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Example 1
Solution
Since
c + 100 = 180 (BCD is a straight line)
c = 180 100
100
C
c = 80
Also, b = c , since the triangle is isosceles, so b = 80 .
Finally, since
a + b + c = 180 (angles in a triangle add up to 180 )
then
a = 180 (80 + 80 )
so
a = 20
Example 2
d e
f
Solution
b = 180 a (angles on a straight line are
supplementary, i.e. they add up to 180 )
b = 180 65
b = 115
c = a = 65 (vertically opposite angles)
= a = 65 (alternate angles)
81
12.1
Example 3
60 m
1 cm 10 m.
Estimate the distance AB.
80 m
60 m
Solution
100 m
In the scale drawing, AB = 11.7 cm, which gives an actual distance AB = 117 m
in the car park.
82
Exercises
1.
Determine the size of each of the angles marked with a letter in the
following diagrams, giving reasons for your answers.
(a)
(b)
b
c
c
63
a
b
a
48
2.
Determine the size of each of the angles marked with a letter in the
following diagram:
65 a 35
bc
3.
46
p
Br
112x
C
4.
sE
y z
D
Draw a scale drawing of the running track shown in the sketch below. The
radius of the semicircles is 45 m.
Use a scale of
1 cm 10 m.
90 m
80 m
83
12.1
5.
(a)
12
1
2
10
9
3
4
(b)
At ......... o'clock the size of the angle between the hands is 180 .
(c)
(d)
(e)
How long does it take for the minute hand to move 360 ?
(KS3/99/Ma/Tier 3-5/P2)
6.
(a)
E
D
(b)
(c)
(d)
S
(KS3/98/Ma/Tier 3-5/P1)
84
7.
The shape below has 3 identical white tiles and 3 identical grey tiles.
The sides of each tile are all the same length.
Opposite sides of each tile are parallel.
One of the angles is 70 .
k
(a)
(b)
70
m
NOT TO SCALE
8.
a
80
8.1
40 b
NOT TO
SCALE
9.2
c
d
10
(b)
10
50
e
10
NOT TO
SCALE
10
(c)
12.1
9.
3m 3m
Scale: 1 cm to 3 m
Lawn
(KS3/98/Ma/Tier 6-8/P1)
86
10.
3x
C
(KS3/99/Ma/Tier 6-8/P1)
12.2 Constructions
In this section we look at how to construct triangles and various lines. You will
need a ruler, a protractor and a pair of compasses to be able to draw these
constructions. The following examples illustrate some of the techniques that you
will need to use.
Example 1
Construct the perpendicular bisector
of the line AB.
Then label the midpoint of AB, M.
Solution
There are many lines that cut AB
exactly in half. We have to
construct the one that is
perpendicular to AB.
We begin by drawing arcs of equal
radius, centred on the points A and
B, as shown in the diagram.
The radius of these arcs should be
2
3
roughly to of the length AB.
3
4
Perpendicular
bisector
12.2
Example 2
The diagram shows the line
AB and the point C.
Draw a line through C that
is perpendicular to AB.
Solution
Using C as the centre, draw
an arc as shown.
A
Example 3
Bisect this angle.
O
Solution
To bisect an angle you need to draw
a line that cuts the angle in half.
O
88
Example 4
The triangle ABC is such that AB = 8 cm, BAC = 40 and ABC = 60 .
Draw this triangle.
Solution
First draw the line AB of
length 8 cm.
40
A
40
A
60
B
89
12.2
Exercises
1.
2.
3.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
4.
5.
6.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Draw a circle with its centre at the point where the lines intersect and
that passes through each corner of the triangle.
(d)
Repeat this process for any other triangle. Does it still work?
(a)
Draw the triangle which has sides of length 8 cm, 7 cm and 6 cm.
(b)
(c)
Using the point where the lines intersect as its centre, draw the largest
circle that will fit inside the triangle.
(b)
(c)
120
(iv) 90
60
(ii)
240
(iii) 300
(v)
270
(vi)
90
45
7.
8.
(b)
(c)
(d)
Kirsty's
Triangle
R
R
(a)
(b)
Draw the two possible triangles ABC, given the information below.
AB
= 8 cm
BC
= 7 cm
BAC = 50
9.
(b)
5 cm
30
45
120
7 cm
6 cm
91
12.2
10.
Draw a circle and two chords like those shown in the diagram.
Construct the perpendicular bisector for each chord. What do you notice?
Do you think this will always be true?
11.
8.5 cm
NOT TO
SCALE
74
8.5 cm
12.
(KS3/96/Ma/Tier 5-7/P1)
93
12.2
13.
(a)
C
D
(b)
8 cm
94
12.3 Loci
A locus is a set of points all of which share some common property. A locus may
be a point, a line, a curve or a region. The important point is that all the points
that make up the locus have to satisfy the same rule or condition. For example,
you might be asked to draw the locus of points that are a certain distance from a
given point or line.
Example 1
Draw the locus of the points that are 3 cm from the point A.
Solution
The locus will simply be a circle, centre A,
with radius 3 cm. Every point on the
circle will be 3 cm from A.
A
Locus
Example 2
Draw the locus of the points that are equidistant from A and B.
A
Solution
All the points must be the same distance from A as from B. The locus is the
perpendicular bisector of the line AB.
Locus
95
12.3
Example 3
Draw the locus of points that
are 1 cm from this circle.
3 cm
Solution
The locus is made up of 2 parts.
1 part consists of the points
that are 1 cm from the circle
and inside it; the other is
those points that are 1 cm
from the circle and are
outside it.
Exercises
1.
2.
3.
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(c)
On your diagram, shade the locus of points that are less than 2 cm
from the circle.
(a)
(b)
(c)
96
4 cm
1 cm
4.
4 cm
5.
(a)
(b)
6.
6 cm
4 cm
6 cm
7.
8.
Draw the locus of the points that are equidistant from A and B.
(b)
(c)
The points A and B are 9 cm apart. Draw the locus of the points that are
twice as far from A as they are from B.
A
9.
(a)
(b)
4 cm
6 cm
4 cm
C
97
12.3
10.
A ladder has length 4 m. It initially leans against a vertical wall with its
base on horizontal ground.
The ladder slides down until it is lying horizontal on the ground.
Draw the locus of the midpoint of the ladder, using a suitable scale drawing.
11.
(b)
School
Buildings
(KS3/97/Ma/Tier 6-8/P2)
98