3-phase Induction motor

3-Phase Induction Motor

Most Common & Frequent motors in industry
Simple Design, Rugged, Low Cost and Easy to Maintain
Wide Range of power rating: fractional horsepower to MW
High efficiency: no brushes and good power factor
Constant speed from zero to full load

General Principle
Transformer: Electrical

Magnetic
Electrical
Alternating field

Induction Motor: Electrical

Magnetic
Rotating field

Mechanical /Electrical

Induction Motor Construction

3-phase induction motor comprises of two main parts:

Electromagnetics

Rotor
Stator

Stator(Stationary)
consists of a steel frame that supports a hollow, cylindrical core of stacked laminations.
Slots on the internal circumference of the stator house the stator winding.

Rotor(Revolving)
composed of punched laminations, with rotor slots for the rotor winding.
Two basic design: Squirrel cage and wound rotor

Rotating Magnetic Field

3-Phase System: Current displaced by 120in time (phase)
IB

IA
A

C
IC

Stator with 6 salient poles: Windings A, B & C. Pole pairs: North and South
Windings are mechanically spaced at 120from each other.

Each winding produces its own MMF. The 3 fluxes combine to produce a magnetic
field that rotates at the same frequency as the supply.

Synchronous Speed
For p poles/phase:

synchronous speed,

ns

120 f
P

rev/min

 ns

Example
A 4-pole 3 phase induction motor operates from a supply whose frequency
is 50 Hz. Calculate:
(a) the speed at which the magnetic field of the stator is rotating.
(b) the speed of the rotor when the slip is 0.04
(c) the frequency of the rotor currents when slip is 0.03
(d) the frequency of the rotor current at standstill.
(a) Stator field revolves at synchronous speed, given by:

Ns

120 f
50
120
1500r.p.m
P
4

(b) Rotor (motor) speed,

N Ns (1 s) 1500(1 0.04) 1440r.p.m

(c) Frequency of rotor current,

fR sf 0.03 50 1.5r.p.s 90r.p.m

(d) At standstill =

Example
A 3 phase induction motor is wound for 4 poles and is supplied from 50-Hz
system. Calculate:
(a) the synchronous speed.
(b) the rotor speed when slip is 5%
(c) the frequency of the rotor when the rotor runs at 600 r.p.m
(a) Synchronous speed:

Ns

120 f
50
120
1500r.p.m
P
4

(b) Rotor (motor) speed,

N Ns (1 s) 1500(1 0.05) 1425r.p.m

(b) When rotor speed is 600 r.p.m,

(N s N ) 1500 600

0.6
Ns
1500

rotor current frequency:

fR sf (0.6 50) 30Hz

Example
A 6 pole induction motor is excited by a 3 phase 60 Hz source. The full

load rpm is 1140 r.p.m. Calculate the slip?

Synchronous speed:

Ns

120 f 120 60

1200r.p.m
P
6

Slip:

Ns Nm 1200 1140

0.05
Ns
1200

5%

Solution:
120 f
120 * 60
ns

1800 rpm
p
4
n 1 s ns 1 0.05 *1800 1710 rpm

(b) 1800 (same as synchronous speed)

Example
A 4-pole 3-phase induction motor operates from a supply whose
frequency is 50Hz. Calculate:
1. The speed at which the magnetic field of the stator is rotating
2. The speed of the rotor when the slip is 0.04
3. The frequency of the rotor currents when the slip is 0.03
4. The frequency of the rotor currents at standstill.

Recap
General Principle of Induction motor is similar to transformer
Components of Motor:
Stator - mechanically spaced at 120
Rotor - Squirrel Cage and Wound Rotor
Synchronous speed = speed of rotating field
Slip

ns n m
s
ns

Slip speed

Frequency of Rotor current

120 f
rev/min
ns
P

n ns nm

Pn
fR
120

fR sf

Rotor Rotating Field

Induced current in 3-phase rotor also produce a rotating field

Speed w.r.t rotor
nr

120 fr
p

120sf
p

sns

Induced rotor field rotates in the air gap

nm nr (1 s)ns sns

Modes of Operation

Plugging(Braking)

Motoring

0 nm n s
1s0
ns

Generating

nm < 0

nm > n s

s>1

s<0
ns

ns
n

Torque-Speed Curve

Torque-Speed Curve
Motoring

Where is the operating range and why?

Power Flow

Power Flow
Motoring
Stator Core
Loss

Pi

Pag

Rotor Core Friction and

Loss
Windage Losses

Pmech

Stator Cu Loss (
)
3I12 R1

Generator

Rotor Cu Loss (
)
3I 22 R2

Pout
(Pshaft)

Equivalent Circuit Model

Stator Windings

Similar to equivalent circuit of transformer primary winding

V1 = per-phase terminal voltage
R1 = per-phase stator winding resistance
L1 = per-phase stator leakage inductance
E1 = per-phase induced voltage in stator winding
Lm = per-phase stator magnetizing inductance
Rc = per-phase stator core loss resistance

Equivalent Circuit of the Induction Motor

sE2
I2
R2 jsX 2

P2

E2
I2
R2 / s jX 2

2
I 2 R2

P Pag
Pmech

2
I 2 R2

I 22

Pmech

R2

2 R2
1 s I 2

s
s

Pmech 1 s * Pag

R2
1 s
s

1 s

P
s

Pag : P2 : Pmech 1 : s : 1 s

P2 I 22 R2 sPag

Torque

Mechanical torque developed per phase, Tmech

Pmech Tmech m

m = angular velocity of the rotor (rad/s)

synchronous speed (rad/s)

2 nm
m
60

2 ns
s
60

Tmech

Pag

N.m

Power
Motoring
Stator Core
Loss

Pi

Pag

Rotor Core Friction and

Loss
Windage Losses

Pmech

Stator Cu Loss
(
) 3I12 R1

Rotor Cu Loss (
)
3I 22 R2

Pshaft Pmech Pf ,w

Pshaft Tshaft m

Pout(shaft)
(Pshaft)

Efficiency
Useful power output:Total input power

Pshaft
Pin

Power Factor

Power Factor =

cos r
Pin

Sin

For a 3 phase system:

Sin 3Vline I line

Example
A 3 phase, 230V, 60Hz, 74.6KW, six pole induction motor operating
at rated conditions has an efficiency of 91.0%. It draws a line
current of 248A. The core loss, stator copper loss and rotor
conductor loss are 1697W, 2803W and 1549W respectively.
Determine:
(a) power input
(b) total loss
(c) air-gap power
(d) shaft(mechanical) speed
(e) power factor
(f) friction and windage losses and draw the power flow diagram
(g) shaft torque