Stablisation of Soil

1) INTRODUCTION
The term `soil` has a different meaning in different scientific fields. It has
originated from Latin word Solum. To an agricultural scientist, it means `The loose
material on the earths crust consisting of disintegrated rock material which has been
transported from the place of origin. But, to a civil engineer , the term `soil` means,
the loose unconsolidated inorganic material on the earths crust produced by the
disintegration of rocks, overlaying hard rock with or without organic matter.
Foundation of all structures has to be placed on or in such soil, which is the primary
reason for our interest as civil engineers in is engineering behavior.
Soil may remain all the place of its origin or it may be transported by
various natural agencies. It is said to be residual in the earlier situation and
transported in the latter.
1.1 FORMATION OF SOIL:
Soil is formed by the process of weathering of rocks, that is, disintegration
and decomposition of rocks and minerals at or near the earths surface through the
actions of natural or mechanical and chemical agents into smaller and smaller grains.
The factor of weathering may be atmospheric, such as change in temperature
and pressure; erosion and transportation by wind, water and glaciers; chemical action
such as crystal growth, oxidation, hydration, carbonation and leaching by water,
especially rain water, with time.
Obviously, soils formed by mechanical weathering (that is, disintegration
of rocks by the action of wind, water and glaciers) bear a similarly in certain
properties to the minerals in the parent rock. Since chemical in the parent rock since
chemical changes which could destroy their identify do not take place.
It is to be noted that 95% of the earths crust consists of igneous rocks and
only they are present on 80% of the earths surface area. Feldspar is the minerals
abundantly present (60%) in igneous rocks, amphiboles and pyroxenes, Quartz and
micas come next in the order.
Rocks are altered more by the process of chemical weathering than by
mechanical weathering. In chemical weathering some minerals disappear partially or
fully, and new compounds are formed. The intensity of weathering depends upon the
presence of water and temperature and the dissolved materials in the water.
Carbonic acid and oxygen are the most effective dissolved materials found in water
which cause the weathering of rocks. Chemical weathering has the maximum
intensity in humid and tropical climates.
Leaching is the process whereby water-soluble parts in the soil such as
calcium carbonate are dissolved and washed out from the soil by rainfall or
percolating subsurface water.Laterite soil, in which certain areas of Kerala
abound, is formed by leaching.
Harder minerals will be more resistant to the weathering action, for example,
Quartz present in igneous rocks. But, prolonged chemical action may affect even
such relatively stable minerals, resulting in the formation of secondary products of
weathering, such as clay minerals illite, kaolnite and montmorillonite. clay
mineralogy has grown into a very complicated and broad subject.
1.2 MAJOR SOIL DEPOSITS OF INDIA:

The soil deposits of India can be broadly classified into the following:
1.2.1 BLACK COTTON SOILS:
These soils occur in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, parts
of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. These are expansive in nature. On account of
high swelling and shrinkage potential these are difficult soils to deal with in
foundation design.
1.2.2 MARINE SOILS:
These occur in a narrow belt all along the coast, especially in the rann of
Kutch. These are very soft and some times contain organic matter, possess low
strength and high compressibility.
1.2.3 DESERT SOILS:
These occur in Rajasthan.
These are deposited by wind and are
uniformly graded.
1.2.4 LATERITIC SOILS:
These occur in Kerala, South Maharashtra, Karnataka, Orissa and West
Bengal.
Black cotton soil is an expansive soil, which swells or shrinks excessively

due to change in moisture content. When black cotton soil is associated with an
engineering structure, it experiences either settlement or heavy depending on stress
level and the soil swelling pressure. Design and construction of civil engineering
structures and with expansive soils a challenging task for geotechnical engineers.
Soil stabilization is needed to counter the shrinkage and swelling
characteristics which are posing challenges to the engineers. Considerable work has
been done to identify the numbers of methods to sterilize such type of fender soils.
This process of improvisation to the engineering properties of soils and thus making
it more stable is called STABILISATION.
In other words soil stabilization is an expression which has been adopted
to describe the number of processes where by the properties of inferior soils are
sufficiently modified to permit their usage in civil engineering constructions. In one
way it is required when the soil is available for construction and is not suitable for
the intended purposes. In its broadest sense, stabilization includes compaction,
grouting, injection techniques and many other such processes.
However, the term stabilization is generally restricted to the processes after
the soil material itself for improvement of its properties many procedures have been
developed to improve physical behavior of soils in which a wide range of
stabilization agents additives, conditioners have developed and incorporated with
the soils. Undoubtedly the most widely applied methods involve the use of inorganic
cementive agents which really for the effectiveness of the formation of cementive
bonds between particles in the soil system.
Soil stabilization is required to increase the bearing capacity of foundation

soils. However the use of stabilization techniques is used to improve the natural soils
for any construction purpose. The principles of soils stabilization are used for
controlling the grading of soils and aggregates in the construction of bases and subbases of the construction works.
Various methods of stabilization are mechanical stabilization, cement
stabilization, lime stabilization, bituminous stabilization, chemical stabilization,
thermal stabilization, electrical stabilization by grouting, by geotextiles and fabrics,
reinforced earth etc.,
To make the best use of B.C. SOILS, its engineering properties are needed to
modify to modify in order to suit the requirement by means of stabilization. It is
necessary to properly choose the method of the stabilization through careful
investigation to improve effectively, the strength, compressibility and permeability
characteristics and at the same time, the economics of the process of stabilization
should also be considered.
In the present work the soil stabilization is done by using 5% lime and ricehusk ash
in varying percentages and the strength is determined.
1.3 STABILIZATION:
Stabilization, in a broad sense, incorporates the various methods
employed for modifying the properties of a soil to improve its engineering
performance. Stabilization is being used for a variety of engineering works, the most
common application being in the construction of road and air-field pavements, where
the main objective is to increase the strength or stability of soil and to reduce the
construction cost by making best use of locally available materials.
Almost all civil engineering structures such as buildings, dams, airports
etc., must rest on soils. As more engineering structures are built, it is becoming
increasingly difficult to find site having suitable soil properties. A soil suitable under
normal conditions may pose problems when exposed to external conditions like
wetting, thawing etc., various methods are used to deal with unsatisfactory soils. The
properties of soils can be improved by the use of some form of static or dynamic
loading, grouting and drainage or by the use of admixture.
Soil stabilization is employed to improve certain properties of natural
soils to make it serve adequately as intended for engineering purpose. The different
uses of soil pose the requirements of mechanical strength and of resistance to
environmental forces.
Stabilized soils are subjected not only to mechanical stresses incidental to
their use but also to dynamic interactions with their environment. Consequently soil
stabilization involves more than a mere increase in compressive strength or shear
resistance and improvement of any physical property of soil, it must supply a
defensive mechanism against the wetting and drying.
DEFINITION:
The method of improving engineering properties of natural soil us known as
oil stabilization
1.3.1 NEED FOR STABILIZATION:
Soil stabilization is aimed basically to
1. Increase bearing pressure, decrease permeability of deep foundation soils or
other large soil masses to be used for engineering purpose.
2. Improve locally available soils for the construction of shallow foundations.
1.3.2 METHODS OF STABILIZATION:
There are different methods of stabilization they are
1. Mechanical stabilization,
2. Cement stabilization,
3. Lime stabilization,
4. Bitumen stabilization,
5. Chemical stabilization,
6. Stabilization by heating and
7. Electrical stabilization.
The above can be explained as follows
Methods of stabilization may be grouped under two main types: (1)
Modification or improvement of a soil property of the existing soil without any
admixture for example compaction and drainage, which improve the inherent shear
strength of soil, and (2) modification of the properties with the help of admixtures for
example mechanical stabilization, stabilization with cement, lime, fly ash, bitumen,
chemical stabilization by heating and electrical stabilization etc.,
1.3.3 MECHANICAL STABILIZATION:
By using the mechanical method is also usually used. There are three
mechanical methods commonly use to stabilize the soil; Vibroflotation technique,
Vertical drain and Geotextile.
1.3.3.1 VIBROFLOTATION:
The Vibroflotation technique employs mechanical vibration together with
simultaneous saturation with water to rearrange loose sand and gravel particles into a
denser state. Vibration in loose saturated deposits can cause liquefaction followed by
densification and settlement acm3ompanying dissipation of pore water pressure. In
this technique, a cylindrical probe is lowered into the soil layer by a combination of
vibration and jetting high pressure water through the orifices at the base of the probe.
When the required depth is achieved, the water flow is reduced and diverted to asset
of jets at the top of the probe. The resulting upward flow of water maintains a
channel around the probe allowing coarse fill fed from the surface as the filling
continued. When the feeding channels collapse, the probe is raised and lowered until
the system is restored. Vibroflotation process can be done using either wet or dry
process where the wet method uses high-pressure water jets and the dry method
utilized compressed air.
1.3.3.2 VERTIICAL DRAIN:
The vertical drains are installing in order to acm3elerate the consolidation
settlement and shorten consolidation time. This vertical drain is normally installed
together with preloading. The principle of this method is easy. When the vertical
drain is installed, the pore water squeezed out vertically during consolidation
process. It can reduce the length of drainage paths and thereby reducing the time to
complete the consolidation process. There are three general types of vertical drains
namely: sand drains, fabric encased sand drains and prefabricated vertical drains.
1.3.3.3 GEOTEXTILE:
Geotextile is also the popular method to stabilize the soil. The method is very
easy, lay the fabric into the soil layer and then put the soil on the top of the fabric.
The function of the fabric is to strengthen the soil layer.
1.3.4 CHEMICAL STABILIZATION:
In this method of stabilization, the soil is mixed with hygroscopic materials
2
like calcium chloride, sodium chloride etc., at the rate of 1kg/5m road surfaces. The
mixing is done thoroughly and it is well compacted. The presence of hygroscopic
materials helps in retaining proper amount of moisture in the soil and also adds to its
stability. The dampness in the surface reduces shrinkage and prevents formation of
cracks ocm3urring due to drying of soil.
1.3.4.1 CALCIUM CHLORIDE STABILIZATION:
Calcium chloride is used as a water retentive additive in mechanical
stabilized bases and surfacing. Being hydroscopic and deliquescent, the salt absorbs
moisture from the atmosphere and retains it.
It makes alterations in the
characteristics of pure water. The vapour pressure get lowered and the surface
tension increases, and thereby the rate of evaporation or reduction of frost heave. By
depressing the electric double layer (or reducing the water deficiency), the salt
reduces water pick-up, and thus the loss of strength of fine-grained soils.
Calcium chloride acts as soil flocm3ulent.
It facilitates compaction and
usually causes a slight increase in the compacted density.

The salt may be spread on the surface, or incorporated into the soil by mix-inplace and plant-mix methods. The chief advantage is that the beneficial effects are
lost if the salt is leached out. Frequent applications depending upon the climatic
conditions are therefore necessary, which increase the cost. The relative humidity of
the atmosphere should be above 30% for the salt to be effective.
1.3.5 LIME STABILIZATION:
Hydrated (or slaked) lime is very effective in treating heavy, plastic clayey
soils. Lime may be used alone, or in combination with cement, bitumen or fly ash.
Sandy soils can also be stabilized with these combinations. Lime has been mainly
used for stabilizing the road bases and sub-grades.
On addition of lime to soil, two main types of chemical reactions ocm3ur:
(i) alteration in the nature of the absorbed layer through Base Exchange
phenomenon, and
(ii) cementing or pozzolanic action. Lime reduces the plasticity index of highly
plastic soils making them more friable and easy to be handled and pulverized. The
plasticity index of soils low plasticity generally increases. There is generally an
increase in the optimum water content and a decrease in the maximum compacted
density, but the strength and durability increase.
The amount of lime required may be used on the unconfined compressive
strength or the CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO test criteria. Normally 2 or 8% of
lime may be required for coarse grained soils, and 5 to 10% for plastic soils. The
10
amount of fly ash as admixture may vary from 8 to 20% of the soil weight (Lambe,
1962).
1.3.6 MOLASSES STABILIZATION:
Molasses used for highway soil stabilization is a waste residue known as
black strap molasses which is obtained as a by-product of the manufacture of sugar
from sugarcane. It is a very thick syrupy liquid which contains resinous and some
organic constituents which render it unfit for human consumption.
Black strap molasses is a hygroscopic material and this enables it to take
up moisture from the air and to control the evaporation of water from the soilaggregate pavement as it is being compacted. Molasses is also a cementing agent,
unfortunately the cement formed is water soluble, but if water can be kept away the
binding action is very strong indeed.
1.3.7 LIGNIN STABILIZATION:
Wood consists of cellulose and several cementing materials which bind the
cellulose fibres together. In the sulphite paper making industry, the paper mill
retains the fibres and the cellulose, while the cementing materials are wasted from
the process in a water solution called spent sulphite liquor, which is actually
calcium lingo-sulphonic acid. The constituents of this liquor which are used to
further stabilize mechanically stabilized roads are salts which are referred to as
calcium lingo-sulphates or lignin sulphates or simply sulphonates. A representative
analysis of lignin will normally average about 6% carbon, 28% oxygen, 6%
hydrogen, 2% Sulphur and 3% calcium.
11
Although it is widely used as a stabilizing agent in Sweden, Canada and

certain parts of USA, not too much is known of the exact mechanism by which lignin
stabilizes soils. Work that has been done, however, indicates that the addition of
lignin to soils results in higher dry unit weights and decreased permeabilities. As
regards the latter, sulphonates are excellent clay-dispersing agent and thus, when it
rains on to a lignin-stabilized surface course, the dispersed clay particles well and
plug the pores, thereby reducing water penetration. After the lignin has cured, it
becomes cementitious and binds the soil particles together, unfortunately, the cement
is water soluble and, if not protected, may disappear with the onset of wet weather.
Frost action problems are also reduced by having lignin present in a soil; this is due
to a slight lowering of the freezing point of the soil moisture and to the increased
impermeability of the lignin-stabilized road base.
Lignin also has hygroscopic
properties due to the sugars which are present. However, the moisture retention
properties are limited as bacteria will attack these sugars.
1.3.8 VINSOL RESIN STABILIZATION:
Vinson resin is a powdered substance which is obtained by the steam
distillation of pine stumps. It is a water repellent material, and when mixed with
certain soils it serves to improve their quality by its water proofing action. In the
construction process, the Vinson resin is incorporated in small amounts as
determined by laboratory tests and mixed dry with the soil to be stabilized. An
alkaline solution is then added and the materials wet mixed. The stabilized mixture
is then compacted and allowed to cure before a wearing surface is placed on the base.
nd
This material was used to some extent during 2 world war when more conventional
materials were in short supply.
12
1.3.9 SODIUM CHLORIDE STABILIZATION:

The stabilizing action of sodium chloride is somewhat similar to that of
calcium chloride, but it has not been so widely used. It attracts and retains moisture
and reduces the rate of evaporation.
Another beneficial phenomenon is the
crystallization of the salt in the soil pores near the surface, which retards further
evaporation and also reduces the formation of shrinkage cracks. The salt is not
applied on the surface, but it is mixed into the soil by mix-in place or plant-mix
methods.
1.3.10 SODIUM SILICATE STABILIZATION:
The sodium silicate solution in water, known das water glass, in
combination with other chemicals, such as calcium chloride, is used as an injection
for stabilizing deep deposits of soil. The two chemicals react and precipitate in the
form of an insoluble silica-gel within the soil pores making the soil impervious to
water and increasing its shearing strength. These injections are found to be most
sucm3essful in fine and medium sands. The two chemicals can be injected either
separately or as a single mixture.
1.3.11 THERMAL STABILIZATION:
It is difficult to achieve stabilization of clayey soils in the field by
conventional methods of pulverizing, mixing and laying the soil with stabilizer
because of the high activity of the clay and its consequent poor susceptibility to
pulverization and its tendency to soften on immediate contact with water. For
successful stabilization with black cotton soils, the pulverization characteristics
should be improved. This can be achieved by heat treatment. The heat imparted to
the soil changes its physical characteristics and not only converts it into a non-plastic
13
material but renders it more susceptible to pulverization. The pulverized soil can
further be stabilized with a relatively small percentage of stabilizers as cement.
In the heat treatment of soil it is very essential to know both the duration
of heating and the optimum temperature for getting best results. In addition to the
strength in dry state it is very essential that the material should also be resistant to the
softening effect of water, thereby maintaining its strength even under saturated
conditions. Black cotton soil clods when heated develop a fair amount of strength
which they maintain even under adverse moisture conditions. Previous studies show
that the burnt soil attains a CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO value of 110% to
120% as against a CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO value of 2% to 3% for unborn
soil clods.
The heat treatment process has been used with success for five years in
Queensland and New South Wales, Australia and the roads made by this method
have proved capable of carrying fast and heavy traffic under all weather conditions.
The hardening effect is due to partial fusion of certain constituents of soil. The soil
is treated in its natural state without the addition of any extraneous material.
The machine which consists of a chassis on wheels carrying a furnace of
special design, applies the heat directly to the soil on the road, the process is
continuous. After the passage of the machine, the treated material is lift loose on the
surface of the road. It is then consolidated after mixing thoroughly with a certain
percentage of raw soil. In Rumania a method of thermal treatment by burning fluid
fuel in borings was tested and applied in order to strengthen soaked loose soils and to
stop slides in fat clays.
14
Generally, greater the heat input per mass of soil treated, the greater is the
improvement effected. Even a slight increase in temperature can cause a
corresponding strengthening in clay by reducing the electric repulsion between clay
particles, a flow of pore water because of the imposed thermal gradient and a
reduction in water content because of the increased evaporation rate.
One of the installations developed by Soviet Engineers for thermal treatment
of soils by burning gas fuel in borings, uses compressed air which is heated at a
0
temperature of 600 C in an air furnace. The heated air is introduced under pressure
into the borings and owing to its high temperature, the oil is burnt around the boring
walls. The great dissipation of caloric energy is one of the chief shortcomings of this
thermal treatment method.
The thermal treatment gave good results for stabilizing slips. The slipping
earth masses consisting of plastic fat clays were moving on a surface slopping
towards the sea, caused by the existence of soaked clay level just above the lower
limits of the slipping soil. In this case stabilization measures were completed with
the control and removal of water in the water bearing strata. In order to prevent the
loosened masses from slipping and to obtain an adequate coefficient of safety,
burning in borings in zone of soaked soil which was responsible for slide was
undertaken. The thermal treatment has resulted in obtaining in the zone, volumes of
insensitive stiff sol which are acting as wedges thus preventing the progress of the
slide. Apart from that the whole soil mass in the neighbouring zones has been dried.
1.3.12 ELECTRICAL STABILIZATION:
The stability or shear strength of fine-grained soils can be increased by
draining them with the passage of direct current through them. The process is also
15
known as Electro-Osmosis. Electrical drainage is accompanied by electro-chemical

composition of the electrodes and the deposition of the metal salts in the soil pores.
There may also be some changes in the structure of soil. The resulting cementing of
soil due to all these reactions, is also known as electro-chemical hardening and for
this purpose the use of aluminum anodes is recommended.
Reinforced soil technique is one of the physical methods of ground
improvement, the concept which was given by Vidal of France in 1996.
The
function of the reinforcements in soil is to increase the strength and reduce the
deformations.
Soil mass reinforced with randomly distributed discrete fibres
resembles the conventional earth reinforcement in many of its properties. The

preparation is similar to that of admixture stabilization. One of the main advantages
of randomly distributed fibres is the maintenance of strength isotropy and absence of
potential failure plane that can develop parallel to the oriented reinforcement. It is
well known that reinforced soil normally utilizes granular soil as its backfill material.
16
2.1) REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Stabilization of soils is one of the oldest branches of technology. Good
amount of work has been carried out in stabilization of soils using many admixtures,
organic and inorganic and chemicals, cement, lime etc.,
The soil stabilization means the improvement of stability or bearing power
of the soil by the use of controlled compaction, proportioning and/or the addition of
suitable admixture or stabilizers. Basic Principles of Soil Stabilization are evaluating
the properties of given soil; deciding the lacking property of soil and choose effective
and economical method of soil stabilization Designing the Stabilized soil mix for
intended stability and durability values.
There are different methods of stabilization Mechanical stabilization;
Cement Stabilization; Lime stabilization; Bituminous Stabilization; Chemical
stabilization; Thermal stabilization; Electrical stabilization; Stabilization by grouting;
Stabilization by Geo textile and Fabrics etc.
Stabilization of Black cotton soils have been carried out in laboratory by
many research workers by using organic chemicals like chlorides and hydroxides of
calcium, potassium, sodium etc.,
Apart from inorganic chemicals, laboratory investigation has been carried
out for stabilization of soils using lime and cement. Analysis of investigation has led
to conclude that lime is the cheapest admixture for stabilization of soils.
Investigation carried out in the country and abroad has shown that economy as well
as better stabilizer can be achieves by using basic admixtures like cement and lime in
combination or cement with other cheap materials.
In the third world countries, the need for locally manufactures
construction materials is increasing due to greater demands for new roads and
17
housing units created by growing population, The development of locally

manufactured materials had advantage in increasing the engineering activity and
affecting the cost considerably.
Stabilization techniques can be adopted on large scale when the treatment is low cost and
durable. Rice husk ash is one of the major wastes found abundantly. The annual production of
paddy is one of the major wastes found abundantly. In India, the annual production of paddy is
about 100 million tones. The burning of rice husk generates about 20% of its weight as ash.
There by generating more than 4 million tons of rice husk ash. Hence research work is done on
utilization of rice husk ash in improvement of geotechnical characteristics of black cotton soil.
In this contest of, study, different works done by various research workers
have been presented.
B.H. Rajan, N. Subramanyam and S. Sampath Kumar in their work on
stone dust for stabilizing black cotton soil has concluded that, rice husk ash, to
certain extent contributes to the development of strength when used as a stabilizing
additive and they also found that improvement in consolidation property to some
extent.
M.R. Yoganna and K.S. Jagadish on their research on pozzolanic
properties in rice husk ash has got enough pozzolanic property because if high silica
content present in it.
Because of these pozzolanic natures they found that the
compressive strength if mortar forming rice husk ash was improvised.
18
Partial
replacement of burnt red mud by rice husk ash greatly improves the compressive
strength of lime-burnt clay and lime-red mud mortar.
M.D. Anisur Rahman (1986, 1987) stabilized lateritic soil with various
percentages of rice husk ash and lime and cement. He concluded that the potential of
rice husk ash in the stabilization of lateritic soil is considerably when compared to
lime and cement stabilization. He recommended a mix proportion of 6% rice husk
ash and 13% cement or 18% rice husk ash + 7% cement air base material while the
liquid limit and plastic limit of cohesive soil increased linearly with rice husk ash
content, the plasticity index decreased linearly the maximum dry density of both
cohesive and non-cohesive soil decreased with increase in rice husk ash content. But
optimum content of cohesion-less soil linearly increased upto 12% rice husk ash and
that of cohesive upto 20%.
R.C. Lazaro after his considerable work concluded that rice husk ash in
combination with lime, can be used with reasonable success to clayey soils. While
the addition of rice husk ash and lime to clayey soils reduces the plasticity and
maximum dry density, and it also increases the optimum water content and
compressive strength. The effectiveness of lime and rice husk ash in stabilizing soil
depends upon the admixture content then they gas show attitudes id rice husk ash as
good soil stabilizer.
Dr. M.V.B.R. Sastry and Dr. A.S. Rao has worked on cinder ash as soil
stabilizer in which they concluded that, addition of cinder ash to soil results in
improvising the strength in terms of unconfined compressive strength and C.B.R.
value.
Faisal Hai Ali has concluded after a long time work on stabilization of
residual soils with high percentage of siliceous material with ash materials of
19
agricultural waste like rice husk has potential pozzolanic properties and can be an
excellent material in enhancement of other stabilization methods like using lime or
cement.
Sivanna investigated the role of rice husk ash as secondary additive to the
black cotton soil along with lime. It was shown that rice husk ash, together with
lime, accelerates the settlement and also it improves the consolidation characteristics
to a certain extent.
Another material that is used as an additive in soil stabilization is fly ash, a
work product from thermal plants. Research in India and abroad over the last three
decades has established that this waste product can be converted into meaningful
wealth as new construction material by taking advantage of its pozzolanic properties.
From the above literature review it is felt that waste product such as cinder
ash, fly ash, and rice husk ash, when used as additives in soil stabilization have been
formed to some extent. In the same way the present study was taken into investigate
the use of Rice husk ash which is one of the cheapest material. Stone dust is obtained as
a waste from disintegrated rocks of quarries, after the crushing id rocks which is
resulted from quarry, This will be available in large quantities of or near quarries.
Hence the present investigation is intended to study the effectiveness of
stone dust in stabilizing the soil properties.
20
2.2) SCOPE OF THE WORK

Scope of the present investigation is to explore the possibility by using lime and
rice husk as a stabilizing agent in improvising the properties of expansive soils.
Study of various engineering properties with 5% of lime and varying percentage
of Rice husk ash content was done.
21
MATERIALS
Material used in this study were
1. Expansive Soil
2. Lime
3. Rice husk ash
EXPANSIVE SOIL:
Type of soil used in this investigation is of having high clay content, Black
cotton soil. The soil was brought from the site near Jameelapet village,
Bibinagar(Mandal), Nalgonda(Dist). The soil was air dried pulverized and passing
through IS: 424 micron sieve was taken for the study of properties.
Different Engineering properties are soil initially can be find by conducting
corresponding the experiments according to IS code specification.
LIME:
Lime is a general term for calcium-containing inorganic materials in which
carbonates, oxides and hydroxides predominate. Strictly speaking, lime is calcium
oxide or calcium hydroxide. It is the name of the natural mineral (native lime) CaO
occurs as a product of coal seam fires and in altered lime stone xenoliths in volcanic
ejection. The word lime originates with its earliest use as building mortar and has
a sense of sticking and or adhering. Burning converts them into the highly
caustic material quicklime (calcium oxide, Cao) and through subsequent addition of
water, into less caustic (but still strongly alkaline) slaked lime or hydrated lime
(calcium hydroxide, CA (OH)2 =74.10), the process of which is called slaking of lime
22
METHODOLOGY
4.1 PLASTIC LIMIT:
Definition:
Plastic limit denotes the boundary between plastic and semi solid state of a
soil, at which its capacity to retain shape is minimum specially, this is defined
as the water content at which the soil tends to crumble when rolled into
threads of 3 mm dia.
Procedure:
(i)
Mix thoroughly about 40 to 50g of moist soil.
(ii)
Make three or four convenient parts of the soil.
(iii)
Roll the soil on a glass plate with the hand until a thread 3 mm is
obtained.
(iv)
Put the crumble pieces of thread in an evaporating dish and obtain the
water content which gives the plastic limit.
Result:
Plastic limit of the taken soil = 23.2%
23
4.2 DETERMINATION OF SHRINKAGE LIMIT OF SOIL:

Procedure:
(i)
Preparation of soil paste: Take about 100g soil sample from a thoroughly
mixed portion of the material passing 425 IS sieve.
(ii)
Place about 30g of the above sample in evaporation dish and mix it
thoroughly with distilled water. Water added should be sufficient to fill
the voids in the soil completely make the soil past enough to readily
worked into the shrinkage dish without entrapping air bubbles. In the case
of plastic soils, the water content of the paste may exceed its liquid limit
by as much as 10% while for finable soils the amount of water required to
obtain the desired consistency may be equal to or slightly more than
liquid limit.
(iii)
Clean the shrinkage dish and determine its Weight acm3urately. To

determine its volume place the dish on a evaporating dish and fill the
shrinkage dish with mercury till it over flows. Then remove the dish and
wish off any mercury adhering to the outside of the shrinkage dish.
Transfer the mercury into another evaporating dish and weight it coat the
inner side of the shrinkage dish with a thin layer of Vaseline in the center
of the dish, place the soil paste about one third the volume of the dish,
with the help of spatula. Repeat top the dish gently on rubber sheet and
allow the paste to flow towards the edge. Repeat the process till the dish
is completely filled and excess soil over flows. Strike off the excess soil
past with a straight edge wipe off the soil adhering to the outside of the
dish.
24
Weight the shrinkage dish and keep it open to air until the colour of pat turns
0
dark to light keep the dish into the oven and dry the pat to constant weight at 105 c to
0
110 c and place the dish in a desicm3ators and weight it immediately. Keep the glass
up in a china dish. Fill the cup to overflowing with mercury. Remove the excess
mercury by passing the glass plate with the three prongs firmly over the top of the
cup transfer the cup transfer the cup to another evaporating dish, wipe off any
mercury which may be adhering to the cup. Place the oven dried soil put on the
surface of mercury in the cup and carefully face the pat into the mercury by pressing
it by the glass plate containing three metal passing prongs. Collect the displaced
mercury and weight it. The volume of the dry soil pat is then determined by dividing
by dividing this weight by the unit weight of mercury.
RESULT:
Shrinkage limit of the taken soil=14.11%
Shrinkage ratio=1.91
Volumetric shrinkage=0.63%
25
4.3 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL:

Procedure:
1) Arrange the sieve of size 4.75mm, 2.00mm, 1.00mm, 600 micron, 425
micron, 300 micron, 150 micron and 75 micron, in order of decreasing
aperture size, after ensuring that all of them are clean the receive is placed at
the bottom.
2) Weight 100gms of the give sample of soil and pour it into the top-most sieve.
The lid is kept in position.
0
3) Shake the sieve of 15 min holding the sieve inclined at an angle of 15 to the
vertical. The shaking is done in a circular motion.
4) Determine the weight of soil particles retained on each sieve and tabulated
the results.
5) Draw the grain-size distribution curve with the logarithm of the aperture size
on x-axis and percentage passing through the sieve on y-axis. Fit in a
smooth curve and determine the value of D10, D30 and D60.
6) Calculate the value of uniformity co-efficient (Cu) and the co-efficient of
curvature (Cc).
Results:
Cu=2.5
Cc =1.02
4.4 Specific Gravity of Soil:

Procedure:
1. Weight the clean dry density bottle with the cap acm3urate to 0.01gm(W1).
2. Place oven dry soil passing 4.75mm IS sieve into the density bottle and
weights it (W2), Take 200gms in case into fine grained soil and 400gms in
case of medium to coarse grained soil.
3. Fill the density bottle to half of its height with distilled water and mix it
thoroughly with glass rod. Replace the screw top and fill the density bottle
from outside and weight it (W2).
4. Remove contents, wash the density bottle, poor distilled water flush with the
hole of the conical cap and weight if (W4)
5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 for two more determination of SG.
Calculation:
G=
(
(
)
) (
GT =Specific gravity of water attempt of the test

The specific gravity of soil normally ranges from 2.65 to 2.85. Organic soils may
have very low specific gravity.
RESULT:
The specific gravity of taken black cotton soil= 2.5
27
4.5 LIQUID LIMIT OF SOIL:

Procedure:1) Weight 120g of soil passing through IS 425 S micron sieve and transfer into a
china dish.
2) Mix the soil thoroughly with some distilled water in a dish to form a uniform
paste.
3) Place a portion of the paste in the cup of the liquid limit device and smoothen
the surface to the maximum depth 10mm, with the help of grooving tool
(casagrade or ASTM tool). The paste in the cup is divided along the cup
diameter (Through the centre line of the foller), by holding the normal to the
surface of the cup and drawing it firmly across. Thus a v-shaped cup 2mm
wide at the bottom and 11 mm at the top and 8 mm deep will formed. Then
the use of sandy soil casgrade tool does not form a neat groove and hence
ASTM is used.
4) Take approximately 10gms of soil in a clean, evaporating disk for moisture
content determination preferable from the closed portion of groove.
5) Rotate the handle at a uniform rate about two revolumeutions per second and
count. The no of rate about two revolumeutions per sec till the gap between
the halves of the soils dose through a distance of 10mm. The groove should
be closed by the flow in the soil itself but not by slippage between the soil
and the cup.
6) By changing the water content suitability, repeat the experiment to obtain at
least sieve sets of value such that no of blows the between 10 and 40.
Result:
Liquid limit of soil =69.05%
28
4.6 FREE SWELL INDEX OF SOILS

Procedure:
1) Take 10gms of oven dry soil passing through 425 sieve and pour into a
100ml graduated jar. Similarly prepare another cylinder with same Weight of
soil.
2) Fill one cylinder with Kerosene oil and the other cylinder with distilled water
upto the 100 ml.
3) Remove the entrapped air from both the cylinders by striking with glass rod.
4) Allow the sediments in both cylinders to settle down for 24 hours.
5) Read the volume of soil in the Kerosene filled graduated jar (Vk.) Kerosene
being a non-polar liquid does not cause swelling of the soil.
6) Read the volume of soil in the distilled water filled graduated jar (Vd)
Observation:1. Volume of the soil in Kerosene filled graduated cylinder (Vk)=9m
2. Volume of the soil in distilled water filled cylinder (Vd)=17ml
3. Calculations:
Free swell index =V=
*100 =88.89%
Result:Free swell index of given soil= 88.89%
29
4.7 STANDARD PROCTOR TEST

Procedure:
1. Determine the weight of their empty assemble the base and collar and apply
thin coat of oil to the inside.
2. Weight about 2.5kg of soil passing through the IS Sieve No. 4.75mm into a
mixing pen and sieved it.
3. Add sufficient water to given water content of about 8% will the soil
thoroughly.
4. Place the moist soil in the mould in five layers compact each layer with 25
blows should be uniformly spread over the entire surface of the soil. The
final compacted soil should extend slightly beyond the top of the mould into
the collar.
5. Release the screws holding the collar and would together rotate the collar
slight and then removed it by pulling it upwards.
6. Trim the soil with a sledge and level the top of the mould remove the mould
from base and weight it.
7. Take representative sample of soil from this cake for water content
determination preface the centre.
8. Increase the water content by increment of above 2% depending upon the rate
of increase in the soil until the weights reduce considerably.
30
RESULT:
OPTIMUM
MIX
PROPORTIONS
MAXIMUM DRY
3
DENSITY(g/ cm )
Black Cotton Soil

(100%)
Lime (5%) and
Rice husk Ash (5%)
CONTENT (%)
44
1.68 g/ cm
15.73%
45
1.69 g/ cm
13.88%
46
1.59 g/ cm
22.94 %
47
1.64 g/ cm
19.61%
48
Stone dust (20%) and

soil (80%)
PAGE NO.
24.21%

soil (85%)
MOISTURE
1.50 g/ cm

soil (90%)
REFER TO
31
4.8 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST

PROCEDURE:
1) Apply oil thinly to the mould, collar and base plate.
2) Take 2.5kg of the given clayey sample and mix up the soil thoroughly
with the water at the optimum moisture content.
3) Compact the sample in the mould in three layers with 25 blows on each
layer with the standard rammer.
4) Remove the collar, cut the sample to the top of the mould with knife
edge.
5) Extract the sample from the mould and place it in the loading unit.
6) Apply the load at the rate of 1.25mm/min.
7) Measure the load at regular intervals of strain in the specimen.
8) Tabulate the reading and draw a graph between load and deformation.
9) Calculate average area of cross section using A=Ao /(1-)
Where A=corrected area of cross section
Ao =Initial area of cross section
=h/ho
10) Shear strength = P/2A
Where P=Ultimate load
32
RESULT:
UNCONFINED
SHEAR
REFER TO
MIX
COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
PAGE NO.
PROPORTIONS
STRENGTH
(Kg/ Cm )
(Kg/ Cm )
Black Cotton
0.2561
0.1281
49
0.2458
0.1229
50
0.4012
0.2006
51
3.05
1.525
52
0.629
0.3145
53
Soil (100%)
Stone dust (5%)
and
soil (95%)
Stone dust (10%)
and
soil (90%)
Stone dust (15%)
and
soil (85%)
Stone dust (20%)
and
soil (80%)
33
4.9 CALIFORINA BEARING RATIO TEST

PROCEDURE:
1) Arrange the mould on the base plate with the spacer disc and assemble the
extension collar a top.
2) Weigh about 6kg of soil, sieve it passing through 4.75mm IS sieve.
3) Mix the soil thoroughly with a required percentage of water and compact
the soil in three layers, each being compacted by 56 blows by 2.50kg
rammer falling through 31cm,the blows being distributed uniformly all over
the surface.
4) Remove the extension piece, trim the soil and remove the base plate and
spacer disc and assemble the base plate.
5) Keep a minimum of 4.5kg of surcharge on the sample in the shape of disc
weights. The surcharge load usually corresponds to the weights of the
pavement above.
6) Keep the entire mould under a loading frame and seat the penetration piston
on the soil and adjust the proving ring dial and the penetration dial to read
zero.
7) Rotate the loading handle at a steady rate of 1.25mm/min and note the
proving dial readings corresponding to penetrations of 0.64mm, 1.27mm,
1.91mm, 2.54mm, 5.08mm and 7.62mm.
34
STANDARD LOADS FOR CRUSHED STONE

Penetration
2.50
5.00
7.50
10.00
12.50
1370
2055
2630
3180
3600
in mm
Standard
load in Kg
RESULT:
CALIFORNIA BEARING
REFER
MIX PROPORTIONS
RATIO VALUES
PAGE NO.
Black Cotton Soil (100%)
@2.5mm
@5mm
MAX
0.98%
1.09%
1.09%
54
1.80%
1.85%
1.85%
55
1.54%
1.95%
1.95%
56
0.56%
1.02%
1.02%
57
0.89%
0.85%
0.89%
58
Stone dust (5%) and soil

(95%)
(90%)
(85%)
(80%)
35
5) EXPERIMENTAL VALUES
5.1) GENERAL PROPERTIES FOR BLACK COTTON SOIL
DRY SIEVE ANALYSIS
Seri al
no.
IS
SIEVE
Apparat
us size
% Weight
retained
4.75
Weight of
soil
retained
52.5
% passed
through
5.25
Cumulative
% weight
retained
5.25
4.75mm
2mm
255
25.5
30.75
69.25
1mm
277
27.7
58.45
45.55
600
0.6
148
14.8
73.25
26.75
300
0.3
141
14.1
87.35
12.65
150
0.15
80
95.35
4.65
75
0.075
44
4.4
99.75
0.25
pan
pan
2.5
0.25
100
RESULT:
D10 = 0.25mm
D30 =0.64mm
D60 =1.6mm
Cu =
Cc =
=2.5
=1.02
36
94.75
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF BLACK COTTON SOIL
WEIGHTS
Trail 1
Trail 2
Empty weight of bottle
(W1)
33.43
33.39
Empty weight of bottle + soil
(W2)
53.46
53.35
Empty weight of bottle + soil + water (W3)
94.77
95.28
Empty weight of bottle +water
83.0
83.02
2.42
2.59
(W4)
Specific gravity (G)
FORMULA:
G=
(
(
)
) (
The average specific gravity of taken black cotton soil = 2.5
37
LIQUID LIMIT OF BLACK COTTON SOIL

Serial
Description
no.
1
Number of blows
47
35
20
26
Container number
2/8
7/c
5/c
Weight of container
8.23
8.00
7.73
9.30
25.43
17.50
16.43
17.92
18.63
13.55
12.89
14.34
65.38
71.17
68.60
71.03
(W1)
4
Weight of container +
soil (W2)
Weight of container +
dry soil (W3)
Water content
The average liquid limit of the soil =69.05%

10
94.75
0
90
69.25
80
70
60
45.55
50
40
26.75
30
12.65
20
10
0
0.01
0.25
0.1
4.65
10
38
PLASTIC LIMIT
Serial no.
Description
Container number
47/11
20
Weight of container (W1)
33.06
33.36
Weight of container + soil
50
50
47.19
46.51
19.88%
26.5%
(W2)
4
Weight of container + dry

soil (W3)
Water content
The average plastic limit of soil =23.2%

Plasticity index = Liquid limit plastic limit
= 69.05 -23.2
= 45.85%
39
SHRINKAGE LIMIT
DESCRIPTION
A)WATER CONTENT OF WET SOIL PAT
1)Shrinkage dish number
2)Weight of shrinkage dish
115.72
3) Weight of shrinkage dish + wet soil pat
161.80
4) Weight of shrinkage dish + dry soil pat
147.05
5) Weight of dry soil pat wd
31.33
6)Weight of water
14.75
7)Water Content of soil pat
47.08%
B)VOLUME OF WET SOIL PAT

8)Evaporation dish number
A7
9)Weight of mercury filling shrinkage dish +
713.5
evaporation dish
10)Weight of evaporation dish
350
11)Weight of mercury filling shrinkage dish
363.5
12)Volume of wet soil pat
26.73
C)VOLUME OF DRY SOIL PAT

13)Evaporation dish number
A7
14)Weight of mercury displaced by dry soil +
573
evaporation dish
40
15) weight of evaporating dish
350
16) Weight of mercury displaced by dry soil
223
17) volume of dry soil pat
16.40
RESULT:
SHRINKAGE LIMIT
(Ws) =14.11%
SHRINKAGE RATIO
(SR) =1.91
VOLUMETRIC SHRINKAGE (VS) =0.63%
41
5.2) STONE DUST PROPERTIES

DRY SIEVE ANALYSIS
IS SIEVE
Weight of
soil
retained
5.5
% Weight
retained
4.75mm
Apparatu
s
size
4.75
% passed
through
0.55
Cumulative
% weight
retained
0.55
2mm
18.5
1.85
2.4
97.6
1mm
332.5
33.25
13.65
64.35
600
0.6
107.5
10.75
46.4
53.6
300
0.3
293
29.3
75.7
24.3
150
0.15
176
17.6
93.3
6.7
75
0.075
39.5
3.95
97.25
2.75
pan
pan
28.5
2.85
100
RESULT:
D10 = 0.18mm
D30 = 0.35mm
D60 =0.84mm
Cu =
Cc =
=4.72
=0.81
42
99.45
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF STONE DUST

WEIGHTS
In gms
Empty weight of bottle
(W1)
273
Empty weight of bottle + soil
(W2)
473
Empty weight of bottle + soil + water (W3)
1051
Empty weight of bottle +water
923
(W4)
Specific gravity (G)
2.77
FORMULA:
G=
(
(
)
) (
The average specific gravity of stone dust = 2.77
43
Stone dust (0%)
Black cotton Soil (100%)
Mould weight(W1gms)=2275gm
Serial.no.
1
Description
Volume of mould=997.45cm3
1
Weight of mould+Wet 3936.5
4083
4127.5
4139
4100
1661.5
1808
1852.5
1864
1825
soil (W2 gms)

2
Weight of wet soil

(W2-W1)gms
Container No.
44/6
204
216
30
Weight of container
30.79
18.35
17.87
30.48
32.80
Weight of
54.13
44.59
45.32
67.10
65.00
50.81
39.97
39.97
59.16
57.43
4.62
5.35
7.94
7.57
21.62
22.1
28.68
24.63
21.37%
24.21%
27.68%
30.73%
1.81
1.86
1.87
1.83
1.49
1.50
1.46
1.40
container+Wet soil
6
Weight of
container+dry soil
Weight of water (5-6) in 3.32

gms
Weight of dry soil (6-4) 20.02

in gms
Water content
16.58%
W =(7)*100/(8) in %
10
Wet density =(2)/V in 1.66

g/cm3
11
Dry density
1.42
d =(10)/(1+(w/100))
Table no.1: Optimum moisture content for black cotton soil
44
Stone dust (5%)
Serial.no.
1
Description
Weight of mould+Wet soil
4146
4213.5
4167.0
4149
1871
1938.5
1892
1874
(W2 gms)
2
Weight of wet soil

(W2-W1)gms
Container No.
B2
108
110
205
Weight of container
24.36
15.41
14.69
17.30
Weight of container+Wet 46.49
65.43
51.23
44.25
58.63
45.76
39.46
6.80
5.47
4.79
43.22
31.07
22.16
15.73%
17.61%
21.62%
1.94
1.90
1.88
1.68
1.62
1.65
soil
6
Weight of container+dry 43.65

soil
Weight of water(5-6) in 2.84

gms
Weight of dry soil(6-4) in 19.29

gms
Water content
14.72%
w=(7)*100/(8) in %
10
Wet density =(2)/V in 1.88

g/cm3
11
Dry density
1.64
d=(10)/(1+(w/100))
Table no.2: Optimum moisture content @ stone dust 5%
45
Stone dust (10%)
Serial.no.
1
Description
Weight
of
mould+Wet
1
4098.5
4192.5
4194
4121
4102.5
1823.5
1917.5
1919
1846
1827.5
soil (W2 gms)

2
Weight of wet soil

(W2-W1)gms
Container No.
47/11
216
106
224
Weight of container
33.06
17.92
16.67
19.18
14.64
Weight of container+Wet
53.15
39.58
40.76
36.85
34.12
50.96
36.94
37.35
33.20
30.77
2.19
2.64
3.41
3.65
3.35
17.9
19.02
20.68
19.02
16.13
12.23%
13.88%
16.49%
19.19%
20.77%
1.83
1.922
1.923
1.85
1.83
1.63
1.69
1.65
1.55
1.52
soil
6
Weight of container+dry
soil
Weight of water(5-6) in
gms
Weight of dry soil(6-4) in

gms
Water content
w=(7)*100/(8) in %
10
Wet density =(2)/V in

g/cm3
11
Dry density
d=(10)/(1+(w/100))
Table no. 3: Optimum moisture content @ stone dust 10%
46
Stone dust (15%)
Serial.no.
1
Description
Weight of mould+Wet soil
4148
4218
4196
4132
1873
1943
1921
1857
(W2 gms)
2
Weight of wet soil

(W2-W1)gms
Container No.
47/11
49/26
27/50
Weight of container
33.08
32.80
34.41
34.89
62.46
72.72
65.93
71.58
57.70
65.27
59.28
62.74
4.76
7.45
6.65
8.84
24.62
32.47
24.87
27.85
19.33%
22.94%
26.74%
31.74%
1.88
1.95
1.93
1.86
1.58
1.59
1.52
1.41
soil
6
soil
gms

gms
Water content
w=(7)*100/(8) in %
10

g/cm3
11
Dry density
d=(10)/(1+(w/100))
47
Stone dust (20%)
Mould weight(W1gms)=2351.5gm
Serial.no.
1
Description
Weight
of
mould+Wet
4070
4098.5
4257
4308
4300
1718.5
1747
1905.5
1956.5
1948.5
soil
(W2 gms)
2
Weight of wet soil

(W2-W1)gms
Container No.
47/11
11
7/12
20
Weight of container
33.07
25.09
31.55
18.60
32.77
54.75
44.85
80.61
44.77
63.01
52.27
42.40
56.40
40.48
57.16
2.48
2.45
4.21
4.29
5.85
19.2
17.31
24.85
21.88
24.39
12.92%
14.15%
16.94%
19.61%
23.99%
1.72
1.75
1.91
1.96
1.95
1.52
1.53
1.63
1.64
1.57
soil
6
soil
gms

gms
Water content
w=(7)*100/(8) in %
10

g/cm3
11
Dry density
d=(10)/(1+(w/100))

48
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST VALUES OF BLACK COTTON SOIL

Strain dial guage
reading
Deformation
In mm
strain
Proving
ring
reading
Load
kg
20
0.02
0.00027
1.2
40
0.04
0.000533
60
0.06
80
Corrected
area
Stress in
kg/cm2
0.144
11.341
0.0127
2.2
0.264
11.346
0.0232
0.0008
2.5
0.3
11.349
0.0264
0.08
0.001067
4.9
0.588
11.35
0.0518
100
0.10
0.001333
6.8
0.816
11.355
0.0718
120
0.12
0.0016
8.6
1.032
11.358
0.0908
140
0.14
0.001867
10.4
1.248
11.361
0.1098
160
0.16
0.002133
12.1
1.402
11.364
0.1233
180
0.18
0.0024
13.4
1.608
11.367
0.1414
200
0.20
0.002667
14.9
1.788
11.370
0.1571
250
0.25
0.003333
17.4
2.088
11.378
0.1835
300
0.30
0.0040
19.6
2.354
11.386
0.2065
350
0.35
0.004667
21.2
2.544
11.393
0.2232
400
0.40
0.005333
22.5
2.7
11.401
0.2368
450
0.45
0.0060
23.4
2.808
11.408
0.2461
500
0.50
0.006667
23.9
2.868
11.416
0.2512
550
0.55
0.007333
24.2
2.9
11.423
0.2542
600
0.60
0.0080
24.4
2.928
11.431
0.2561
650
0.65
0.008667
24
2.88
11.439
0.2517
700
0.70
0.009333
23
2.76
11.446
0.2411
750
0.75
0.01
21.1
2.54
11.455
0.222
Table no. 6:
in
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST values for soil

49
Unconfined Compression Test of stone dust @5%

Strain dial guage
reading
Deformation
In mm
strain
Proving
ring
reading
Load
kg
20
0.02
0.00027
2.6
40
0.04
0.000533
60
0.06
80
Corrected
area
Stress in
kg/cm2
0.312
11.341
0.0275
5.2
0.624
11.346
0.0550
0.0008
7.0
0.84
11.349
0.0740
0.08
0.001067
8.9
1.07
11.35
0.0945
100
0.10
0.001333
10.4
1.25
11.355
0.1101
120
0.12
0.0016
11.8
1.42
11.358
0.1250
140
0.14
0.001867
13.3
1.60
11.361
0.1408
160
0.16
0.002133
14.4
1.73
11.364
0.1522
180
0.18
0.0024
15.8
1.90
11.367
0.1672
200
0.20
0.002667
16.9
2.03
11.370
0.1785
250
0.25
0.003333
19.4
2.33
11.378
0.2048
300
0.30
0.0040
21.2
2.54
11.386
0.2231
350
0.35
0.004667
22.5
2.7
11.393
0.2310
400
0.40
0.005333
23.3
2.80
11.401
0.2456
450
0.45
0.0060
23.8
2.86
11.408
0.2507
500
0.50
0.006667
23.9
2.87
11.416
0.2514
550
0.55
0.007333
23.7
2.84
11.423
0.2436
600
0.60
0.0080
23.4
2.81
11.431
0.2458
650
0.65
0.008667
22.9
2.75
11.439
0.2404
700
0.70
0.009333
22.4
2.69
11.446
0.2350
Table no. 7:
in
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST values for stone dust 5%
50
Unconfined Compression Test for stone dust @10%

Strain dial guage
reading
Deformation
In mm
strain
Proving
ring
reading
Load in kg
Corrected
area
Stress
kg/cm2
20
0.02
0.00027
1.6
0.192
11.341
0.0169
40
0.04
0.000533
3.4
0.408
11.346
0.0359
60
0.06
0.0008
5.2
0.624
11.349
0.0549
80
0.08
0.001067
7.4
0.888
11.35
0.0782
100
0.10
0.001333
10.2
1.224
11.355
0.1077
120
0.12
0.0016
12.6
1.512
11.358
0.1331
140
0.14
0.001867
14.7
1.776
11.361
0.1563
160
0.16
0.002133
17.1
2.052
11.364
0.1804
180
0.18
0.0024
18.8
2.256
11.367
0.1984
200
0.20
0.002667
21.2
2.554
11.370
0.2246
250
0.25
0.003333
26.8
3.216
11.378
0.2826
300
0.30
0.0040
30.2
3.624
11.386
0.3182
350
0.35
0.004667
33.3
3.996
11.393
0.3569
400
0.40
0.005333
35.7
4.284
11.401
0.3737
450
0.45
0.0060
37.2
4.464
11.408
0.3913
500
0.50
0.006667
37.9
4.548
11.416
0.3983
550
0.55
0.007333
38.2
4584
11.423
0.4012
600
0.60
0.0080
38.1
4.572
11.431
0.3999
650
0.65
0.008667
37.8
4.536
11.439
0.3965
700
0.70
0.009333
36.6
4.392
11.446
0.3837
750
0.75
0.01
34.8
4.176
11.455
0.3645
Table no. 8:
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST values for stone dust 10%
51
in
Table no.9: Unconfined Compression Test for stone dust @ 15%

Strain dial
guage reading
Deformation
In mm
strain
Proving
ring
reading
Load
kg
20
0.02
0.00027
10
40
0.04
0.000533
60
0.06
80
Corrected
area
Stress in
kg/cm2
1.2
11.341
0.106
19
2.28
11.346
0.2
0.0008
37
4.44
11.349
0.388
0.08
0.001067
54
6.48
11.35
0.565
100
0.10
0.001333
73
8.76
11.355
0.76
120
0.12
0.0016
91
10.92
11.358
0.946
140
0.14
0.001867
106
12.72
11.361
1.098
160
0.16
0.002133
111
13.32
11.364
1.146
180
0.18
0.0024
113
13.36
11.367
1.165
200
0.20
0.002667
149
17.88
11.370
1.526
250
0.25
0.003333
164
19.68
11.378
1.677
300
0.30
0.0040
199
23.88
11.386
2.010
350
0.35
0.004667
207
24.84
11.393
2.075
400
0.40
0.005333
247
29.64
11.401
2.457
450
0.45
0.0060
274
32.88
11.408
2.708
500
0.50
0.006667
291
34.92
11.416
2.855
550
0.55
0.007333
309
37.08
11.423
3.009
600
0.60
0.0080
315
37.8
11.431
3.048
650
0.65
0.008667
310
37.2
11.439
2.976
700
0.70
0.009333
289
34.68
11.446
2.752
750
0.75
0.01
259
31.08
11.455
2.448
52
in
Unconfined Compression Test for stone dust @20%

Strain dial
guage reading
Deformation
In mm
strain
Proving
ring
reading
Load
kg
20
0.02
0.00027
40
0.04
0.000533
60
0.06
80
in
Corrected
area
Stress in
kg/cm2
0.48
11.341
0.042
8.9
1.068
11.346
0.094
0.0008
12.2
1.464
11.349
0.128
0.08
0.001067
16.2
1.944
11.35
0.171
100
0.10
0.001333
20.4
2.448
11.355
0.215
120
0.12
0.0016
24.8
2.976
11.358
0.262
140
0.14
0.001867
27.4
3.288
11.361
0.289
160
0.16
0.002133
30.4
3.648
11.364
0.321
180
0.18
0.0024
33.4
4.008
11.367
0.352
200
0.20
0.002667
36
4.320
11.370
0.379
250
0.25
0.003333
40.6
4.872
11.378
0.428
300
0.30
0.0040
48
5.76
11.386
0.505
350
0.35
0.004667
54.1
6.452
11.393
0.569
400
0.40
0.005333
58
6.96
11.401
0.610
450
0.45
0.0060
59.8
7.176
11.408
0.629
500
0.50
0.006667
58.3
6.996
11.416
0.612
550
0.55
0.007333
53
6.360
11.423
0.556
600
0.60
0.0080
45.4
5.448
11.431
0.476
650
0.65
0.008667
36.8
4.416
11.439
0.386
Table no.10: Unconfined Compression Test for stone dust @20%
53
California Bearing Ratio VALUES @ Black cotton soil

Least count of proving ring dial guage= 1 division =0.2469 kg
s.no.
Penetration dial
reading
Penetration
In mm
Proving ring
dial reading
in divisions
Load in kg
50
0.5
16.8
4.148
100
27.6
6.814
150
1.5
36
8.888
200
45.8
11.308
250
2.5
54.2
13.382
300
61.4
15.160
350
3.5
75.2
18.567
400
82
20.246
10
450
4.5
86.4
21.332
11
500
90.6
22.369
12
550
5.5
94.2
23.258
13
600
96.8
23.900
14
650
6.5
99
24.443
15
700
102
25.184
16
750
7.5
105
25.925
Table no. 11: California Bearing Ratio VALUES @ Black cotton soil
54
California Bearing Ratio VALUES @ stone dust 5% Least count of

proving ring dial guage= 1 division =0.2469 kg
s.no.
Penetration dial
reading
Penetration
In mm
Proving ring
dial reading in
divisions
50
0.5
12
2.963
100
28
6.913
150
1.5
55.5
13.703
200
77
19.011
250
2.5
100
24.69
300
116.5
28.764
350
3.5
135
33.332
400
143
35.307
10
450
4.5
145.5
35.924
11
500
154
38.023
12
550
5.5
160
40.245
13
600
173
42.714
14
650
6.5
179
44.195
Table no. 12: California Bearing Ratio VALUES @ Stone dust 5%
55
Load in kg
California Bearing Ratio VALUES @ stone dust 10% Least count

of proving ring dial guage= 1 division =0.2469 kg
s.no.
Penetration dial
reading
Penetration
In mm
Proving ring
dial reading
in divisions
50
0.5
6.4
1.580
100
20.02
4.987
150
1.5
39.4
9.728
200
42.8
10.567
250
2.5
85.8
21.184
300
107.2
26.468
350
3.5
122.4
30.221
400
137
33.825
10
450
4.5
151.8
37.479
11
500
162.6
40.146
12
550
5.5
175
43.208
13
600
188.2
46.467
14
650
6.5
198.8
49.084
15
700
208.2
51.842
56
Load in kg

s.no.
Penetration dial
reading
Penetration
In mm
Proving ring
dial reading in
divisions
0
50
0.5
7.9
1.876
100
8.6
1.951
150
1.5
21
2.123
200
31.4
5.185
250
2.5
43.8
7.753
300
52.2
10.814
350
3.5
62
12.986
400
70.6
15.308
10
450
4.5
85
20.986
11
500
102.2
22.764
12
550
5.5
95.2
23.505
57
Load in kg
0

s.no.
Penetration dial
reading
Penetration
In mm
50
0.5
100
Proving ring
dial reading in
divisions
Load in kg
1.8
0.444
10.6
2.617
150
1.5
21.8
5.382
200
36.6
9.037
250
2.5
49.6
12.246
300
57.2
14.123
350
3.5
62
15.308
400
64.4
15.9
10
450
4.5
66.8
16.493
11
500
71
17.538
12
550
5.5
76.2
18.814
13
600
77
19.011
14
650
6.5
78.1
19.283
15
700
78.7
19.431
58
Optimum Moisture Content for BLACK COTTON SOIL

1.55
1.5
1.5
1.49
1.46
Dr 1.45
y
d
e
ns 1.4
it
y
g/
cc 1.35
1.42
1.4
1.32
1.3
0.00%
10.00% 15.00%
20.00% 25.00%
30.00% 35.00%
5.00%
Optimum Moisture content %
Graph No. 1: Optimum moisture content values for soil
40.00%
59
OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT FOR STONE DUST (5%)

1.7
1.68
1.68
1.66
Dr 1.64
y
d 1.62
e
ns 1.6
it
y 1.58
g/
cc 1.56
1.54
0.00%
64
1.62
1.55
10.00%
15.00%
5.00%
Graph No. 2: Optimum moisture content values for Stone dust 5%
20.00%
25.00%
60

1.691.7
1.68
1.66
1.64
1.62
Dr
1.6
y
d 1.58
e
1.56
ns 1.54
it
y 1.52
g/ 1.5
cc
0.00%
1.6
1.65
1.55
1.52
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
Graph No. 3: Optimum moisture content values for stone dust 10%
61
20.00%
25.00%

1.65
1.6
1.59
1.58
Dr 1.55
y
d
e 1.5
ns
it
y 1.45
g/
cc
1.4
0.00%
1.52
1.41
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
5.00%
30.00%
35.00%
62

1.66
1.64
1.63
1.64
1.62
1.61
Dr 1.6
y
d 1.58
e
ns 1.56
it
y 1.54
g/
cc 1.52
1.5
0.00%
1.57
1.53
1.52
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
63
25.00%
30.00%
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST (Black cotton soil)

0.3
0.2661
42
0.2517
0.
0 2512
2
0.2411
0.2461
.
0.2368
0.222
0.2232
0.25
0.2065
0.2
0.1835
0.1571
S
0.15
T
R
E
S
S
0.1414
0.1233
0.1098
0.1
0.0908
0.0718
0.0518
0.05
0.0264
0.0232
0.0127
0
0
0.002
0.006
STRAIN
0.004
Graph No. 6: Unconfined compression test values for soil
64
0.008
0.01
0.012
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST (stone dust 5%)

0.3
0.2507
0.25
0.2456
0.20.2458
0.2514
48
6
0.007
0.008
0.2404
0.235
0.231
0.2231
0.2048
0.2
0.1785
0.1672
S
T 0.15
R
E
S
S
0.1522
0.1408
0.125
0.1101
0.1
0.0943
0.074
0.055
0.05
0.0275
0
0
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.002
0.005 0.006
STRAIN
Graph No. 7: Unconfined compression test values for stone dust 5%
65
0.009
0.01

0.45
0.3983
0.4
0.4012
0.3999
0.3913
0.3965
0.3837
0.3757
0.3645
0.3
5
0.3509
0.3182
0.3
0.2826
0.25
S
T
R
E
S
S
0.2246
0.2
0.1984
0.1805
0.1563
0.15
0.1331
0.1077
0.1
0.0782
0.0549
0.05
0.0359
0.0169
0
0
0.004
0.006
STRAIN
0.008
0.002
0.01
0.012
66

3.5
3.05
3.009
2.976
2.855
2.752
2.708
2.5
2.457
2.449
2.075
2.014
2
S
T
R
E
1.5
S
S
1.677
1.526
1.165
1.146
1.098
0.946
0.76
0.565
0.5
0.388
0.2
0.106
0
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
STRAIN
0.008
67
0.01
0.012

0.7
0.629
0.612
0.6
0.6
0.569
0.556
0.505
0.5
0.476
0.428
0.4
0.386
0.379
S
T
R
E
0.3
S
S
0.352
0.321
0.289
0.262
0.215
0.2
0.171
0.128
0.1
0.094
0.042
0
0
0.001
0.004
0.002
0.003
0.005 0.006
STRAIN
0.007
68
0.008
0.009
0.01
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO VALUES @ BLACK COTTON SOIL

30
25.925
25.184
25
23.9
23.258
22.369
24.443
21 32
20.246
20
18.56
L
O 15
A
D
in
K
g
15.16
13.382
11. 08
10
8.888
6.814
5
4.148
0
0
4
5
penetration in mm
Graph No. 11: California bearing ratio for soil
69
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO VALUES @ Stone dust 5%

50
45
44.195
42.794
40.245
40
38.023
35.307
35
35.9 4
33.332
30
28.764
L
O 25
A
D
in
K
20
g
24.69
19.0 1
15
13.703
10
6.913
5
2.963
0
0
0
3
4
penetration in mm
Graph No. 12: California bearing ratio for stone dust 5%
70

60
51.842
50
49.084
46.467
43.208
40.146
40
37 79
33.825
L
O 30
A
D
in
K
g
30.221
26.468
21.184
20
1 567
10
9.728
4.987
1.58
0
0
0
4
5
penetration in mm
71

25
23.505
22.764
20.986
20
17.4 1
15.308
15
L
O
A
D
in
K
g 10
12.986
10.814
7.753
5.18
1.951
1.876
2.123
0
0
3
4
penetration in mm
72

25
20
19.2831
18.81419.011
9.431
17.538
15.9
15.308
15
16 93
14.123
L
O
A
D
in
K 10
g
12.246
9.0 7
5.382
2.617
0
0
0.444
1
4
5
Penetration in mm
73
CONCLUSION
From the standard proctor test is inferred that the optimum moisture content
is decreasing and moisture dry density is increasing. The increase in the maximum
dry density of the treated soil reflects of the decreased resistance offered by
flocculated soil structure. This can be further more improved by using cementic
binders like lime or cement in further investigation.
From the results of unconfined compression tests, it was observed that the
shear strength increases with the varying stone dust percentage.
By the addition of stone dust the differential pressure of the soil decreases.
The study of stabilization using stone dust is primary and some negative
characteristics of results are studied and can be improved by using other additive and
can be further investigated, from which it is probable that cohesive property, MDD
can also be improved.
The study of stone dust recommends good and cheap secondary additive
which can be used in lime stabilization this report forms the basis for further
investigation with binder additive this brings economy as well as better stabilization.
74
REFERENCES
1. A Text book on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering K.R.ARORA
2. Geotechnical Engineering by C.VENKATARAMAIAH
3. Soil Mechanics and Foundations by B.C.PUNMIA.
4. IS codes 2720 part 2, part 5, part 6, part 26, part 7, part 9.
5. A Text book on Soil Mechanics Engineering Pratice TERZAGHI, K &
R.B.PECK, JOHNWELLY & SONS, NEWYORK.
75

Stablisation of Soil

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Stablisation of Soil

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1) INTRODUCTION

1.2 MAJOR SOIL DEPOSITS OF INDIA:

These are deposited by wind and are

Black cotton soil is an expansive soil, which swells or shrinks excessively

Soil stabilization is required to increase the bearing capacity of foundation

It makes alterations in the

Calcium chloride acts as soil flocm3ulent.

It facilitates compaction and

usually causes a slight increase in the compacted density.

Although it is widely used as a stabilizing agent in Sweden, Canada and

Lignin also has hygroscopic

1.3.9 SODIUM CHLORIDE STABILIZATION:

Another beneficial phenomenon is the

known as Electro-Osmosis. Electrical drainage is accompanied by electro-chemical

Soil mass reinforced with randomly distributed discrete fibres

resembles the conventional earth reinforcement in many of its properties. The

2.1) REVIEW OF LITERATURE

housing units created by growing population, The development of locally

Because of these pozzolanic natures they found that the

compressive strength if mortar forming rice husk ash was improvised.

2.2) SCOPE OF THE WORK

Mix thoroughly about 40 to 50g of moist soil.

Make three or four convenient parts of the soil.

4.2 DETERMINATION OF SHRINKAGE LIMIT OF SOIL:

Clean the shrinkage dish and determine its Weight acm3urately. To

4.3 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL:

4.4 Specific Gravity of Soil:

GT =Specific gravity of water attempt of the test

4.5 LIQUID LIMIT OF SOIL:

4.6 FREE SWELL INDEX OF SOILS

Result:Free swell index of given soil= 88.89%

4.7 STANDARD PROCTOR TEST

Black Cotton Soil

Stone dust (20%) and

Stone dust (15%) and

Stone dust (10%) and

4.8 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST

4.9 CALIFORINA BEARING RATIO TEST

STANDARD LOADS FOR CRUSHED STONE

Black Cotton Soil (100%)

Stone dust (5%) and soil

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF BLACK COTTON SOIL

Empty weight of bottle

Empty weight of bottle + soil

Empty weight of bottle + soil + water (W3)

Empty weight of bottle +water

Specific gravity (G)

The average specific gravity of taken black cotton soil = 2.5

LIQUID LIMIT OF BLACK COTTON SOIL

The average liquid limit of the soil =69.05%

Weight of container (W1)

Weight of container + soil

Weight of container + dry

The average plastic limit of soil =23.2%

2)Weight of shrinkage dish

3) Weight of shrinkage dish + wet soil pat

4) Weight of shrinkage dish + dry soil pat

5) Weight of dry soil pat wd

7)Water Content of soil pat

B)VOLUME OF WET SOIL PAT

9)Weight of mercury filling shrinkage dish +

11)Weight of mercury filling shrinkage dish

12)Volume of wet soil pat