Lecture # 1

RENEWABLE ENERGY
TECHNOLOGIES

Dr. Muzaffar Ali

Personal Information

Dr. Muzaffar Ali

Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Phone:
051-9047691
Fax:
051-9047690
Cell:
0300-5316356
Email: muzaffar.ali@uettaxila.edu.pk

Course Information

Contents

Introduction of Renewable Energy

Solar Energy (Thermal & PV System)

Wind Energy
Geothermal
Biomass
Ocean Energy
Fuel Cell
Hydro Power

Potential of using renewable energy

resources as supplement of
conventional energy resources
Renewable and Non-renewable
energies used as a hybrid energy
system
Modern renewable plants

Book(s)

Renewable Energy, Power for Sustainable

Future, Edited by Godfrey Boyle (Oxford
University Press, 1996)
Renewable energy, Sustainable Energy
Concepts for the future, Edited by R.
Wengenmayr, T. Buheke (Wiely-VCH,
2008)
Renewable Energy Resources, 2nd Edition
by J. Twidell, T. Weir (Taylor & Francis,
2006)

Materials

Various Articles from Internet etc.

Course Information

Distribution of Marks
Mid Term -20%
Final Exam 40%
Sessional Marks - 40%

Assignments

- 10 %
Quizzes - 10%
Semester Project 20 %

Semester Project (Combination of Software

and Hardware (small units))

Project Areas:
Solar thermal
Solar PV
Wind Turbine (H & V)
Hydro Power
Fuel Cells
Bio Mass
Energy Storage
Others

Software:

Solar

TRNSYS

Sam

https://sam.nrel.gov/

Polysun

http://sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys/
Survey and Simulation Tools for PV, Solar Thermal, Heat
Pumps & Chimneys
http://www.solardesign.co.uk/

http://www.polysunonline.com/PsoPublic/app/home/ac
cess

Bio Mass

EXEMPT Model

Fantallometrik

http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/review-andassessment/tools/emissions.html#biomass
http://www.globallometree.org/software/

RETScreen

http://www.retscreen.net/ang/home.php

Semester Project

Software:

Wind

Bladed Wind Turbine Design Software

WAsP

http://www.glgarradhassan.com/en/software/GHBladed
.php
http://www.wasp.dk/

Fuel Cell

Fuel Cell Testing Software

http://www.scribner.com/software/fuelcell-testing-software

Small Kits

Small Kits

Lets Talk about Energy

Lets Talk about Energy

Establishment of
sustainable
energy future
Exhaustion of
fossil fuel
resources
Transition of
energy economy
from Chemical to
Physical

Lets Talk about Energy

World Energy
Situation
Oil supplies are
depleting
Energy consumption
is growing

Lets Talk about Energy

Coal Supply &

Demand
Running out of Coal
Difficulties in mining
and subsequent
transportation to
power plants

Lets Talk about Energy

Uranium Supply &

Demand
Running out of
Uranium
Uranium production is
far below than
todays demand

Lets Talk about Energy

Fundamental Laws of Physics governing Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Energy can only be converted from one form into
another
Some energy is always lost when energy is
converted

Lets Talk about Energy

Postulates need to be satisfied for sustainable

energy system
All energy must come from sustainably managed
renewable sources
Energy must be distributed and used with highest
efficiency

Essential Questions
Where does the energy come from?
In which form is the energy harvested?
How much and in which form energy is needed?

Lets Talk about Energy

Where does the Energy come from?

Lets Talk about Energy

Factors effecting transition to sustainability

Climatic Conditions
Topology
Availability of land and site
Establishment of high efficiency standards
Political leadership with understanding of
sustainability

Lets Talk about Energy

Renewable Energy and Energy Demand

The energy demand of mankind can be satisfied
from renewable sources
There is no global distribution problem from
renewable energy sources
The future energy supply is much better matched to
the energy demands
The energy needs have to be reduced by
conservation and efficiency

Lets Talk about Energy

Inversion of the Energy System

Due to obvious weak characteristics of chemical
energy, the entire energy supply chain will undergo
significant changes to become compatible with the
requirements of sustainability
Todays energy system is dominated by chemical
carriers (Fossil Fuel)
Future energy system will be dominated by physical
conversion (Renewable Sources)

Lets Talk about Energy

Energy Return on Energy Investment

Energy debate is focused on monetary analyses
Established technologies are compared with
unproven schemes
Energy recovery from current sources will
become expensive
Cost will grow exponentially
Above ground sources are free gift of nature
Instead of Return on Investment (ROI) parameter,
Energy Return on Energy Investment (EROEI)
should be considered

Lets Talk about Energy

From now to Sustainability

Energy sector will change rapidly
New trends are emerging and getting strength
In stationary sector, demands are declining

Improved thermal insulation

Efficient HVAC appliances
Use of wood etc.
Use of electricity for direct heating etc.

In mobile sector

Improved IC engines
Introduction of Hybrid vehicles
Use of CNG and Biofuels
Use of battery-electric cars and scooters

Lets Talk about Energy

From now to Sustainability

The overall efficiency of energy system is

increasing by
Higher

conversion efficiency of power plants and IC

engines
Higher efficiency of electrical distribution system
Rising energy awareness
Change in customer behavior
Growing supply of electricity from Renewable
sources
Energy conservation at all levels

Lets Talk about Energy

Conclusions
Present energy system has to undergo significant
changes
Transition from Chemical energy base to
Physical energy is inevitable
Renewable Sources will play a vital role in this
change
This shift will be sustainable and offers many
economic benefits

Statistical Review of World Energy

June 2014

Oil

The Trans-Alaska Pipeline is more than 800 miles long and transports oil between Prudhoe Bay and Valdez in the US.

Oil reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios

Years
2013 by region

History

Total world proved oil reserves reached 1687.9 billion barrels at the end of 2013, sufficient to meet 53.3 years of global production.
The largest additions to reserves came from Russia, adding 900 million barrels and Venezuela adding 800 million barrels. OPEC
members continue to hold the majority of reserves, accounting for 71.9% of the global total. South & Central America continues to hold
the highest R/P ratio. Over the past decade, global proved reserves have increased by 27%, or over 350 billion barrels.

Distribution of proved oil reserves in 1993, 2003 and 2013

Percentage

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014

BP 2014

Oil production/consumption by region

Million barrels daily
Production by region

Consumption by region

World oil production increased by just 550,000 b/d in 2013, less than half the growth of global consumption. Global consumption grew
by an above-average 1.4 million b/d, with emerging economies accounting for all of the net increase. Even so, the US had the biggest
increase in the world for consumption, as well as production, which grew by 400,000 b/d and 1.1 million b/d respectively. OPEC output
fell by 600,000 b/d, driven by a decline of 520,000 b/d in Libya.

Oil consumption per capita 2013

Tonnes

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014

BP 2014

Oil product consumption by region

Million barrels daily
Light distillates

Middle distillates

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014

BP 2014

Oil product consumption by region

Million barrels daily
Fuel oil

Others

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014

BP 2014

Rotterdam & Gulf Coast oil product prices

US dollars per barrel
Rotterdam product prices

Source: Platts

US Gulf Coast product prices

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014

BP 2014

Crude oil prices 1861-2013

US dollars per barrel, world events

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014

BP 2014

Oil refinery utilization

Percentage

Global crude runs grew by 0.4 million b/d in 2013, with increases in China, India and the US more than offsetting declines in Europe
and Other Asia Pacific. Global refining capacity grew by 1.4 million b/d, led by additions in China and the Middle East. Global
average refinery utilization slipped to 80.4%, the lowest since 1987.

Regional oil refining margins

US dollars per barrel

Note: The refining margins presented are benchmark margins for three major global refining centres: US Gulf Coast (USGC), North
West Europe (NWE Rotterdam) and Singapore. In each case they are based on a single crude oil appropriate for that region and
have optimized product yields based on a generic refinery configuration (cracking, hydrocracking or coking), again appropriate for that
region. The margins are on a semi-variable basis, i.e. the margin after all variable costs and fixed energy costs.

Major oil trade movements 2013

Trade flows worldwide (million tonnes)

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014

BP 2014

Natural gas

The Min Rong tanker berthed at Tangguh iquefied natural gas (LNG) plant in Indonesia. Indonesia is the second largest natural gas producer in
Asia.

Gas reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios

Years
2013 by region

History

World proved natural gas reserves at end-2013 stood at 185.7 trillion cubic metres (tcm), sufficient to meet 55.1 years of global
production. Proved reserves grew by 0.2% relative to end-2012 data. An increase in the US (+7.1%) accounted for all of the net
growth in global proved reserves in 2013. Iran (33.8 tcm) and Russia (31.3 tcm) hold the largest proved reserves.

Distribution of proved gas reserves in 1993, 2003 and 2013

Percentage

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014

BP 2014

Gas production/consumption by region

Billion cubic metres
Production by region

Consumption by region

World natural gas production increased by 1.1% in 2013, slightly below the growth rate of global consumption (+1.4%). Production
growth was below average in all regions except Europe & Eurasia. Russia (+2.4%) and China (+9.5%) recorded the largest growth
increments. Consumption growth was below average in all regions except North America. China (+10.8%) and the US (+2.4%)
recorded the largest growth increments.

Gas consumption per capita 2013

Tonnes oil equivalent

Source: Includes data from Cedigaz.

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014

BP 2014

Gas prices
$/Mmbtu

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014

BP 2014

Major gas trade movements 2013

Trade flows worldwide (billion cubic metres)

Source: Includes data from Cedigaz, CISStat, FGE MENAgas Service, IHS CERA, PIRA Energy Group.

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014

BP 2014

Coal

Coal ready for shipping. Coal was the fastest growing fossil fuel and its consumption grew
by 3% in 2013.

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014

BP 2014

Coal reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios

Years
2013 by region

History

World proved coal reserves in 2013 were sufficient to meet 113 years of global production, by far the largest R/P ratio for any fossil
fuel. The US, Russia and China hold the largest proved reserves. By region, Europe & Eurasia holds the largest proved reserves and has
the highest R/P ratio 254 years, compared with 250 for North America.

Distribution of proved coal reserves in 1993, 2003 and 2013

Percentage

Source: World Energy Resources 2013 Survey, World Energy Council.

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014

BP 2014

Coal production/consumption by region

Million tonnes oil equivalent
Production by region

Consumption by region

World coal production increased by 0.8% in 2013, well below the 3% increase in global consumption. Indonesia (+9.4%) recorded the
largest production increment the first time since 1998 that China did not have the largest growth increment. Global consumption
growth was below average but was once again the fastest among fossil fuels. China and India accounted for 88% of global growth.

Coal consumption per capita 2013

Tonnes oil equivalent

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014

BP 2014

Nuclear energy

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014

BP 2014

Nuclear energy consumption by region

Million tonnes oil equivalent

World nuclear power generation increased by 0.9%, the first increase since 2010. Gains in the US, China, and Canada more than offset
declines in South Korea, Ukraine, Spain and Russia. Global hydroelectric output grew by a below-average 2.9%. Growth in China,
Russia, Spain and India was partly offset by large declines in Brazil and the Nordic countries

Hydroelectricity

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014

BP 2014

Hydroelectricity consumption by region

Million tonnes oil equivalent

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014

BP 2014

Renewable energy

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014

BP 2014

Renewable energy consumption/share of power by region

Other renewables consumption by region
Million tonnes oil equivalent

Other renewables share of power generation by region

Percentage

Renewable energy in power generation grew by an above-average 16.3% in 2013. Europe & Eurasia once again contributed the
largest growth increment, even though growth in Europes leading players Germany, Spain, and Italy was below average. China
contributed the largest national increment. Renewable energy accounted for more than 5% of global electricity production for the first
time, and 15% of EU power generation.

Biofuels production by region

Million tonnes oil equivalent
World biofuels production

World biofuels production increased by 6.1% in 2013. Increased biofuels output in North America, South and Central America and
Asia Pacific outweighed declines in Europe and Eurasia. Global ethanol production increased 6.1%, the first increase in two years.
Biodiesel production increased 6.2%, despite declines in South and Central America and Europe and Eurasia.

Primary energy

The Octavio Frias de Oliveira Bridge in Brazil 24% of the worlds biofuels were produced in the country in 2013, making it the second
largest producer.

Primary energy world consumption

Million tonnes oil equivalent

World primary energy consumption grew by a below-average 2.3% in 2013, a third consecutive below-average increase. Growth was
below average in all regions except North America. All fuels except oil, nuclear and renewables grew at below-average rates. Oil
remains the worlds dominant fuel, but has lost market share for 14 years in a row. Hydroelectric and other renewables in power
generation both reached record shares of global primary energy consumption (6.7% and 2.2%, respectively).

Primary energy regional consumption pattern 2013

Percentage

The Asia Pacific region once again accounted for the largest increment to global primary energy consumption and continues to account
for the largest share (40.5% of the global total). The region accounted for over 70% of global coal consumption for the first time in
2013, and coal remains the regions dominant fuel. Oil is the dominant fuel in all other regions except Europe & Eurasia and the Middle
East where gas is dominant. In the Middle East, gas surpassed oil as the dominant fuel in 2013.

Primary energy consumption per capita 2013

Tonnes oil equivalent

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014

BP 2014

Fossil fuel reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios at end 2013

Years

Coal remains by far the most abundant fossil fuel by R/P ratio. Non-OECD countries hold the majority of proved reserves for all
fossil fuels, and the highest R/P ratios for oil and natural gas. By region, the Middle East holds the largest reserves for oil and natural
gas, and the highest R/P ratio for natural gas; South and Central America hold the highest R/P ratio for oil. Europe & Eurasia holds the
largest coal reserves, and the highest R/P ratio.

Assignment#01

Submit the same statistical report (Tabular & Graphical

form) of Pakistan, covering resources, production,
consumption etc. with complete references:
Oil
NG
Coal
Nuclear

Except Renewables

Energy and Power Units and their Conversion Factors

Deadline: 24-02-2015

THANKS

Energy Scales