Brainwave Synchronization

Brainwaves

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a study of changing electrical

potential of the brain. The apparatus used to measure this electric
potential of the brain is called electroencephalograph, and the
tracing or the printout of the measured brainwave forms is
electroencephalogram.
Frequency is the number of complete repetitive waves that occur in
a given unit of time. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz) or cycles
per second (cps). According to their frequency brainwaves are
divided into 4 main groups, also referred to as "brain states"
EEG Brainwave
Sample

Brainwave
Frequency

BETA
14 - 40
cps

ALPHA
8 - 13 cps

State of Consciousness

Fully Awake and Alert

Generally associated with
left-brain thinking activity conscious mind

Relaxed, Daydreaming
Generally associated with
right-brain thinking activity
- subconscious mind - a key
state for "relaxation"

THETA
4 - 7 cps

Deeply Relaxed, Dreaming

Generally associated with
right-brain thinking activity
- deeper subconscious to
superconscious Access to
insights, bursts of creative
ideas - a key state for
"reality creation" through
vivid imagery

DELTA
0.5 3.5cps

Dreamless Generally
associated with no thinking
- unconscious /
superconscious Access to
non-physical states of
existence - a key state for
"regeneration" and
"rejuvenation"

Some research has been done associated with the activities and
benefits of other brainwave frequencies, such as Super Beta,
Gamma, etc.
The lower your brainwave cps, the more is your awareness turned
toward your subjective experience, toward your inner world and the
more effectively are you able to use the power of your mind to
create changes in your body. With each lower state you become
more fully aligned with the source of power within you, with your
unconscious, or if you prefer, with that part of you that is greater
than you (your body).
Generally in Beta state, your attention is focused outward. In alpha
it begins to turn inward, and in theta and delta it goes further and
further inward. The deeper you go, the more effectively are you able
to enter your subconscious.
You can imagine that at the borderline between Beta and Alpha
States is a doorway to your subconscious mind, and the doorway
consists of what is hypnosis referred to as your "critical faculty".
And you can imagine that at the borderline between Alpha and
Theta states is a doorway to your superconscious mind, where you

begin to gain access to your "supernatural abilities", which for most

people manifest as bursts of insight. The more time you spend in
this state, even if you're not intentionally attempting to create a
change, the more of these "abilities" begin to become part of you you may simply notice that the time-lag between what you think
and it's manifestation in your outer world becomes shorter and
shorter.
And you can imagine that at the borderline that at the borderline
between Theta and Delta, you're beginning to say "good-bye" to
your physical experience of the world, as you're getting altogether
into experiencing yourself as non-physical being. Here your body is
only a thought in your mind. If you are able to maintain your
consciousness at this level, you can effect instant changes in the
outer world. In this state, you can transcend the "laws of the
physical world" because you're not bound by them any more.
Whenever you think, you expand energy. In deep, dreamless Delta
state, where your mind is fully resting, your body has the best
opportunity to regenerate.
With meditative practice and self-hypnosis, you develop ability to
remain conscious while getting progressively into deeper and deeper
states. For example, a person without any mind training will tend to
fall asleep when getting into theta state, while a person who has
undergone some form of meditative mind-training will be able to be
very deeply relaxed, yet conscious. The more you are able to remain
conscious while in deeper states of mind, the less sleep will your
require.

Brainwave Entrainment and Synchronization

Synchronized Brainwave
Patterns Enhanced Ability

Incoherent Brainwave
Patterns Limited Ability

MA
X

MIN

Brainwave synchronization technology provides a shortcut to

experiencing deeper states of mind giving you an opportunity to
access higher states of consciousness and extraordinary abilities in
very short time through brainwave entrainment. This way you can
experience almost immediately the effects that took someone years
of meditation to achieve. And the process is effortless. All you need
to do is use the headphones.
Here's how the principle of entrainment works. Entrainment is the
process of synchronization, where vibrations of one object will cause
the vibrations of another object to oscillate at the same rate.
External rhythms have a direct effect on the psychology and
physiology of the individual.
You can observe these principles anywhere in nature as ultimately
everything is made out of energy that resonates at a specific
frequency. If you put several pendulum clocks on the wall and set
them to swing at different rates, in time they will get synchronized,
all of them swinging in unison. It has been noted tad women
sleeping in the same dormitory whose periods would occur at
different times of the month, would in time tend to synchronize their
periods. People who live together for many years, may even tend to
look alike, as their energies are becoming synchronized. Another
side effect would be increased telepathic ability between them they'd just find that they would think the same thought at the same
time, and perhaps surprise themselves by saying out loud the same

word at the same time. In NLP, the entrainment with another person
is often intentionally done through matching a breathing pattern.
The application of the principle of brainwave entrainment to alter
states of mind is not new. Drumming and chanting have been used
in different cultures to create rhythmic patterns which would
stimulate altered states of consciousness .
With technology this process has gone digital through the use of
binaural beats. This is accomplished by sending two different sounds
(tones) to each ear through stereo headphones. The two
hemispheres of the brain then work in unison to "hear" the third
signal, which is not played, but rather produced as a result of
difference in frequency between two beats that are heard. Sending
specific frequencies to each ear entrains the brain to enter
effortlessly a specific state of mind.
If the left ear is presented with a steady tone of 400Hz and the right
ear a steady tone of 407Hz, these two tones combine in the brain.
The difference, 7Hz, is perceived by the brain and is a very effective
stimulus for brainwave entrainment. This 7Hz is formed entirely by
the brain. When using stereo headphones, the left and right sounds
do not mix together until in your brain. The frequency difference,
when perceived by brain this way, is called a binaural beat. All Deep
Trance Now Recordings are now enhanced with brainwave
synchronization to help you entered the appropriate states of mind
that would enable you to create desired changes effortlessly.

Excerpt from the Research on the Influence of Brain

Wave Synchronization On Pain Relief
Originally Published: J Neurol Orthop Med Surg (1996) 17:32-34,
The Journal of Neurological and Orthopaedic Medicine and Surgery,
Vol. 17, No. 1, 1996 Authors: Richard H. Cox, Ph.D., MD, C. Norman
Shealy, MD, Ph.D., Roger K. Cady, MD, Saul Liss, Ph.D. This research
was supported in part by a grant from the Life Science Foundation.
Although it has been known since shortly after the development of
the EEG that brain wave activity "follows" repetitive light and sound
frequencies', and experiments using brain wave synchronization
(BOOS) as a tool to assist in relaxation and induction of the focused

state of hypnosis were done as early as 1948, the first brain wave
synchronizer (BOOS) was introduced commercially in 1958 by
Sidney A. Schneider. Schneider and coworkers specifically noted that
over 90% of approximately 2,500 subjects treated by 1959 had had
induced light to deep hypnotic trance with the use of the BOOS. His
instrument consisted of a photic stimulator, controlled by the
therapist or client, with variable frequencies ranging from low delta
(0-1 Hz) to beta frequency (above 13 Hz). Schneider noted that
each individual became entrained at a specific frequency which led
to a "a rainbow effect, fingers tingling, eyelids heavy, complete
relaxation," "a whirlpool effect, anesthesia, or dissociation" - "The
point of least resistance" for that individual to enter a trance state,
assisted by audiotapes or a live hypnotic induction.
The editor of HYPNOSIS QUARTERLY reported rapid induction of a
deep trance in a previously unhypnotizable subject using BOOS, to
the depth of cataplexy, analgesia and amnesia3.
The JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION in March,
1959, mentioned the "hypnosis machine" which could be used to
speed up hypnotic induction and to "help make labor and delivery a
more gratifying experience by reducing discomfort and the need for
excessive analgesia and anesthesia."4
In June 1966, Bernard S. Margolis, D.D.S.5, reported the BWS was
"a valuable tool for allaying fears and apprehensions," and noted
that coupled with hypnosis 1. Patients required less anesthesia. 2. Some patients could have
dental procedures without external anesthetics. 3. No physiologic
depression occurred. 4. Healing was more rapid. 5. Gagging could
be controlled. 6. The frequency could be controlled by the patient.
Dr. William A. Phillips reported "the reduction and control of high
blood pressure of inorganic origin," with reduction of 10 to 40 mm.
of Mercury, using only BWS without verbal hypnotic suggestion6.
And Sadove emphasized the use of BWS to assist relaxation7.
Comparisons were made between cranial electrical stimulation (The
Pain SuppressorO), several different models of light frequency
BOOS, the Hemi-Sync tapes, and self-hypnosis audiotapes.

Patients were asked to grade their depth of relaxation and intensity

of pain before and after 30 minutes of synchronization. Blood
pressure and pulse measurements were also done before and after
BOOS.
More recently we have also measured blood neurochemicals (NE,
MEL, BE, ST, and CHE) before and after brain Shealy RelaxMate
indicate: wave synchronization coupled with the self-hypnosis
audiotape in eight individuals.
With Hemi-Sync tapes alone or self-hypnotic tapes alone, depths of
relaxation were similar. Relaxation music and cranial electrical
stimulation were slightly less effective than BWS (50% to 60%
relaxation usually).
When brainwave stimulation was combined with self-hypnotic tapes,
consistent relaxation depths of 70% to 100% were reported. In 72
patients in whom blood pressure, pulse, and pain intensity were
measured, blood pressure and pulse were reduced 4% to 10% in 58
patients, and pain was decreased 30% to 100% in 60 patients
(average over 50%). Almost invariably the combination of brainwave
synchronization plus self-hypnosis was more effective than either
alone. The blood pressure and pulse effects are compatible with the
relaxation response. The degree of pain relief, however, is greater
than that reported with the relaxation response alone.
In eight individuals, blood neurochemicals have been measured
before and after 30 minutes of alpha rhythm (10 Hz) BOOS.
Melatonin has been reduced 5% to 20% (average 6% decrease) and
beta endorphin has been increased 10% to 50% (average 14%
increase). Interestingly, these same individuals have an average
increase in serotonin of 23% and an increase of norepinephrine by
18%.
Our experience with BWS coupled with guided mental relaxation
exercises (BWS/SH) confirm Schneider's reports that at least 90%
of individuals achieve deepened levels of focused relaxation with
those techniques. Our results are also compatible with those of
Benson and others who indicated that the relaxation response is a
major stress reducer and assists the process of homeostasis'.

The increase in beta endorphins after BWS/SH is associated with a

sense of well-being and decreased pain. Even though blood pressure
and pulse usually decrease with BWS/SH, the increases in
norepinephrine and serotonin and the decrease in melatonin suggest
an increased level of alertness. This may well be consistent with
Schultz's description of poised alertness reported with autogenic
training". Decreases in melatonin, as found, are to be expected with
exposure to light and suggest that BSW may be useful for seasonal
affective disorders.
It is interesting to speculate that various BWS rates might affect
neurochemicals differently. Since most individuals choose the lowest
theta rates, those rates might increase beta endorphins more
without the increases in norepinephrine and/or serotonin. Further
study needs to be done to elucidate potential differences. It has
been noted that BWS for greater than 40 minutes often leaves
individuals feeling groggy instead of alert immediately after a
session. Thus, we recommend 15 minute sessions most of the time.
Benson reported that two daily 20 minute deep relaxation sessions
led to decreased insulin requirements and catecholamine production
for up to 24 hours.
Finally, we have noted that BWS even without self-hypnosis leads to
enhanced sleep induction, especially at the self- selected low theta
rate. And return to sleep is more rapid with BWS if one awakens
during the night and uses BWS to return to sleep.

Binaural Beats
Binaural beats are auditory brainstem responses which originate in
the superior olivary nucleus of each hemisphere. They result from
the interaction of two different auditory impulses, originating in
opposite ears, below 1000 Hz and which differ in frequency between
one and 30 Hz (Oster, 1973). For example, if a pure tone of 400 Hz
is presented to the right ear and a pure tone of 410 Hz is presented
simultaneously to the left ear, an amplitude modulated standing
wave of 10 Hz, the difference between the two tones, is experienced
as the two wave forms mesh in and out of phase within the superior
olivary nuclei. This binaural beat is not heard in the ordinary sense
of the word (the human range of hearing is from 20-20,000 Hz). It
is perceived as an auditory beat and theoretically can be used to

entrain specific neural rhythms through the frequency-following

response (FFR)--the tendency for cortical potentials to entrain to or
resonate at the frequency of an external stimulus. Thus, it is
theoretically possible to utilize a specific binaural-beat frequency as
a consciousness management technique to entrain a specific cortical
rhythm.
Uses of audio with embedded binaural beats that are mixed with
music or various pink or background sound are diverse. They range
from relaxation, meditation, stress reduction, pain management,
improved sleep quality, decrease in sleep requirements, super
learning, enhanced creativity and intuition, remote viewing,
telepathy, and out-of-body experience and lucid dreaming. Audio
embedded with binaural beats is often combined with various
meditation techniques, as well as positive affirmations and
visualization.
When signals of two different frequencies are presented, one to each
ear, the brain detects phase differences between these signals.
"Under natural circumstances a detected phase difference would
provide directional information. The brain processes this anomalous
information differently when these phase differences are heard with
stereo headphones or speakers. A perceptual integration of the two
signals takes place, producing the sensation of a third "beat"
frequency. The difference between the signals waxes and wanes as
the two different input frequencies mesh in and out of phase. As a
result of these constantly increasing and decreasing differences, an
amplitude-modulated standing wave -the binaural beat- is heard.
The binaural beat is perceived as a fluctuating rhythm at the
frequency of the difference between the two auditory inputs.
Evidence suggests that the binaural beats are generated in the
brainstems superior olivary nucleus, the first site of contralateral
integration in the auditory system (Oster, 1973). Studies also
suggest that the frequency-following response originates from the
inferior colliculus (Smith, Marsh, & Brown, 1975)" (Owens &
Atwater, 1995). This activity is conducted to the cortex where it can
be recorded by scalp electrodes.
Binaural beats can easily be heard at the low frequencies (< 30 Hz)
that are characteristic of the EEG spectrum (Oster, 1973). This
perceptual phenomenon of binaural beating and the objective

measurement of the frequency-following response (Hink, Kodera,

Yamada, Kaga, & Suzuki, 1980) suggest conditions which facilitate
entrainment of brain waves and altered states of consciousness.
There have been numerous anecdotal reports and a growing number
of research efforts reporting changes in consciousness associated
with binaural-beats. "The subjective effect of listening to binaural
beats may be relaxing or stimulating, depending on the frequency of
the binaural-beat stimulation" (Owens & Atwater, 1995).
Binaural beats in the delta (1 to 4 Hz) and theta (4 to 8 Hz) ranges
have been associated with reports of relaxed, meditative, and
creative states (Hiew, 1995), and used as an aid to falling asleep.
Binaural beats in the alpha frequencies (8 to 12 Hz) have increased
alpha brain waves (Foster, 1990) and binaural beats in the beta
frequencies (typically 16 to 24 Hz) have been associated with
reports of increased concentration or alertness (Monroe, 1985) and
improved memory (Kennerly, 1994).
Passively listening to binaural beats may not spontaneously propel
you into an altered state of consciousness. Ones subjective
experience in response to binaural-beat stimulation may also be
influenced by a number of mediating factors. For example, the
willingness and ability of the listener to relax and focus attention
may contribute to binaural-beat effectiveness in inducing state
changes. "Ultradian rhythms in the nervous system are
characterized by periodic changes in arousal and states of
consciousness (Rossi, 1986; Shannahoff-Khalsa, 1991; Webb &
Dube, 1981). These naturally occurring shifts may underlie the
anecdotal reports of fluctuations in the effectiveness of binaural
beats. External factors are also thought to play roles in mediating
the effects of binaural beats" (Owens & Atwater, 1995). The
perception of a binaural beat is, for example, said to be heightened
by the addition of white noise to the carrier signal (Oster, 1973), so
white noise is often used as background. "Music, relaxation
exercises, guided imagery, and verbal suggestion have all been used
to enhance the state-changing effects of the binaural beat" (Owens
& Atwater, 1995). Other practices such as humming, toning,
breathing exercises, autogenic training, and/or biofeedback can also
be used to interrupt the homeostasis of resistant subjects (Tart,
1975).

Brain Waves and Consciousness

Controversies concerning the brain, mind, and consciousness have
existed since the early Greek philosophers argued about the nature
of the mind-body relationship, and none of these disputes has been
resolved.
Modern neurologists have located the mind in the brain and have
said that consciousness is the result of electrochemical neurological
activity. There are, however, growing observations to the contrary.
There is no neurophysiological research which conclusively shows
that the higher levels of mind (intuition, insight, creativity,
imagination, understanding, thought, reasoning, intent, decision,
knowing, will, spirit, or soul) are located in brain tissue (Hunt,
1995).
A resolution to the controversies surrounding the higher mind and
consciousness and the mind-body problem in general may need to
involve an epistemological shift to include extra-rational ways of
knowing (de Quincey, 1994) and cannot be comprehended by
neurochemical brain studies alone. We are in the midst of a
revolution focusing on the study of consciousness (Owens, 1995).
Penfield, an eminent contemporary neurophysiologist, found that the
human mind continued to work in spite of the brains reduced
activity under anesthesia. Brain waves were nearly absent while the
mind was just as active as in the waking state. The only difference
was in the content of the conscious experience. Following Penfields
work, other researchers have reported awareness in comatose
patients (Hunt, 1995) and there is a growing body of evidence which
suggests that reduced cortical arousal while maintaining conscious
awareness is possible (Fischer, 1971;West 1980; Delmonte, 1984;
Goleman 1988; Jevning, Wallace, & Beidenbach, 1992; Wallace,
1986; Mavromatis, 1991). These states are variously referred to as
meditative, trance, altered, hypnogogic, hypnotic, and twilightlearning states (Budzynski, 1986). Broadly defined, the various
forms of altered states rest on the maintenance of conscious
awareness in a physiologically reduced state of arousal marked by
parasympathetic dominance (Mavromatis, 1991). Recent
physiological studies of highly hypnotizable subjects and adept
meditators indicate that maintaining awareness with reduced cortical
arousal is indeed possible in selected individuals as a natural ability

or as an acquired skill (Sabourin, Cutcomb, Crawford, & Pribram,

1993). More and more scientists are expressing doubts about the
neurologists brain-mind model because it fails to answer so many
questions about our ordinary experiences, as well as evading our
mystical and spiritual ones. The scientific evidence supporting the
phenomenon of remote viewing alone is sufficient to show that
mind-consciousness is not a local phenomenon (McMoneagle, 1993).
If mind-consciousness is not the brain, why then does science relate
states of consciousness and mental functioning to brain-wave
frequencies? And how is it that audio with embedded binaural beats
alters brain waves? The first question can be answered in terms of
instrumentation. There is no objective way to measure mind or
consciousness with an instrument. Mind-consciousness appears to
be a field phenomenon which interfaces with the body and the
neurological structures of the brain (Hunt, 1995). One cannot
measure this field directly with current instrumentation. On the
other hand, the electrical potentials of brain waves can be measured
and easily quantified. Contemporary science likes things that can be
measured and quantified. The problem here lies in oversimplification
of the observations. EEG patterns measured on the cortex are the
result of electroneurological activity of the brain. But the brains
electroneurological activity is not mind-consciousness. EEG
measurements then are only an indirect means of assessing the
mind-consciousness interface with the neurological structures of the
brain. As crude as this may seem, the EEG has been a reliable way
for researchers to estimate states of consciousness based on the
relative proportions of EEG frequencies. Stated another way, certain
EEG patterns have been historically associated with specific states of
consciousness. It is reasonable to assume, given the current EEG
literature, that if a specific EEG pattern emerges it is probably
accompanied by a particular state of consciousness.
As to the second question raised in the above paragraph, audio with
embedded binaural beats alters the electrochemical environment of
the brain. This allows mind-consciousness to have different
experiences. When the brain is entrained to lower frequencies and
awareness is maintained, a unique state of consciousness emerges.
This state is often referred to as hypnogogia "mind awake/body
asleep." Slightly higher-frequency entrainment can lead to hyper
suggestive states of consciousness. Still higher-frequency EEG

states are associated with alert and focused mental activity needed
for the optimal performance of many tasks. Perceived reality
changes depending on the state of consciousness of the perceiver
(Tart, 1975). Some states of consciousness provide limited views of
reality, while others provide an expanded awareness of reality. For
the most part, states of consciousness change in response to the
ever-changing internal environment and surrounding stimulation.
For example, states of consciousness are subject to influences like
drugs and circadian and ultradian rhythms (Rossi, 1986;
Shannahoff-Khalsa, 1991; Webb & Dube, 1981). Specific states of
consciousness can also be learned as adaptive behaviors to
demanding circumstances (Green and Green, 1986).

Synchronized brain waves

Synchronized brain waves have long been associated with
meditative and hypnogogic states, and audio with embedded
binaural beats has the ability to induce and improve such states of
consciousness. The reason for this is physiological. Each ear is
"hardwired" (so to speak) to both hemispheres of the brain
(Rosenzweig, 1961). Each hemisphere has its own olivary nucleus
(sound-processing center) which receives signals from each ear. In
keeping with this physiological structure, when a binaural beat is
perceived there are actually two standing waves of equal amplitude
and frequency present, one in each hemisphere. So, there are two
separate standing waves entraining portions of each hemisphere to
the same frequency. The binaural beats appear to contribute to the
hemispheric synchronization evidenced in meditative and
hypnogogic states of consciousness. Brain function is also enhanced
through the increase of cross-collosal communication between the
left and right hemispheres of the brain.

Rhythmic Sound and the Brain

Studies have shown that vibrations from rhythmic sounds have a
profound effect on brain activity. In shamanic traditions, drums were
used in periodic rhythm to transport the shaman into other realms
of reality. The vibrations from this constant rhythm affected the
brain in a very specific manner, allowing the shaman to achieve an
altered state of mind and journey out of his or her body .

Brain pattern studies conducted by researcher Melinda Maxfield into

the (SSC) Shamanic State of Consciousness found that the steady
rhythmic beat of the drum struck four and one half times per second
was the key to transporting a shaman into the deepest part of his
shamanic state of consciousness. It is no coincidence that 4.5 beats,
or cycles per second corresponds to the trance like state of theta
brain wave activity. In direct correlation, we see similar effects
brought on by the constant and rhythmic drone of Tibetan Buddhist
chants, which transport the monks and even other listeners into
realms of blissful meditation.

Interesting Tidbits - A Look at the Brain of

Somnambulist

Somnambulist is a person
who is sleep-walking.
Scientists have studied this
interesting phenomenon for
generations. Recent studies
have shown a burst of delta
waves (shown in yellow in the
graphic to the right) in the
brain of someone who is
sleep-walking. They theorize
that the somnambulist triggers
a portion of the brain that
deals with emotion, and then
the body, which is normally at
rest, becomes involved. A
somnambulist is asleep the
entire time he or she is
moving about.

Books on Brainwave Synchronization

Megabrain
by Michael Mutchison

Scientists have learned more about the brain in the last decade than
in all of previous history, and the implications of the latest research
are clear: The human brain is far more powerful, and has the
potential for immensely greater growth and transformation, than
was ever before imagined. These discoveries may constitute the
most significant development in learning since the invention of
writing.
Awakening The Mind: A Guide to Mastering the Power of Your Brain
Waves
by Anna Wise

Each moment of our lives, from birth to death, our brains are
engaged in an endless symphony of patterns. In Awakening the
Mind, Anna Wise reveals how a careful understanding of the four
types of brain waves, and the practice of carefully designed
meditation exercises that lead to a mastery of each type, can vastly
improve everyday focus, memory, concentration, and overall mental
awareness.
The High-Performance Mind: Mastering Brainwaves for Insight,
Healing, and Creativity
by Anna Wise

Wise discusses and illustrates the four types of brain waves--beta,

alpha, theta, and delta--with emphasis on what they do, how they
work together, and whether we can use their power. Harnessing
human brain waves for heightened creativity, inspiration, and selfhealing is the major goal. Several pages of meditation exercises are
included with tips on how to relax, all designed to trigger specific
brain-wave patterns and achieve a high-performance mind.

Other Research on Brainwave Synchronization

Adams, H. B. (1965). A case utilizing sensory deprivation
procedures. In L. P. Ullman & L. Krasner (Eds.), Case Studies in
Behavior Modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Adrian, E. D. & Yamagiwa, K. (1935). "The origin of the Berger
Rhythm." Brain, 58, 323-351.

Atwater, F. H. (1988). "The Monroe Institute's Hemisync process: A

Theoretical Perspective." Faber, Va: Monroe Institute.
Bandler, R. (1985). "Using Your Brain--For a Change." Moab, UT:
Real People Press.
Barber, T. X. (1957). "Experiments in hypnosis." Scientific American,
196, 54-61.
Bremer, F. (1958a). "Physiology of the corpus collosum" Proceedings
of the Association of Research on Nervous Disorders, 36, 424-448.
Bremer, F. (1958b). "Cerebral and cerebellar potentials."
Physiological Review, 38, 357-388.
Brackopp, G. W. (1984). Review of research on Multi-Modal sensory
stimulation with clinical implications and research proposals.
Unpublished manuscript--see Hutchison (1986).
Budzynski, T. (1973). "Some applications of biofeedback-produced
twilight states." In D. Shapiro, et al (Eds.), Biofeedback and SelfControl: 1972. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.
Budzynski, T. H. (1976). "Biofeedback and the twilight states of
consciousness." In G. E. Schwartz and D. Shapiro (Eds.),
Consciousness and Self-Regulation, Vol. 1, New York: Plenum Press.
Budzynski, T. H. (1977). "Tuning in on the twilight zone." Psychology
Today, August.
Budzynski, T. H. (1979). "Brain lateralization and biofeedback." In B.
Shapin & T. Coly (Eds.), Brain/Mind and Parapsychology. New York:
Parapsychology Foundation.
Budzynski, T. H. (1981). "Brain lateralization and rescripting."
Somatics, 3, 1-10.
Budzynski, T. H. (1986). "Clinical applications of non-drug-induced
states." In B. Wolman & M. Ullman (Eds.), Handbook of States of
Consciousness. New York: Van Nostrand-Reinhold.

Budzynski, T. H. (1990) "Hemispheric asymmetry and REST." In

Suefeld, P. Turner, J. W., Jr. & Fine, T. H. (Eds.), Restricted
Environmental Stimulation, New York: Springer-Verlag.
Cade, C. M. & Coxhead, N. (1979) "The Awakened Mind:
Biofeedback and the Development of Higher States of
Consciousness." New York: Delacorte Press.
Cheek, D. (1976). "Short-term hypnotherapy for fragility using
exploration of early life attitudes." The American Journal of Clinical
Hypnosis, 18, 75-82.
Davidson, R. J., Ekman, P., Saron, C. D., Senulis, J. A., & Friesen, W.
V. (1990). "Approach-withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry:
Emotional expression and brain physiology." Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 58, 330-341.
Deikman, A. (1969). "De-automatization and the mystic
experience." In C. T. Tart (Ed.), Altered States of Consciousness.
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Deikman, A. (1971). "Bimodal consciousness." Archives of General
Psychiatry, 25, 481-489.
Donker, D. N. J., Nijo, L., Storm Van Leeuwen, W. & Wienke, G.
(1978). "Interhemispheric relationships of responses to sine wave
modulated light in normal subjects and patients."
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 44, 479-489.
Evans, F. J., Gustafson, L. A., O'Connell, D. N., Orne, M. T. & Shor, R.
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