is catching on in the city.
It is a relatively new concept. But drawn by the convenience, serenity, security and `neighbourhood
effect', many are veering towards it, says a reputed architect, Syed Anwar Aziz, of A.A.& Associates.
This sense of identity, belonging and a social environment in gated communities, contrary to the life of
anonymity and exclusivity in posh localities, makes life more secure and hassle-free to residents, he
points out.
Privacy ensured
The architect to design the first gated community, Whisper Valley, Mr. Aziz says the investment on
landed property appreciates better any day.
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A built-up structure like an apartment has no scope for improvement to suit one's requirements. At
best, one can maintain it.
More importantly, a duplex house takes care of sociological factors, fulfilling the need for personal
space of members in a joint family. With a common kitchen and separate living space, the elder and
younger members of the family can stay connected, yet enjoy their privacy and lifestyle, he explains.
Safe asset
The individual duplex houses outside the gated communities, too, are becoming popular. Rohini, who
decided to go for a duplex house after considering various options opines: "The duplex house built in
a small area with adequate provision for a garden and parking space is the best compromise between
a spacious apartment costing a fortune and an independent house in the heart of the city."
Seconds Padma, a bank officer: A duplex house will be a safer asset than a vacant plot with no
worries of it being encroached."
Sudheer, an architect, believes that with access to personal transport, people do not mind travelling
up to 25 km for the comfort, affordability and better value appreciation that duplex houses offer.
Distance no issue
Acknowledging the good response to duplex house projects coming up on the city outskirts from
middle income groups, some real estate developers say that distance no longer matters with an
improving road network and educational and health facilities available in the vicinity.
And they make perfect economic sense. While apartments cost no less than 1,500 per sft anywhere,
a 1,700 sft duplex house is available at Rs.1,100 per sft, including the exclusive piece of land, says
Motilal Jain, a promoter of duplex project in Rajendranagar(Maitreyi 2005).
Another newspaper article also illustrates the quality of the gated residential enclaves.
PICTURE OF LUXURY: A model of the villa planned by Suchirindia
One more gated housing project, but one that promises to be different from all the others. That could
well be what Suchirindia's latest venture, Timberleaf, turn out to be.
Located near the Bangalore-Hyderabad highway, close to two upcoming special economic zones and
the Infosys campus, the latest `designer' resort project of Suchirindia was launched here on Friday.
The project, according to Suchirindia CEO Y. Kiron, is spread over 25 acres and will house 123 villas.
The villas, expected to set standards for European style resorts in Hyderabad's booming real estate
segment, will be offered in two variants, Italian and Spanish. Each villa will be built in 320 square
yards and the built-up space will be in a 3,600 square feet-duplex form.
With construction to cover only 38 per cent of the land, the project will be among the first gated
communities in the city to have complete underground cabling and broadband connectivity. A WiFi
enablement and a water purifier plant too are on the anvil.
Self-sufficient township
"With the intention of making the township completely self-sufficient, all basic amenities like health
centre, convenience store, gymnasium, jogging track and a centralised gas station will be set up.
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A computerised information centre, house-keeping facilities, electricians, plumbers, generator backup,

ATM centres and guest houses will be provided," Mr. Kiron said.
With the security of potential buyers to be a major concern, the builder has also introduced a key-less
entry system for the houses.
A watchman tracking device, gas leak detectors, boom-barriers at the main entry and CCTV
integrated with cable TV are all being set up.
When luxury comes so generously, can entertainment be behind?
A kindergarten school, music rooms with musical instruments, study/tuition rooms, library, cyber caf
and a virtual gaming station are among the promises.
Quake resistant
As for the villas, Suchirindia say each and every one of them will be earthquake resistant while the
buyers will also be given the opportunity to take the professional help of interior designers and
decorators on campus.
Resort living, European style is how Suchirindia is endorsing the project(Mathew 2006).
As is seen in the article the gated residential enclaves are catered to the middle class societies and
the architectural quality is rendered by the developers with aesthetical influences of the western
societies.
5.6 The dwelling format:

Generally, for Gated residential enclaves consisting of only single family dwellings, the layout usually
is decided by the property developer, the number of dwelling units is based on the division of land into
standard plot sizes that would accommodate the dwelling unit. The pattern of arrangement is usually
in a grid with the units facing the cardinal points. An ordinary dwelling consists of a living room, a
dining room, a kitchen, two or three bedrooms, in case of gated residential enclaves it is usual to
have a minimum of three bedrooms. Each bedroom is attached with its own bathroom and a study or
an extra living space is provided based on design and available space.
The program constitution is based on Vaastu and if the dwelling unit has not been designed with
Vaastu it is a loss for the property developer as there will be significantly less buyers. With the
principles of Vasstu the dwelling units have a unified floor layout for a every compass direction. The
difference however exists only with varying size and shape.
Generally speaking, the common features of Vaastu are that bedrooms need to be in the south west
and North West corner and kitchens to be in the south east corner of the building. The entry is most
preferred to be facing North or East. Less preference is given to dwellings facing South or west.
51 | P a g e
As individual plots within a defined land, these dwelling units can be designed in anyway the
developer chooses. However, all the units follow a certain architectural style and common features
and the owners are allowed to change the interiors but exteriors are prevented from change.
5.7 Construction methods

Dwelling construction was predominantly with load bearing walls mainly made out of brick. In brick
structures the main construction or load bearing material was brick. Concrete and steel were partly
used to support the roof with the beams. Because the raw material, clay was abundantly available it is
used in the manufacturing of bricks and their cost is relatively low. Apart from low cost, it was easier
to assemble a brick structure as it required very less construction technology. Additionally brick as a
material had performs better in terms of heat transfer. Such advantages made brick structures a
widely practiced method across India with difference only in colder regions. However, the whole
process of manufacturing bricks brings along damaged farmlands and high levels of CO2 emissions.
Many new wall materials have been developed for instance the fly ash bricks and concrete blocks, but
these materials are still not used entirely due to the comparatively higher cost than burnt clay bricks.
After the reforms the cement spread widely in the market and the use of reinforced concrete became
common in construction. In concrete construction the wall contains the infill material and unlike the
load bearing walls which were massive in construction and partly occupied the floor area, this
construction format allowed walls to be thinner significantly reducing the weight on the building.
Moreover, the construction technology is more adaptable to a mechanised process. These
advantages have made concrete a widespread material for housing construction. Hence to a large
extent, it has accelerated the industrialization process in the building industry.
The use of thick walls in the brick structures allowed the internal conditions of the dwelling units to be
cool and deal with high thermal stresses. However the new concrete structures with brick infill
reduced the thickness of the walls in order to increase the floor space. The increased floor space
gives the developer the advantage of costing the customer with it. Apart from that lesser use of
material meant less cost to the developer. These trends can lead to a serious production of low
performing houses. Especially, in the climate of Hyderabad which induces high thermal stresses
during summer months. Previously, the unawareness and unequal financial conditions determined the
poor living conditions. Nowadays with the increase in peoples income the attention has shifted to
improving the quality of living conditions. However, there is still has been no adequate awareness of
effective strategies to improve thermal conditions by adopting better performing materials and reduce
energy use. The need for air-conditioners was not important even though there were high thermal
stresses in the region. It was taken care of by the occupant adaption of the building and their clothing.
It is probably because the property developers always avoid high initial investment to providing better
performing buildings, which makes way for the use of air-conditioners. Slowly the trend has shifted
from one air-conditioner per household to one per room.
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6 Thermal Performance
Thermal performance is the extent to which an object reduces heat loss and prevents heat gain.
Building thermal performance is the relationship between building design parameters such as fabric
thermal mass and the buildings response in terms of internal conditions and energy consumption.
Examining the parameters or components of a building design that have an impact on heat gain or
loss is essential to have optimal building thermal performance. Heat transfer occurs through three
mediums mainly conduction, convection and radiation. This transfer of heat is experienced by the
building through the following components through respective mediums.
(A) Roof
(B) Walls
(C) Ground-based floor
(D) Openings and Fenestrations
(E) External colour and texture
The nature of the material of these building elements determines the amount of radiation and
ventilation that enters the building. The flow of heat through a building material is influenced by the
level of resistance the material has, its thermal capacity, absorption, transmission and emission. The
material configuration for these building elements has to be chosen carefully and that is dependent
upon the specific requirements. The thermo physical parameters of the materials that must be
considered are specific heat, density and thermal conductivity. The product of specific heat and
density gives the energy storage capacity while the thermal conductivity characterises the energy flow
behaviour. These three parameters together define the time lag and the decrement factor. Time lag
refers to the delay of heat flow with time and decrement factor ascribes to the amplitude of heat
waves. Thus depending on the climatic requirements, one would look for materials that would provide
the desired thermal storage, time delay and decrement factor.
Colour and texture define the surface characteristics such as emissivity, reflectivity absorptive and
roughness. All these aspects influence heat flow and light distribution. As in the case of a roof painted
with white and another roof painted with dark, the white coloured roof will have 80% less transmission
as compared to dark colour. Generally, the building components are classified into opaque and
transparent elements. Transparent allow direct solar radiation into spaces where as walls and roofs
allow heat induced by sol-air and subsequently getting conducted into the space.
Air-exchanges also influence heat gain or loss within a building. Usually, this occurs through open
able features of the building like skylights, windows and doors etc. this heat loss or gain across
53 | P a g e
various features can be reduced by the choice of insulation and glazing with higher lower U values.
The walls, roofs and floors can be insulated by materials such as polyurethane foam (PUF), or
thermocol, either externally or internally. Another mode of insulation can be incorporated by leaving
an air cavity in the exposed part of the building envelope. As air is a bad conductor it is useful in
inhibiting the transmission of heat into or out of the building.
Variations can be achieved by using different insulation materials and adjusting their thicknesses, and
using them in different locations (internal or external) determined by the specific requirements. For
cavity walls, the property of the air gap can be varied by opting for a ventilated or unventilated air
cavity, and adjusting its thickness. It may be important to note that the in case of water absorption, the
performance of the insulation material is adversely affected.
Heat gain or loss through Individual elements depends largely on the number of levels the building
has. In the case of a typical single storied building, maximum heat gain occurs through the roof,
whereas in multi storied building it is through the walls and windows. The heat gain through various
building elements affects the cooling loads.
6.1 Thermal comfort

The essential function of a building design and choice of materials is to create comfortable indoor
thermal environment for the wellbeing of its occupants. The most important fact for the general
wellbeing of human health is the ability of the human body to maintain constant internal temperature.
The necessary condition for it is that the rate of heat production should be in balance with the rate of
heat loss from the body. The body constantly generated heat, a major portion of this heat is due to
work and the remainder is exchanged with the surroundings to the usual processes of heat transfer,
i.e. Conduction, convection and evaporation. Comfort conditions are determined by four
environmental factors; air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity or water vapour
pressure of air and air movement. A large number of thermal indices have been developed in various
countries throughout the world, but none of them appears to be universally satisfactory over the entire
range of environmental conditions prevailing in different regions of the world. According to the
National building code of India (NBC 2005) the comfort temperature range for Indian buildings is
between 23DegC to 27DegC.
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7 Methodology
This thesis aims to reduce energy use by adopting different building elements with better thermal
performance and thus reducing the cooling loads.
Two analysis methods are used in this study; the measuring conditions in existing building and
predicting the performance for alternative solutions.
7.1 Case study method

Location:
The thesis aids to address specific energy performance of a type residential settlement for composite
climate. Hyderabad experiences composite climate and there is a prevalence of gated residential
enclaves. The case study observations were conducted in Hyderabad between summer and premonsoon period. Hyderabad is located in the southern state Andhra Pradesh, India.
Location of case study
Figure 23: Map of India with case study location

Source: http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/india-political-map.htm retrieved on 10-06-2011 16:40
pm
55 | P a g e
Selected Gated residential enclave

The selected gated residential enclave is called Tulsi Gardens.
Figure 24 Entry view of Tulsi Gardens (Gated residential enclave)
It is located in the northern suburban region of Hyderabad and there are many other gated residential
enclaves around this enclave.
It consists of 65 dwelling units.
Based on availability the case study was done for three dwelling units.
Unit A: House no 64
Unit B: House no 39
Unit C: House no 41
Characteristics of building:
The approach to design of dwellings in Hyderabad is determined by Vaastu. Since the thesis is not
addressing the configurations of space programming the building characteristics is being evaluated on
the following. However, the characteristics of the building are to determine the extent of passive
techniques applied.
Site setting: the local features surrounding the building
Plan form and orientation: the layout and its attributes
Envelope features
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Case study duration:

The case studies on the gated residential enclaves were carried out on different time periods due to
the limited time and the availability of the dwelling unit for measurement. The dwelling units were
monitored approximately for 10 days from 11th June to 19th June and again on 26th June to 3rd July.
Unit A was monitored for both the periods. Unit B was only monitored on 11th June to 19th June. Unit
C was monitored along with Unit As second measurement period i.e. from 26th June to 3rd July. Unit
C was unoccupied during its measurement period whereas Unit A and Unit C were occupied.
Measurement tools:
Escort Data logger, version 2.06.09 developed by the Escort Data logging systems Ltd were used to
monitor the temperature and humidity.
Figure 25: Escort Junior Data logger
Data collection:
The data collection included the physical observations of the site and surroundings apart from
temperature monitoring. Temperature and humidity logs of three dwelling units two occupied and one
occupied were taken. The location of the data loggers was determined by the most occupied zones of
the house i.e. the living area and the Bedrooms. Accordingly, the data loggers were placed in the
living area on the ground floor and both the bedrooms of the upper floor. This method helped in
gaining evidence on thermal performance during pre and post occupancy stages. The objective was
to have a useful data to compare and utilize the data for simulation.
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7.2 Simulation Method:

Objective of the study:
To investigate the effects on energy performance by adopting building elements with varying material
configuration.
Simulation tool:
The performance studies of the dwelling units were carried out using Autodesk ECOTECT.
Autodesk Ecotect Analysis sustainable design analysis software is a comprehensive concept-todetail sustainable building design tool. Ecotect Analysis offers a wide range of simulation and building
energy analysis functionality that can improve performance of existing buildings and new building
designs. Online energy analysis capabilities integrate with tools that enable you to visualize and
simulate a building's performance within the context of its environment.
Whole-building energy analysisCalculate total energy use and carbon emissions of your building
model on an annual, monthly, daily, and hourly basis, using a global database of weather information.
Thermal performanceCalculate heating and cooling loads for models and analyze effects of
occupancy, internal gains, infiltration, and equipment.
Base case:
Unit C (house no 41) was reproduced in Autodesk Ecotect Analysis and was used as a base case
model for all the simulations. Unit C is decided to be the base case as it was unoccupied and
unchanged from the time of construction and it also proves useful for the case measurement study as
an unconditioned case.
Model variations and descriptions:
The effect of roof and wall on thermal performance is isolated by retaining the model of the base case
with only changes to the material configurations and their corresponding thermal variables.
The data in the following tables illustrates the description between the variations models tested for the
study. The model was created in Ecotect. It is an approximate representation of the Building chosen
as the base case. Parapets walls and detailing on windows are not modelled as Ecotect only requires
the spaces enclosed with walls and roof. Windows are only provided as apertures.
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Figure 26: North West view of Ecotect simulation Model
Figure 27: South west view of Ecotect simulation model
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7.3 Parameters of base case:

Parameters:
Glazing type
Roof type
Wall type
Colour of external surface
Air exchange rate
Building orientation (longer axis)
Thermostat set point (degC)
Shading
Base case
Clear glass
Reinforced cement concrete
Brick
Existing
Conditioned- 1.0
East-west
Heating: 23DegC
Cooling:27DegC
No shading
Figure 28 base case parameters
7.3.1 Description of Parameters Investigated:
Orientation:
The effect of orientation is considered by changing the North point indicated in the Ecotect software.
This method is adopted without any changes to the material configurations of the model or the model
itself.
Material configurations:
The options of wall and roof materials to be investigated are taken from the materials specified in the
(ECBC 2007). The basic construction of the roof is maintained to be R.C.C. For ectotect to perform
the simulation it requires the overall thermal transmittance or the U value of the material
Listed below are the choices of roof and wall materials and their corresponding U values for the
simulation runs.
Roof materials:
R.C.C roof with Mudphuska: Mud Phuska is a traditional insulation material used on the roof. It is a
mixture of soil, cow dung and hay and is finished with tiling.
R.C.C roof with Bitumen felt: Bitumen felt is traditionally used for water proofing and it is common
practice to use it on the Indian roofs. Presently with new materials bitumen is slowly being replaced.
R.C.C roof with Polyurethane foam: Polyurethane foam has wide varity of applications. Due to its
quality of insulating heat it is also used for building insulation.
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Wall materials:
Concrete block wall: as the name goes the material used to make these block is concrete. In India
concrete blocks are slowly replacing the brick. Concrete blocks are manufactured largely within the
cities as it does not require and only requires wetting for it to set it is now being used commonly. The
Autoclaved concrete block: this block is refined into a thermally insulating concrete based material
used for both internal and external constructions. One of its advantages in construction is its quick
and easy installation, for the material can be routed, sanded, and cut to size on site using standard
carbon steel band saws, hand saws, and drills.
Expanded poly styrene insulation is a recyclable material and due to its useful insulation properties it
is recommended by (ECBC 2005) for Indian buildings.
Material
U value (w/m2K
R.C.C roof with mudphuska
1.59
R.C.C roof with Bitumen felt
1.87
R.C.C roof with PUF insulation
0.42
Concrete block wall
1.8
Auto-claved cellular concrete block wall
0.82
Brick wall with Polystyrene insulation
0.54
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7.3.1.1 Case set 1 effect of orientation on performance
Orientationparameters
S.no
SimulationInecotect
Parametersconsidered
Basecase
Orientation
Westfacingentrance
Rooftype
Uvalue:2.3W/m2K
Existing(concreteroofwithtiles)
Wall
UValue:2.27W/m2K
Existing(brickwallswithplaster)
Heating
Setpointtemperature
23
Cooling
25
SimulationInecotect
Basecase
Orientation
Eastfacingentrance
Rooftype
Uvalue:2.3W/m2K
Wall
UValue:2.27W/m2K
Heating
Setpointtemperature
23
Cooling
25
SimulationInecotect
Basecase
Orientation
Northfacingentrance
Rooftype
Uvalue:2.3W/m2K
Wall
UValue:2.27W/m2K
Heating
Setpointtemperature
23
Cooling
25
SimulationInecotect
Basecase
Orientation
Southfacingentrance
Rooftype
Uvalue:2.3W/m2K
Wall
UValue:2.27W/m2K
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
25
Figure 29: Orientation parameters
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7.3.1.2 Case set 2 effect on performance with changes in roof material configuration
R1 R.C.C roof with Mudphuska
Roofmaterial
S.no
Simulationparameters
R1
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:1.59W/m2K
RCCroofwithMudphuska
Wall
UValue:2.27W/m2K
Existingbrickwall
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
25
Figure 30: Roof option R1parameters
Figure 31: Roof option R1 material properties
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R2 R.C.C roof with Bitumen felt

S.no
R2
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:1.87W/m2K
RCCroofwithBitumenfelt
Wall
Uvalue:2.27W/m2K
Existingbrickwall
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
25
Figure 32: Roof option R2 parameters
Figure 33: Roof option R2 material properties
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R3 R.C.C roof with polyurethane foam

S.no
Orientation
1
R3
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:0.42W/m2K
RCCroofwithpolyurethanefoam
Wall
Uvalue:2.27W/m2K
ExistingBrickwall
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
25
Figure 34: Roof option R3 parameters
Figure 35: Roof option R3 Material properties
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7.3.1.3 Case set 3 effect on performance with changes in Wall material configuration
W1 Concrete block
Wallmaterialoptions
S.no
W1
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:2.3W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:1.8W/m2K
Concreteblockwall
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
25
Figure 36: Wall option W1 parameters
Figure 37: Wall option W1 material properties
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W2 Auto-claved cellular concrete block

S.no
W2
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:2.3W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:0.82W/m2K
Setpointtemperature
AutoclavedcellularConcreteblock
wall
Heating
23
Cooling
25
Figure 38: Wall option W2 parameters
Figure 39: Wall option W2 material properties
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W3 brick wall with polystyrene insulation
S.no
W3
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:2.3W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:0.54W/m2K
Setpointtemperature
Brickwallwithexpandedpolystyrene
insulation
Heating
23
Cooling
25
Figure 40: Wall option W3 Parameters
Figure 41 Wall option W2 Material properties
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7.3.1.4 Case set 4 effects on performance with combination approach
R1W1 R.C.C roof with Mud phuska, Concrete block
Roof/wallmaterial
S.no
R1W1
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:1.59W/m2K
RCCroofwithMudphuskaroof
Wall
Uvalue:1.8W/m2K
Concreteblockwall
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Figure 42: Combination option R1W1 parameters
R1W2 R.C.C roof with Mud phuska , Auto claved cellular concrete block
Roof/wallmaterialoptions
S.no
R1W2
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:1.59W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:0.82W/m2K
Setpointtemperature
Autoclavedcellularconcrete
blockwall
Heating
23
Cooling
27
R1W3 R.C.C roof with Mudphuska, brick wall with polystyrene insulation
S.no
R1W3
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:1.59W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:0.54W/m2K
Setpointtemperature
RCCroofwithMudphsuka
Brickwallwithpolystyrene
insulation
Heating
23
Cooling
27
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R2W1 R.C.C roof with Bitumen felt, Concrete block

S.no
R2W1
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:1.87W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:1.8W/m2K
Concreteblockwall
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
R2W2 R.C.C roof with Bitumen felt, Auto claved cellular concrete block
S.no
R2W2
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:1.87W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:0.82W/m2K
Setpointtemperature
AutoclavedcellularConcrete
blockwall
Heating
23
Cooling
27
R2W3 R.C.C roof with Bitumen felt, brick wall with polystyrene insulation
S.no
R2W3
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:1.87W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:0.54W/m2K
Setpointtemperature
insulation
Heating
23
Cooling
27
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R3W1 R.C.C roof with ply urethane foam, Concrete block

S.no
R3W1
Orientation
Rooftype
Uvalue:0.42W/m2K
Westfacing
RCCroofwithpolyurethane
foam
Wall
Uvalue:1.8W/m2K
Concreteblockwall
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Figure 48: Combination option R3W1
R3W2 R.C.C roof with poly urethane foam, Auto claved cellular concrete block
S.no
R3W2
Orientation
Westfacing
foam
Auto clavedcellularconcrete
blockwall
Rooftype
Uvalue:0.42W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:0.82W/m2K
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
R3W3 R.C.C roof with poly urethane foam, brick wall with polystyrene insulation
S.no
R3W3
Orientation
Westfacing
foam
insulation
Rooftype
Uvalue:0.42W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:0.54W/m2K
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
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7.3.1.5 Case set 5 effects on performance with change in surface colour
Base case options
ColourEffects
S.no
Basecase
Orientation
Westfacingentrance
Rooftype
Reflectance0.6
Wall
Reflectance0.6
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Figure 51: Base case colour option 0.6 reflectance for
ColourEffects
S.no
Orientation
Basecase
Westfacingentrance
Rooftype
Reflectance0.7
Wall
Reflectance0.7
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Figure 52: Base case colour option 0.7 reflectance
ColourEffects
S.no
Basecase
Orientation
Westfacingentrance
Rooftype
Reflectance0.8
Wall
Reflectance0.8
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Figure 53: Base case colour option 0.8 reflectance
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Insulated case options
ColourEffects
S.no
Insulatedcase
Orientation
Westfacingentrance
Rooftype
Reflectance0.6
R.C.CroofwithPUFinsulation
Wall
Reflectance0.6
BrickwallwithInsulation
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Figure 54: Insulated case colour option 0.6 reflectance
ColourEffects
S.no
Insulatedcase
Orientation
Westfacingentrance
Rooftype
Reflectance0.7
Wall
Reflectance0.7
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
ColourEffects
S.no
Orientation
Insulatedcase
Westfacingentrance
Rooftype
Reflectance0.8
Wall
Reflectance0.8
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
73 | P a g e
8 Case study
The location of the selected units is indicated in the image below.
Figure 57: Ariel view of Tulsi Gardens

Image 1
8.1.1 Description of Buildings:

8.1.1.1 House no 64 or Unit A
This dwelling unit is located in the corner of the plot as shown in the image 2
Figure 58: Images of House no 64
Space program: this unit has an L shaped living dining layout on the lower level, adjoining this space
is the kitchen and a single bedroom. A staircase leads to the upper level this area is divided into two
bedrooms with attached bathrooms. The access to them is through a small upper living area.
74 | P a g e
Construction specifications: the dwelling unit has a concrete frame structure and walls are made out
of brick. The external walls are approximately 200 mm thick while the internal walls 100mm. All the
windows and doors are timber framed. The panes of the windows are single glazed the door panelling
is made up of timber. The roof of the building is divided into two parts as in the entire building is not
covered by a single roof. A portion of the first floor is covered by a flat balcony that expands to the
depth of the floor plan as shown in the floor plan figure18. The upper level however is covered by a
pitched roof of 15 degrees this roof is made up of R.C.C material and clay tiles.
8.1.1.2 House no 39 and 41

The space programming in both these houses is reflective of House no 64 as can be seen in figure
57. The dwelling unit is designed for a gated residential enclave, hence the construction specification
remain same.
Figure 59 typical floor plans of the selected dwelling units
8.1.2 Case study findings

The temperature loggers were set up in the lower level living rooms and the both the bedrooms in the
upper level. The following graphs show the temperature readings from the selected dwellings
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8.1.2.1 Temperature log Of House no 39 from 13th June to 15th June 2010
Figure 60 Temperature readings of house no 39 13th June to 15th June (Refer appendix)
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Figure 61 temperature readings of house no 64 13th June to 15th June 2010 (Refer appendix)
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8.1.2.3 Temperature log Of House no 41from 27th June to 29th June 2010
th
th
Figure 62 Temperature reading of House no 41 from 27 June to 29 June 2010 (Refer appendix)
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Figure 63 Temperature readings of house no 64 from 27th June to 29th June 2010 (Refer appendix)
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8.1.2.5 Electric bill readings of house number 39 from 01 March 2007 to 01 March 2011
Figure 64 electricity bill readings of House no 39 from 01 March 2007 to 01 March 2011
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8.1.2.6 Electric bill readings of house number 64 from 01 March 2007 to 01 March 2011
Figure 65 Electricity bill readings of house no 64 from 01 March 2007 to 01 March 2011
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8.2 Site settings

Landform and its orientation
The site is located on a large tract of land that is flat. So it is expected that similar conditions prevail
across the site. However, these conditions might be affected due to the buildings within the site.
Vegetation pattern
There are trees located in the front of each plot. So for each house facing the compass directions,
trees are located in front of them. This indicates that the trees are only for aesthetic requirements and
were not strategically located for any climatic function. The south and west facing units benefit from
this feature as the trees block the sun. The tree used is evergreen, this could be a drawback during
colder months because they block out the sun when it is needed.
Water Bodies:
There are no water bodies in proximity to the dwelling units; however, the enclave is located close to
a large water pond. The water body is located south of the enclave so it certainly influences the
airflow accessing the units.
Street widths and their orientation:
The street widths of the site are wide, as they serve the primary function of access to the units. As
seen in figure this effect seems to occur in between the dwelling units instead of the street widths.
Open spaces and built form:
The built form is compact and does not contain any open spaces such as courtyards inside the plan.
However, there is a large balcony on the upper level that can be accessed by both the bedrooms and
the upper level living room. The balcony is not shaded as seen in figure () but it extends to provide
shade to the lower floor, more specifically to the entrance area and car park. The ground in front of
the house ranges from grass, paving and road. A large part of the ground is made up of the road
which is a dark surface and has a tendency to take up heat and reflect radiation towards the
surrounding dwelling units. The other undesirable quality that can occur is heat island effect which
contributes to the overall heat gain.
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8.3 Plan from and Orientation:

Building orientation:
The arrangement layout as seen in figure () are defined by the site developer. The larger faade of
the dwelling units with north-south orientation are only followed by the north and west facing units.
The rest of the units have their larger faade oriented in the east-west direction. However, these units
are grouped together in a series and they have little impact with orientation as the adjacent units
provide adequate shade to counter the effect of overheating.
8.4 Envelope features

Roof:
The roof of the dwellings is made up of R.C.C with clay tiling. The thickness of the concrete roof is
approximately 200mm. The roof profile is pitched and covers both the bed rooms. The living room on
the upper floor is covered by a flat roof with a smooth cement finish.
Wall types:
The wall type varies in thickness. All the internal walls are maintained to be 100 mm brick walls
finished with plaster and paint. All the exposed walls are 200 mm thick and finished with cement
plaster and paint.
Openings and fenestrations:
Windows are located on all the sides of the building and vary with each type of dwelling unit. Since
the dwelling units chosen are just a mirror reflection of each other in floor plan the number of windows
on each facade also remains the same. However, this also indicates that the opening locations are
not defined by the climate but are located based on design. In dwelling unit A (house number 64) the
entrance is well shaded with the roof projection extending over the front of the upper level. At the
entrance of the lower level the terrace of the upper floor extends to provide adequate shading. Thus
Unit A has adequate sun protection and has negligible heat gain induced by solar radiation from
windows. Unit B and C however repeat the same process facing the west. However, on this side the
sun sinks low in the horizon inducing heat gain unlike south side where its effect is diminished by the
roof overhangs.
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9 Simulation results
9.1 Case set 1 effect of orientation on performance
9.1.1 Base case with West orientation
Figure 66: base case simulation model oriented west
HEATING/COOLINGLOADSFORBASECASE
AllVisibleThermalZones
Comfort:ZonalBands
MaxHeating:196.512kWat03:00on22ndDecember
MaxCooling:161.535kWat14:00on23rdMay
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79792.711
198626
278418.719
242.365
603.313
845.679
329.225m2
Figure 67: Monthly heating/cooling loads of west orientation (refer

appendix A1 for Monthly loads)
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Figure 68: Monthly heating/cooling graph of west orientation
9.1.2 Base case with south orientation
Figure 69: Base case simulation model oriented south
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HEATING/COOLINGLOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MaxHeating:196.567kWat03:00on22nd
December
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
(kWh)
79812.367
COOLING
(kWh)
198751.844
TOTAL
(kWh)
278564.219
846.12
242.425
329.225
m2
603.696
Figure 70: Monthly heating/cooling loads of south orientation (refer appendix A2 for Monthly loads)
Figure 71: Monthly heating/cooling graph of south orientation
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9.1.3 Base case with East orientation
Figure 72: Base case simulation model oriented east
Comfort:ZonalBands
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79817.125 198240.422 278057.531
242.439
329.225
m2
602.142
844.581
Figure 73 Monthly heating/cooling loads of east orientation (refer appendix A3 for Monthly loads)
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Figure 74: Monthly heating/cooling graph of east orientation
9.1.4 Base case with North Orientation
Figure 75: Base case simulation model oriented north
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Comfort:ZonalBands
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79783.305
198905.344
278688.625
604.162
846.498
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
242.337
329.225
m2
Figure 76: Monthly heating/cooling loads of north orientation (refer appendix A4 for Monthly loads)
Figure 77: Monthly heating/cooling graph of north orientation
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9.2 Case set 2 effect on performance with changes in roof

material configuration
9.2.1 R.C.C roof with Mudphuska
Roofmaterial
S.no
SimulationParameters
R1
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:1.59W/m2K
RCCroofwithMudphuska
Wall
UValue:2.27W/m2K
Existingbrickwall
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79834.859
196626.828
276461.688
597.241
839.734
242.493
329.225
m2
Figure 78: Monthly heating/cooling loads of R1 (refer appendix B1 for Monthly loads)
90 | P a g e
Figure 79: Monthly heating/cooling Graph of R1
91 | P a g e
9.2.2 R.C.C roof with bitumen felt

S.no
R2
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:1.87W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:2.27W/m2K
Existingbrickwall
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79827.289
197193.156
277020.438
598.961
841.431
242.47
329.225
m2
92 | P a g e
Figure 81: Monthly heating/cooling graph of R2
93 | P a g e
9.2.3 R.C.C roof with Poly urethane foam

S.no
R3
Orientation
1
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:0.42W/m2K
RCCroofwithpolyurethanefoam
Wall
Uvalue:2.27W/m2K
ExistingBrickwall
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79840.672 195791.234 275631.906
242.511
329.225
m2
594.703
837.214
94 | P a g e
Figure 83: Monthly heating/cooling graph of R3
95 | P a g e
9.3 Case set 3 effect on performance with changes in Wall

material configuration
9.3.1 Concrete Block wall
Wallmaterialoptions
S.no
W1
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:2.3W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:1.8W/m2K
Concreteblockwall
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79454.047 195617.719 275071.75
241.336
329.225
m2
594.176
835.512
Figure 84: Monthly heating/cooling loads of W1 (refer appendix C1 for Monthly loads)
96 | P a g e
Figure 85: Monthly heating/cooling graph of W1
97 | P a g e
9.3.2 Auto-claved Cellular Concrete block wall

S.no
W2
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:2.3W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:0.82W/m2K
Setpointtemperature
AutoclavedcellularConcreteblock
wall
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79568.75 194501.828 274070.594
241.685
329.225
m2
590.786
832.471
98 | P a g e
99 | P a g e
9.3.3 Brick wall with expanded polystyrene insulation

S.no
R3
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:2.3W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:0.54W/m2K
Setpointtemperature
Brickwallwithexpandedpolystyrene
insulation
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79882.898 192743.594
272626.5
242.639
329.225
m2
TOTAL
585.446
828.085
100 | P a g e
101 | P a g e
9.4 Case set 4 effects on performance with combination

approach
9.4.1 R.C.C roof with Mudphuska and concrete block wall
Roof/wallmaterial
S.no
R1W1
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:1.59W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:1.8W/m2K
Concreteblockwall
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79509.82 193652.312 273162.156
241.506
329.225
m2
588.206
829.712
Figure 90: Monthly heating/cooling loads of R1W1 (refer appendix D1 for Monthly loads)
102 | P a g e
Figure 91: Monthly heating/cooling graph of R1W1
103 | P a g e
9.4.2 R.C.C roof with Mudphuska and Auto-claved concrete block wall
S.no
R1W2
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:1.59W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:0.82W/m2K
Autoclavedcellularconcrete
blockwall
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79627.016 192543.391 272170.406
241.862
329.225
m2
584.838
826.7
104 | P a g e
Figure 93: Monthly heating/cooling loads of R1W2
105 | P a g e
9.4.3 R.C.C roof with Mudphuska and brick wall with Polystyrene
S.no
R1W3
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:1.59W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:0.54W/m2K
RCCroofwithMudphsuka
insulation
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79934.562 190808.906
270743.5
242.796
329.225
m2
TOTAL
579.57
822.365
106 | P a g e
107 | P a g e
9.4.4 R.C.C roof with bitumen felt and concrete block wall
S.no
R2W1
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:1.87W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:1.8W/m2K
Concreteblockwall
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79495.758 194210.062 273705.812
241.463
329.225
m2
589.9
831.363
108 | P a g e
109 | P a g e
9.4.5 R.C.C roof with bitumen felt and Autoclaved cellular concrete block
wall
S.no
R2W2
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:1.87W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:0.82W/m2K
Setpointtemperature
AutoclavedcellularConcrete
blockwall
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79611.508 193098.531 272710.031
241.815
329.225
m2
586.524
828.339
110 | P a g e
111 | P a g e
9.4.6 R.C.C roof with bitumen felt and Brick wall with Polystyrene
insulation
S.no
R2W3
Orientation
Westfacing
Rooftype
Uvalue:1.87W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:0.54W/m2K
Setpointtemperature
insulation
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79919.711 191356.219 271275.938
242.751
329.225
m2
581.232
823.983
112 | P a g e
113 | P a g e
9.4.7 R.C.C roof with Polyurethane foam and Concrete block wall
S.no
R3W1
Orientation
Rooftype
Uvalue:0.42W/m2K
Westfacing
foam
Wall
Uvalue:1.8W/m2K
Concreteblockwall
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79528.078 192840.469 272368.531
241.561
329.225
m2
585.74
827.302
Figure 102 Monthly heating/cooling loads of R3W1 (refer appendix D7 for Monthly loads)
114 | P a g e
115 | P a g e
9.4.8 R.C.C roof with Polyurethane foam and Autoclaved cellular

Concrete block wall
S.no
R3W2
Orientation
Westfacing
foam
Auto clavedcellularconcrete
blockwall
Rooftype
Uvalue:0.42W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:0.82W/m2K
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79653.055 191725.047 271378.125
241.941
329.225
m2
582.352
824.293
Figure 104 Monthly heating/cooling loads of R3W2 (refer appendix D8 for Monthly loads)
116 | P a g e
117 | P a g e
9.4.9 R.C.C roof with Polyurethane foam and Brick wall with Polystyrene
insulation
S.no
R3W3
Orientation
Westfacing
foam
insulation
Rooftype
Uvalue:0.42W/m2K
Wall
Uvalue:0.54W/m2K
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79954.562 190016.203
269970.75
242.857
329.225
m2
TOTAL
577.162
820.018
118 | P a g e
119 | P a g e
9.5 Case set 5 effects on performance with change in

surface colour
9.5.1 Base case with external paint - 0.6 Reflectance
ColourEffects
S.no
Basecase
Orientation
Westfacingentrance
Rooftype
Reflectance0.6
Wall
Reflectance0.6
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79790.633
198736.75
278527.406
603.65
846.009
242.359
329.225
m2
Monthly loads)
120 | P a g e
Figure 109: Monthly heating/cooling graph of Base case with 0.6 reflectance
121 | P a g e
ColourEffects
S.no
Basecase
Orientation
Westfacingentrance
Rooftype
Reflectance0.7
Wall
Reflectance0.7
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79840.562
197852.562
277693.125
600.964
843.475
242.51
329.225
m2
Monthly loads)
122 | P a g e
123 | P a g e
ColourEffects
S.no
Basecase
Orientation
Westfacingentrance
Rooftype
Reflectance0.8
Wall
Reflectance0.8
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79892.18
196936.969
276829.156
598.183
840.85
242.667
329.225
m2
Monthly loads)
124 | P a g e
125 | P a g e
9.5.4 Insulated case with external paint - 0.6 Reflectance
ColourEffects
S.no
Insulatedcase
Orientation
Westfacingentrance
Rooftype
Reflectance0.6
Wall
Reflectance0.6
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79954.531
190035.422
269989.938
577.22
820.077
242.857
329.225
m2
Figure 114: Monthly heating/cooling loads of Insulated case with 0.6 reflectance (refer appendix E4 for
Monthly loads)
126 | P a g e
Figure 115: Monthly heating/cooling graph of insulated case with 0.6 reflectance
127 | P a g e
ColourEffects
S.no
insulatedcase
Orientation
Westfacingentrance
Rooftype
Reflectance0.7
Wall
Reflectance0.7
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79957.219
189942.578
269899.781
576.938
819.803
242.865
329.225
m2
Monthly loads)
128 | P a g e
129 | P a g e
ColourEffects
S.no
Insulatedcase
Orientation
Westfacingentrance
Rooftype
Reflectance0.8
Wall
Reflectance0.8
Setpointtemperature
Heating
23
Cooling
27
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
79961.578 189856.047 269817.625
242.878
329.225
m2
576.675
819.553
Monthly loads)
130 | P a g e
9.6 Summary of results

9.6.1 Case set 1 Effect on cooling load based on orientation
S.no
1
2
3
4
Investigated Variable
Entrance -West facing/ Base case
Entrance -South facing
Entrance -East facing
Entrance -North facing
Description
Cooling load kWh

603.313
603.696
602.142
604.162
9.6.2 Case set 2 Effect on cooling load with roof variables

S.no
1
2
3
Investigated variable
R.C.C with Mudphuska
R.C.C. with Bitumen felt
R.C.C with PUF insulation
Description
Cooling Load kWh

597.241
598.961
594.703
9.6.3 Case set 3 Effect on cooling load with wall variables

S.no
1
2
3
Concrete Block wall
Auto-claved Concrete block wall
Brick wall with Insulation
Description
Cooling Load kWh

594.176
590.786
585.446
9.6.4 Case set 4 Effect on cooling load based on combination approach

S.no
1
2
3
S.no
1
2
3
R.C.C roof with Mud phuska and
Concrete block wall
R.C.C roof with Mud phuska and Auto
claved cellular Concrete block wall
R.C.C roof with Mud phuska and Brick
wall with insulation
Description
R1W1
Cooling Load kWh

588.206
R1W2
584.838
R1W3
579.57
R.C.C roof with bitumen felt and Concrete
block wall
R.C.C roof with bitumen felt and Auto
claved cellular Concrete block wall
R.C.C roof with bitumen felt and Brick
wall with insulation
Description
R2W1
Cooling Load kWh

589.9
R2W2
586.524
R2W3
581.232
131 | P a g e
S.no
1
2
3
R.C.C roof with Poly urethane foamed in
place (PUF) roof and Concrete block wall
R.C.C roof with Poly Urethane foamed in
place (PUF) cellular Concrete block wall
R.C.C roof with Poly Urethane Foamed in
place (PUF) Brick wall with insulation
Description
R3W1
Cooling Load kWh

585.74
R3W2
582.352
R3W3
577.162
9.6.5 Case set 5 Effect on cooling load with surface colour variables
S.no
1
2
3
S.no
1
2
3
Base case with 0.6 Roof and wall
reflectance
reflectance
reflectance
Description
Insulated case with 0.6 Roof and wall
reflectance
reflectance
reflectance
Description
Cooling Load kWh

603.65
600.964
598.183
Cooling Load kWh

577.22
576.938
576.675
132 | P a g e
10 Discussion and conclusion

10.1 Orientation:
The simulation model with west facing entrance is originally the base case. Comparing the results
obtained from the other orientations to the base case it can be seen that there is no significant change
in the cooling loads of the conditioned simulation model. However, the lowest value among the
variables is found in the East facing option. Hence in the present context of the building the
orientation has negligible effect on the cooling load.
Figure 120: Comparative graph of cooling loads between west, south, east and north orientation
133 | P a g e
10.2 Roof (R1, R2 and R3)

Looking at the simulation model (refer to model) the roof of the building is divided into two parts a
terraced balcony and a pitched roof. The ground level portion is covered partially by the upper level
terrace/balcony which is flat and the upper level portion is covered by a pitched roof. The changes in
the roof materials have been done while maintaining the entrance orientation towards the west similar
to the base case. This parameter is maintained in all other parameters as well to allow comparison.
As seen in the graph 121 there is slight change in the values when compared to the base case. The
simulation model with R.C.C roof bearing an insulation of polyurethane foamed in place (PUF) has the
least value in against the R.C.C with mudphuska and bitumen felt. Thus in the context the insulation
has more impact on the cooling load.
Figure 121: Comparative graph of cooling loads between Base case, R1, R2 and R3
134 | P a g e
10.3 Wall (W1, W2 and W3)

The walls in the model cover a significant part of the building, thus presenting a large surface area.
The results show significant difference in the cooling loads when compared to the just material
changes in the roof. In comparison to the different wall materials the brick wall with insulation has the
lowest value, indicating that the brick wall with insulation proves useful for reducing the cooling
energy.
Figure 122: Comparative graph of cooling loads between Base case, W1, W2 and W3
135 | P a g e
10.4 Combination approach R1 -W1, W2 and W3:

In this approach the R.C.C with Mudphuska was maintained with variations in the wall material. The
difference in values when compared to the just roof and wall changes is more significant. However,
within the graph it is clear that the combination of Brick wall with Mudphuska has more significant
effect on lowering the cooling load.
Figure 123: Comparative graph of cooling loads between base case, R1W1, R1W2 and R1W3
136 | P a g e

In this case the roof material was maintained to be R.C.C roof with bitumen felt with variations in wall
materials. The graph indicates that model option with brick wall insulation has a lowest value when
compared to the base case. If the values are compared with option that has R.C.C roof with
mudphuska (whose value with brick wall insulation is at 579 kWh/m2) it is clearly seen that the R.C.C
roof with bitumen felt has a higher value.
137 | P a g e

In this case the roof material is maintained to be R.C.C roof with polyurethane foam insulation. The
graph above indicates that the values are gradually reducing from wall options of concrete block to
brick wall insulation. In this case the brick wall with insulation has the lowest value and compared to
the other combination cases this option (complete insulation in roof and wall) has had a significant
change on the cooling load against the base case.
138 | P a g e
10.7 Colour (reflectance):
Figure 126: Comparative graph of cooling loads between base and insulated case
Colour with varying reflectance levels, as shown in the graph, have visible variations in the base case.
In the insulated case however, there effect is not significant.
10.8 Conclusion
This research was conducted only for only a specific typology of residential settlement.
Generalizations are limited to choice of materials as it is consistent in the prevailing construction
practices. The first part of the study involved physical observations of the site and compared it with
the design features recommended for the climate. Survey questionnaires were not a part of the data
inquiry due to ethical procedures. However, during the case study, brief informal conversations took
place to gain insight on the behavioural aspects of occupants. The simulation study isolated elements
of the building envelope for further investigations. In the study the variables investigated were choices
of wall and roof materials and their effects on cooling load. The cases were investigated by isolating
the features and then combining them. The effects of colour were also investigated by changing the
reflectance value of materials in the simulation model.
The goal of this research was to answer if the residential construction practices had better thermal
performance; from the case study it was found that the temperature readings were higher than the
recommended values of the national building code of India lending to the use of Air-conditioners.
Based on the case study conditions the research investigated different roof and wall materials with
varying material properties it was found that they in turn affect the cooling load, having maximum
benefits from insulated conditions. Therefore, the present choice of materials in the prevailing
construction practices of residential buildings may not support the means to maintain thermal comfort
and ultimately achieve efficient energy use.
As discussed in earlier chapters, Air-conditioning use in India is growing not just in the commercial
buildings but also in the residential sector and is certainly having an impact on peak electricity
139 | P a g e
demand and ultimately the total primary energy use. Climate of Hyderabad plays a significant role in
promoting the dependence on Air-conditioners. As the climatic conditions of Hyderabad set out to
create thermal stress, the choice of shifting away from air-conditioners is entirely dependent on the
end user and not in control of the designers. In this context, the role for groups involved in
development of residences is to produce designs that balance both the needs of the client and the
goals of energy efficiency.
Based on the results the following will elaborate on how the prevailing construction practices can be
enhanced with better choice of envelope materials reducing cooling loads and ultimately addressing
the climate and building induced cooling energy demand.
10.9 Recommended roof systems:

The roof of a building receives a significant amount of solar radiation. Accordingly, its design and
construction play an important role in modulating heat flow, day lighting and ventilation. The climate of
Hyderabad varies in between Hot dry, warm and humid conditions. Under such conditions it is
recommended by the Indian standard, I.S. Code 3792-1978 (cite), the maximum values of overall
thermal transmittance (U-value) of a roof should not exceed 2.33Wm2K. The simulation models
indicate the roofs U-value to be 2.3Wm2K which is the same value as the I.S code specification.
Through the following methods heat gain can be reduced.
Insulation:
The insulating materials can be applied externally or internally to the roofs. Water proofing needs to
be done to the roof with external insulation. For internal application, the insulation can be foamed into
place or stuck to the underside of the roof with false ceiling. As Poly urethane foam insulation has
shown the maximum reduction on the cooling load it is a useful material choice for future designs.
Along with insulation other systems that can be adopted to improve internal conditions are spraying
the exposed part of the roof with water. This way it can enhance the performance of the roof
insulation reducing the internal cooling loads further.
White washing:
This can also be a useful method that can be incorporated every summer. It would be fully effective if
the surfaces are kept clean, without accumulation of dust. In the simulation study it was found that
with colour with high reflectance level only had negligible difference with the base case. The insulated
case saw no variation. This means that whitewashing has limited effect on the cooling load but can be
recommended.
140 | P a g e
10.10
Recommended wall systems:
Walls constitute a major part of the building envelope and receive a large amount of direct radiation.
This can be seen when the tables showing the cooling loads differences in the wall options when
compared to the roofs. Depending on whether the need is for heating or cooling, the thickness and
material of the wall can be varied to control heat gain. The resistance to heat flow through the
exposed walls may be increased in the following ways:
The thickness of the wall may be increased.
Cavity wall construction may be adopted.
The wall maybe constructed out of suitable heat insulating material, provided structural
requirements are met.
Heat insulating material may be fixed on the inside or outside of the exposed wall. In the case of
external application, overall water proofing is essential.
Light coloured whitewash or distemper may be applied on the exposed side of the wall. The I.S. code
3972-1978 [4] specifies that the U values of exposed walls should not exceed 2.56 W/m2-K in hot and
dry, and hot and humid conditions that exist in composite climate.
10.11
Limitations to insulation:
There is a general tendency to think that well-insulated and very thick walls give a good thermal
performance. This is true only if the glazing is kept to a minimum and windows are well-shaded, as is
found in traditional architecture. However, in case of modern buildings a combination of insulated
walls and high percentage of glazing will lead to very uncomfortable indoor conditions. This is
because the building will act like a green house or oven, as the insulated walls will prevent the
radiation admitted through windows from escaping back to the environment. Indoor plants can be
provided near the window, as they help in evaporative cooling and in absorbing solar radiation.
Evaporative cooling and earth-air pipe systems can be used effectively in this climate. Desert coolers
are extensively used in this climate, and if properly sized, they can alleviate discomfort by as much as
90%.
141 | P a g e
11 Further considerations:
11.1 Thickness and shape:
A massive roof composed of material such as reinforced cement concrete (RCC) tends to delay the
transmission of heat into the interior when compared to lighter roofs such as asbestos cement sheet
roofing. Sometimes, the roof is also covered by inverted earthen pots with a layer of earth over them.
The earth and the air inside the pots provide good insulation for resisting heat gain. A doubly pitched
or curved roof provides a larger surface area for heat loss compared to a flat roof. Thus, both the
shape as well as the material has an effect on the performance of the roof.
11.2 Glazing:
The influence of international styles on residential dwellings in India is slowly gaining popularity.
Hence, percentage glazing that is necessary for the optimum performance is an aspect that needs to
be ventured into. A study conducted for Malaysia has revealed that choosing optimal area for the
glass and maximizing the use of ventilation can reduce the negative effects of solar radiation that is
common in this region (Fairuz syed fazdil 2010)
11.3 Future research:

As discussed before the research was limited to only a specific typology of residential dwellings and
generalisations were made based on common features in construction such as the material choices
for wall and roofs. Given the time, there are many aspects of this topic that could be expanded and
benefit from further investigations.
Construction practices:
The current construction practices needs in depth investigation, to formulate better alternatives and
suggest policy changes.
Dwelling layout configurations:
Prevailing layouts could further be investigated and compared with climate responsive methods
through simulation models.
Effects of new roof systems:
The cool roof system technologies can also be investigated to gain insight into their effects on thermal
performance.
142 | P a g e
Landscaping on roof:
Landscaping is rarely done on roofs, but research suggests the benefits of landscaping on roof. The
underlying effects by using this method are also useful.
Currently there is a dearth of information of life cycle cost and energy use of dwellings in Hyderabad.
Although they vary based on income and typology the expansion of research in energy use of single
family and multifamily dwellings is most essential.
143 | P a g e
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145 | P a g e
Appendix
Case set 1 Effect of Orientation on cooling load
A1 Monthly heating/cooling loads of west orientation:
MONTHLYHEATING/COOLINGLOADSFORBASECASE
Comfort:ZonalBands
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18700.129
1403.469
20103.598
Feb
14807.769
12326.389
27134.158
Mar
353.387
27056.303
27409.689
Apr
44567.309
44567.309
May
57086.816
57086.816
127.661
22291.088
22418.748
Jul
467.07
9779.815
10246.885
Aug
242.776
4894.068
5136.845
Sep
136.432
6137.672
6274.104
Oct
3056.667
8911.924
11968.592
Nov
14847.989
3686.501
18534.49
Dec
27052.834
484.674
27537.508
TOTAL
79792.711
198626
278418.719
242.365
603.313
845.679
MONTH
Jun
PERM
FloorArea:
329.225m2
146 | P a g e
A2 Monthly heating/cooling loads of south orientation
MONTHLYHEATING/COOLING
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18710.586
1360.693
20071.277
Feb
14803.679
12239.926
27043.604
Mar
353.369
27058.492
27411.859
Apr
44638.441
44638.441
May
57211.945
57211.945
Jun
127.601
22370.666
22498.268
Jul
466.739
9833.955
10300.694
Aug
241.766
4922.928
5164.694
Sep
136.303
6144.565
6280.869
Oct
3055.858
8884.132
11939.99
Nov
14845.037
3621.785
18466.822
Dec
27071.43
464.311
27535.74
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
79812.367 198751.844 278564.219
242.425
603.696
846.12
329.225m2
147 | P a g e
A3 Monthly heating/cooling loads of East orientation
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18711.672
1377.628
20089.301
Feb
14807.107
12261.009
27068.115
Mar
353.36
27001.279
27354.641
Apr
44516.59
44516.59
May
57053.953
57053.953
Jun
127.674
22274.143
22401.816
Jul
466.832
9766.595
10233.427
Aug
241.006
4876.432
5117.438
Sep
135.562
6114.643
6250.206
Oct
3056.076
8877.96
11934.036
Nov
14843.796
3646.242
18490.037
Dec
27074.043
473.955
27547.996
TOTAL
79817.125 198240.422 278057.531
PERM
FloorArea:
242.439
602.142
844.581
329.225m2
148 | P a g e
A4 Monthly heating/cooling loads of north orientation
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MaxHeating:196.561kWat03:00on22nd
December
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18698.236
1390.172
20088.408
Feb
14806.556
12329.171
27135.729
Mar
353.365
27110.932
27464.299
Apr
44642.102
44642.102
May
57176.234
57176.234
127.697
22330.1
22457.797
Jul
466.54
9807.732
10274.272
Aug
240.476
4905.214
5145.69
Sep
136.359
6147.745
6284.104
Oct
3055.814
8914.839
11970.654
Nov
14843.665
3672.12
18515.785
Jun
Dec
27054.598
478.989
27533.586
TOTAL
79783.305
198905.344
278688.625
242.337
604.162
846.498
PERM
FloorArea:
329.225m2
149 | P a g e
Case set 2 Effect on cooling with varying roof material

B1 Monthly heating/cooling loads of R1
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18700.082
1381.476
20081.559
Feb
14823.408
12203.906
27027.314
Mar
356.729
26773.645
27130.371
Apr
44182.773
44182.773
May
56610.516
56610.516
Jun
129.86
22059.023
22188.885
Jul
473.732
9629.088
10102.82
Aug
249.071
4811.593
5060.664
Sep
139.003
6053.714
6192.717
Oct
3068.603
8815.005
11883.608
Nov
14858.416
3633.292
18491.707
Dec
27035.947
472.799
27508.746
TOTAL
79834.859
196626.828
276461.688
PERM
FloorArea:
242.493
329.225
m2
597.241
839.734
150 | P a g e
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18700.902
1385.795
20086.695
Feb
14819.547
12238.154
27057.699
Mar
356.159
26854.23
27210.389
Apr
44292.934
44292.934
May
56747.395
56747.395
Jun
129.232
22125.184
22254.416
Jul
471.839
9670.622
10142.461
Aug
247.165
4835.43
5082.594
Sep
138.267
6076.968
6215.234
Oct
3066.274
8841.701
11907.976
Nov
14855.366
3649.812
18505.178
Dec
27042.537
474.933
27517.471
TOTAL
79827.289
197193.156
277020.438
PERM
FloorArea:
242.47
329.225
m2
598.961
841.431
151 | P a g e
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18694.145
1373.793
20067.938
Feb
14833.018
12152.429
26985.447
Mar
357.584
26654.178
27011.762
Apr
44018.824
44018.824
May
56407.258
56407.258
Jun
130.792
21961.092
22091.885
Jul
476.694
9567.116
10043.81
Aug
251.294
4780.353
5031.647
Sep
140.092
6019.576
6159.667
Oct
3075.844
8775.952
11851.796
Nov
14865.644
3610.924
18476.568
Dec
27015.561
469.74
27485.301
TOTAL
79840.672 195791.234 275631.906
PERM
FloorArea:
242.511
329.225
m2
594.703
837.214
152 | P a g e
Case set 3 Effect on cooling with varying wall material
C1 Monthly heating/cooling loads of W1
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18600.539
Feb
14741.847
1366.831 19967.371
Mar
374.63
26637.316 27011.945
Apr
43997.898 43997.898
May
56409.441 56409.441
Jun
128.66
21977.027 22105.688
Jul
470.407
9614.849 10085.256
Aug
264.177
4765.984
5030.162
5979.9
6121.565
12068.883
26810.73
Sep
141.665
Oct
3083.874
8715.169 11799.043
Nov
14783.91
3586.179 18370.088
Dec
26864.334
498.243 27362.578
TOTAL
79454.047 195617.719 275071.75
PERM
FloorArea:
241.336
329.225
m2
594.176
835.512
153 | P a g e
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18602.922
1367.3
19970.223
Feb
14765.706
12001.343
26767.049
Mar
398.339
26467.557
26865.896
Apr
43755.414
43755.414
May
56107.332
56107.332
Jun
130.971
21847.711
21978.682
Jul
478.369
9544.304
10022.673
Aug
285.198
4734.83
5020.027
Sep
145.295
5940.321
6085.616
Oct
3110.716
8664.638
11775.354
Nov
14799.311
3565.131
18364.441
Dec
26851.926
505.938
27357.863
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
79568.75 194501.828 274070.594
241.685
329.225
m2
590.786
832.471
154 | P a g e
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18704.277
1394.714
20098.992
Feb
14859.426
11967.519
26826.943
Mar
353.874
26179.549
26533.422
Apr
43271.953
43271.953
May
55483.434
55483.434
Jun
133.771
21622.412
21756.184
Jul
486.528
9448.854
9935.382
Aug
263.841
4733.985
4997.826
Sep
143.599
5921.577
6065.175
Oct
3091.44
8634.73
11726.17
Nov
14901.904
3577.327
18479.232
Dec
26944.238
507.554
27451.793
TOTAL
79882.898 192743.594
272626.5
PERM
FloorArea:
242.639
329.225
m2
585.446
828.085
155 | P a g e
Case set 4 Effect on cooling by combining wall and

roof material
D1 Monthly heating/cooling loads of R1W1
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18600.996
1352.085
19953.082
Feb
14755.513
11948.05
26703.564
Mar
378.857
26357.428
26736.285
Apr
43616.309
43616.309
May
55936.473
55936.473
Jun
130.824
21746.885
21877.707
Jul
477.028
9464.74
9941.768
Aug
274.508
4684.34
4958.849
Sep
145.159
5896.72
6041.878
Oct
3098.79
8620.279
11719.068
Nov
14796.097
3538.922
18335.018
Dec
26852.061
490.12
27342.18
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
79509.82 193652.312 273162.156
241.506
329.225
m2
588.206
829.712
156 | P a g e
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18604.01
1351.561
19955.57
Feb
14778.81
11882.755
26661.564
Mar
407.95
26187.867
26595.818
Apr
43374.137
43374.137
May
55634.637
55634.637
Jun
133.882
21617.732
21751.613
Jul
485.237
9395.178
9880.415
Aug
300.833
4653.482
4954.316
Sep
148.508
5857.247
6005.755
Oct
3119.498
8571.209
11690.707
Nov
14808.025
3518.078
18326.104
26840.27
499.486
27339.756
Dec
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
79627.016 192543.391 272170.406
241.862
329.225
m2
584.838
826.7
157 | P a g e
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18704.676
1377.437
20082.111
Feb
14875.566
11850.044
26725.609
Mar
355.656
25901.639
26257.295
Apr
42894.293
42894.293
May
55015.738
55015.738
Jun
135.892
21394.078
21529.971
Jul
494.002
9302.551
9796.553
Aug
273.698
4656.298
4929.996
Sep
146.071
5838.542
5984.614
Oct
3103.621
8540.111
11643.732
Nov
14913.473
3527.829
18441.303
Dec
26931.914
510.357
27442.271
TOTAL
79934.562 190808.906
270743.5
PERM
FloorArea:
242.796
329.225
m2
579.57
822.365
158 | P a g e
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18601.094
1355.821
19956.916
Feb
14751.655
11982.307
26733.963
Mar
378.222
26437.242
26815.465
Apr
43725.59
43725.59
May
56072.188
56072.188
Jun
130.207
21812.525
21942.732
Jul
475.15
9508.217
9983.367
Aug
270.98
4707.912
4978.892
Sep
144.411
5919.757
6064.168
Oct
3096.417
8646.358
11742.776
Nov
14791.34
3551.026
18342.365
Dec
26856.279
491.112
27347.393
TOTAL
79495.758 194210.062 273705.812
PERM
FloorArea:
241.463
329.225
m2
589.9
831.363
159 | P a g e
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18603.547
1355.371
19958.918
Feb
14776.206
11918.107
26694.312
Mar
402.832
26267.607
26670.439
Apr
43483.328
43483.328
May
55770.371
55770.371
Jun
133.18
21683.326
21816.506
Jul
483.295
9436.364
9919.659
Aug
298.339
4676.915
4975.254
Sep
147.75
5880.275
6028.025
Oct
3116.969
8597.164
11714.133
Nov
14805.269
3529.654
18334.922
Dec
26844.117
500.052
27344.17
TOTAL
79611.508 193098.531 272710.031
PERM
FloorArea:
241.815
329.225
m2
586.524
828.339
160 | P a g e
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18704.609
1382.094
20086.703
Feb
14870.386
11883.92
26754.307
Mar
355.137
25980.762
26335.898
Apr
43002.352
43002.352
May
55149.738
55149.738
Jun
135.287
21459.141
21594.428
Jul
491.279
9344.423
9835.702
Aug
271.21
4677.689
4948.898
Sep
145.365
5862.688
6008.054
Oct
3100.146
8565.427
11665.573
Nov
14910.567
3537.971
18448.537
Dec
26935.732
510.03
27445.762
TOTAL
79919.711 191356.219 271275.938
PERM
FloorArea:
242.751
329.225
m2
581.232
823.983
161 | P a g e
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18602.072
1348.759
19950.83
Feb
14760.263
11902.366
26662.629
Mar
379.826
26239.219
26619.045
Apr
43453.52
43453.52
May
55734.215
55734.215
Jun
132.532
21649.766
21782.299
Jul
480.457
9401.54
9881.997
Aug
277.756
4653.406
4931.163
Sep
146.273
5863.087
6009.36
Oct
3103.845
8582.366
11686.211
Nov
14800.462
3519.942
18320.404
Dec
26844.596
492.289
27336.885
TOTAL
79528.078 192840.469 272368.531
PERM
FloorArea:
241.561
329.225
m2
585.74
827.302
162 | P a g e
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18606.189
1346.562
19952.752
Feb
14787.425
11835.705
26623.131
Mar
409.092
26069.498
26478.59
Apr
43210.914
43210.914
May
55431.77
55431.77
Jun
134.929
21520.521
21655.451
Jul
488.955
9332.126
9821.081
Aug
303.947
4622.638
4926.585
Sep
149.642
5822.621
5972.263
Oct
3123.972
8532.422
11656.394
Nov
14813.166
3498.478
18311.645
Dec
26835.738
501.777
27337.514
TOTAL
79653.055 191725.047 271378.125
PERM
FloorArea:
241.941
329.225
m2
582.352
824.293
163 | P a g e
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18705.592
1377.133
20082.727
Feb
14881.704
11804.672
26686.377
Mar
356.44
25784.596
26141.035
Apr
42734.074
42734.074
May
54816.82
54816.82
Jun
136.789
21297.924
21434.713
Jul
496.989
9240.843
9737.832
Aug
276.993
4623.408
4900.401
Sep
147.116
5803.125
5950.241
Oct
3107.569
8501.84
11609.409
Nov
14917.664
3512.325
18429.99
Dec
26927.713
519.45
27447.162
TOTAL
79954.562 190016.203
269970.75
PERM
FloorArea:
242.857
329.225
m2
577.162
820.018
164 | P a g e
Case set 5 Effect on cooling by combining wall and

roof material
E1 Monthly heating/cooling loads of Base case with 0.6 reflectance
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18700.271
1410.312
20110.584
Feb
14808.297
12344.165
27152.463
Mar
353.381
27068.17
27421.551
Apr
44573.562
44573.562
MONTH
May
57090.113
57090.113
Jun
127.683
22297.504
22425.186
Jul
467.197
9786.802
10253.999
Aug
241.111
4900.948
5142.059
Sep
136.485
6147.892
6284.377
Oct
3056.931
8925.31
11982.241
Nov
14846.835
3699
18545.834
Dec
27052.438
492.987
27545.424
TOTAL
79790.633
198736.75
278527.406
603.65
846.009
PERM
FloorArea:
242.359
329.225
m2
165 | P a g e
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18718.689
1343.41
20062.1
Feb
14818.57
12152.142
26970.713
Mar
354.859
26839.33
27194.189
Apr
44357.375
44357.375
May
56859.414
56859.414
Jun
128.794
22126.02
22254.814
Jul
472.007
9634.387
10106.394
Aug
245.362
4784.405
5029.767
Sep
137.465
6027.396
6164.861
Oct
3064.895
8780.997
11845.892
Nov
14859.239
3580.301
18439.539
Dec
27092.293
451.813
27544.105
79892.18
196936.969
276829.156
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
242.667
329.225
m2
598.183
840.85
166 | P a g e
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18718.689
1343.41
20062.1
Feb
14818.57
12152.142
26970.713
Mar
354.859
26839.33
27194.189
Apr
44357.375
44357.375
May
56859.414
56859.414
Jun
128.794
22126.02
22254.814
Jul
472.007
9634.387
10106.394
Aug
245.362
4784.405
5029.767
Sep
137.465
6027.396
6164.861
Oct
3064.895
8780.997
11845.892
Nov
14859.239
3580.301
18439.539
Dec
27092.293
451.813
27544.105
79892.18
196936.969
276829.156
TOTAL
PERM
FloorArea:
242.667
329.225
m2
598.183
840.85
167 | P a g e
E4 Monthly heating/cooling loads of Insulated case with 0.6 reflectance
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18705.605
1378.031
20083.637
Feb
14881.726
11807.289
26689.016
Mar
356.44
25786.912
26143.352
Apr
42735.762
42735.762
May
54818.402
54818.402
136.785
21299.451
21436.236
Jul
496.97
9242.272
9739.242
Aug
276.993
4624.792
4901.785
Sep
147.116
5804.686
5951.801
Oct
3107.581
8503.786
11611.367
Nov
14917.672
3514.117
18431.787
Jun
Dec
26927.645
519.907
27447.553
TOTAL
79954.531
190035.422
269989.938
577.22
820.077
PERM
FloorArea:
242.857
329.225
m2
168 | P a g e
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18706.111
1373.394
20079.506
Feb
14881.963
11797.2
26679.164
Mar
356.441
25776.199
26132.641
Apr
42725.871
42725.871
May
54807.922
54807.922
Jun
136.832
21291.559
21428.391
Jul
497.201
9235.442
9732.643
Aug
277.052
4619.448
4896.5
Sep
147.155
5798.96
5946.115
Oct
3107.692
8496.947
11604.639
Nov
14918.034
3508.526
18426.561
Dec
26928.738
511.137
27439.877
TOTAL
79957.219
189942.578
269899.781
PERM
FloorArea:
242.865
329.225
m2
576.938
819.803
169 | P a g e
LOADS
Comfort:ZonalBands
MONTH
HEATING
COOLING
TOTAL
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
18706.65
1367.143
20073.795
Feb
14882.206
11786.901
26669.107
Mar
356.441
25765.633
26122.074
Apr
42716.086
42716.086
May
54797.527
54797.527
Jun
136.879
21283.666
21420.545
Jul
497.783
9228.666
9726.449
Aug
278.352
4614.175
4892.526
Sep
147.195
5793.327
5940.521
Oct
3107.807
8490.228
11598.035
Nov
14918.401
3503.06
18421.463
Dec
26929.861
509.643
27439.506
TOTAL
79961.578 189856.047 269817.625
PERM
FloorArea:
242.878
329.225
m2
576.675
819.553
170 | P a g e
Temperature log Of House no 39 from 13th June to 15th

June 2010
REFER PAGE 176 FOR THE GRAPH
171 | P a g e

June 2010
172 | P a g e
Temperature log Of House no 41from 27th June to 29th

June 2010
173 | P a g e

June 2010
174 | P a g e
Date
13/06/2010
14/06/2010
15/06/2010
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
9:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0:00
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
9:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0:00
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
9:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0:00
Time
DegC
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Comfortzone temperatures23DegCto27DegC asindicatedinNationalbuildingCodeofIndia(NBC2005)

Living
Staircase
Bedroom1(M)
Bedroom2
AmbientTemperature
GlobalTemperature
Date
13/06/2010
14/06/2010
15/06/2010
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
9:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0:00
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
9:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0:00
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
9:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0:00
Time
DegC
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
ComfortZone23degC and27DegCasindicated byNationalbuildingcodeofindia(NBC2005)
livingarea
Bedroom1
Ambienttemperature
GlobalTemperature
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
livingareaTemperature(C)
BedroomMTemperature(C)
Bedroom1Temperature(C)
AmbientATTemperature(C)
27/06/2010
28/06/2010
29/06/2010
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
9:00
10:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0:00
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
9:00
10:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0:00
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
9:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
GlobalGbTermp
0:00
DegC
Comfort zonetemperatures23DegCto27DegCasindicatedinNationalbuildingcodeofIndia(NBC2005)
DegC
Day
27/06/2010
28/06/2010
29/06/2010
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
9:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0:00
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
9:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0:00
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
9:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0:00
Time
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Comfort zoneTemperature23DegCto27DegCasIndicatedintheNAtionalBuildingCodeofIndia(NBC 2005)

Living
Bedroom1
Bedroom2
Ambient
Global

Optimizing Specific Energy Performance For A Residence in Composite Climate

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VIKRAM ADITYA NARLA

OPTIMIZING SPECIFIC ENERGY PERFORMANCE FOR A RESIDENCE IN COMPOSITE CLIMATE

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VIKRAM ADITYA NARLA

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Optimizing specific energy

Vikram Aditya Narla

Research Hypothesis: ......................................................................................................... 15

Aims and Objectives: .......................................................................................................... 15

Research scope and limitations: ......................................................................................... 15

Significance of the research: ............................................................................................... 16

Energy crisis ............................................................................................................................... 17

Global context ..................................................................................................................... 17

Depleting fossil fuel supply ................................................................................................. 17

Energy issues: Indian context ............................................................................................. 18

Policy changes: ........................................................................................................... 19

Building Codes ............................................................................................................ 19

Energy use by building sector (residential sector) ............................................................... 20

Electricity use in Buildings: ................................................................................................. 21

Climate of the region .................................................................................................................. 23

Hot and Dry ........................................................................................................................ 23

Warm and Humid ................................................................................................................ 24

Cold and Sunny .................................................................................................................. 25

Composite climatic zone ..................................................................................................... 26

Climate change ................................................................................................................... 29

Growth in Air-conditioning: .................................................................................................. 34

Views on energy efficiency in India: .................................................................................... 35

Concluding comment: ......................................................................................................... 36

Climate responsive design.......................................................................................................... 37

Site parameters .................................................................................................................. 38

Landform and its orientation ........................................................................................ 38

Water bodies ............................................................................................................... 38

Street width and orientation ........................................................................................ 39

Open spaces and built form ........................................................................................ 39

Plan form and orientation .................................................................................................... 39

Building configuration .................................................................................................. 39

Building orientation ..................................................................................................... 39

Climate change in India............................................................................................... 30

Building envelope ............................................................................................................... 40

Wall type: .................................................................................................................... 40

Openings and Fenestrations: ...................................................................................... 40

Shading and textures: ................................................................................................. 41

Hyderabad and its residential building industry: .......................................................................... 42

Profile of the city ................................................................................................................. 42

Physical Characteristics ...................................................................................................... 43

The residential building Industry of Hyderabad ................................................................... 43

Gated residential enclaves:................................................................................................. 46

Recent accounts in residential real-estate in Hyderabad .................................................... 47

Influences during development ................................................................................... 49

Penetration of Gated residential enclaves (Gated communities) ................................. 49

The dwelling format: ........................................................................................................... 51

Construction methods ......................................................................................................... 52

Thermal Performance ................................................................................................................. 53

Case study method ............................................................................................................. 55

Simulation Method: ............................................................................................................. 58

Parameters of base case: ................................................................................................... 60

Description of Parameters Investigated: ..................................................................... 60

Case study ................................................................................................................................. 74

Case study findings ..................................................................................................... 75

Site settings ........................................................................................................................ 82