CEM 2043

SENG HANSEN

INTRODUCTION TO
CONSTRUCTION BUILDINGS

DESCRIPTION & OBJECTIVES

Construction buildings are part of humans daily life and society. They are created
by and give impacts to society. Construction buildings include residential buildings,
skyscrapers, tunnels, dams, ports, airports, highways, bridges and other
construction products which give impacts not only to humans needs and activities,
but also to the environment. This course will explain some of construction building
types and their significance towards human, society, and environment.
The objectives of this course are:
- To give an introduction to students on types of construction buildings around the
world
- To give an understanding to students about the significance of construction
buildings towards human, society, and environment
- To discuss the challenges and characteristics of construction buildings through
case study approach

TABLE OF CONTENTS
History of construction buildings
Construction facts and wonders
Construction workers
The function and performance of buildings
General principles of construction
Types of construction buildings
Construction processes
Safety in construction

HISTORY OF CONSTRUCTION
History of
Construction Labours

History of
Engineering

History of Building
Materials

Church in Kizhi, Russia entirely made out of wood

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kizhi_church_1.jpg

History of Construction
Methods

History of
Construction

History of Machinery
& Temporary Works

progress

CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

IRON
AGE

COPPER
NEO
&
LITHIC BRONZE
AGE
5000 BC
3100 1200 BC
BC
500
9000 BC 3100 BC
AD
5000
1200
BC
BC

MEDIEV
AL

500 AD
1500
AD

RENAISS
ANCE

1500 AD
1700
AD

17th
CENT

1700s

18th

CENT

1800s

19th
CENT

1900s

20th
CENT

2000s

time
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Temperaschilderij_voorstellende_de_Borobudur_als_bedevaartsoord_TMnr_75-2.jpg

NEOLITHIC

COPPER &
BRONZE AGE

NEOLITHIC BUILDINGS IN SKARA

BRAE. IT IS LISTED AS A UNESCO
WORLD HERITAGE SITE.

MOHENJO DARO CITY

PAKISTAN
BUILT AROUND 2600 BCE
UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE
IN 1980

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_constr
uction#mediaviewer/File:Skara_Brae_12.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjodaro#mediaviewer/File:Mohenjo-daro-2010.jpg

IRON AGE

GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA, THE

TALLEST BUILDING IN THE
WORLD FOR OVER 3800 YEARS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_constr
uction#mediaviewer/File:Great_Pyramid_of_Gi
za_2010.jpg

MEDIEVAL

NOTRE DAME, PARIS

-TYPE: CHURCH
- STYLE: FRENCH GOTHIC
-COMPLETED: 1345
-LENGTH: 128 m
-WIDTH: 69 m
-HEIGHT: 69 m

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_constr
uction#mediaviewer/File:Notre_Dame_dalla_S
enna_crop.jpg

RENAISSANCE

17th CENTURY

THE CEILING OF THE GREAT HALL

OF HAMPTON COURT PALACE
THE DOME OF SANTA MARIA DEL
FIORE, DESIGNED BY FILIPPO
BRUNELLESCHI, 1436 M
HEIGHT: 114.5 m
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_construction#
mediaviewer/File:Notre_Dame_dalla_Senna_crop.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Court_
Palace#mediaviewer/File:Hampton_Court_Pala
ce,_Great_Hall_-_Diliff.jpg

18th CENT

KARLSBORG FORTRESS SWEDEN

1819-1830s

19th CENT

20th CENTURY

KARL MARX-HOF (KARL MARX

COURT) VIENNA
1927-1930
KNOWN AS THE LONGEST SINGLE
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING IN THE
WORLD

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsborg_Fortres
s#mediaviewer/File:Karlsborg,_den_9_juni_20
06,_Oscar_II_valv.JPG

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_MarxHof#mediaviewer/File:Karl-Marx-Hof_2009.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#medi
aviewer/File:Burj_Khalifa.jpg

NEOLITHIC

Natural materials: bone,

antler, hide, stone, wood,
grasses, water
Rock-cut architecture

MEDIEVAL

Fortification, castles and

cathedrals Romanesque
Use of timber, brick and tile
No standard textbook
Skilled builders inherited

18th CENT

Professional architects and

engineers
Use of iron (cast &
wrought)
Use of brick increased

COPPER & BRONZE

AGE

IRON AGE

Use of copper and bronze

rock-cut architecture
Post & lintel construction

Ancient Mesopotamia,
Ancient Egypt, Ancient
Greece, Roman, Chinese &
Indian Construction

RENAISSANCE

17th CENTURY

Classical architecture
Vitruvius principles
Technology of conversion
Use of brick

19th CENT

Industrial revolution: new

kinds of transportation
(railways, canals, macadam)
Concrete & steel v. wood
Plumbing appeared
Building codes applied

Relied on experience, rules

of thumb and the use of
scale models
Use of glass

20th CENTURY

Use of machinery: cranes,

elevators, etc (speed increased,
workforce decreased)
Prefabrication & CAD
Sustainability: ecology, energy
conservation

CONCLUSION

MATERIAL

DESIGN

UTILITY

PERISABLE MATERIALS

SIMPLE

UNCONTROLLABLE

DURABLE MATERIALS

STANDARD

SEMI CONTROLLABLE

SYNTHETIC MATERIALS

SOPHISTICATED

FULLY CONTROLLABLE

THE TALLEST

Burj Khalifa, 830m, 211fl, 2010

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#medi
aviewer/File:Burj_Khalifa.jpg

CONSTRUCTION FACTS & WONDERS

Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (Pearl Bridge), 1991m,

1998
No pillars for the supports.

THE LARGEST
CABLE BRIDGE

http://i1.wp.com/www.wonderslist.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Akashi-Bridge.jpg?resize=550%2C341

THE LARGEST STEEL

STRUCTURE

THE BIGGEST
ARTIFICIAL ISLANDS

Beijing National Stadium, 2008

17,000 workers, USD 423m
Capacity: 80,000 seats, 21 ha area
110,000 ton of steel

Palm Islands & World Islands, Dubai, 2001-now

5.5m cubic metres of rock
94m cubic metres of sand
40,000 workers (2 shifts/day)

http://i0.wp.com/www.wonderslist.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/02/Beijing-National-Stadium.jpg?resize=550%2C343

http://i2.wp.com/www.wonderslist.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/PalmIslands.jpg?resize=550%2C287

DEFINITION OF CONSTRUCTION
Construction: constructing, altering, repairing and demolishing
building; constructing, altering and repairing highways and
streets and bridges; viaducts, culverts, sewers, and water, gas
and electricity mains; railways roadbeds, sub-ways and harbor
and water ways; piers, airports and parking areas; dams,
drainage, irrigation, flood control and water power projects and
hydroelectric plants; pipe lines; water wells; athletic fields, golf
courses, swimming pools and tennis courts; communication
systems such as telephone and telegraph lines; marine
construction, such as dredging and under water rock removal;
pile driving, land draining and reclamation; and other type of
heavy construction... mining services such as preparing and
constructing mining sites and drilling crude oil and natural gas
wells specialist trade contractors activities
International Standard Industrial Classification
issued by the United Nations (1968)

file:///D:/PODOMORO%20UNIV/materi/intro%20to%20construct
ion%20buildings/history/History%20of%20construction%20%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia_files/220pxConstruction_Workers.jpg

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION BUILDINGS

BUILDING
Residential:
Single, Multifamily,
Apartment, etc
Non Residential:
Mall, Office, Superblock,
Store, Health-care,
Institutional, etc

WHAT ARE THEIR FUNCTIONS?

CIVIL
Engineering Const:
Road, Highway, Bridge,
Railroad, Irrigation, Dam,
Port, Airport, Tunnel,
Environmental, etc
Industrial Const:
Power plant, Water
Treatment, Oil & Gas,
Industrial Facilities,
Petrochemical,
Mining, etc

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION

Time

(Speed to completion, certainty of

completion date)

TCP
Triangle

Cost
(Price, certainty of costs)

Performance
(Quality, design, strength and workability)

Critical Factors in Project Success (Edmond W.M. Lam, Albert

P.C. Chan & Daniel W.M. Chan, 2004)

CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES

Project Management Process Group

(PMI, A Guide to PMBOK 4th Ed., 2008, p. 40)

COST AND PERCENTAGE OF COMPLETION

CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
CONSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT

STAGE 1

STAGE II
FEASIBILITY PLANNING
AND DESIGN
PRE-CONSTRUCTION

Typical Project Life Cycle

STAGE III
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION

STAGE IV
CLOSING
AND HAND
POSTOVER

CONSTRUCTION

TIME

CONSTRUCTION WORKERS
UNSKILLED &
SEMI SKILLED

SKILLED

TECHNICAL &
MANAGEMENT

General site labors and

with little or no
construction
qualifications.

Site labors and manager

with extensive knowledge
and experience

Those with the greatest

educational
qualifications, trained,
and able to manage and
instruct the process

Kenek/tukang bantu
(helper)

Mandor (foreman)
Tukang kayu (carpenter)
Tukang batu (masonry)
Tukang besi (steel fixer)
Tukang cor (concrete pourer)
Electrician
Plumber
Welder
Operator

Quantity Surveyor
Architect
Civil Engineer
Building Service Engineer
Project Manager
Structural Engineer
Civil Estimator
Site Supervisor
HSE officer

CONSTRUCTION SAFETY

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/0/02/Workplace_Safety_Signs.jpg/220pxWorkplace_Safety_Signs.jpg

http://humanconditionglobal.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/01/ConstructionSafety_Infographic.jpg

As appeared in a paper Status of OSH in Indonesia 2011 Murders that still take place at Work by Muchamad Darisman

EFFORTS TO IMPROVE SAFETY

SAFETY CULTURE
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
APPLICABLE LAW
ZONE CONTROL
WEATHER SENSING & MONITORING
HOIST MANAGEMENT
STORAGE MANAGEMENT
RESOURCE TRACKING
HSE TRAINING
TOOL TRACKING
HEAVY EQUIPMENT MONITORING
SECURITY MANAGEMENT

http://humanconditionglobal.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/01/ConstructionSafety_Infographic.jpg

HAZARD TO NON WORKERS

Many construction sites cannot
completely exclude non-workers.
Types of non-workers:
a) Traffic
b) Visitors

Legally
Authorized
Entrants

Persons who enter premises on authority of

the law such as policemen, firemen, meterreaders or health inspector

Business
Visitors

Persons who enter premises, be it public or

private for a materialistic reason and who
actually bring economic advantages to the
occupier

Entrant as of
right

Those who have the right to enter into

premises that are open to the public such as
public park, public lavatory, public library
and swimming pool

Social Visitors

Someone who enters into private premises

with the permission of the occupier or by
invitation, guest

Entrant by
implied
permission

An entrant by implied permission enters into

premises without any express restriction by
the occupier

INVITEE

LAWFUL

LICENSEE

VISITORS

TRESPASSER
UNLAWFUL
CHILDREN
TRESPASSER

A person who enters premises without any express or implied

permission of the occupier. A person who is legally authorized to be on
the premises may become a trespasser if he goes onto a restricted area,
or where he stays on the premises beyond the time allowed or where
there has been improper use of the premises.

Therefore O students study mathematics and do not build without foundations.

Leonardo Da Vinci

end
terima kasih

Copyright acknowledgement:

Some pictures and materials are taken from other sources and therefore I do
not own them. Their usage is for educational purposes only. All rights of these
pictures and materials go to the respected owners.