Iris Segmentation For Iris Recognititon Using Hough Transformation

IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)
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ISSN 2321-5984
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Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2015
IRIS SEGMENTATION FOR IRIS

RECOGNITITON USING HOUGH
TRANSFORMATION
Ms. Sunanda Singh1, Mrs. Shikha Singh2
1
Research Scholar, E&C Department,

Dr. C.V. Raman University, Bilaspur (C.G)
2
Asst. Professor, E&C Department,

Dr. C.V. Raman University, Bilaspur (CG)
ABSTRACT
The demand for an accurate biometric system that provides reliable identification and verification of an individual has
increased over the years. This reliability is provided by unique patterns of human iris which differs from person to person up to
an extent of identical twins having different iris patterns. Iris recognition system captures an image of an individuals eye; the
iris in the image is then meant for segmentation and normalization for feature extraction process. The performance of iris
recognition systems highly depends on the segmentation process. Segmentation is used for the localization of the correct iris
region in an eye and it should be done accurately and correctly to remove the eyelids, eyelashes, reflection and pupil noises
present in iris region. In our paper we are using Hough Transform segmentation method for Iris Recognition. Iris images are
selected from the CASIA Database, then the iris and pupil boundary are detected from rest of the eye image, removing the
noises.
Keywords:-Segmentation, Localization, Recognition and Hough Transform, Casia Database.
1. INTRODUCTION
Iris recognition is an automated method of biometric identification that uses mathematical pattern
recognition techniques on video images of one or both the irises of an individual's eyes, whose complex random
patterns are unique, stable, and can be seen from some distance.
One area where security can be improved is in authentication. Among these biometric methods, iris is currently
considered as one of the most reliable biometrics because of its unique textures random variation. Moreover, iris is
proved to be well protected from the external environment behind the cornea, relatively easy to acquire and stable all
over the persons life.
This recognition system involves four main modules: iris acquisition, iris segmentation & normalization, feature
extraction & encoding and finally matching. Currently iris recognition systems claim to perform with very high
accuracy. However, these iris images are captured in a controlled environment to ensure high quality.
The performance of an iris system closely depends on the precision of the iris segmentation. The existing methods
assume that pupil is always central to an iris; hence both pupil and iris share a central point. This inaccurate
assumptions results in wrong a segmentation of an iris region. The upper and the lower parts of the outer iris boundary
are generally obstructed by eyelids and eyelashes, this provides problems during segmentation. These eyelids and
eyelashes act as noise which needs to be eliminated to achieve optimum segmentation results. In order to solve these
problems, a system is proposed that uses circular Hough transform to deduce the radius and centre coordinates of the
pupil and iris regions.
Fig1. Human Eye
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2. RELATED WORK AND PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

In the year 1993 J.G Daugman [7] proposed an integro-differential operator for localizing iris regions along with
removing the possible eyelid noises. From the publications, we cannot judge whether pupil and eyelash noises are
considered in his method.
In the year, 1997 Wildes [1] processed iris segmentation through simple filtering and histogram operations. Eyelid
edges were detected when edge detectors were processed with horizontal and then modeled as parabolas. No direction
preference leaded to the pupil boundary. Eyelash and pupil noises were not considered in his method.
In the year, 2002 Tisse et al. [3] proposed a segmentation method based on integro-differential operators with a Hough
Transform. This reduced the computation time and excluded potential centers outside of the eye image. Eyelash and
pupil noises were also not considered in his method.
In the year 2010 Viral Doshi, Abhinav Jain and Sreeram Iyer [5] .This paper presented the complete iris recognition
system consists of an automatic segmentation system. The system presented in this paper is able to perform accurately,
however there are still a number of issues which need to be addressed. First of all, the automatic segmentation was not
perfect, since it could not successfully segment the iris regions for all of the eye images in the two databases. In order to
improve the automatic segmentation algorithm, a more elaborate eyelid and eyelash detection system are implemented.
In the year,2011 sunil Chawla and Ashish Oberoi [20], proposed a segmentation method using Hough transform,they
mainly focused on the segmentation and normalization stage of iris recognisation process.
In the year 2012 PrateekVerma, Maheedhar Dubey, Somak Basu, Praveen Verma [6] ,This paper has presented an iris
recognition system, in which Hough Transform segmentation stage is based on accuracy and higher efficiency rate. An
automatic segmentation algorithm was presented, which would localize the iris region from an eye image and isolate
eyelid, eyelash and reflection areas. Threshold was also employed for isolating eyelashes and reflections of the image.
Finally, features of the iris were encoded by convolving the normalized iris region with 1D Log-Gabor filters and phase
quantizing the output in order to produce a bit-wise biometric template.
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Image acquisition
In this stage, a photo of eye is taken. It deals with capturing of a high quality image of the iris. Concerns on the image
acquisition rigs, Obtain images with sufficient resolution and sharpness. Good contrast in the iris pattern with proper
illumination. Well centered without unduly constraining the operator, distance up to 3 meter, near-infrared camera or
LED Extraction of the IRIS image is more complicated, since IRIS is small in size and dark in Color. The IRIS patterns
are differentiated by several characteristics including ligaments, furrows, ridges, crypts, rings, corona, freckles, and a
Zigzag collarette. Stability is one of the key advantages of IRIS recognition and it is suitable for one - many
identification. We took some efforts to control image quality on eye pictures and as well as appropriate settings such as
lighting and distance to which camera are adjusted.
3.2 Segmentation
Iris localization is a process to isolate the iris region from the rest of the acquired image. Iris can be approximated by
two circles, one for iris/sclera boundary and another for iris/pupil boundary. Including localization of iris inner and
outer boundaries and localization of boundary between iris and eyelids. The iris region shown in Fig.2, approximated
by two circles one for the iris/sclera boundary and another (interior to the first) for the iris/pupil boundary.
Segmentation and boundary detection is implemented in two stages. The first stage is to isolate the actual iris region in
a digital eye image. The eyelids and eyelashes normally occlude the upper and lower parts of the iris region. Also,
specular reflections can occur within the iris region which may corrupt the iris pattern. Hence second stage of
segmentation technique is required to isolate eyelids and exclude these artifacts as well as locate the circular iris region.
An automatic segmentation algorithm based on the Hough Transform is used for creating templates. The Hough
Transform is a standard computer vision algorithm that can be used to determine the parameters of simple geometric
objects, such as lines and circles, present in an image. Circular Hough Transform is used for detecting the iris and pupil
boundaries and linear Hough Transform is used to isolate eyelids as shown in fig 2. Eyelids are isolated by first fitting a
line to the upper and lower eyelid using the linear Hough Transform. A second horizontal line is then drawn, which
intersects with the first line at the iris edge that is closest to the pupil.
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Fig 2. Segmentation Stage

3.3 Normalization
Once the iris region is successfully segmented from a captured image, the next process is to fix the dimensions of these
generated images in order to allow for comparisons. Some of them are due to pupil dilation, rotation of the camera,
head tilt, and rotation of the eye within the eye ball and changing of the imaging distance. The most affected
inconsistency is due to the variation in the light intensities and illumination causes pupil dilation resulting in stretching
of the iris.
In order to remove these inconsistencies, segmented image is normalized. The normalization process will produce iris
regions, which have the same constant dimensions, so that two images of the same iris under different conditions will
have the same characteristic features. Normalization involving transformation from polar to Cartesian coordinates.
3.4 Feature Extraction
In order to provide accurate recognition of individuals, the most discriminating information present in an iris pattern is
extracted. Gabor filters are used for this purpose. It generates the iris code. Only the significant features of the iris are
encoded so that comparisons between templates can be made. A feature vector is formed which consist of the ordered
sequence of features extracted from the various representation of the iris images. Feature encoding is implemented by
convolving the normalized iris pattern with 1D Log-Gabor wavelets. The features are extracted in codes of 0 and 1.
3.5 Classification & Matching
Involving comparing and matching of iris code with the codes already saved in database. For matching, the Hamming
distance was chosen as a metric for recognition because bit wise comparison is necessary. The result of this
computation is then used as the goodness of match, with smaller values indicating better matches. If two patterns are
derived from same iris, the hamming distance between them will be close to 0 due to high correlation.
Fig 3. Block diagram of an iris recognition system.
4. EXPECTED RESULTS
The system which has been used in this project will be a quick and accurate way of identifying an individual with no
room for human error. It would be more secure and simple. In our work as we are also using Hough transformation for
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segmentation so it would be easy to detect many identification marks for identifying a person,and will remove the
eyelids, eyelashes, reflection and pupil noises present in iris region. Iris recognition is widely used in the transportation
industry and can have many applications in other fields where security is necessary. Its use has been successful with
little to no exception, and iris recognition will prove to be a widely used security measure in the future.
5. CONCLUSION
This paper presented the complete iris recognition system consists of an automatic segmentation system based on the
Hough Transform, and is able to localize the circular iris and pupil region, occluding eyelids and eyelashes, and
reflections. Properly detecting the inner and outer boundaries of iris texture is important for all iris recognition systems.
An automatic segmentation algorithm was presented, which would localize the iris region from an eye image and
isolate eyelid, eyelash and reflection areas. The extracted iris region is then normalized into a rectangular block with
constant dimensions to account for imaging inconsistencies. Finally, features of the iris were encoded by convolving the
normalized iris region with 1D Log-Gabor filters and the output in order to produce a bit-wise biometric template. The
Hamming distance was chosen as a matching metric, which gave a measure of how many bits disagreed between two
templates.
REFERENCES
[1] R. P.Wildes, Iris recognition: An emerging biometric technology, Proc. IEEE, vol. 85, no. 9, pp. 13481363,
Sep. 1997.
[2] W. W. Boles and B. Boashash, A human identification technique using images of the iris and wavelet transform,
IEEE Trans. Signal Process.,vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 11851188, Apr. 1998.
[3] C. L. Tisse, L. Martin, L. Torres, and M. Robert, Iris recognition system for person identification, in Proc. 2nd
Int. Workshop Pattern Recog. Inf.Syst., 2002, pp. 186199.
[4] J. G. Daugman, The importance of being random: Statistical principles of iris recognition, Pattern Recognition.,
vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 279291,Feb. 2003.
[5] Viral Doshi, Abhinav Jain and SreeramIyer, Iris Recognition System using Biometric Template Matching
Technology international journal of computer aaplication, vol.1,no. 2, pp.0975-8887,2010
[6] PrateekVerma, Maheedhar Dubey, Somak Basu, Praveen Verma Hough Transform Method for Iris RecognitionA Biometric ApproachInternational Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT),vol.1, no 22773754, june 2012.
[7] J. G. Daugman, High confidence visual recognition of persons by a test of statistical independence, IEEE Trans.
Pattern Anal.Mach. Intell., vol. 15,no. 11, pp. 11481161, Nov. 1993.
[8] J. G. Daugman, Uncertainty relation for resolution in space, spatial frequency, and orientation optimized by twodimensional visual corticalfilters, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A, Opt. Image Sci., vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 11601169, Jul. 1985.
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[10] Y. Zhu, T. Tan, and Y. Wang, Biometric personal identification based on iris patterns, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf.
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[11] C. L. Tisse, L. Torres, and R. Michel, Person identification technique using human iris recognition, in Proc.
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[12] W.-S. Chen and S.-Y. Yuan, A novel personal biometric authentication technique using human iris based on
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Perth, Australia:SchoolComput. Sci. Softw. Eng., Univ. Western Australia, 2003.[Online]. Available:
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Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., vol. 25,no. 12, pp. 15191533, Dec. 2003.
[15] M. Vatsa, R. Singh, and P. Gupta, Comparison of iris recognition algorithms,inProc. Int. Conf. Intell. Sens. Inf.
Process., 2004, pp. 354358.
[16] C. Sanchez-Avila and R. Sanchez-Reillo, Two different approaches for iris recognition using Gabor filters and
multiscale zero-crossing representation,PatternRecognit., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 231240, Feb. 2005.
[17] M. Vatsa, Reducing false rejection rate in iris recognition by qualityenhancement and information fusion, M.S.
thesis, West Virginia Univ.,Morgantown, WV, 2005.
[18] M. Vatsa, R. Singh, and A. Noore, Reducing the false rejection rate of iris recognition using textural and
topological features, Int. J. Signal Process., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 6672, 2005.
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[19] L. Yu, D. Zhang, K. Wang, and W. Yang, Coarse iris classification using box-counting to estimate fractal
dimensions, Pattern Recognit., vol. 38,no. 11, pp. 17911798, Nov. 2005.
[20] sunil Chawla and Ashish Oberoi Robust Algorithm For iris Segmentation and Normalisation using hough
transform Global journal of Business Management and Information Technology,volume 1,no 2,pp 69-76.Nov
2011.
AUTHOR
Sunanda Singh received the B.E degree in Electronics & Telecommunication from Sri Shankaracharya
Institute of Professional Management &Technology, Raipur in July 2012. She has worked on Biometric
Projects during her course. Currently she is pursuing M.Tech in Digital Communication from Dr. C.V.
Raman institute of Science & Technology, Kota, Bilaspur C.G.
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IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEC/IIJEC.htm

A Publisher for Research Motivation........

Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2015