Master

of Computer Science & IT

(MCIT)
Fall Semester 2013
Elec1ve Course (CT-531)
Wireless & Mobile Communica:on

Lecture 1
Dr. Muhammad Mubashir Khan
mmkhan@neduet.edu.pk
August 2013
Department of Computer Science & IT, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi

Course Informa1on
Number of Credit Hours What well cover in this
3 hours per week
Total 45 Lectures

Marks
Assignments: 10
AUendance: 10
Class tests: 10
Report: 10
Final exam: 60

course?

Background of wireless & mobile

communica1ons
Cellular Networks
WiMax technology
Fundamentals of Wi-Fi (802.11 *)
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
(MANET)
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
Radio Frequency Iden1ca1on
(RFID)

History of wireless
1879: David E. Hughes transmiUed radio signals over a
few hundred yards.
1880: The world's rst wireless telephone conversa1on
occurred, when Alexander Graham Bell and Charles
Sumner Tainter invented and patented the
photophone, a telephone that conducted audio
conversa1ons wirelessly over modulated light beams.
1893: Tesla credited with rst radio communica1on
1896: Wireless telegraph invented by Guglielmo
Marconi
1901: First telegraphic signal traveled across the
Atlan1c ocean
Used analog signals to transmit alphanumeric characters

History of wireless
1946: The rst mobile telephone call
made from a car occurred in St. Louis,
Missouri USA using the Bell System's
Mobile Telephone Service.
1973: Mar1n Cooper a Motorola
researcher made the rst call on a
handheld mobile phone (somewhat
heavy portable handset DynaTAC)

weighing around 40 kg

1979: The world's rst commercial

automated cellular network was
launched in Japan by NTT, ini1ally in
the metropolitan area of Tokyo.
weighing around 2.2 pounds (1 kg)
Cost: 3995 $

Wireless Technologies
The higher the frequency
of a signal the more it is
possible to focus into a
direc1onal beam

Bluetooth

So Many Wireless Technologies

Variety of applica1on requirements
Energy consump1on
Range
Bandwidth
Signal penetra1on
Frequency use
Mobility
Cost
Market size

Wireless Networks
Any type of computer network that is not
connected by cables of any kind. (No physical
contact)
Wireless PAN (Personal Area Network)
E.g. Bluetooth, WiFi, ZigBee

Wireless LAN (Local Area Network)

E.g. WiFi,

Wireless MAN (Metropolitan Area Networks)

E.g. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)

Wireless WAN (Wide Area Network)

2G / 3G and (even 4G and 5G) standards for mobile networks

Emerging Wireless Technologies

WiFi / 802.11

Adopted in 1997, set of standards for implemen1ng wireless

local area network (WLAN)
2.4, 3.6 and 5 GHz frequency bands
Wireless standard for connec1ng electronic devices on small
and large area
number of devices (Laptops, Smartphones, etc.) connect to a
single access point (hot spot) in a limited range
Applica1ons

Mobile Internet
Home networking
Oce networking
Temporary networks
Coee shop networks
Airports

Goals:

To deliver services in the environment where

wired networks are not enough to provide
services
To achieve high throughput
To achieve highly reliable data delivery
To achieve con1nuous network connec1on

Emerging Wireless Technologies

Bluetooth
a proprietary open wireless
technology standard for exchanging
data over short distances
Uses short-wavelength radio
transmissions in the ISM band from
24002480 MHz)
For xed and mobile devices, crea1ng
personal area networks (PANs).
Applica1ons

File transfer
Mobile headset
Data Synchroniza1on
LAN Access

Emerging Wireless Technologies

RFID (Radio Frequency Iden1ca1on)
Uses radio waves to
transfer data from an
electronic tag, called RFID
tag or label, aUached to
an object, through a
reader for the purpose of
iden1fying and tracking
the object.
More ecient than Bar
Code but liUle bit
expensive.
The probably rst paper related to RFID technology was the landmark paper by Harry
Stockman, "Communica1on by Means of Reected Power" in October 1948.
The rst patent on RFID was issued in 1973 for a passive radio transponder with memory

The Cellular Technology

In December 1947 Donald H. Ring outlined the idea in
Bell labs
Split an area into cells with their own low power towers
Each cell would use its own frequency
Same frequency can only be D
used at a certain distance D
Results in a cluster of size n.
4
E.g. 4
Handover: Automa1c
channel change when moving
from one cell to another
during ongoing conversa1on.

4
1
3

1
2
3
2
4

4
1

1
3
2

3
4

2
4
1

1
2
3
2

Wireless Network Genera1ons

1G, 2G, 2.5G, 3G and future (4G, 5G)
1G (First genera1on)
The rst cellular mobile network in the world
Uses analogue technology
FDMA for modula1on
E.g. AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone Service) the
rst American commercial cellular service (1983)
Data is transacted over circuits (using modems)
called Circuit Switched Data (CSD)

2G and 2.5G Wireless Networks

2G (Second genera1on)

Uses digital technology

Combina1on of FDMA and TDMA
E.g. GSM (Global System for Mobile communica1on)
aiming to beUer u1liza1on of networks for voice
trac
Voice and Data are digi1zed and transacted over
circuits (using modems) called Circuit Switched
technology

2.5G

Voice is digi1zed into circuits while data is packe1zed

with same encoding scheme as 2G
E.g. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

2G & 2.5G Services

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communica1ons)
Uses a combina1on of FDMA and TDMA in a cellular network
(frequency reuse)
50 MHz bandwidth (890-915 MHz & 935-960 MHz)
Divided into 124 channels using FDMA and 8 1me slots using
TDMA
Total of 992 channels
Frequency reuse is done through Cells

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

GSM is only concerned about voice
GPRS is concerned about ecient transport of high-speed
data over the GSM Network
Facilitates advanced mobile e-commerce applica1ons

3G Wireless Networks
3G (Third genera1on)
Both voice and data use packets
Aiming to provide high quality voice, mul1media,
video and data services over the wireless
networks
requires to provide peak data rates of at least 200
kbit/s
Well known 3G branded standards are:
UMTS and CDMA2000

4G Wireless Networks
Requirements for 4G dened by IMT-Advanced
(Interna1onal Mobile Telecommunica1ons Advanced) in 2009
sevng peak speed requirements for 4G
100 Mbit/s for high mobility communica1on (such as from
trains and cars)
1 Gbit/s for low mobility communica1on (such as pedestrians
and sta1onary users)

4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive

and secure all-IP based mobile broadband solu1on
to laptop computer wireless modems,
Smartphones, and other mobile devices.

Mobile Network Technologies

WAP (Wireless Applica1on Protocol)
Designed for accessing Internet from mobile
phones

Client

Encoded Request

WAE
User
Agent

Gateway

Request

J2EE, CGI etc.

Applica1ons

Encoders and
Decoders
Encoded Response

Origin Server

Response (Content)

Content

Mobile Ad hoc Network

A collec)on of wireless mobile hosts forming a
temporary network without the aid of any
centralized administra)on or standard support
services"
Ad-hoc network topology is dynamic(nodes
enter and leave the network con1nuously)
No centralized control or xed infrastructure to
support network congura1on or
recongura1on
Example scenarios for MANETs

Mee1ngs
Emergency or disaster relief situa1ons
Military communica1ons
Sensor networks

Mobile nodes have limited communica1on

range
Reduces baUery drain
Enables spa1al reuse of limited bandwidth
increased network capacity

To connect all nodes in the network,

each node is
a packet source OR
a packet sink OR
a router
Nodes must route packets for other
nodes to keep the network fully
connected
In MANETs, rou:ng is very
important and must be addressed!

Applica1ons of MANET
Wireless Sensor Network
Sensor Node consis1ng of:
1. a radio transceiver with an
internal antenna,
2. a microcontroller
3. an electronic circuit for
interfacing with the sensors
4. an energy source, usually a
baUery

Mul1ple sensors (oxen hundreds or thousands) form a

network to coopera1vely monitor large or complex physical
environments
Acquired informa1on is wirelessly communicated to a base
sta1on (BS), which propagates the informa1on to remote
devices for storage, analysis, and processing

Applica1ons of MANET
Wireless Sensor Network
Applica:ons:

Collec1on of data about temperature,

humidity, rainfall, and soil moisture from
the environment
Air pollu1on monitoring
Landslide detec1on
Military security systems
Temperature, humidity,
vehicular movement,
lightning condi1on, pressure,
soil makeup, noise levels,
mechanical stress levels on aUached
objects, and
the current characteris1cs such as speed,
direc1on, and size of an object.

Challenges in WSN
Although many protocols and algorithms have been
proposed for tradi1onal wireless ad hoc networks, they
are not well suited for the unique features and
applica1on requirements of sensor networks.

Sensor nodes are densely deployed.

Sensor nodes are prone to failures.
The topology of a sensor network changes very frequently.
Sensor nodes mainly use broadcast communica1on paradigm
compared to normal ad hoc networks are based on point-to-
point communica1ons.
Sensor nodes are limited in power, computa1onal capaci1es,
and memory.
Sensor nodes may not have global iden1ca1on (ID) because
of the large amount of overhead and large number of
sensors.

Background Topics

Informa1on Signals
Frequency and Frequency Bands
Channel Capacity
Mul1plexing
Frequency Division Mul1ple Access (FDMA)
Time Division Mul1ple Access (TDMA)
Propaga1on Modes

Ground wave, Sky wave, Line of sight transmission

Spread Spectrum

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
Code Division Mul1ple Access (CDMA)

Other points will be explained as needed

Recommended Books
Wireless Communica:ons and Networks,
(Latest Edi1on), by William Stallings
Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks
(Theory and Prac1ce) by Waltenegus Dargie
and Chris1an Poellabauer

Report and Presenta1on

Get in touch
Course homepage
hUps://sites.google.com/site/
WirelessMobileCommunica1on/

Best way to contact me is to

email: mmkhan@neduet.edu.pk