THE TUSCULAN DISPUTATIONS.

INTRODUCTION.
In the year a.u.c. 708, and the sixty-second year of Ciceros age, his daughter, T
ullia, died in childbed; and her loss afflicted Cicero to such a degree that he
abandoned all public business, and, leaving the city, retired to Asterra, which
was a country house that he had near Antium; where, after a while, he devoted hi
mself to philosophical studies, and, besides other works, he published his Treat
ise de Finibus, and also this treatise called the Tusculan Disputations, of whic
h Middleton gives this concise description:
The first book teaches us how to contemn the terrors of death, and to look upon i
t as a blessing rather than an evil;
The second, to support pain and affliction with a manly fortitude;
The third, to appease all our complaints and uneasinesses under the accidents of
life;
The fourth, to moderate all our other passions;
And the fifth explains the sufficiency of virtue to make men happy.
It was his custom in the opportunities of his leisure to take some friends with
him into the country, where, instead of amusing themselves with idle sports or f
easts, their diversions were wholly speculative, tending to improve the mind and
enlarge the understanding. In this manner he now spent five days at his Tuscula
n villa in discussing with his friends the several questions just mentioned. For
, after employing the mornings in declaiming and rhetorical exercises, they used
to retire in the afternoon 8into a gallery, called the Academy, which he had bu
ilt for the purpose of philosophical conferences, where, after the manner of the
Greeks, he held a school, as they called it, and invited the company to call fo
r any subject that they desired to hear explained, which being proposed accordin
gly by some of the audience became immediately the argument of that days debate.
These five conferences, or dialogues, he collected afterward into writing in the
very words and manner in which they really passed; and published them under the
title of his Tusculan Disputations, from the name of the villa in which they we
re held.
BOOK I.
ON THE CONTEMPT OF DEATH.
I. At a time when I had entirely, or to a great degree, released myself from my
labors as an advocate, and from my duties as a senator, I had recourse again, Br
utus, principally by your advice, to those studies which never had been out of m
y mind, although neglected at times, and which after a long interval I resumed;
and now, since the principles and rules of all arts which relate to living well
depend on the study of wisdom, which is called philosophy, I have thought it an
employment worthy of me to illustrate them in the Latin tongue, not because phil
osophy could not be understood in the Greek language, or by the teaching of Gree
k masters; but it has always been my opinion that our countrymen have, in some i
nstances, made wiser discoveries than the Greeks, with reference to those subjec
ts which they have considered worthy of devoting their attention to, and in othe
rs have improved upon their discoveries, so that in one way or other we surpass
them on every point; for, with regard to the manners and habits of private life,
and family and domestic affairs, we certainly manage them with more elegance, a
nd better than they did; and as to our republic, that our ancestors have, beyond
all dispute, formed on better customs and laws. What shall I say of our militar

y affairs; in which our ancestors have been most eminent in valor, and still mor
e so 9in discipline? As to those things which are attained not by study, but nat
ure, neither Greece, nor any nation, is comparable to us; for what people has di
splayed such gravity, such steadiness, such greatness of soul, probity, faithsuch
distinguished virtue of every kind, as to be equal to our ancestors. In learnin
g, indeed, and all kinds of literature, Greece did excel us, and it was easy to
do so where there was no competition; for while among the Greeks the poets were
the most ancient species of learned mensince Homer and Hesiod lived before the fo
undation of Rome, and Archilochus1 was a contemporary of Romuluswe received poetr
y much later. For it was about five hundred and ten years after the building of
Rome before Livius2 published a play in the consulship of C. Claudius, the son o
f Ccus, and M. Tuditanus, a year before the birth of Ennius, who was older than P
lautus and Nvius.
II. It was, therefore, late before poets were either known or received among us;
though we find in Cato de Originibus that the guests used, at their entertainme
nts, to sing the praises of famous men to the sound of the flute; but a speech o
f Catos shows this kind of poetry to have been in no great esteem, as he censures
Marcus Nobilior for carrying poets with him into his province; for that consul,
as we know, carried Ennius with him into tolia. Therefore the less esteem poets
were in, the less were 10those studies pursued; though even then those who did d
isplay the greatest abilities that way were not very inferior to the Greeks. Do
we imagine that if it had been considered commendable in Fabius,3 a man of the h
ighest rank, to paint, we should not have had many Polycleti and Parrhasii? Hono
r nourishes art, and glory is the spur with all to studies; while those studies
are always neglected in every nation which are looked upon disparagingly. The Gr
eeks held skill in vocal and instrumental music as a very important accomplishme
nt, and therefore it is recorded of Epaminondas, who, in my opinion, was the gre
atest man among the Greeks, that he played excellently on the flute; and Themist
ocles, some years before, was deemed ignorant because at an entertainment he dec
lined the lyre when it was offered to him. For this reason musicians flourished
in Greece; music was a general study; and whoever was unacquainted with it was n
ot considered as fully instructed in learning. Geometry was in high esteem with
them, therefore none were more honorable than mathematicians. But we have confin
ed this art to bare measuring and calculating.
III. But, on the contrary, we early entertained an esteem for the orator; though
he was not at first a man of learning, but only quick at speaking: in subsequen
t times he became learned; for it is reported that Galba, Africanus, and Llius we
re men of learning; and that even Cato, who preceded them in point of time, was
a studious man: then succeeded the Lepidi, Carbo, and Gracchi, and so many great
orators after them, down to our own times, that we were very little, if at all,
inferior to the Greeks. Philosophy has been at a low ebb even to this present t
ime, and has had no assistance from our own language, and so now I have undertak
en to raise and illustrate it, in order that, as I have been of service to my co
untrymen, when employed on public affairs, I may, if possible, be so likewise in
my retirement; and in this I must take the more pains, because there are alread
y many books in the 11Latin language which are said to be written inaccurately,
having been composed by excellent men, only not of sufficient learning; for, ind
eed, it is possible that a man may think well, and yet not be able to express hi
s thoughts elegantly; but for any one to publish thoughts which he can neither a
rrange skilfully nor illustrate so as to entertain his reader, is an unpardonabl
e abuse of letters and retirement: they, therefore, read their books to one anot
her, and no one ever takes them up but those who wish to have the same license f
or careless writing allowed to themselves. Wherefore, if oratory has acquired an
y reputation from my industry, I shall take the more pains to open the fountains
of philosophy, from which all my eloquence has taken its rise.
IV. But, as Aristotle,4 a man of the greatest genius, and of the most various kn
owledge, being excited by the glory of the rhetorician Isocrates,5 commenced tea

ching young men to speak, and joined philosophy with eloquence: so it is my desi
gn not to lay aside my former study of oratory, and yet to employ myself at the
same time in this greater and more fruitful art; for I have always thought that
to be able to speak copiously and elegantly on the most important questions was
the most perfect philosophy. And I have so diligently applied myself to this pur
suit, that I have already ventured to have a school like the Greeks. And lately
when you left us, having many of my friends about me, I attempted at my Tusculan
villa what I could do in that way; for as I formerly used to practise declaimin
g, which nobody continued longer than myself, so this is now to be the declamati
on of my old age. I desired any one to propose a question which he wished to hav
e discussed, and then I argued that point either sitting or walking; and so I ha
ve compiled the schol, as the Greeks call them, of five days, in as many books. W
e proceeded in this manner: when he who had proposed the subject for discussion
had said what he thought proper, I 12spoke against him; for this is, you know, t
he old and Socratic method of arguing against anothers opinion; for Socrates thou
ght that thus the truth would more easily be arrived at. But to give you a bette
r notion of our disputations, I will not barely send you an account of them, but
represent them to you as they were carried on; therefore let the introduction b
e thus:
V. A. To me death seems to be an evil.
M. What, to those who are already dead? or to those who must die?
A. To both.
M. It is a misery, then, because an evil?
A. Certainly.
M. Then those who have already died, and those who have still got to die, are bo
th miserable?
A. So it appears to me.
M. Then all are miserable?
A. Every one.
M. And, indeed, if you wish to be consistent, all that are already born, or ever
shall be, are not only miserable, but always will be so; for should you maintai
n those only to be miserable, you would not except any one living, for all must
die; but there should be an end of misery in death. But seeing that the dead are
miserable, we are born to eternal misery, for they must of consequence be miser
able who died a hundred thousand years ago; or rather, all that have ever been b
orn.
A. So, indeed, I think.
M. Tell me, I beseech you, are you afraid of the three-headed Cerberus in the sh
ades below, and the roaring waves of Cocytus, and the passage over Acheron, and
Tantalus expiring with thirst, while the water touches his chin; and Sisyphus,
Who sweats with arduous toil in vain
The steepy summit of the mount to gain?
Perhaps, too, you dread the inexorable judges, Minos and Rhadamanthus; before wh
om neither L. Crassus nor M. Antonius can defend you; and where, since the cause
lies before Grecian judges, you will not even be able to employ Demosthenes; bu
t you must plead for yourself before a 13very great assembly. These things perha
ps you dread, and therefore look on death as an eternal evil.

VI. A. Do you take me to be so imbecile as to give credit to such things?

M. What, do you not believe them?
A. Not in the least.
M. I am sorry to hear that.
A. Why, I beg?
M. Because I could have been very eloquent in speaking against them.
A. And who could not on such a subject? or what trouble is it to refute these mo
nstrous inventions of the poets and painters?6
M. And yet you have books of philosophers full of arguments against these.
A. A great waste of time, truly! for who is so weak as to be concerned about the
m?
M. If, then, there is no one miserable in the infernal regions, there can be no
one there at all.
A. I am altogether of that opinion.
M. Where, then, are those you call miserable? or what place do they inhabit? For
, if they exist at all, they must be somewhere.
A. I, indeed, am of opinion that they are nowhere.
M. Then they have no existence at all.
A. Even so, and yet they are miserable for this very reason, that they have no e
xistence.
M. I had rather now have you afraid of Cerberus than speak thus inaccurately.
A. In what respect?
M. Because you admit him to exist whose existence you deny with the same breath.
Where now is your sagacity? When you say any one is miserable, you say that he
who does not exist, does exist.
A. I am not so absurd as to say that.
14M. What is it that you do say, then?
A. I say, for instance, that Marcus Crassus is miserable in being deprived of su
ch great riches as his by death; that Cn. Pompey is miserable in being taken fro
m such glory and honor; and, in short, that all are miserable who are deprived o
f this light of life.
M. You have returned to the same point, for to be miserable implies an existence
; but you just now denied that the dead had any existence: if, then, they have n
ot, they can be nothing; and if so, they are not even miserable.
A. Perhaps I do not express what I mean, for I look upon this very circumstance,
not to exist after having existed, to be very miserable.

M. What, more so than not to have existed at all? Therefore, those who are not y
et born are miserable because they are not; and we ourselves, if we are to be mi
serable after death, were miserable before we were born: but I do not remember t
hat I was miserable before I was born; and I should be glad to know, if your mem
ory is better, what you recollect of yourself before you were born.
VII. A. You are pleasant: as if I had said that those men are miserable who are
not born, and not that they are so who are dead.
M. You say, then, that they are so?
A. Yes; I say that because they no longer exist after having existed they are mi
serable.
M. You do not perceive that you are asserting contradictions; for what is a grea
ter contradiction, than that that should be not only miserable, but should have
any existence at all, which does not exist? When you go out at the Capene gate a
nd see the tombs of the Calatini, the Scipios, Servilii, and Metelli, do you loo
k on them as miserable?
A. Because you press me with a word, henceforward I will not say they are misera
ble absolutely, but miserable on this account, because they have no existence.
M. You do not say, then, M. Crassus is miserable, but only Miserable M. Crassus.
A. Exactly so.
M. As if it did not follow that whatever you speak of 15in that manner either is
or is not. Are you not acquainted with the first principles of logic? For this
is the first thing they lay down, Whatever is asserted (for that is the best way
that occurs to me, at the moment, of rendering the Greek term ; if I c n think of
ore ccur te e
pression here fter, I ill use it), is sserted s being either t
rue or f lse. When, therefore, you s y, Miser ble M. Cr ssus, you either s y this,
M. Cr ssus is miser ble, so th t some judgment m y be m de hether it is true or
f lse, or you s y nothing t ll.
A. Well, then, I no on th t the de
rom me concession th t they ho do
then? We th t re live, re e not
here gree ble in life, hen e must
other, e must die?

d re not
not e
ist
retched,
night nd

miser ble, since you h ve dr n f

t ll c n not be miser ble. Wh t
seeing e must die? for h t is t
d y reflect th t, t some time or

VIII. M. Do you not, then, perceive ho gre t is the evil from hich you h ve de
livered hum n n ture?
A. By h t me ns?
M. Bec use, if to die ere miser ble to the de d, to live ould be kind of inf
inite nd etern l misery. No, hoever, I see
go l, nd hen I h ve re ched it
, there is nothing more to be fe red; but you seem to me to follo the opinion o
f Epich rmus,7 m n of some discernment, nd sh rp enough for Sicili n.
A. Wh t opinion? for I do not recollect it.
M. I ill tell you if I c n in L tin; for you kno I
L tin sentences in Greek discourse th n Greek in

m no more used to bring in

L tin one.

A. And th t is right enough. But h t is th t opinion of Epich rmus?

M.

I ould not die, but yet

Am not concerned th t I sh ll be de d.
A. I no recollect the Greek; but since you h ve 16obliged me to gr nt th t the
de d re not miser ble, proceed to convince me th t it is not miser ble to be un
der necessity of dying.
M. Th t is e sy enough; but I h ve gre ter things in h nd.
A. Ho comes th t to be so e sy? And h t re those things of more consequence?
M. Thus: bec use, if there is no evil fter de th, then even de th itself c n be
none; for th t hich immedi tely succeeds th t is
st te here you gr nt th t
there is no evil: so th t even to be obliged to die c n be no evil, for th t is
only the being obliged to rrive t pl ce here e llo th t no evil is.
A. I beg you ill be more e
plicit on this point, for these subtle rguments for
ce me sooner to dmissions th n to conviction. But h t re those more import nt
things bout hich you s y th t you re occupied?
M. To te ch you, if I c n, th t de th is not only no evil, but

good.

A. I do not insist on th t, but should be gl d to he r you rgue it, for even th

ough you should not prove your point, yet you ill prove th t de th is no evil.
But I ill not interrupt you; I ould r ther he r
continued discourse.
M. Wh t, if I should sk you

question, ould you not

nser?

A. Th t ould look like pride; but I ould r ther you should not sk but here n
ecessity requires.
IX. M. I ill comply ith your ishes, nd e
pl in s ell s I c n h t you req
uire; but not ith ny ide th t, like the Pythi n Apollo, h t I s y must needs
be cert in nd indisput ble, but s mere m n, ende voring to rrive t prob b
ilities by conjecture, for I h ve no ground to proceed further on th n prob bili
ty. Those men m y c ll their st tements indisput ble ho ssert th t h t they s
y c n be perceived by the senses, nd ho procl im themselves philosophers by p
rofession.
A. Do s you ple se: We re re dy to he r you.
M. The first thing, then, is to inquire h t de th, hich seems to be so ell un
derstood, re lly is; for some im gine de th to be the dep rture of the soul from
the body; 17others think th t there is no such dep rture, but th t soul nd bod
y perish together, nd th t the soul is e
tinguished ith the body. Of those ho
think th t the soul does dep rt from the body, some believe in its immedi te di
ssolution; others f ncy th t it continues to e
ist for time; nd others believ
e th t it l sts forever. There is gre t dispute even h t the soul is, here it
is, nd hence it is derived: ith some, the he rt itself (cor) seems to be the
soul, hence the e
pressions, e
cordes, vecordes, concordes; nd th t prudent N s
ic , ho  s tice consul,  s c lled Corculus, i.e., ise-he rt; nd lius Se
tus
is described s Egregie cord tus homo, c tus liu Se
tusth t gre t ise-he rted m n
, s ge lius. Empedocles im gines the blood, hich is suffused over the he rt, to
be the soul; to others, cert in p rt of the br in seems to be the throne of th
e soul; others neither llo the he rt itself, nor ny portion of the br in, to
be the soul, but think either th t the he rt is the se t nd bode of the soul,
or else th t the br in is so. Some ould h ve the soul, or spirit, to be the ni
m , s our schools gener lly gree; nd indeed the n me signifies s much, for 
e use the e
pressions nim m gere, to live; nim m effl re, to e
pire; nimosi,
men of spirit; bene nim ti, men of right feeling; e
nimi sententi , ccording
to our re l opinion; nd the very ord nimus is derived from nim . Ag in, the

soul seems to Zeno the Stoic to be fire.

X. But h t I h ve s id s to the he rt, the blood, the br in, ir, or fire bein
g the soul, re common opinions: the others re only entert ined by individu ls;
nd, indeed, there ere m ny mong the ncients ho held singul r opinions on t
his subject, of hom the l test  s Aristo
enus, m n ho  s both musici n
nd philosopher. He m int ined
cert in str ining of the body, like h t is c
lled h rmony in music, to be the soul, nd believed th t, from the figure nd n
ture of the hole body, v rious motions re e
cited, s sounds re from n instr
ument. He dhered ste dily to his system, nd yet he s id something, the n ture
of hich, h tever it  s, h d been det iled nd e
pl ined
gre t hile before
by Pl to. Xenocr tes denied th t the soul h d ny figure, or nything like bod
y; but s id it  s number, the poer of hich, s 18Pyth gor s h d f ncied, so
me ges before,  s the gre test in n ture: his m ster, Pl to, im gined threef
old soul, domin nt portion of hichth t is to s y, re sonhe h d lodged in the he
d, s in toer; nd the other to p rtsn mely, nger nd desirehe m de subservi
ent to this one, nd llotted them distinct bodes, pl cing nger in the bre st,
nd desire under the prcordi . But Dic rchus, in th t discourse of some le rned d
isput nts, held t Corinth, hich he det ils to us in three booksin the first boo
k introduces m ny spe kers; nd in the other to he introduces cert in Pherecr
tes, n old m n of Phthi , ho, s he s id,  s descended from Deuc lion; sser
ting, th t there is in f ct no such thing t ll s soul, but th t it is n m
e ithout me ning; nd th t it is idle to use the e
pression nim ls, or nim ted
beings; th t neither men nor be sts h ve minds or souls, but th t ll th t poer
by hich e ct or perceive is equ lly infused into every living cre ture, nd
is insep r ble from the body, for if it ere not, it ould be nothing; nor is th
ere nything h tever re lly e
isting e
cept body, hich is single nd simple
thing, so f shioned s to live nd h ve its sens tions in consequence of the reg
ul tions of n ture. Aristotle,
m n superior to ll others, both in genius nd
industry (I l ys e
cept Pl to), fter h ving embr ced these four knon sorts o
f principles, from hich ll things deduce their origin, im gines th t there is
cert in fifth n ture, from hence comes the soul; for to think, to foresee, to
le rn, to te ch, to invent nything, nd m ny other ttributes of the s me kind
, such s to remember, to love, to h te, to desire, to fe r, to be ple sed or di
sple sedthese, nd others like them, e
ist, he thinks, in none of those first fou
r kinds: on such ccount he dds fifth kind, hich h s no n me, nd so by ne
rt  otu  prptu  moto.
 n me he c lls the soul , s f t wr
XI. If I h v ot forgott ythg utto y, ths r th prp  op
os org th sou. I h v omtt Dmortus, vry gr t m  ,
but o who us th sou from th fortutous oours of sm , ght, 
rou subst s; for, f you bv m of hs shoo, thr s othg whh
row of toms 19 ot fft. Whh of ths opos s tru, som Go must
trm. It s  mport t qusto for us, Whh h s th most pp r  of
truth? Sh  w, th, prfr trmg btw thm, or sh  w rtur to o
ur subjt?
A. I ou wsh both, f possb; but t s ffut to mx thm: thrfor, 
f wthout susso of thm w   gt r of th f rs of  th, t us pro
 to o so; but f ths s ot to b o wthout xp g th qusto bou
t sous, t us h v th t ow,  th othr t othr tm.
M. I t k th t p  to b th bst, whh I prv you r  to; for r
so w mostr t th t, whhvr of th opos whh I h v st t s tru
, t must foow, th, th t  th  ot b  v; or th t t must r thr b
somthg sr b; for f thr th h rt, or th boo, or th br , s th
 sou, th rt y th sou, bg orpor , must prsh wth th rst of t
h boy; f t s r, t w prh ps b ssov; f t s fr, t w b 
xtgush; f t s Arstoxuss h rmoy, t w b put out of tu. Wh t sh 
 I s y of D rhus, who s th t thr s y sou? I  ths opos, t

hr s othg to fft y o ftr  th; for  fg s ost

,  whr thr s o ss to, othg   trfr to fft us.
os of othrs o  brg us hop; f t s y p sur to you to
t sous, ftr thy  v th boy, m y go to h v s to prm t

wth f
Th op
thk th
hom.

A. I h v gr t p sur  th t thought,  t s wh t I most sr;  v

f t shou ot b so, I shou st b vry wg to bv t.
M. Wh t o so h v you, th, for my ssst ? Am I supror to P to  
oqu? Tur ovr  rfuy hs book th t tr ts of th sou; you w h v th
r  th t you   w t.
A. I h v, , o th t,  oft; but, I kow ot how t oms to p ss, I
gr wth t wh I m r g t; but wh I h v   ow th book,  b
g to rft wth mysf o th mmort ty of th sou,  th t grmt v
shs.
M. How oms th t? Do you mt thsth t sous 20thr xst ftr  th, or s
 th t thy so prsh t th momt of  th?
A. I gr to th t. A f thy o xst, I mt th t thy r h ppy; but f th
y prsh, I  ot suppos thm to b uh ppy, b us,  f t, thy h v o 
xst t . You rov m to th t osso but just ow.
M. How, th,   you, or why o you, ssrt th t you thk th t  th s  v
, wh t thr m ks us h ppy,  th  s of th sou otug to xst, o
r, t  vts, ot uh ppy,  th  s of our bomg sttut of  ss
to?
XII. A. Exp , thrfor, f t s ot troubsom to you, frst, f you  ,
th t sous o xst ftr  th; soy, shou you f   th t (  t s
vry ffut thg to st bsh), th t  th s fr from  v; for I m 
ot wthout my f rs th t ths tsf s  v: I o ot m  th mm t p
rv to of ss, but th f t th t w sh  hr ftr suffr prv to.
M. I h v th bst uthorty  support of th opo you sr to h v st b
sh, whh ought,  gr y h s, gr t wght    ss. A, frst, I
h v  tquty o th t s, whh th mor  r t s to ts org  v
 st, th mor  ry, prh ps, o th t out,  t sr th trut
h  ths m ttrs. Ths vry otr, th, w s opt by  thos ts
whom Eus  s  th S b togu C s;  my, th t   th thr w s
ss to,  th t, wh m p rt ths f, thy wr ot so try st
roy s to prsh bsouty. A ths m y pp r from m y othr rumst s
,  sp y from th potf  rts  fur  obsqus, whh m of t
h gr tst gus wou ot h v b so sotous bout,  wou ot h v g
u r from y jury by suh svr  ws, but from frm prsu so th t  t
h w s ot so tr struto s whoy to bosh  stroy vrythg, b
ut r thr k of tr smgr to, s t wr,  h g of f, whh w s, 
 th  s of ustrous m  wom, usu y gu to h v, wh  th
t of othrs t w s st of to th  rth, but  suh m r s st to
xst. From ths,  th stmts of th Rom s,
I h v Romuus wth Gos ow vs,
21 s Eus s th, grg wth th ommo bf; h, too, Hrus s os
r so gr t  proptous Go mog th Grks,  from thm h w s tr
ou mog us,  hs worshp h s xt v to th vry o  tsf. Th
s s how t w s th t B hus w s f, th offsprg of Sm;  from th
s m ustrous f m w rv C stor  Poux s Gos, who r rport ot
oy to h v hp th Rom s to vtory  thr b tts, but to h v b th
 mssgrs of thr suss. Wh t sh  w s y of Io, th  ughtr of C mus?

Is sh ot   Luoth by th Grks,  M tut by us? N y, mor; s ot
th who of h v (ot to w o p rtu rs) most f wth th offspr
g of m?
Shou I ttmpt to s rh to tquty,  prou from th wh t th Gr
k wrtrs h v ssrt, t wou pp r th t v thos who r   thr pr
p  Gos wr t k from mog m up to h v.
XIII. Ex m th spuhrs of thos whh r show  Gr; rot, for
you h v b t t, wh t ssos r t ught  th mystrs; th w you
prv how xtsv ths otr s. But thy who wr ot qu t wth
 tur  phosophy (for t  ot bg to b  vogu t m y y rs  tr) h
 o hghr bf th  wh t  tur  r so ou gv thm; thy wr ot qu
t wth th prps   uss of thgs; thy wr oft u by rt
 vsos,  thos gr y  th ght, to thk th t thos m who h  
p rt from ths f wr st v. A ths m y furthr b brought s  
rrfr g b rgumt for us to bv th t thr r Gosth t thr vr w s 
y  to so b rb rous, or y pop  th wor so s v g, s to b wthout s
om oto of Gos. M y h v wrog otos of th Gos, for th t s th  tur
 or ry osqu of b  ustoms, yt  ow th t thr s rt  
v  tur  rgy. Nor os ths pro from th ovrs to of m, or
th grmt of phosophrs; t s ot  opo st bsh by sttutos
or by  ws; but, o oubt,  vry  s th ost of   tos s to b oo
k o s  w of  tur. Who s thr, th, th t os ot  mt th oss of
hs frs, prp y from 22m gg thm prv of th ovs of 
f? T k w y ths opo,  you rmov wth t  grf; for o o s ff
t mry o out of oss sust  by hmsf. Prh ps w m y b sorry
tt; but th t bttr  mt to  thos mourfu t rs h v
,  grv
thr org  our pprhsos th t h whom w ov s prv of  th
v t gs of f,  s ssb of hs oss. A w r  to ths opo
by  tur, wthout y rgumts or y struto.
XIV. But th gr tst proof of  s, th t  tur hrsf gvs st jugm
t  f vor of th mmort ty of th sou,  smuh s  r xous,  th
t to gr t gr, bout th thgs whh or futurty:
O p ts wh t futur gs sh  joy,
s St tus s th  hs Syphb. Wh t s hs objt  og so, xpt th t h
 s trst  postrty? Sh  th ustrous husb m , th, p t tr
s th frut of whh h sh  vr s? A sh  ot th gr t m  fou  ws,
sttutos, 
rpub? Wh t os th pror to of hr mpy, 
our  r to otu our  ms,  our optos,  our srupuous x tss
 r wg up ws,  th srptos o moumts,  p gyrs, but th t
our thoughts ru o futurty? Thr s o oubt but jugmt m y b form of
 tur  gr , from ookg t  h  tur  ts most prft spms;
 wh t s mor prft spm of m  th  thos r who ook o thmsv
s s bor for th ssst , th protto,  th prsrv to of othrs? H
rus h s go to h v; h vr wou h v go ththr h  h ot, wh m
og m, m  th t ro  for hmsf. Ths thgs r of o  t,  h v, bs
s, th s to of uvrs  rgo.
XV. Wh t w you s y? Wh t o you m g th t so m y  suh gr t m of ou
r rpub, who h v s rf thr vs for ts goo, xpt? Do you b
v th t thy thought th t thr  ms shou ot otu byo thr vs? No
 vr outr  th for thr outry but ur frm prsu so of mmor
t ty! Thmstos mght h v v t hs  s; so mght Ep mo s; , o
t to ook bro   mog th ts 23for st s, so mght I mysf. But,
somhow or othr thr gs to our ms rt  prs g of futur gs; 
 ths both xsts most frmy,  pp rs most  ry,  m of th oftst
gus  gr tst sous. T k w y ths,  who wou b so m  s to sp

hs f mst tos   grs? I sp k of thos  powr. Wh t r th pots
vws but to b ob ftr  th? Wh t s s th objt of ths s,
Bho o Eus hr, who rst
Thy f thrs gr t xpots rh rs?
H s h gg th rw r of gory from thos m whos stors h hmsf
h  ob by hs potry. A  th s m sprt h s ys,  othr p ss g,
Lt o wth t rs my fur  gr , for I
C m from my works  mmort ty.
Why o I mto pots? Th vry mh s r srous of f m ftr  th. Why
 Ph s u
kss of hmsf  th sh of Mrv , wh h w s
ot ow to srb hs  m o t? Wh t o our phosophrs thk o th s
ubjt? Do ot thy put thr  ms to thos vry books whh thy wrt o th
otmpt of gory? If, th, uvrs  ost s th vo of  tur,  f t
s th gr  opo vrywhr th t thos who h v qutt ths f r st
 trst  somthg, w so must subsrb to th t opo. A f w th
k th t m of th gr tst bts  vrtus s most  ry to th pow
r of  tur, b us thy thmsvs r hr most prft work, t s vry prob
b th t, s vry gr t m  s sp y xous to bft postrty, thr
s somthg of whh h hmsf w b ssb ftr  th.
XVI. But s w r  by  tur to thk thr r Gos,  s w sovr, by
r so, of wh t srpto thy r, so, by th ost of   tos, w r
u to bv th t our sous survv; but whr thr h bt to s,  o
f wh t h r tr thy vtu y r, must b  r from r so. Th w t of
y rt  r so o whh to rgu h s gv rs to th  of th sh s b
ow,  to thos f rs whh you sm, ot wthout 24r so, to sps; for s
our bos f  to th grou,  r ovr wth  rth (humus), from wh w
 rv th xprsso to b trr (hum r), th t h s o so m to m g
 th t th   otu, urg th rm r of thr xst, ur grou
; whh opo h s r w ftr t m y rrors, whh th pots h v r s;
for th th tr, bg frqut by
 rg row, mog whh r wom  
hr, s wot to b gr ty fft o h rg suh pompous vrss s ths,
Lo! hr I m, who s r ou g  ths p ,
Through stoy mout s  r ry w st;
Through ffs, whos sh rp stos trmous hug,
Whr r fu  rkss spr  tsf rou.
A th rror prv  so muh, though  t prst t sms to m to b r
mov, th t though m kw th t th bos of th   h  b bur, yt
thy ov suh thgs to b o  th fr  rgos s ou ot b x
ut or m g wthout boy; for thy ou ot ov how smbo s
ous ou xst; , thrfor, thy ook out for som sh p or fgur. Ths
w s th org of  th t out of th    Homr. Ths w s th  th t
 us my fr Appus to fr m hs Nrom y;  ths s how thr got bou
t th t  of th  k of Avrus,  my ghborhoo,
From wh th sous of ustgush sh p,
C   thk sh , rush from th op g t
Of Ahro, v  ph toms of th  .
A thy must s h v ths pp r s sp k, whh s ot possb wthout
togu, 
p  t,  j ws,  wthout th hp of ugs  ss,  w
thout som sh p or fgur; for thy ou s othg by thr m othy r
frr  to thr ys. To wthr w th m from ssu  objts,  bstr
t our thoughts from wh t w r ustom to, s  ttrbut of gr t gus.
I m prsu , , th t thr wr m y suh m  formr gs; but Phr
ys8 th Syr  s th 25frst o ror who s  th t th sous of m wr 
mmort ,  h w s phosophr of gr t tquty,  th rg of my  ms k
 Tuus. Hs sp Pyth gor s gr ty ofrm ths opo, who  m to

It y  th rg of T rqu th Prou;   th t outry whh s   G

r t Gr w s oup by hs shoo,  h hmsf w s h  hgh hoor,
 h  th gr tst uthorty;  th Pyth gor  st w s for m y gs ftr
 suh gr t rt, th t   rg w s bv to b of to th t  m
.
XVII. But I rtur to th ts. Thy s ry vr g v y r so for thr
opo but wh t ou b xp  by umbrs or ftos. It s rport o
f P to th t h  m to It y to m k hmsf qu t wth th Pyth gor s
;  th t wh thr, mog othrs, h m   qu t  wth Arhyt s9 
Tmus,10   r from thm  th tts of th Pyth gor s;  th t h o
t oy w s of th s m opo wth Pyth gor s org th mmort ty of th
sou, but th t h so brought r sos  support of t; whh, f you h v ot
hg to s y g st t, I w p ss ovr,  s y o mor t prst bout  t
hs hop of mmort ty.
A. Wh t, w you  v m wh you h v r s my xpt tos so hgh? I h  r
thr, so hp m Hrus! b mst k wth P to, whom I kow how muh you st
m,  whom I mr mysf, from wh t you s y of hm, th  b  th rght w
th thos othrs.

26M. I omm you; for, , I ou mysf wgy b mst k  hs om
p y. Do w, th, oubt, s w o  othr  ss (though I thk hr s vry 
tt room for oubt  ths  s, for th m thm t s prov th f ts to us)
, th t th  rth s p   th mst of th wor, bg, s t wr, sort
of pot, whh thy   , su
uded by he wh
le heaves; ad ha such is he a
u e
f he f
u p iciples which a e he gee aig causes
f all higs, ha 
hey have equally divided am
g hem he c
siues
f all b
dies; m
e
ve , h
a ea hy ad humid b
dies a e ca ied a equal agles by hei
w weigh ad p

de
siy i
he ea h ad sea; ha he
he w
pa s c
sis,
e
f fi e
, ad he
he
f ai ? As he w
f
me a e ca ied by hei g aviy ad weigh
 i
he middle egi

f he w
ld, s
hese,
 he
he had, asced by i
gh lies i
he celesial egi
s, eihe because,
wig 
hei i isic 
au e, hey a e always edeav
ig 
each he highes place,
else because l
ighe b
dies a e au ally epelled by heavie ; ad as his is 

i
usly he
case, i mus evidely f
ll
w ha s
uls, whe
ce hey have depa ed f
m he
b
dy, whehe hey a e aimal (by which e m I mea capable
f b eahig)

f
he au e
f fi e, mus m
u upwa d. Bu if he s
ul is s
me umbe , as s
me
pe
ple asse , speaig wih m
e subley ha clea ess,
if i is ha fif
h au e, f
which i w
uld be m
e c
ec 
say ha we have 
 give a am
e 
ha ha we d

 c
ecly ude sad isill i is 

pu e ad pe fec

 
g

a g ea disace f
m he ea h. S
mehig
f his s
, he, we m
us believe he s
ul 
be, ha we may 
 c
mmi he f
lly
f hiig ha s

acive a p iciple lies imme ged i he hea 

b ai;
, as Emped
cles w
uld
have i, i he bl

d.
XVIII. We will pass
ve Dica chus,11 wih his c
emp
a y ad fell
w-disciple A
is
xeus,12 b
h ideed 27me
f lea ig. Oe
f hem seems eve eve 
hav
e bee affeced wih g ief, as he c
uld 
 pe ceive ha he had a s
ul; while 
he
he is s
pleased wih his musical c
mp
sii
s ha he edeav
s 
sh
w a
 aal
gy bewix hem ad s
uls. N
w, we may ude sad ha m
y 
a ise f
m 
he ie vals
f s
uds, wh
se va i
us c
mp
sii
s
ccasi
 may ha m
ies; bu
I d

 see h
w a disp
sii

f membe s, ad he figu e
f a b
dy wih
u a s

ul, ca
ccasi
 ha m
y. He had bee , lea ed as he is, leave hese speculai

s 
his mase A is
le, ad f
ll
w his
w  ade as a musicia. G

d advice
is give him i ha G ee p
ve b,
Apply y
u ales whe e y
u bes a e silld.
I will have 
hig a all 
d
wih ha f
ui
us c
c
u se
f idividual li
gh ad
ud b
dies, 
wihsadig Dem
c ius isiss
 hei beig wa m ad

havig b eah, ha is 
say, life. Bu his s
ul, which is c
mp
uded
f eih
e
f he f
u p iciples f
m which we asse  ha all higs a e de ived, is

f iflamed ai , as seems pa icula ly 

have bee he
pii

f Paius, ad mu
s ecessa ily m
u upwa d; f
ai ad fi e have 
edecy d
wwa d, bu alw
ays asced; s
sh
uld hey be dissipaed ha mus be a s
me disace f
m he
ea h; bu sh
uld hey emai, ad p ese ve hei
igial sae, i is clea e
sill ha hey mus be ca ied heavewa d, ad his g
ss ad c
c ee ai , whi
ch is ea es he ea h, mus be divided ad b
e by hem; f
he s
ul is wa
me ,
ahe h
e , ha ha ai , which I jus 
w called g
ss ad c
c ee
: ad his may be made evide f
m his c
side ai
ha
u b
dies, beig c
mp

uded
f he ea hy class
f p iciples, g
w wa m by he hea
f he s
ul.
XIX. We may add, ha he s
ul ca he m
e easily escape f
m his ai , which I
have
fe amed, ad b ea 28h
ugh i, because 
hig is swife ha he s

ul; 
swifess is c
mpa able 
he swifess
f he s
ul, which, sh
uld i
emai uc
up ad wih
u ale ai
, mus ecessa ily be ca ied
 wih such
vel
ciy as 
pee ae ad divide all his am
sphe e, whe e cl
uds, ad ai
, ad wids a e f
med, which, i c
sequece
f he exhalai
s f
m he ea h,
is m
is ad da : bu, whe he s
ul has
ce g
 ab
ve his egi
, ad falls
i wih, ad ec
gizes, a au e lie is
w, i he ess up
 fi es c
mp
s
ed
f a c
mbiai

f hi ai ad a m
de ae s
la hea, ad d
es 
 aim a a
y highe fligh; f
he, afe i has aaied a lighess ad hea esembli
g is
w, i m
ves 
m
e, bu emais seady, beig balaced, as i we e, be
wee w
equal weighs. Tha, he, is is au al sea whe e i has pee aed

s
mehig lie iself, ad whe e, waig 
hig fu he , i may be supp
e
d ad maiaied by he same alime which 
u ishes ad maiais he sa s.
N
w, as we a e usually icied 
all s
s
f desi es by he simulus
f he b

dy, ad he m
e s
as we edeav

ival h
se wh
a e i p
ssessi

f wha
we l
g f
, we shall ce aily be happy whe, beig emacipaed f
m ha b
dy,
we a he same ime ge id
f hese desi es ad his ival y. Ad ha which w
e d
a p ese, whe, dismissig all
he ca es, we cu i
usly examie ad l


i
ayhig, we shall he d
wih g eae f eed
m; ad we shall empl
y
u se
lves ei ely i he c
emplai
 ad examiai

f higs; because he e is 
au ally i
u mids a ce ai isaiable desi e 

w he  uh, ad he ve
y egi
 iself whe e we shall a ive, as i gives us a m
e iuiive ad easy

wledge
f celesial higs, will aise
u desi es afe 
wledge. F
i wa
s his beauy
f he heaves, as see eve he e up
 ea h, which gave bi h 

ha ai
al ad he edia y phil
s
phy (as The
ph asus calls i), which was h
us excied 
a desi e
f 
wledge. Bu h
se pe s
s will i a m
s especial d
eg ee ej
y his phil
s
phy, wh
, while hey we e
ly ihabias
f his w
ld
ad evel
ped i da ess, we e sill desi
us
f l

ig i
hese higs wi
h he eye
f hei mid.
XX. F
if h
se me 
w hi ha hey have aaied 29s
mehig wh
have see
he m
uh
f he P
us, ad h
se s ais which we e passed by he ship called
A g
, because,
F
m A g
s she did ch
se me c
vey,
B
ud 
fech bac he G
lde Fleece, hei p ey;

h
se wh
have see he s ais
f he
cea,
Whe e he swif waves divide he eighb
ig sh
es
Of Eu
pe, ad
f Af ic;
wha id
f sigh d
y
u imagie ha will be whe he wh
le ea h is laid
pe


u view? ad ha, 

, 

ly i is p
sii
, f
m, ad b
uda ies, 

h
se pa s
f i
ly which a e habiable, bu h
se als
ha lie uculivae
d, h
ugh he ex emiies
f hea ad c
ld 
which hey a e exp
sed; f

 e
ve 
w is i wih
u eyes ha we view wha we see, f
he b
dy iself has 

seses; bu (as he au aliss, ay, ad eve he physicias assu e us, wh

hav

e
peed
u b
dies, ad examied hem) he e a e ce ai pe f
aed chaels f

m he sea
f he s
ul 
he eyes, ea s, ad 
se; s
ha f equely, whe ei
he p eveed by mediai
,
he f
ce
f s
me b
dily dis
de , we eihe h
ea 
see, h
ugh
u eyes ad ea s a e
pe ad i g

d c
dii
; s
ha we
may easily app ehed ha i is he s
ul iself which sees ad hea s, ad 
 
h
se pa s which a e, as i we e, bu wid
ws 
he s
ul, by meas
f which, h

weve , she ca pe ceive 

hig, uless she is
 he sp
, ad exe s he self.
H
w shall we acc
u f
he fac ha by he same p
we
f hiig we c
mp ehe
d he m
s diffe e higsas c
l
, ase, hea, smell, ad s
udwhich he s
ul
c
uld eve 
w by he five messege s, uless eve y hig we e efe ed 
he
, ad she we e he s
le judge
f all? Ad we shall ce aily disc
ve hese hi
gs i a m
e clea ad pe fec deg ee whe he s
ul is disegaged f
m he b
dy,
ad has a ived a ha g
al 
which au e leads he ; f
a p ese, 
wih
sadig au e has c
 ived, wih he g eaes sill, h
se chaels which lea
d f
m he b
dy 
he s
ul, ye a e hey, i s
me way

he , s
pped up wih
ea hy ad c
c ee b
dies; bu whe we shall be 
hig bu s
ul, he 
hig
will ie fe e 30
p eve
u seeig eve yhig i is eal subsace ad i
is  ue cha ace .
XXI. I is  ue, I migh expaiae, did he subjec equi e i,
 he may ad
va i
us
bjecs wih which he s
ul will be ee aied i h
se heavely egi

s; whe I eflec
 which, I am ap 
w
de a he b
ldess
f s
me phil
s
ph
e s, wh
a e s
s uc wih admi ai
 a he 
wledge
f au e as 
ha, i
 a exulig mae , he fi s ive
ad eache
f au al phil
s
phy, ad

eve ece him as a G
d; f
hey decla e ha hey have bee delive ed by his
meas f
m he g eaes y as, a pe peual e
, ad a fea ha m
lesed 
hem by igh ad day. Wha is his d eadhis fea ? Wha
ld w
ma is he e s
wea
 as 
fea hese higs, which y
u, f
s

h, had y
u 
 bee acquaied wih
au al phil
s
phy, w
uld sad i awe
f?
The hall
wd

fs
f Ache
, he d ead
Of O cus, he pale egi
s
f he dead.
Ad d
es i bec
me a phil
s
phe 
b
as ha he is 
 af aid
f hese higs,
ad ha he has disc
ve ed hem 
be false? Ad f
m his we may pe ceive h
w
acue hese me we e by au e, wh
, if hey had bee lef wih
u ay is uci

, w
uld have believed i hese higs. Bu 
w hey have ce aily made a ve y
fie acquisii
 i lea ig ha whe he day
f hei deah a ives, hey wil
l pe ish ei ely. Ad if ha eally is he casef
I say 
hig eihe waywha
is he e ag eeable
gl
i
us i i? N
 ha I see ay eas
 why he
pii


f Pyhag
as ad Pla
may 
 be  ue; bu eve alh
ugh Pla
we e 
have as
siged 
eas
 f
his
pii
 (
bse ve h
w much I eseem he ma), he weigh

f his auh
iy w
uld have b
e me d
w; bu he has b
ugh s
may eas
s,
ha he appea s 
me 
have edeav
ed 
c
vice
he s, ad ce aily 
ha
ve c
viced himself.
XXII. Bu he e a e may wh
lab

 he
he side
f he quesi
, ad c
dem
 s
uls 
deah, as if hey we e c imials capially c
viced; 
have hey a
y
he eas
 
allege why he imm
aliy
f he s
ul appea s 
hem 
be
ic edible, excep ha hey a e 
 31able 
c
ceive wha s

f hig he s

ul ca be whe diseagled f

m he b
dy; jus as if hey c
uld eally f
m a
c
ec idea as 
wha s

f hig i is, eve whe i is i he b
dy; wha i
s f
m, ad size, ad ab
de a e; s
ha we e hey able 
have a full view
f
all ha is 
w hidde f
m hem i a livig b
dy, hey have 
idea whehe he
s
ul w
uld be disce ible by hem,
whehe i is
f s
fie a exu e ha i
 w
uld escape hei sigh. Le h
se c
side his, wh
say ha hey a e uabl
e 
f
m ay idea
f he s
ul wih
u he b
dy, ad he hey will see whehe
hey ca f
m ay adequae idea
f wha i is whe i is i he b
dy. F
my
w
pa , whe I eflec
 he au e
f he s
ul, i appea s 
me a fa m
e pe
plexig ad
bscu e quesi
 
dee mie wha is is cha ace while i is i 
he b
dya place which, as i we e, d
es 
 bel
g 
iha 
imagie wha i is

whe i leaves i, ad has a ived a he f ee he , which is, if I may s

say, i
s p
pe , is
w habiai
. F
uless we a e 
say ha we ca
 app ehed
he cha ace
au e
f ayhig which we have eve see, we ce aily may
be able 
f
m s
me 
i

f G
d, ad
f he divie s
ul whe eleased f
m h
e b
dy. Dica chus, ideed, ad A is
xeus, because i was ha d 
ude sad he
exisece ad subsace ad au e
f he s
ul, asse ed ha he e was 
such
hig as a s
ul a all. I is, ideed, he m
s difficul hig imagiable 
d
isce  he s
ul by he s
ul. Ad his, d
ubless, is he meaig
f he p ecep

f Ap
ll
, which advises eve y
e 

w himself. F
I d

 app ehed he m
eaig
f he G
d 
have bee ha we sh
uld ude sad
u membe s,
u sau
e, ad f
m; f
we a e 
 me ely b
dies; 
, whe I say hese higs 
y
u,
am I add essig myself 
y
u b
dy: whe, he ef
e, he says, K
w y
u self, he s
ays his, If
m y
u self
f he au e
f y
u s
ul; f
he b
dy is bu a id

f vessel,
ecepacle
f he s
ul, ad whaeve y
u s
ul d
es is y
u
w ac
. T

w he s
ul, he, uless i had bee divie, w
uld 
 have bee a p ece
p
f such excelle wisd
m as 
be a ibued 
a G
d; bu eve h
ugh he s

ul sh
uld 
 
w
f wha au e iself is, will y
u say ha i d
es 
 eve
pe ceive ha 32i exiss a all,
ha i has m
i
? O which is f
uded ha
 eas

f Pla
s, which is explaied by S
c aes i he Phd us, ad ise ed by
me, i my sixh b


f he Republic.
XXIII. Tha which is always m
ved is ee al; bu ha which gives m
i
 
s
me
hig else, ad is m
ved iself by s
me exe al cause, whe ha m
i
 ceases,
mus ecessa ily cease 
exis. Tha, he ef
e, al
e, which is self-m
ved, b
ecause i is eve f
sae by iself, ca eve cease 
be m
ved. Besides, i
is he begiig ad p iciple
f m
i
 
eve yhig else; bu whaeve is a p
iciple has 
begiig, f
all higs a ise f
m ha p iciple, ad i ca

 iself
we is ise 
ayhig else; f
he i w
uld 
 be a p iciple di
d i p
ceed f
m ayhig else. Bu if i has 
begiig, i eve will have
ay ed; f
a p iciple which is
ce exiguished ca
 iself be es
ed by
ayhig else, 
ca i p
duce ayhig else f
m iself; iasmuch as all h
igs mus ecessa ily a ise f
m s
me fi s cause. Ad hus i c
mes ab
u ha
he fi s p iciple
f m
i
 mus a ise f
m ha hig which is iself m
ved b
y iself; ad ha ca eihe have a begiig 
a ed
f is exisece, f

he wise he wh
le heave ad ea h w
uld be
ve se, ad all au e w
uld sa
d sill, ad 
 be able 
acqui e ay f
ce by he impulse
f which i migh
be fi s se i m
i
. Seeig, he, ha i is clea ha whaeve m
ves isel
f is ee al, ca he e be ay d
ub ha he s
ul is s
? F
eve yhig is ia
imae which is m
ved by a exe al f
ce; bu eve yhig which is aimae is m

ved by a ie i
f
ce, which als
bel
gs 
iself. F
his is he peculia
au e ad p
we
f he s
ul; ad if he s
ul be he
ly hig i he wh
le w

ld which has he p
we
f self-m
i
, he ce aily i eve had a begiig,
ad he ef
e i is ee al.
N
w, sh
uld all he l
we
de
f phil
s
phe s (f
s
I hi hey may be call
ed wh
disse f
m Pla
ad S
c aes ad ha sch

l) uie hei f
ce, hey
eve w
uld be able 
explai ayhig s
elegaly as his, 
eve 
ude s
ad h
w igei
usly his c
clusi
 is d aw. The s
ul, he, pe ceives iself

have m
i
, 33ad a he same ime ha i ges ha pe cepi
, i is sesi
ble ha i de ives ha m
i
 f
m is
w p
we , ad 
 f
m he agecy
f a

he ; ad i is imp
ssible ha i sh
uld eve f
sae iself. Ad hese p emi
ses c
mpel y
u 
all
w is ee iy, uless y
u have s
mehig 
say agais 
hem.
A. I sh
uld myself be ve y well pleased 
 
have eve a h
ugh a ise i my m
id agais hem, s
much am I iclied 
ha
pii
.
XXIV. M. Well, he, I appeal 
y
u, if he a gumes which p
ve ha he e is
s
mehig divie i he s
uls
f me a e 
 equally s
g? Bu if I c
uld acc

u f
he
igi
f hese divie p
pe ies, he I migh als
be able 
exp

lai h
w hey migh cease 
exis; f
I hi I ca acc
u f
he mae i
which he bl

d, ad bile, ad phlegm, ad b

es, ad e ves, ad veis, ad all
he limbs, ad he shape
f he wh
le b
dy, we e pu 
gehe ad made; ay, ad
eve as 
he s
ul iself, we e he e 
hig m
e i i ha a p iciple
f l
ife, he he life
f a ma migh be pu up
 he same f

ig as ha
f a vie

ay
he  ee, ad acc
ued f
as caused by au e; f
hese higs, as
we say, live. Besides, if desi es ad ave si
s we e all ha bel
ged 
he s

ul, i w
uld have hem
ly i c
mm
 wih he beass; bu i has, i he fi s
place, mem
y, ad ha, 

, s
ifiie as 
ec
llec a abs
lue c
uless
umbe
f ci cumsaces, which Pla
will have 
be a ec
lleci

f a f
me
life; f
i ha b

 which is isc ibed Me

, S
c aes ass a child s
me ques
i
s i ge
me y, wih efe ece 
measu ig a squa e; his aswe s a e such as
a child w
uld mae, ad ye he quesi
s a e s
easy, ha while aswe ig he
m,
e by
e, he c
mes 
he same p
i as if he had lea ed ge
me y. F
m wh
ece S
c aes w
uld ife ha lea ig is 
hig m
e ha ec
lleci
; ad 
his 
pic he explais m
e accu aely i he disc
u se which he held he ve y da
y he died; f
he he e asse s ha, ay
e, wh
seemig 
be ei ely illie
ae, is ye able 
aswe a quesi
 well ha is p
p
sed 
him, d
es i s

d
ig maifesly sh
w ha he is 
 lea ig i he, bu ec
llecig i by hi
s mem
y. N
is i 
be acc
ued f
i ay
he way, h
w child e 34c
me 

have 
i
s
f s
may ad such imp
a higs as a e implaed, ad, as i
we e, sealed up, i hei mids (which he G ees call ), uss th sou, bfor t 
tr th boy, h  b w stor wth kowg. A s t h  o xst
t  (for ths s th v r b otr of P to, who w ot mt yth
g to h v
r  xst whh h s bgg   ,  who thks th t
th t o os r y xst whh s of suh h r tr s wh t h  s ,  w
sps), thrfor, bg shut up  th boy, t ou ot wh  th boy 
sovr wh t t kows; but t kw t bfor,  brought th kowg wth t,
so th t w r o ogr surprs t ts xtsv  mutf rous kowg.
Nor os th sou  ry sovr ts  s t ts frst rsort to ths bo
to whh t s so u ustom,  whh s  so sturb
st t; but ftr
h vg rfrsh  rot tsf, t th by ts mmory rovrs thm; 
, thrfor, to  r mps othg mor th  to rot. But I m 
p r
tu r m r surprs t mmory. For wh t s th t f uty by whh w rmmb
r? wh t s ts for? wh t ts  tur? I m ot qurg how gr t mmory Sm
os13 m y b s  to h v h , or Thots,14 or th t C s15 who w s st
to Rom s mb ss or from Pyrrhus; or,  mor mor tms, Ch rm  s;16 or,
vry  ty, Mtroorus17 35th Sps , or our ow otmpor ry Hortsus18:
I m sp kg of or ry mmory,  sp y of thos m who r mpoy 
 y mport t stuy or rt, th gr t  p ty of whos ms t s h r to s
tm t, suh umbrs of thgs o thy rmmbr.
XXV. Shou you sk wh t ths  s to, I thk w m y urst  wh t th t pow
r s,  wh w h v t. It rt y pros thr from th h rt, or f
rom th boo, or from th br , or from toms; whthr t b r or fr, I
kow ot, or m I, s thos m r, sh m,   ss whr I m gor t, to
ow th t I m so. If  y othr obsur m ttr I wr b to ssrt ythg
postvy, th I wou sw r th t th sou, b t r or fr, s v. Just
thk, I bsh you:   you m g ths worfu powr of mmory to b sow
p rt of th omposto of th  rth, or of ths  rk  goomy
 or to b
tmosphr? Though you  ot pprh wh t t s, yt you s wh t k of th
g t s, or f you o ot qut s th t, yt you rt y s how gr t t s
. Wh t, th? Sh  w m g th t thr s k of m sur  th sou, to
whh, s to vss,  th t w rmmbr s pour? Th t  s bsur;
for how sh  w form y  of th bottom, or of th sh p or f sho of su
h sou s th t? A, g , how r w to ov how muh t s b to ot
? Sh  w m g th sou to rv mprssos k w x,  mmory to b
m rks of th mprssos m  o th sou? Wh t r th h r trs of th wors
, wh t of th f ts thmsvs?  wh t, g , s th t progous gr tss wh
h   gv rs to mprssos of so m y thgs? Wh t,  sty, s th t powr

whh vstg ts srt thgs,  s   vto  otrv ? Dos
th t m  sm to b ompou of ths  rthy, mort ,  prshg  tur who
frst vt  ms for vrythg; 36whh, f you w bv Pyth gor s, 
s th hghst pth of wsom? or h who ot th sprs h bt ts of
th wor,  ut thm  th bos of so  f? or h who of th s
ous of th vo, whh us to sm ft, to th m rks of
fw ttrs?
or h who frst obsrv th ourss of th p ts, thr progrssv motos,
thr  ws? Ths wr  gr t m. But thy wr gr tr st who vt f
oo,  r mt,  houss; who trou vz to mog us,  rm us
g st th w b sts; by whom w wr m  so b  posh,  so pro
 from th ss rs of f to ts mbshmts. For w h v prov
gr t trt mts for th  rs by vtg  mou tg th v rty  
tur of sous; w h v  r to survy th st rs, ot oy thos th t r fx
, but so thos whh r mpropry   w rg;  th m  who h s 
qu t hmsf wth  thr rvoutos  motos s f ry osr to
h v
sou rsmbg th sou of th t Bg who h s r t thos st rs  th
h vs: for wh Arhms srb 
sphr th motos of th moo, su
,  fv p ts, h  th vry s m thg s P tos Go,  hs Tmus, who m
 th wor,  usg o rvouto to just motos ffrg s muh s poss
b  thr sowss  voty. Now, owg th t wh t w s  th wor
ou ot b fft wthout Go, Arhms ou ot h v mt t th s m
 motos  hs sphr wthout v sou.
XXVI. To m, , t pp rs th t v thos stus whh r mor ommo 
  gr tr stm r ot wthout som v rgy: so th t I o ot os
r th t pot   prou
srous  subm pom wthout som v mpus
workg o hs m; or o I thk th t oqu, boug wth soorous wor
s  frutfu sts,   fow thus wthout somthg byo mr hum  pow
r. But s to phosophy, th t s th p rt of  th rts: wh t   w   t
h t but, s P to s ys, gft, or, s I xprss t,  vto, of th Gos?
Ths t w s whh frst t ught us th worshp of th Gos;  th  us o to
just, whh rss from th hum  r  bg form to soty;  ftr
th t 37t mbu us wth mosty  v to of sou. Ths t w s whh spr
s  rkss from our sous, s t s sp from our ys,  bg us to s
  thgs th t r bov or bow, th bgg, ,  m of vryth
g. I m ov try th t th t whh ou fft so m y  suh gr t
thgs must b v powr. For wh t s mmory of wors  rumst s? Wh
t, too, s vto? Sury thy r thgs th  whh othg gr tr   b
ov  Go! For I o ot m g th Gos to b ght wth t r 
 mbros , or wth Juvt s prstg thm wth up; or o I put y f th
 Homr, who s ys th t G ym w s  rr w y by th Gos o out of hs
b uty,  orr to gv Juptr hs w. Too w k r sos for og L omo s
uh jury! Ths wr mr vtos of Homr, who g v hs Gos th mprft
os of m. I wou r thr th t h h  gv m th prftos of th Gos! t
hos prftos, I m , of utrrupt h th, wsom, vto, mmory. Th
rfor th sou (whh s, s I s y, v) s, s Eurps mor boy xpr
sss t, Go. A thus, f th vty b r or fr, th sou of m  s th
s m; for s th t st   tur h s othg  rthy or hum bout t,  
k m r th sou of m  s so fr from both ths qu ts: but f t s o
f th t ffth k of  tur, frst trou by Arstot, th both Gos  s
ous r of th s m.
XXVII. As ths s my opo, I h v xp  t  ths vry wors,  my boo
k o Coso to.19 Th org of th sou of m  s ot to b fou upo  rth,
for thr s othg  th sou of mx or ort  tur, or th t h s y
pp r  of bg form or m  out of th  rth; othg v hum, or r
y, or fry. For wh t s thr   turs of th t k whh h s th powr of m
mory, urst g, or thought? whh   rot th p st, fors th futur
,  omprh th prst? for ths  p bts r of to v b
gs; or   w sovr y sour from whh m ou rv thm, but from G

o. Thr s thrfor

pu r 38 tur  powr  th sou, stt from
thos  turs whh r mor kow  f m r to us. Wh tvr, th, th t s w
hh thks,  whh h s urst g,  voto, 
prp of f,
s h vy  v,  o th t out must ss ry b tr ; or 
 Go hmsf, who s kow to us, b ov to b ythg s xpt sou
 fr  umb rr ss, stt from  mort  orto, qu t wth 
vrythg,  gvg moto to vrythg,  tsf u wth prptu  mot
o.
XXVIII. Of ths k   tur s th tt of m . Whr, th, s ths 
tt s t,  of wh t h r tr s t? whr s your ow,  wh t s ts
h r tr? Ar you b to t? If I h v ot f uts for kowg  th t I
ou sr to kow, w you ot v ow m to m k us of thos whh I h
v? Th sou h s ot sufft  p ty to omprh tsf; yt, th sou, 
k th y, though t h s o stt vw of tsf, ss othr thgs: t os
ot s (whh s of  st osqu) ts ow sh p; prh ps ot, though t p
ossby m y; but w w p ss th t by: but t rt y ss th t t h s vgor,
s g ty, mmory, moto,  voty; ths r  gr t, v, tr  pro
prts. Wh t ts pp r  s, or whr t ws, t s ot ss ry v to
qur. As wh w bho, frst of , th b uty  br t pp r  o
f th h vs; soy, th v st voty of ts rvoutos, byo powr of o
ur m g to to ov; th th vsstus of ghts   ys, th fourfo
 vso of th s sos, so w  pt to th rpg of th fruts of th
 rth,  th tmpr tur of our bos:  ftr th t w ook up to th su,
th mor tor  govror of  ths thgs;  vw th moo, by th r
s  r s of ts ght, m rkg, s t wr,  ppotg our hoy  ys
;  s th fv p ts, bor o  th s m r, v to twv p r
ts, prsrvg th s m ours wth th gr tst rgu rty, but wth uttry 
ssm r motos mog thmsvs;  th ghty pp r  of th h v, o
r o  ss wth st rs; th, th gob of th  rth, r s bov th s
,  p   th tr of th uvrs, h bt  utv t  ts two
oppost xtrmts, o of whh, th 39p  of our h bt to, s stu t t
ow rs th orth po, ur th sv st rs:

Whr th o orthr b sts, wth horr sou,

H r to  th sowy ovr grou;
th othr, tow rs th south po, s ukow to us, but s   by th Grks
: the
ther p rts re ucultiv ted, bec use they re either fr
ze with c
ld,
r bu
up with he t; but where we dwell, it ever f ils, i its se s
,
T
yield pl cid sky, t
bid the trees
Assume the lively verdure
f their le ves:
The vie t
bud, d, j
yful, i its sh

ts,
F
retell the ppr
chig vit ge
f its fruits:
The riped c
r t
sig, while ll r
ud
Full rivlets glide; d fl
wers deck the gr
ud:
the the multitude
f c ttle, fit p rt f
r f

d, p rt f
r tillig the gr
ud,
t
hers f
r c rryig us,
r f
r cl
thig us; d m  himself, m de, s it were,

purp
se t
c
templ te the he ves d the G
ds, d t
p y d
r ti
 t
them: l
stly, the wh
le e rth, d wide extedig se s, give t
m s use. Whe we view
these d umberless
ther thigs, c  we d
ubt th t they h ve s
me beig wh
pr
esides
ver them,
r h s m de them (if, ideed, they h ve bee m de, s is the

pii

f Pl t
,
r if, s Arist
tle thiks, they re eter l),
r wh
t ll ev
ets is the regul t
r
f s
immese
f bric d s
gre t blessig t
me? Thu
s, th
ugh y
u see 
t the s
ul
f m , s y
u see 
t the Deity, yet, s by the
c
templ ti

f his w
rks y
u re led t
ck
wledge
G
d, s
y
u must
w the
divie p
wer
f the s
ul, fr
m its rememberig thigs, fr
m its iveti
, fr
m
the uickess
f its m
ti
, d fr
m ll the be uty
f virtue. Where, the, is
it se ted, y
u will s y?

XXIX. I my
pii
, it is se ted i the he d, d I c  brig y
u re s
s f
r m
y d
ptig th t
pii
. At preset, let the s
ul reside where it will, y
u cert
ily h ve
e i y
u. Sh
uld y
u sk wh t its  ture is? It h s
e peculi rly
its
w; but dmittig it t
c
sist
f fire,
r ir, it d
es 
t ffect the pre
set uesti
. Oly
bserve this, th t s y
u re c
viced there is
G
d, th
u
gh 40y
u re ig
r t where he resides, d wh t sh pe he is
f; i like m er
y
u
ught t
feel ssured th t y
u h ve s
ul, th
ugh y
u c 
t s tisfy y
urse
lf
f the pl ce
f its residece, 
r its f
rm. I
ur k
wledge
f the s
ul, u
less we re gr
ssly ig
r t
f  tur l phil
s
phy, we c 
t but be s tisfied t
h t it h s 
thig but wh t is simple, umixed, uc
mp
uded, d sigle; d if
this is dmitted, the it c 
t be sep r ted, 
r divided, 
r dispersed, 
r
p rted, d theref
re it c 
t perish; f
r t
perish implies p rtig- suder,
divisi
, disui
,
f th
se p rts which, while it subsisted, were held t
g
ether by s
me b d. Ad it w s bec use he w s iflueced by these d simil r re
s
s th t S
cr tes either l

ked
ut f
r yb
dy t
ple d f
r him whe he w s
ccused, 
r begged y f v
r fr
m his judges, but m it ied m ly freed
m, w
hich w s the effect 
t
f pride, but
f the true gre tess
f his s
ul; d

the l st d y
f his life he held l
g disc
urse
 this subject; d few d y
s bef
re, whe he might h ve bee e sily freed fr
m his c
fiemet, he refused
t
be s
; d whe he h d lm
st ctu lly h
ld
f th t de dly cup, he sp
ke with
the ir
f m  
t f
rced t
die, but scedig it
he ve.
XXX. F
r s
ideed he th
ught himself, d thus he sp
ke: Th t there were tw
w y
s, d th t the s
uls
f me, t their dep rture fr
m the b
dy, t

k differet r

ds; f
r th
se which were p
lluted with vices th t re c
mm
 t
me, d which
h d give themselves up etirely t
ucle  desires, d h d bec
me s
blided
by them s t
h ve h bitu ted themselves t
ll m er
f deb uchery d pr
flig
cy,
r t
h ve l id detest ble schemes f
r the rui
f their c
utry, t

k r

d wide
f th t which led t
the ssembly
f the G
ds; but they wh
h d preserve
d themselves upright d ch ste, d free fr
m the slightest c
t gi

f the b

dy, d h d lw ys kept themselves s f r s p

ssible t dist ce fr
m it, d
while
 e rth h d pr
p
sed t
themselves s m
del the life
f the G
ds, f
u
d the retur t
th
se beigs fr
m wh
m they h d c
me  e sy
e. Theref
re, he
rgues, th t ll g

d d wise me sh
uld t ke ex mple fr
m the sw s, wh
re c

sidered s cred t
Ap
ll
, 
t with
ut re s
, but p rticul rly bec use they see
m t
h ve received 41the gift
f divi ti
 fr
m him, by which, f
reseeig h
w h
ppy it is t
die, they le ve this w
rld with sigig d j
y. N
r c  y
e d

ubt
f this, uless it h ppes t
us wh
thik with c re d xiety b
ut the
s
ul ( s is
fte the c se with th
se wh
l

k e restly t the settig su), t

l
se the sight
f it etirely; d s
the mids eye, viewig itself, s
metimes g
r
ws dull, d f
r th t re s
 we bec
me remiss i
ur c
templ ti
. Thus
ur r
e s
ig is b
re b
ut, h r ssed with d
ubts d xieties, 
t k
wig h
w t

pr
ceed, but me surig b ck g i th
se d ger
us tr cts which it h s p ssed, li
ke b
t t
ssed b
ut
 the b
udless
ce . But these reflecti
s re
f l
g
st dig, d b
rr
wed fr
m the Greeks. But C t
left this w
rld i such m 
er s if he were delighted th t he h d f
ud 
pp
rtuity
f dyig; f
r th t G

d wh
presides i us f
rbids
ur dep rture hece with
ut his le ve. But whe G

d himself h s give us just c use, s f

rmerly he did t
S
cr tes, d l tely
t
C t
, d
fte t
m y
thersi such c se, cert ily every m 
f sese w
u
ld gl dly exch ge this d rkess f
r th t light: 
t th t he w
uld f
rcibly bre
k fr
m the ch is th t held him, f
r th t w
uld be g ist the l w; but, like
m  rele sed fr
m pris
 by m gistr te
r s
me l wful uth
rity, s
he t

w
u
ld w lk w y, beig rele sed d disch rged by G
d. F
r the wh
le life
f phil

s
pher is, s the s me phil
s
pher s ys, medit ti

 de th.
XXXI. F
r wh t else is it th t we d
, whe we c ll
ff
ur mids fr
m ple sure,
th t is t
s y, fr
m
ur tteti
 t
the b
dy, fr
m the m  gig
ur d
mestic e
st te, which is s
rt
f h dm id d serv t
f the b
dy,
r fr
m duties
f
public  ture,
r fr
m ll
ther seri
us busiess wh tever? Wh t else is it, I s
y, th t we d
, but ivite the s
ul t
reflect
 itself?
blige it t
c
verse

with itself, d, s f r s p

ssible, bre k
ff its c u it ce with the b
dy?
N
w, t
sep r te the s
ul fr
m the b
dy, is t
le r t
die, d 
thig else wh
tever. Wheref
re t ke my dvice; d let us medit te
 this, d sep r te
urs
elves s f r s p
ssible fr
m the b
dy, th t is t
s y, let us ccust
m
urselve
s t
die. This will be ej
yig
life like th t
f he ve eve while we rem i

 e rth; d 42whe we re c rried thither d rele sed fr

m these b
ds,
ur s

uls will m ke their pr

gress with m
re r pidity; f
r the spirit which h s lw y
s bee fettered by the b
ds
f the b
dy, eve whe it is diseg ged, dv ces m

re sl
wly, just s th
se d
wh
h ve w
r ctu l fetters f
r m y ye rs: but wh
e we h ve rrived t this em cip ti
 fr
m the b
ds
f the b
dy, the ideed
we sh ll begi t
live, f
r this preset life is re lly de th, which I c
uld s y
g

d de l i l met ti
 f
r if I ch
se.
A. Y
u h ve l meted it sufficietly i y
ur b

k
 C
s
l ti
; d whe I re
d th t, there is 
thig which I desire m
re th  t
le ve these thigs; but th
t desire is icre sed gre t de l by wh t I h ve just he rd.
M. The time will c
me, d th t s

, d with e u l cert ity, whether y

u h g
b ck
r press f
rw rd; f
r time flies. But de th is s
f r fr
m beig  evil,
s it l tely ppe red t
y
u, th t I m iclied t
suspect, 
t th t there is 

ther thig which is  evil t
m , but r ther th t there is 
thig else whi
ch is re l g

d t
him; if, t le st, it is true th t we bec
me thereby either
G
ds
urselves,
r c
mp i
s
f the G
ds. H
wever, this is 
t
f s
much c
s
e uece, s there re s
me
f us here wh
will 
t ll
w this. But I will 
t le
ve
ff discussig this p
it till I h ve c
viced y
u th t de th c , up
 

c
sider ti
 wh tever, be  evil.
A. H
w c  it, fter wh t I 
w k
w?
M. D
y
u sk h
w it c ? There re cr
wds
f rguers wh
c
tr dict this; d t
h
se 
t
ly Epicure s, wh
m I reg rd very little, but, s
meh
w
r
ther, lm

st every m 
f letters; d, b
ve ll, my f v
rite Dic rchus is very streu
us
i
pp
sig the imm
rt lity
f the s
ul: f
r he h s writte three b

ks, which
re etitled Lesbi cs, bec use the disc
urse w s held t Mitylee, i which he se
eks t
pr
ve th t s
uls re m
rt l. The St
ics,
 the
ther h d, ll
w us s l

g time f
r ej
ymet s the life
f r ve; they ll
w the s
ul t
exist
gre t while, but re g ist its eterity.
XXXII. Are y
u willig t
he r the why, eve
evil.

ll
wig this, de th c 
t be 

A. As y
u ple se; but 

e sh ll drive me fr
m my belief i m
rt lity.
43M. I c
mmed y
u, ideed, f
r th t; th
ugh we sh
uld 
t be t

c
fidet i

ur belief
f ythig; f
r we re fre uetly disturbed by s
me subtle c
clusi

. We give w y d ch ge
ur
pii
s eve i thigs th t re m
re evidet th 
this; f
r i this there cert ily is s
me
bscurity. Theref
re, sh
uld ythig

f this kid h ppe, it is well t

be

ur gu rd.
A. Y
u re right i th t; but I will pr
vide

g ist y ccidet.

M. H ve y
u y
bjecti
 t

ur dismissig
ur frieds the St
icsth
se, I me ,
wh
ll
w th t the s
uls exist fter they h ve left the b
dy, but yet dey th t
they exist f
rever?
A. We cert ily m y dismiss the c
sider ti

f th
se me wh
dmit th t which
is the m
st difficult p
it i the wh
le uesti
,  mely, th t s
ul c  exist
idepedetly
f the b
dy, d yet refuse t
gr t th t which is 
t
ly very
e sy t
believe, but which is eve the  tur l c
se uece
f the c
cessi
 whi
ch they h ve m deth t if they c  exist f
r legth
f time; they m
st likely d

s
f
rever.
M. Y
u t ke it right; th t is the very thig. Sh ll we give, theref
re, y cred
it t
P ustius, whe he dissets fr
m his m ster, Pl t
? wh
m he everywhere c lls
divie, the wisest, the h
liest
f me, the H
mer
f phil
s
phers, d wh
m he

pp
ses i 
thig except this sigle
pii

f the s
uls imm
rt lity: f
r he m
it is wh t 
b
dy deies, th t everythig which h s bee geer ted will perish
, d th t eve s
uls re geer ted, which he thiks ppe rs fr
m their resembl
ce t
th
se
f the me wh
beg
t them; f
r th t likeess is s pp ret i the
tur
f their mids s i their b
dies. But he brigs 
ther re s
th t there is

thig which is sesible
f p i which is 
t ls
li ble t
dise se; but wh t
ever is li ble t
dise se must be li ble t
de th. The s
ul is sesible
f p i,
theref
re it is li ble t
perish.
XXXIII. These rgumets m y be refuted; f
r they pr
ceed fr
m his 
t k
wig th
t, while discussig the subject
f the imm
rt lity
f the s
ul, he is spe kig

f the itellect, which is free fr

m ll turbid m
ti
; but 
t
f th
se p rts

f the mid i which th

se dis
rders, 44 ger d lust, h ve their se t, d whic
h he wh
m he is
pp
sig, whe he rgues thus, im gies t
be distict d sep r
te fr
m the mid. N
w this resembl ce is m
re rem rk ble i be sts, wh
se s
ul
s re v
id
f re s
. But the likeess i me c
sists m
re i the c
figur ti


f the b
dies: d it is
f 
little c
se uece i wh t b
dies the s
ul is l

dged; f
r there re m y thigs which deped
 the b
dy th t give  edge t
th
e s
ul, m y which blut it. Arist
tle, ideed, s ys th t ll me
f gre t geiu
s re mel ch
ly; s
th t I sh
uld 
t h ve bee disple sed t
h ve bee s
mewh
t duller th  I m. He ist ces m y, d, s if it were m tter
f f ct, brigs
his re s
s f
r it. But if the p
wer
f th
se thigs th t pr
ceed fr
m the b
dy
be s
gre t s t
ifluece the mid (f
r they re the thigs, wh tever they r
e, th t
cc si
 this likeess), still th t d
es 
t ecess rily pr
ve why
sim
ilitude
f s
uls sh
uld be geer ted. I s y 
thig b
ut c ses
f ulikeess. I
wish P tius c
uld be here: he lived with Afric us. I w
uld i uire
f him whic
h
f his f mily the ephew
f Afric uss br
ther w s like? P
ssibly he m y i per
s
 h ve resembled his f ther; but i his m ers he w s s
like every pr
flig t
e, b d
ed m , th t it w s imp
ssible t
be m
re s
. Wh
m did the gr ds

f
P. Cr ssus, th t wise d el
uet d m
st distiguished m , resemble? Or the
rel ti
s d s
s
f m y
ther excellet me, wh
se  mes there is 

cc si

 t
meti
? But wh t re we d
ig? H ve we f
rg
tte th t
ur purp
se w s, whe
 we h d sufficietly sp
ke
 the subject
f the imm
rt lity
f the s
ul, t
p
r
ve th t, eve if the s
ul did perish, there w
uld be, eve the, 
evil i de
th?
A. I remembered it very well; but I h d 
dislike t
y
ur digressig little f
r
m y
ur
rigi l desig, while y
u were t lkig
f the s
uls imm
rt lity.
M. I perceive y
u h ve sublime th
ughts,

d re e ger t
m
ut up t
he ve.

XXXIV. I m 
t with
ut h
pes myself th t such m y be
ur f te. But
hey ssertth t the s
ul d
es 
t c
tiue t
exist fter de th.
A. Sh
uld it be s
, I see th t we
fe.

re the deprived
f the h
pes
f

dmit wh t t
h ppier li

45M. But wh t is there

f evil i th t
pii
? F
r let the s
ul perish s the b

dy: is there y p i,

r ideed y feelig t ll, i the b
dy fter de th? N

e, ideed sserts th t; th
ugh Epicurus ch rges Dem
critus with s yig s
; b
ut the disciples
f Dem
critus dey it. N
sese, theref
re, rem is i the s
ul
; f
r the s
ul is 
where. Where, the, is the evil? f
r there is 
thig but th
ese tw
thigs. Is it bec use the mere sep r ti

f the s
ul d b
dy c 
t be
effected with
ut p i? But eve sh
uld th t be gr ted, h
w sm ll
p i must t
h t be! Yet I thik th t it is f lse, d th t it is very
fte u cc
mp ied by

y ses ti
 t ll, d s
metimes eve tteded with ple sure; but cert ily
the wh
le must be very triflig, wh tever it is, f
r it is ist t e
us. Wh t m
kes us ue sy,
r r ther gives us p i, is the le vig ll the g

d thigs
f l
ife. But just c
sider if I might 
t m
re pr
perly s y, le vig the evils
f li
fe;
ly there is 
re s
 f
r my 
w
ccupyig myself i bew ilig the life
f
m , d yet I might, with very g

d re s
. But wh t
cc si
 is there, whe w
h t I m l b
rig t
pr
ve is th t 

e is miser ble fter de th, t
m ke life
m
re miser ble by l metig
ver it? I h ve d
e th t i the b

k which I wr
te
, i
rder t
c
mf
rt myself s well s I c
uld. If, the,
ur i uiry is fter
truth, de th withdr ws us fr
m evil, 
t fr
m g

d. This subject is ideed s

c

pi
usly h dled by Hegesi s, the Cyre ic phil
s
pher, th t he is s id t
h ve b
ee f
rbidde by Pt
lemy fr
m deliverig his lectures i the sch

ls, bec use s

me wh
he rd him m de w y with themselves. There is, t

,  epigr m
f C llim
chus20
 Cle
mbr
tus
f Ambr ci , wh
, with
ut y misf
rtue h vig bef lle h
im, s he s ys, threw himself fr
m w ll it
the se , fter he h d re d b

f Pl t
s. The b

k I meti
ed
f th t Hegesi s is c lled ,
A M  wh
46
which m  is  sd s illig himslf by s v i
, ill h is  v
d by his f ids, i ly 
wh
m h c
s u ll h mis is
f hum  lif.
I migh d
h s m, h
ugh 
 s
fully s h, wh
his i 
 w
h y m s
whil 
liv. I  ss
v
h s. W s i v w
h my whil 
liv, f
, h d
I did bf
 I w s d ivd
f h c
mf
s
f my
w f mily, d
f h h


s which I civd f
my ublic s vics, w
uld 
 d h h v   m f
m h
 vils
f lif h h  f
m is blssigs?
XXXV. Mi
, h f
, s
m
, wh
v w dis ss; wh
v civd
y bl
w f
m f
u. Th g   Mllus h d f
u disiguishd s
s; bu P i m
h d fify, sv
f wh
m w  b
 
him by his l wful wif. F
u h d 
h s m 
w
v b
h, h
ugh sh x cisd i bu

; f
Mllus w s l
id
 his fu l il by g   c
m y
f s
s d d ugh s, g ds
s, d
g dd ugh s; bu P i m fll by h h d
f  my, f h vig fld 
h
l , d h vig s himslf d ivd
f ll his um
us 
gy. H d h di
d bf
 h d h
f his s
s d h ui
f his igd
m,
Wih ll his mighy w lh l ,
Ud ich c 
is
f s ;
w
uld h h h v b   f
m g

d
f
m vil? I w
uld idd,  h  
im, h v  d h  h w s big   w y f
m g

d; y su ly i w
uld h
v u d
u dv  g
us f
him; 
sh
uld w h v h d hs m
u ful v s
s,
L
! hs ll  ishd i
 fl mig il;
Th f

ld P i m did
f lif bguil,
Ad wih his bl

d, hy l , J
v, dfil.
As if yhig b c
uld h v h d 
him  h  im h  
l
s his l
if i h  m  ; bu y, if i h d bf ll him s

 , i w
uld h v  v
d ll h
s c
squcs; bu v s i w s, i l sd him f
m y fu h
ss
f hm. Th c s
f
u f id P
my21 47w s s
mhig b :
c, wh
 h h d b v y ill  N ls, h N 
li s,
 his c
v y, u c
ws

 hi h ds, s did h

s
f Pu
li; h 
l fl
cd f
m h c
u y 

c
g ul  himi is G ci  cus
m, d
f

lish
; sill i is sig
f
g

d f
u. Bu h qusi
 is, h d h did, w
uld h h v b   f
m g

d,
f
m vil? C  ily f
m vil. H w
uld 
 h v b g gd i w w
ih his f h -i-l w;22 h w
uld 
 h v   u ms bf
 h w s   d;
h w
uld 
 h v lf his
w h
us, 
fld f
m I ly; h w
uld 
, f
h l
ss
f his my, h v f ll u md i
h h ds
f sl vs, d b u

d h by hm; his child  w
uld 
 h v b ds
yd; 
w
uld his wh

l f
u h v c
m i
h 
ssssi

f h c
qu
s. Did 
 h, h, wh

, if h h d did  h  im, w
uld h v did i ll his gl
y,
w ll h g
  d  ibl misf
us i
which h subsquly fll 
h 
l
g i


f his lif  h  im?

XXXVI. Ths c l miis  v

idd by d h, f
v h
ugh hy sh
uld v
h , h  is 
ssibiliy h  hy m y; bu i v
ccu s 
m  h 
such dis s m y bf ll him himslf. Ev y
 h
s 
b s h y s Mll
us: s if h umb
f h h y xcdd h 
f h mis bl;
s if h 
w  y c  iy i hum  ff i s;
, g i, s if h  w  m
 i
 l
f
ud i
 f
h
 h  f . Bu sh
uld w g  hm v his, h  m 
by d h d ivd
f g

d higs; w
uld i f
ll
w h  h d d  h f
 i
d
f h g

d higs
f lif, d  mis bl
 h  cc
u? C  ily 
hy mus css ily s y s
. C  h wh
d
s 
 xis b i d
f yhig? T

b i d
f h s ml ch
ly s
ud, bc us i i ffc m
us 
hish h
d, bu h h s 
; h g s, h l

s b c u
, h w s. Such , I su
s
, h dis sss 48
f
 wh
is i d
f. Is h d ivd
f ys? 
b blid
is mis y. Is h dsiu
f child ? 
 
h v hm is mis y. Ths c
si
d i
s ly 
h livig, bu h d d  ih i d
f h blssigs

f lif, 

f lif islf. Bu wh I m s ig
f h d d, I m s ig

f h
s wh
h v 
xisc. Bu w
uld y
 s y
f us, wh
d
xis, h 
w w  h
s
wigs? C  ily 
. Sh
uld i b sd, why 
? h sw w

uld b, h  
 
h v wh  ih cus
m 
 u  h s fid y
u f
w
ul
d 
 imly
w 
f hm, v h
ugh y
u w  ssibl h  y
u h d hm 
.
This gum sh
uld b  ssd
v d
v g i, f h  
i h s
c
b s blishd, which, if s
uls  m
 l, h  c  b 
disu b
uI m 
, h  h ds uci

f hm by d h is s
i  s 
m
v v h l s
susici

f y ss m iig. Wh, h f
, his 
i is
c wll g
u
dd d s blishd, w mus c
cly dfi wh  h  m 
w  m s; h 
h  m y b 
mis  i h w
d. T
w , h, sigifis his: 
b wih

hig is imlid
u h  which y
u w
uld b gl d 
h v; f
icli i
 f

i h w
d w , xcig wh w us h w
d i  i ly diff  ss,
s w d
wh w s y h 
fv is w ig 
y
. F
i dmis
f
dif
f  i   i
, wh y
u  wih
u c  i hig, d  ssibl h
 y
u  wih
u i, bu y c   sily diss wih h vig i. T
w , h,
is  x ssi
 which y
u c 
 ly 
h d d; 
is h m  f c
f w 
ig s
mhig css ily l m bl. Th 
 x ssi

ugh 
b, h  h
g

d, d h  is  vil.
y w 
Bu livig m  d
s 
 w  g

d, ulss h is dis ssd

, w c   sily ud s d h
w y m  liv c  b wih
u
s c 
 b  dic d
f y
u wih y ccu cy: i migh h v
T qui, wh h w s d iv f
m his igd
m. Bu wh such 
d scig h d d, i is bs
luly uilligibl. F


 ssibl; bu h d d  issibl: h f
, h d d c

wih
u i; d y
igd
m. Bu hi
b ss d
f
x ssi
 is us
w  imlis 
b
 b i 
w .

XXXVII. Bu wh 
cc si
 is h  
hil
s
hiz 49h  i
m  wih which
w s h  hil
s
hy is bu lil c
c d? H
w
f h v 

ly
u g
 ls bu wh
l mis, ushd
 c  i d h! Bu if i h d b hig 
b
 f d, L. B uus w
uld v h v f ll i figh, 
 v h u 
f 
h  y  wh
m h h d xlld; 
w
uld Dcius h f h h v b sl i i
fighig wih h L is; 
w
uld his s
, wh g gd wih h E usc s, 

his g ds
 wih Py hus h v x
sd hmslvs 
h mys d s. S i w

uld v h v s, i

 c m ig, h Scii
s f ll fighig f
hi c
u
y; 
w
uld h l is
f C  h v wissd h d h
f P ulus d Gmius,

Vusi h 
f M cllus; 
w
uld h L is h v bhld h d h
f Albi
us, 
h Luc i s h 
f G cchus. Bu  y
f hs mis bl 
w? N y
, hy w  
 s
v  h fi s m
m f hy h d b  hd hi l s;

c  y
 b mis bl f h h s l
s ll ss i
. Oh, bu h m  c
i cums c
f big wih
u ss i
 is mis bl. I migh b s
if big wi
h
u ss i
 w  h s m hig s w ig i; bu s i is vid h  c 
b 
hig
f y id i h  which h s 
xisc, wh  c  h  b fflic
ig 
h  which c  ih fl w  
b ssibl
f yhig? W migh b
 s id 
h v  d his
v 

f,
ly h  h  lis ll h  h s

ul shudd s  f
m h f
f d h. F
wh
v c  cl ly  hd h  wh
ich is s m ifs s h lighh  wh b
h s
ul d b
dy  c
sumd, d h
 is 
 l ds uci
, h h  which w s  im l bc
ms 
higwill cl
ly s h  h  is 
diff c bw Hi
c u , which v h d xis
c, d Kig Ag mm
, d h  M. C millus is 
m
 c
c d b
u his
 s civil w h  I w s  h s cig
f R
m, wh h w s livig.
XXXVIII. Why, h, sh
uld C millus b ffcd wih h h
ughs
f hs hig
s h ig h  hud d d fify y s f his im? Ad why sh
uld I b u
 sy i I w  
xc h  s
m  i
 migh 
ssss islf
f his ciy 
h
us d y s hc? Bc us s
g   is
u g d f

u c
u y, s 
 

b m su d by
u
w flig, bu by is
w cu l s fy.
50D h, h, which h  s us d ily f
m
h
us d ccids, d which, by
 s

f h sh
ss
f lif, c  v b f
ff, d
s 
 d
wis m
 f
m m ig such 
visi
 f
his c
u y d his f mily s h h
s m y l s
f
v ; d f
m g dig 
s iy,
f which h c  v h v y  l  c
m  m y c f
 iy, v h
u
i
, s bl
gig 
himslf. Wh f

gh h b  su dd h  his s
ul is m
 l; 
, idd, f
m dsi 
f gl
y,
which h will b issibl
f, bu f
m  icil
f vi u, which gl
y wil
l ivi bly d, h
ugh h  is 
 his
bjc. Th 
css, idd,
f  u
 is his: h  jus i h s m m  s
u bi h w s h bgiig
f hig
s wih us, s
d h will b h d; d s w w  
w ys c
c d wih yhi
g bf
 w w  b
, s
ih sh ll w b f w  d d. Ad i his s

f higs wh  c  h vil b, sic d h h s 
c
ci
 wih ih 
h livig
h d d? Th
 h v 
xisc  ll, h
h  
 y
ffcd by i. Thy wh
m  h l s
f d h c
sid i s h vig g   
smbl c 
sl; s if y
 w
uld ch

s 
liv iy y s
 c
dii

h ,  h xi i

f sixy, h sh
uld sl
u h m id . Th v y s
wi w
uld 
 cc
f lif
 h
s  ms, much lss I. Edymi
, idd, if
y
u lis 
f bls, sl
c
 im
 L mus, m
u i
f C i , d f

such lgh
f im h  I im gi h is 
 s y w . D
y
u hi h
 h is c
c d  h M

s big i difficulis, h

ugh i w s by h h  h
 w s h
w i
h  sl, i
d h  sh migh iss him whil slig. F

wh  sh
uld h b c
c d f
wh
h s 
 v y ss i
? Y
u l


 s
l s  im g
f d h, d y
u   h 
 y
u d ily; d h v y
u, h,
y d
ub h  h  is 
ss i
 i d h, wh y
u s h  is 
 i sl
, which is is  smbl c?
XXXIX. Aw y, h, wih h
s f
llis, which  lil b h  h
ld w
m
s d  ms, such s h  i is mis bl 
di bf

u im. Wh  im d
y
u
m ? Th 
f  u ? Bu sh h s
ly l y
u lif, s sh migh ld y
u m

y, wih
u fixig y c  i im f
is  ym. H v y
u y g
uds
f c

ml i, 51h, h  sh c lls i  h l su ? f

y
u civd i
 h
s  ms. Thy h  c
ml i hus ll
w h  if y
ug child dis, h su viv

s
ugh 
b his l
ss wih qu imiy; h  if  if  i h c dl dis,
hy
ugh 
 v 
u
c
ml i; d y  u  h s b m
 sv  wi
h hm i dm dig b c wh  sh g v. Thy sw by s yig h  such h v 

  sd h sws
f lif; whil h
h h d bgu 
c
civ h
s
f g 
 h iss, d, idd, h d bgu 
 liz hm. M judg b i
h 
higs, d ll
w   
b  f bl 

. Why d
hy 
 dmi h s m
sim  i lif? Th
ugh C llim chus d
s 
 s  miss i s yig h  m
 
 s h d fl
wd f
m P i m h  his s
; y hy  h
ugh h i wh
di f
 hy h v  chd
ld g. I w
uld b h d 
s y why; f
I d

  h
d h  y
, if l
g lif w  g d 
him, w
uld fid i h i . Th
  is 
hig m
 g  bl 
m  h   udc, which
ld g m
s c  i
ly bs
ws

m , h
ugh i m y s i him
f v yhig ls. Bu wh  g is
l
g,
wh  is h   ll l
g 
m ? D
s 

Old g, h
ugh u g dd, sill d

O childh

ds  sims, s h c s
f m?
Bu bc us h  is 
hig by
d
ld g, w c ll h  l
g: ll hs higs
 s id 
b l
g
sh
, cc
dig 
h 

i

f im hy w  giv
 us f
. A is
l s ih h  is
id
f isc  h iv Hy is, wh
ich us f
m
c  i  
f Eu
 i
h P
us, wh
s lif c
siss bu

f
 d y; h
s h  di  h ighh h
u di i full g; h
s wh
di wh
 h su ss  v y
ld, sci lly wh h d ys   h l
gs. C
m

u l
gs lif wih  iy, d w sh ll b f
ud lm
s s sh
-livd s
h
s lil im ls.
XL. L us, h, dsis ll hs f
llisf
wh  s
f  m c  I giv 
suc
h lviis? d l us l y h f
ud i

f
u h iss i h s gh d g 
ss
f
u mids, i
c
m d dis g d
f ll  hly higs, d i 
h  cic
f v y vi u. F
  s w   v d by h s
fss
f

u im gi i
s, 52s
h , sh
uld w l v his w
ld bf
 h 
miss
f

u f
u-ll s  m d g

d 
us, w sh
uld hi
u slvs d ivd
f s

m g   dv  gs, d sm dis 

id d f
l
. Bu if, h
ugh lif, w
 i c
iu l suss, sill xcig, sill dsi ig, d  i c
iu
l  i d 
u , g

d G
ds! h
w l s  mus h  j
u y b which ds i s
cu iy d  s! H
w l sd m I wih Th ms! Of h
w x ld s
ul d
s h
  ! F
, lh
ugh w v  d
f him wih
u  s, y h  illus i
us
m  is 
 
b l md i his d h, wh
, wh h h d b im is
d by h
c
mm d
f h hi y y s, d 
ff, 
 d ugh, s if h h d b hi
sy, h 
is
d cu, d h w h m id
u
f i wih such f
c h  i
 s
udd s i fll; d h,
 h ig h s
ud
f h d
s, h s id, wih
smil, I d i his 
h m
s xcll C ii s, wh
h d b his m
s bi
my; f
i is cus
m y m
g h G s,  hi b qus, 
 m h 
s
 
wh
m hy id 
dliv h cu. This clb d m  w s l s  

h l s, v wh h h d civd h 

is
 i
his b
wls, d  uly f


ld h d h
f h  m  wh
m h  md wh h d  h 
is
, d h  d h
s

 f
ll
wd. Wh
h  his d h  vil c
uld 
v
f h vss
f 
m i his g   m   h is 
f dyig? S
c s c m, fw y s f
, 
h s m  is
 d h s m cu by s g   iiquiy
 h  
f his ju
dgs s h y s disl yd wh hy xcud Th ms. Wh  sch is h
 which Pl 
m s him dliv bf
 his judgs, f hy h d c
dmd him

d h!
XLI. I m 
 wih
u h
s, O judgs, h  i is f v
bl ci cums c f
m
h  I m c
dmd 
di; f


f hs w
higs mus css ily h 
ih h  d h will d iv m i ly
f ll ss,
ls h , by dyig,
I sh ll g
f
m hc i
s
m
h l c; wh f
, if ll ss is u ly
xiguishd, d if d h is li h  sl which s
mims is s
udisu bd
s 
b v wih
u h visi
s
f d  msi h  c s, O y g

d G
ds! wh  g i
 is i 
di?
wh  lgh
f d ys c  b im gid which w
uld b  f bl

such igh? Ad if h c
s  c
u s
f fuu  im 53is 
smbl h
 igh, wh
is h i h  I m? Bu if
 h
h h d, wh  is s id b  u
,  mly, h  d h is bu m
v l 
h
s gi
s wh  h s
uls
f h d
 d dwll, h h  s  mus b m
 h y sill 
h v sc d f
m h

s wh
c ll hmslvs judgs, d 
 bf
 such s   uly s
Mi
s, Rh
d m hus, cus, T i
lmus d 
m wih h
s wh
h v livd wih jusic 
d 
biy!23 C  his ch g
f b
d 
h wis h  g   
y
u? Wh  b

uds c  y
u s 
h v lu
f c
v sig wih O hus, d Musus, d H
m ,
d Hsi
d? I w
uld v, w  i 
ssibl, willigly di
f, i
d 


v h c  iy
f wh  I s 
f. Wh  dligh mus i b 
m wih P l m
ds, d Aj x, d
h s, wh
h v b b yd by h iiquiy
f hi judg
s! Th, ls
, sh
uld I x ic h wisd
m
f v h  ig
f igs, wh
l
d his v s 

s 
T
y, d h  udc
f Ulysss d Sisyhus: 
sh
uld
I h b c
dmd f

scuig my iqui is
 such subjcs i h s m w
y i which I h v d
 h 
  h. Ad v y
u, my judgs, y
u, I m , wh

h v v
d f
my cqui l, d

 y
u f d h, f

hig b d c  bf ll

d m , whh h b liv
d d; 
 his c
c s v
v l

d by
h G
ds; 
i my c s ih h s his bf ll m by ch c; d I h v 
hi
g 
ch g h
s m wih wh
ccusd
c
dmd m bu h f c h  hy b
livd h  hy w  d
ig m h m. I his m  h 
cdd. Th  is 


f his sch which I dmi  m
 h  his l s w
ds: Bu i is im, s ys h,
f
m 
w 
g
hc, h  I m y di; d f
y
u, h  y
u m y c
iu 
li
v. Which c
dii

f h w
is h bs, h imm
 l G
ds 
w; bu I d


bliv h  y m
 l m  d
s.
54XLII. Su ly I w
uld h h v h d his m s s
ul h  ll h f
us
f h

s wh
s  i judgm
 him; lh
ugh h  v y hig which h s ys 

 x
c h G
ds 
w,  mly, whh lif
d h is m
s  f bl, h 
ws h
imslf, f
h h d  vi
usly s d his
ii

 i; bu h m i id 
h
l s h  f v
i m xim
f his,
f ffi mig 
hig. Ad l us, 

, dh 

his ul
f 
 hiig yhig  vil which is g l 
visi

f 
u ; d l us ssu 
u slvs, h  if d h is  vil, i is    l v
il, f
d h sms 
b h d
f mis bl lif; bu if d h is
mis y,
h  c  b 
d
f h . Bu why d
I mi
 S
c s,
Th ms, m
disiguishd by h gl
y
f vi u d wisd
m? wh
c  i L cdm
mi , wh
s
  m is 
 s
much s 
w, hld d h i such c
m, h , wh ld 
i
 by h h
i, h b

ch ful d l s  c
u c; d, wh h w s
sd by

f his mis whh h dsisd h l ws
f Lycu gus, O h c

y, sw d h, I m g  ly
bligd 
him, f
h h s m cd m i fi whi
ch I c   y wih
u b

wig,
 ig u m
y  i s. This w s m  w

hy
f S  . Ad I m lm
s  su dd
f his i
cc bc us
f h g  
ss
f his s
ul. Ou
w ciy h s 
ducd m y such. Bu why sh
uld I  m g
ls, d
h m
f high , wh C 
c
uld w i h  lgi
s h v m ch
d wih l c iy 
h  l c f
m whc hy v xcd 
u ? Wih 

lss g  ss
f s
ul fll h L cdm
i s  Th m
yl,
 wh
m Sim
ids w

 h f
ll
wig i h:
G
, s g , ll h S  s, h  w li,
Wh

su
 hi l ws du s b
ldly di.24
Wh  w s i h  L
id s, hi g l, s id 
hm? M ch
 wih c
u g, my
L cdm
i s. T
-igh,  h s, w sh ll su i h gi
s bl
w. This w s
b
v  i
 whil h l ws
f Lycu gus w  i f
c. O
f hm, wh P si 
h d s id 
him i c
v s i
, 55W sh ll hid h su f
m y
u sigh by h
umb
f
u
ws d d s, lid, W sh ll figh, h i h sh d. D
I 
l
f hi m? H
w g   w s h  L cdm
i  w
m , wh
h d s h s
 
b
l, d wh sh h d h  h w s sl i, s id, I b
 him f
h  u 
s, h
 y
u migh h v
m  wh
du s di f
his c
u y! H
wv , i is m 
f


iy h  h S  s w  b
ld d h dy, f
h discili
f ubl
ic h s g   ifluc.
XLIII. Wh , h, h v w 
  s
 
dmi  Th
d
us h Cy  ,
hil
s

h
f 
sm ll disici
, wh
, wh Lysim chus h  d 
c ucify him, b
d him  h
s m cs f
his c
u i s? T
Th
d
us i m s 
diff c
whh h
 i h i
ud g
ud. By which s yig
f h hil
s
h I
m midd 
s y s
mhig
f h cus
m
f fu ls d sulu , d
f fu
difficul subjc, sci lly if w c

l c m
is, which is, idd, 

llc wh  h s b bf
 s id b
u issibiliy. Th
ii

f S
c s s
cig his m  is cl ly s d i h b

 which   s
f his d h,
f
which w h v l  dy s id s
much; f
wh h h d discussd h imm
 liy
f
h s
ul, d wh h im
f his dyig w s 
chig idly, big sd b
y C i
 h
w h w
uld b bu id, I h v   g   d l
f  is, s ih h, my f
ids, 

u 
s, f
I h v 
 c
vicd
u C i
 h  I sh ll fly f
m
hc, d l v 
 
f m bhid. N
wihs dig, C i
, if y
u c 
v
  m, wh s
v y
u g h
ld
f m, bu y m s y
u l s: bu bliv m,


f y
u will b bl 
c ch m wh I h v fl
w w y f
m hc. Th  w s
xcllly s id, i smuch s h ll
ws his f id 
d
s h l sd, d y

sh
ws his idiff c b
u yhig
f his id. Di
gs w s
ugh , h
ugh

f h s m
ii
; bu i his ch c
f Cyic h x ssd himslf i
s
mwh  h sh m  ; h
d d himslf 
b h
w ywh  wih
u big
bu id. Ad wh his f ids lid, Wh ! 
h bi ds d b ss? By 
m s, s
ih h; l c my s ff  m, h  I m y d iv hm w y. H
w c  y
u d
h , h
y sw , f
y
u will 
  civ hm? H
w m I h 56iju d by big 
 by
h
s im ls, if I h v 
ss i
? A x g
s, wh h w s  h 
i
f d
h  L ms cus, d w s sd by his f ids, whh , if yhig sh
uld h 
 
him, h w
uld 
 ch

s 
b c id 
Cl z
m, his c
u y, m d his
xcll sw , Th  is, s ys h, 

cc si
 f
h , f
ll l cs   
qu l dis c f
m h if  l gi
s. Th  is
 hig 
b
bs vd wih
sc 
h wh
l subjc
f bu i l, h  i l s 
h b
dy, whh h
 s
ul liv
di. N
w, wih g d 
h b
dy, i is cl h , whh h
s
ul liv
di, h  h s 
ss i
.
XLIV. Bu ll higs  full
f 
s. Achills d gs Hc
, id 
his ch
i
; h his, I su
s, h  s his flsh, d h  Hc
fls h  i
f
i; h f
, h vgs himslf
 him, s h im gis. Bu Hcub bw ils h
is s s
 misf
u:
I s w ( d  dful sigh)
D ggd  Achills c
Wh  Hc
?
h
w l
g
s, 

, is s
mims 

g   Hc
sl i,
l
g h l i.
will h b Hc
? Accius is b i his,
s
 bl:

d Achill

I Hc
s b
dy 
his si  c
vyd,
Hc
I s 
h if  l sh d.
I w s 
 Hc
h  y
u d ggd l
g, bu
b
dy h  h d b Hc
s. H 

h s s f
m ud g
ud, d will 
 suff his m
h 
sl:
T
h I c ll, my
c-l
vd  , h ,
N
l
g wih hy sl liv hy c ;
Thi y which iis 
 is cl
sd is;
Lig ig I w i h u id
bsquis.
Wh hs v ss  sug wih sl
w d ml ch
ly u, s
s 
ffc h
wh
l h   wih s dss,
 c  sc c hl hiig h
s uh y h  
ubu id:
E  h dv
u ig d
gs d hug y vulu s...
H is f id h sh ll 
 h v h us
f his limbs s
wll if hy  
 

ics, bu is ud 
such  hsi
s if hy  bu d:
57
N
l v my  d b
s, my 

m is,
T
sh mful vi
lc d bl

dy s is.
I d

 ud s d wh  h c
uld f wh
c
uld 
u f
h such xcll v s
s 
h s
ud
f h flu. W mus, h f
, dh  
his, h  
hig is

b g dd f w  d d, h
ugh m y 
l vg hmslvs
 hi
d d mis. Thyss 
u s f
h sv l cu ss i s
m g

d lis
f Eius
,  yig, fi s
f ll, h  A us m y  ish by
shiw c, which is c  i
ly v y  ibl hig, f
such d h is 
 f  f
m v y g iv
us ss 
i
s. Th f
ll
w hs um ig x ssi
s:
M y
O h sh 
c his m gld c c ss li,
 y!
His  ils 
, 
hug y bi ds
M y h c
vulsiv w ih his bldig sid,
Ad wih his cl
d g
 h s
s b dyd!
Th
cs hmslvs w  
 m
 dsiu
f flig h  h wh
w s h gig

hm by his sid; h
ugh Thyss im gis h is wishig him h g  s 

u . I w
uld b 
u , idd, if h w  ssibl; bu s h is 
, i c 
b 
; h h
w v y um ig is his:
L him, sill h
v ig
 h Sygi  w v,
N  ch h b
dys  cful 
, h g v!
Y
u s ud wh  mis  
i
s ll his is s id. H im gis h b
dy h s i
s h v, d h  h d d   s i hi g vs. Pl
s w s g  ly 
b
l m i 
 h vig if
md d  ugh his s
 wh  g d w s du 
v yhig
.
XLV. Bu wh 
cc si
 is h  
im dv 
 h
ii
s
f idividu ls, wh
 w m y
bs v wh
l  i
s 
f ll i
ll s
s
f 
s? Th Egyi s
mb lm hi d d, d  hm i hi h
uss; h P si s d ss hm
v w
ih w x, d h bu y hm, h  hy m y  s v hi b
dis s l
g s 
ss
ibl. I is cus
m y wih h M gi 
bu y 

f hi
d , ulss hy h v
 b fi s 
 by wild b ss. I Hy c i , h 
l m i i d
gs f
h
ublic us; h 
bls h v hi
w d w 
w h  hy h v
g

d b d
f d

gs; bu v y
, cc
dig 
his biliy, 58
vids himslf wih s
m, i

d 
b 
 by hm; d hy h
ld h  
b h bs id
f i m. Ch
ysius, wh
is cu i
us i ll ids
f his
ic l f cs, h s c
llcd m y

h higs
f his id; bu s
m
f hm  s

ffsiv s 
 
dmi
f b
ig l d. All h  h s b s id
f bu yig is 
 w
h
u g d wih s
c 

u slvs, h
ugh i is 
 
b glcd s 

u f ids, 
vidd w
  h

ughly w  h  h d d  issibl. Bu h livig, idd, sh

uld c
sid wh  is du 
cus
m d
ii
;
ly hy sh
uld  h s m im
 c
sid h  h d d  
w ys i sd i i. Bu d h  uly is h m
 wih h g  s  quilliy wh h dyig m  c  c
mf
 himslf wih his

w  is. N

 dis 

 wh
h s fiishd h c
u s
f  fc vi u.
I myslf h v 
w m y
cc si
s wh I h v smd i d g
f immdi  d
h;
h! h
w I wish i h d c
m 
m! f
I h v g id 
hig by h dl y. I
h d g

v d
v g i h duis
f lif; 
hig m id bu 
c

d wih f
u. If  s
, h, c 
 sufficily f
ify us 
 bl us 

fl c
m f
d h,  ll vs l
u  s lif 
v h  w h v li
vd l
g 
ugh, d v l
g h  w s css y; f

wihs dig h d
iv i

f ss, h d d  
 wih
u h  g

d which culi ly bl

gs 

hm,  mly, h  is d gl

y which hy h v cqui d, v h
ugh hy
 
 ssibl
f i. F
lh
ugh h  b 
hig i gl
y 
m  i dsi
bl, y i f
ll
ws vi u s is sh d
w; d h gui judgm
f h muli
ud
 g

d m, if v hy f

m y, is m
 
hi
w  is h 
f y
 l dv  g 
h d d. Y I c 
 s y, h
wv i m y b civd, h  L
ycu gus d S
l
 h v 
gl
y f
m hi l ws, d f
m h 
liic l c
siu
i
 which hy s blishd i hi c
u y;
h  Thmis
cls d E mi
d
s h v 
 gl
y f
m hi m i l vi u.
XLVI. F
Nu sh ll s

 bu y S l mis islf wih his w  s h  h mm

y
f h 
his g id h ; d h B
i  Luc sh ll  ish s

 h 
h gl
y
f h  g   b l. Ad l
g sill sh ll f m b bf
 i ds s
Cu ius, d F b icius, d C l ius, 59 d h w
Scii
s, d h w
Af ic
i, d M ximus, d M cllus, d P ulus, d C 
, d Llius, d umb lss

h h
s; d wh
v h s c ugh y smbl c
f hm, 
 sim ig i b
y c
mm
 f m, bu by h  l l us
f g

d m, m y wih c
fidc, wh 
h
cc si
 qui s, 
ch d h,
 which w  su  h  v if h chi
f g

d is 
 c
iud,  l s 
vil is. Such
m  w
uld v wish 
di
whil i 
s iy; f
ll h f v
s h  c
uld b h d
 him w
uld 
 b
s
g  bl 
him s h l
ss
f hm w
uld b  iful. Th  sch
f h L
cdm
i  sms 
h v h s m m ig, wh
, wh Di g
s h Rh
di , wh
h d
himslf b
c
qu
 h Olymic g ms, s w w

f his
w s
s c
qu

s h 
 h s m d y, 
chd h
ld m , d, c
g ul ig him, s id,
Y
u sh
uld di 
w, Di g
s, f

g   h iss c  
ssibly w i y
u. Th
 G s l


 hs s g   higs;  h s hy hi 

highly
f hm,

 , h , hy did s
h. Ad
s s
mhig v y gl
i
us, h 
qu
s h , h
ugh i c
uld
i lif, wh  h c
uld
ly b

s
h wh
s id his 
Di g
s, l

ig
 i
h  m
u
f
 f mily sh
uld h v b c

sw 
u 
s 
him 
c
iu y l
g
x
sd 
v s
f f
u.

I migh h v giv y
u suffici sw , s i sms 
m,
 his 
i, i
fw w
ds, s y
u h d ll
wd h d d w  
 x
sd 
y 
siiv vil;
bu I h v s
  g   lgh
 h subjc f
his  s
, bc us hi
s is
u g  s c
s
l i
 i h l
sig d bw ilig
f
u f ids. F
w

ugh 
b wih m
d i
 y g if which iss f
m
u slvs,
is du
d

u
w cc
u, ls w sh
uld sm 
b 

much iflucd by slf-l

v. Bu sh
uld w susc
u d d f ids 
b ud h
s vils, which h
y  g lly im gid 
b, d 
b ssibl
f hm, h such susici

 w
uld giv us i
l bl  i; d cc
digly I wishd, f
my
w s , 

luc u his
ii
 by h

s, d
 h  cc
u I h v b  h s s
m
wh  m
 
lix h  w s css y.
XLVII. A. M
 
lix h  w s css y? C  iy 
, i my
ii
. F
I w
s iducd, by h f
m 60 
f y
u sch, 
wish 
di; bu, by h l 
 , s
mims 
 
b uwillig, d 
h s 
b wh
lly idiff  b
u
i. Bu h ffc
f y
u wh
l gum is, h  I m c
vicd h  d h
ug
h 
 
b cl ssd m
g h vils.
M. D
y
u, h, xc h  I m 
giv y
u

ici s,
sh ll I f
g
h  ?

gul 
i
, li h h

A. I w
uld 
 h v y
u giv
v   which y
u h v s
ff 
such dv  g
; d y
u w  i h igh 
d
s
, f
, 
s  h  uh, i ls
h s s
y
u
ff. Bu wh  is h  
i
? F
I sh
uld b gl d 
h i, wh v
i is.
M. I is cus
m y, i h sch

ls, 

duc h
ii
s
f h imm
 l G
ds

 d h; 
 hs
ii
s h f uis
f h im gi i
 l

f h lc
u  s, bu hy h v h uh
iy
f H
d
us d m y
h s. Cl
bis d Bi

  h fi s hy mi
, s
s
f h A giv  isss; h s
y is wl
l-
w
. As i w s css y h  sh sh
uld b d w i ch i
 
c 
i u l s c ific, which w s s
lmizd 
ml s
m c
sid bl dis c
 f
m h 
w, d h c l h  w  
d w h ch i
 h d 
 ivd, 
h
s w
y
ug m wh
m I h v jus mi
d, ullig
ff hi g ms, d

iig hi b
dis wih
il, h ssd hmslvs 
h y
. Ad i his m
 h  isss w s c
vyd 
h ml; d wh h ch i
 h d ivd
 h 
 l c, sh is s id 
h v   d h G
ddss 
bs
w
 hm
, s w d f
hi iy, h g  s gif h 
G
d c
uld c
f
 m .
Ad h y
ug m, f h vig f sd wih hi m
h , fll sl; d i
h m
ig hy w  f
ud d d. T
h
ius d Ag mds  s id 
h v u u
 h s m ii
, f
hy, h vig buil ml 
A
ll
 Dlhi,
ff 
d sulic i
s 
h G
d, d dsi d
f him s
m x
di y w d f
h
i c  d l b
,  icul izig 
hig, bu sig f
wh v w s bs f

m. Acc
digly, A
ll
sigifid 
hm h  h w
uld bs
w i
 hm i 
h  d ys, d
 h hi d d y  d yb   hy w  f
ud d d. Ad s
hy s
y h  his w s f
m l dcisi
 

ucd by h  G
d 
61wh
m h s
f 
h diis h v ssigd h 
vic
f diviig wih  ccu cy su i


h 
f ll h s.
XLVIII. Th  is ls

s
y 
ld
f Silus, wh
, wh
, is s id 
h v m d him his  s f
his s
m
m25 h  v 
h v b b
 w s by f h g  s
 
m ; d h  h x bs hig w s 
di v y
 Eu iids m s us
f i his C sh
s, s yig,

   is
 by Mid s
mly, h  h if
md hi
blssig h  c
uld h 
s

; which v y
ii

Wh m  is b
, is fi, wih s
lm sh
w,
W s 
u ss
f his 
chig w
;
Wih
h gsu s d diff  y,
P
cl im
u l su  wh hs bid 
di.26
Th  is s
mhig li his i C 
s C
s
l i
; f
h s ys h  T isus
f
Elysi , wh h w s bi ly l mig h l
ss
f his s
, c m 

l c
f
divi i
 
b if
md why h w s visid wih s
g   fflici
, d ci
vd i his  bl hs h  v ss:
Th
u f

l, 
mu mu  Euhy
us d h!
Th bl

mig y
uh 
f  sigs his b  h:
Th f , wh 
 y
u h iss dds,
A
c h   d h s
 bf ids.27
O hs d simil uh
iis hy ffi m h  h qusi
 h s b d mi
d by h G
ds. N y, m
; Alcid m s,  ci h
ici 
f h v y highs
u i
, w
 v i  is
f d h, which h d v
d 
s blish by
 um i

f h vils
f lif; d his Diss  i
 h s g   d l
f l

quc i i; bu 62h w s u cqu id wih h m

 fid gums
f h
hil
s
h s. By h

s, idd, 
di f

u c
u y is lw ys c
sid 
d 

ly s gl
i
us, bu v s h y: hy g
b c s f s E chhus,28
wh
s v y d ugh s ud w d h, f
h s fy
f hi fll
w-ciizs: 
hy is c C
d us, wh
h w himslf i
h mids
f his mis, d ssd li
c
mm
 m , h  his
y l
bs migh 
 b y him, bc us h
cl h

d dcl d h Ahi s c
qu
s, if hi ig w s sl i. Mcus29 is 


v l

d by hm, wh
, i c
mli c wih h ijuci
s
f 
cl, f ly
shd his bl

d f
his c
u y. Ihigi
d d h slf 
b c
vyd 
Auli
s, 
b s c ificd, h  h bl

d migh b h c us
f sillig h 
f h 
mis.
XLIX. F
m hc hy 
cd 
is cs
f f sh d . H m
dius d A is

gi
  i v yb
dys m
uh; h mm
y
f L
id s h L cdm
i  d E mi

d s h Thb  is s f sh s v . Th

s hil
s
h s w  
 cqu id wi
h h m y is cs i
u c
u y
giv
lis
f wh
m w
uld   u 

much
imwh
, w s, c
sid d d h dsi bl s l
g s i w s cc
m id wih h


. Bu, 
wihs dig his is h c
c viw
f h c s, w mus us much
 su si
, s  s if w w  dud wih s
m high uh
iy, i
d 

b ig m 
bgi 
wish 
di,
c s 
b f id
f d h. F
if h  l
s d y d
s 

cc si
  i  xici
, bu ch g
f b
d
ly, wh 
c  b m
 dsi bl? Ad if i,
 h
h h d, ds
ys, d bs
luly 
us  d 
us, wh  c  b  f bl 
h h vig d sl f ll
 us,
i h mids
f h f igus
f lif, d big hus
v  , 
sl 

iy? Ad, sh
uld his  lly 63b h c s, h Eiuss l gu g is m
 c
sis
 wih wisd
m h  S
l
s; f

u Eius s ys,
L 
 bs
w u
 my  ssig bi
O dlss sigh
u v ilig  .
Bu h wis S
l
 s ys,
L m 
 ul md di, bu
 my bi
Bu s f
h h d sigh, h f idly  .30
Bu l us, if idd i sh
uld b
u f  

w h im which is 
id
by h G
ds f
us 
di,   
u slvs f
i wih ch ful d g ful
mid, hiig
u slvs li m wh
 dliv d f
m j il, d l sd f

m hi f s, f
h u 
s
f g
ig b c 

u   l h bi i
, whic
h m y b m
 mh ic lly c lld
u
w;
ls 
b divsd
f ll ss
d 
ubl. If,
 h
h h d, w sh
uld h v 

ic giv us
f his dc
, y l us culiv  such dis
sii
 s 
l


 h  f
mid bl h
u

f d h s h y f
us, h
ugh sh
cig 

u f ids; d l us v im gi
 yhig 
b  vil which is  
im
f h imm
 l G
ds,

f 
u , h c
mm
  
f ll. F
i is 
 by h z d
wih
u dsig h  w

 h v b b
 d siu d s w h v. O h c
 y, by
d ll d
ub h
 is c  i 
w which c
suls h h iss
f hum   u ; d his w
ul
d ih h v 
ducd 

vidd f

big which, f h vig g
 h
ug
h h l b
s
f lif, w s 
f ll i
  l mis y by d h. L us h i
f h  w h v    d h v   d f
us, which I wish w c
uld c
w
d ll s il d iv ; bu h
ugh h wids sh
uld 
 s v, d w sh
uld b
 d iv b c, y w sh ll 
c  iy iv  h  
i vu lly, h
u
gh s
mwh  l  . Bu h
w c  h  b mis bl f

 which ll mus
f cs
siy ud g
? I h v giv y
u 
i
, h  y
u migh 
 hi I h d
v
l

d
glcd yhig.
A. I m  su dd y
u h v 
; d, idd, h  
i
 h s c
fi md m.
64M. I m gl d i h s h d h  ffc. Bu i is 
w im 
c
sul
u h lh.
T
-m

w, d ll h im w c
iu i his Tuscul  vill , l us c
sid
his subjc; d sci lly h
s 
i
s
f i which m y  s
u  i, ll
vi 
u f s, d lss
u dsi s, which is h g  s dv  g w c 
  f
m h wh
l
f hil
s
hy.
BOOK II.
ON BEARING PAIN.
I. N

lmus, i Eius, idd, s ys h  h sudy
f hil
s
hy w s xdi
 f
him; bu h  i qui d limiig 
fw subjcs, f
h  
giv hi
mslf u i ly 
i w s wh  h did 
 
v
f. Ad f
my  , B uus,
I m  fcly  su dd h  i is xdi f
m 
hil
s
hiz; f
wh 
c  I d
b , sci lly s I h v 
gul
ccu i
? Bu I m 
 f
li
miig my hil
s
hy 

fw subjcs, s h d
s; f
hil
s
hy is
m  i
lil 
wldg wih
u cqu iig y
u s
 which i is difficul 
cqui 
lf wih m y,
ll is b chs, 
c  y
u wll  
fw subjcs wih
u
slcig hm
u
f
g   umb ; 
c  y
, wh
h s cqui d h 
w
ldg
f fw 
is, v
id d v
ig wih h s m  g ss 
ud s d m
busy lif, d i
 m ily
ccuid wih mili y m  s

. Bu sill, i
, such s h 
f N

lmus w s  h  im, v h  limid dg 
f cqu
i c wih hil
s
hy m y b
f g   us, d m y yild f ui, 
  h s s

liful s h

ugh 
wldg
f h wh
l
f hil
s
hy, bu y such s
i s
m dg  m y  ims dliv us f
m h d
mii

f
u dsi s,
u s


ws, d
u f s; jus s h ffc
f h  discussi
 which w l ly m i
id i my Tuscul  vill smd 
b h 
g   c
m
f d h w s g
d d, which c
m is
f 
sm ll ffic cy 
w ds dliv ig h mid f
m f
 ; f
wh
v d  ds wh  c 
 b v
idd c  by 
m s liv wih qui
d  quil mid. Bu h wh
is ud 
65f
f d h, 

ly bc us i
hig bs
luly ivi bl bu ls
bc us h is  su dd h  d h is
is
lf h h 
hig  ibl i i, 
vids himslf wih v y g   s
u c 
w
ds h y lif. H
wv , I m 
 
l  h  m y will gu s u
usly
hig which c  v b v
idd, xc by b
g is us; d, idd, h  is
s iig f
m w iig  ll. F
if my O i
s, which w  dd ssd 
h ju
dgm d 
b i

f h 
l (f
h  is 
ul , d h
bjc

f

y is 
ul l us), h v b c iicisd by s
m 
l wh
 ic
lid 
wihh
ld hi  is f
m v yhig bu wh  hy   su dd hy
c   i 
hmslvs, d wh
limi hi id s
f g

d s ig by h h

s which hy c
civ
f wh  hy hmslvs m y  i 
, d wh
dcl , wh
 hy 
v whlmd wih fl
w
f w
ds d scs, h  hy  f h
um
s 
v y
f h
ugh d x ssi
 
h  ly d c
i
usss (f
m w
hich
s h Aic id
f

y, which hy wh

fssd i w  s g s

, h
ugh hy h v 
w b s
m im silcd, d l ughd
u
f h v y c

u s
f jusic), wh  m y I 
 xc, wh   s I c 
 h v h l s
 c
u c f
m h 
l by wh
m I usd 
b uhld bf
? F
hil
s
hy
is s isfid wih fw judgs, d
f h
w cc
d idus i
usly v
ids h

muliud, wh
 j l
us
d y
 ud   
c y
sid; whil, if h sh
uld

uld h v g   ssis c

f i, d u ly disl sd wih i; s
h , sh
ul
d
w h wh
l
f i, h w
uld h v h 
l
 his
 c h  sch

l which I  icul ly 
fss, h w
f
m h
s
f h
h hil
s
h s.

II. Bu I h v sw d h d c
s
f hil
s
hy i g l, i my H
siu
s. Ad wh  I h d 
s y i f v

f h Ac dmics, is, I hi, xl id wih
suffici ccu cy i my f
u b

s
f h Ac dmic Qusi
.
Bu y I m s
f f
m dsi ig h  

 sh
uld w i g is m, h  i i
s wh  I m
s  sly wish; f
hil
s
hy w
uld v h v b i such s
m i G c islf, if i h d 
 b f
h s gh which i cqui d f
m 
h c
i
s d disu i
s
f h 66m
s l d m; d h f
 I c
m
md ll m wh
h v biliis 
f
ll
w my dvic 
s ch his  ls
f
m
dcliig G c, d 
 s
 i 
his ciy; s
u cs
s by hi s
udy d idus y h v im
d ll hi
h s which w  w
h h vig. Th
us h  is
f

y, isd f
m l
w dg , is ivd  such  fci

 h  i mus 
w dcli, d, s is h  u 
f ll higs, v g 
is di
ss
lui
 i
v y sh
 im. L hil
s
hy, h, d iv is bi h i L i
l gu g f
m his im, d l us ld i
u ssis c, d b  ily 

b c
 dicd d fud; d lh
ugh h
s m m y disli such   m
wh
 b
ud d dv
d 
c  i  d mid
ii
s, d  ud such

blig i
s 
m i i hm h  hy  f
cd, f
h s 
f c
siscy,

dh  
hm v h
ugh hy d

 hmslvs wh
lly 
v
f hm; w
,
 h
h h d, wh
u su
ly 
b biliis, d wh
c 
 g
by
d h
 which sms  lly lily, c  c
fu
h s wih
u
bsi cy, d   
d 
b c
fud
u slvs wih
u sm. Bsids, if hs sudis  
v b
ugh h
m 
us, w sh ll 
 w  v G  lib is, i which h  i
s  ifii umb
f b

s, by  s

f h muliud
f uh
s m
g hm;
f
i is c
mm
  cic wih m y 
  h s m higs which h v b
w i by
h s, which s vs 
u 
s bu 
suff hi shlvs; d his
will b
u c s, 

, if m y ly hmslvs 
his sudy.
III. Bu l us xci h
s, if 
ssibl, wh
h v h d lib l duc i
, d
 m s s
f  lg  syl, d wh
hil
s
hiz wih  s
 d mh
d.
F
h  is c  i cl ss
f hm wh
w
uld willigly b c lld hil
s
h s,
wh
s b

s i
u l gu g  s id 
b um
us, d which I d

 dsis
; f
, idd, I v  d hm: bu sill, bc us h uh
s hmslvs dcl
 h  hy w i wih
u y gul iy,
mh
d,
lg c,

 m,
I d

 c  
 d wh  mus b s
v
id
f   im. Th  is 

 i
h l s cqu id wih li u  wh
d
s 
 
w h syl d sims

f h  sch

l; wh f
, sic hy   
 is 
x ss hmslvs wl
l, I 67d

 s why hy sh
uld b  d by yb
dy xc by
 
h . L
hm  d hm, if hy l s, wh

f h s m
ii
s; f
i h s m m
 s ll m  d Pl 
d h
h S
c ics, wih h
s wh
s ug f
m 
hm, v h
s wh
d

 g  wih hi
ii
s,
 v y idiff  b

u hm; bu sc cly y
 xc hi
w discils   Eicu us
M

d
us i
hi h ds; s
hy l
  d hs L i b

s wh
hi h  h
gums c
 id i hm  s
ud. Bu, i my
ii
, wh v is ublishd
sh
uld b c
mmdd 
h  dig
f v y m 
f l ig; d h
ugh w m
y 
 succd i his
u slvs, y v hlss w mus b ssibl h  his

ugh 
b h im
f v y w i . Ad
 his cc
u I h v lw ys b l
sd wih h cus
m
f h P i ics d Ac dmics,
f disuig
 b
h sid
s
f h qusi
; 
 s
lly f
m is big h
ly mh
d
f disc
v ig wh 
is 
b bl
 v y subjc, bu ls
bc us i ff
ds h g  s sc
 f

 cisig l
quc; mh
d h  A is
l fi s m d us
f, d f w d
ll h A is
li s; d i
u
w mm
y Plil
, wh
m w h v
f h d,

id
 im 
  
f h  cs
f h h
ici s, d 
h f

hil
s
hic l discussi
, 
which cus
m I w s b
ugh 
c
f
m by my f ids

 my Tusculum; d cc
digly
u lisu  im w s s i his m  . Ad
h f
, s ys d y bf
 

 w lid
u slvs 
s ig, d i h
f 

 w d
w i
h Ac dmy, h discussi
s which w  hld h  I h
 i
, bu i lm
s h v
v cqu id y
u wih, 
 i h m 
f
y s m w
ds which w  ml
yd i h db .
IV. Th disc
u s, h, w s i
ducd i his m  whil w w  w lig,
d i w s c
mmcd by s
m such 
ig s his:

A. I is 
 
b x ssd h
w much I w s dlighd,
h difid, by y
u
disc
u s
f ys d y. F
lh
ugh I m c
sci
us 
myslf h  I h v v
b 

f
d
f lif, y  ims, wh I h v c
sid d h  h  w
uld b
  d 
his lif, d h  I mus s
m im

h   wih ll is g

d
higs, c  i d  d 68 d u siss usd 
i ud islf
 my h
ughs;
bu 
w, bliv m, I m s
f d f
m h  id
f u siss h  h  is 

hig h  I hi lss w

h y g d.
M. I m 
  ll su  isd  h , f
i is h ffc
f hil
s
hy, which
is h mdici
f
u s
uls; i b ishs ll g
udlss  hsi
s, f s us
f
m dsi s, d d ivs w y f s: bu i h s 
 h s m ifluc
v ll
m; i is
f v y g   ifluc wh i f lls i wih dis
sii
 wll d
d 
i. F


ly d
s F
u, s h
ld 
v b s ys, ssis h b
ld,
bu  s
 d
s s
i sill g   dg ; f
i, by c  i  cs, s i
 w , s ghs v c
u g islf. Y
u w  b
  u lly g   d s
i
g, d wih c
m f
ll higs which   i 
m  l
; h f

d
isc
u s g is d h 

  sy 
ssssi

f b v s
ul. Bu d
y
u im gi
h  hs s m gums h v y f
c wih h
s v y  s
s wh
h v iv
d, d c v ssd, d ublishd hm, xcig idd s
m v y fw  icul
 s
s? F
h
w fw hil
s
h s will y
u m wih wh
s lif d m  s 
c
f
m bl 
h dic s
f  s
! wh
l


 hi 
fssi
, 
 s m
 s
f disl yig hi l ig, bu s ul f
hi
w  cic! wh
f
l
l
w hi
w  cs, d c
mly wih hi
w dc s! Y
u m y s s
m
f s
uch lviy d such v iy, h  i w
uld h v b b f
hm 
h v b
ig
; s
m c
v
us
f m
y, s
m
h s  g f
gl
y, m y sl vs 

hi luss; s
h  hi disc
u ss d hi ci
s  m
s s gly  v
i c; h  which 
hig i my
ii
 c  b m
 ubc
mig: f
jus s if

 wh

fssd 
 ch g mm sh
uld s  wih im
 iy,

m s
f
music sig
u
f u, such c
duc h s h w
s  c i hs m, bc
us hy blud i h v y  icul wih which hy 
fss h  hy  w
ll cqu id. S
hil
s
h wh
 s i h c
duc
f his lif is h m

if m
us bc us h is  ig i h v y hig which h  ds 
 ch, d,
whil h l ys d
w uls 
gul  lif by, is i gul i his
w lif.
V. A. Sh
uld his b h c s, is i 
 
b f d h  69y
u  d ssig u
hil
s
hy i f ls c
l
s? F
wh  s
g gum c  h  b h  i is
disc di bl

f lil us h  h  s
m v y 
f
ud hil
s
h s liv i
m  ?
M. Th , idd, is 
gum  ll, f
s ll h filds which  culiv 
d  
 f uiful ( d his sim
f Accius is f ls, d ss d wih
u
y f
ud i
,
Th g
ud y
u s
w
 is
f sm ll v il;
T
yild c
 g

d sd c  v f il),

i is 
 v y mid which h s b 
 ly culiv d
, 
g

 wih h c
m is
, s fild, lh
ugh i
l, c 
 
duc
c
 wih
u d ssig, s
ih c
i
; such is h w ss
f ih wih
u h
h .
 culu 
f h mid: his i is which lucs u vics
h mid f
h civig
f sds; c
mmis hm 
i,

h  
ducs f ui; d
m y b  u lly f uifu
 h mid wih
u duc
Wh  s hil
s
hy is h
by h

s;   s 

, s I m y s y, s
ws 

hm, i h h
 h , wh c
m 
m u iy, hy m y 
duc
liful h v
s. L us 
cd, h, s w bg . S y, if y
u l s, wh  sh ll b h sub
jc
f
u disu i
.
A. I l


  i 
b h g  s
f ll vils.
M. Wh , v g   h  if my?
A. I d  
 idd ss  h ; d I blush 
hi I
my g
ud.

m s
s

 d iv f
m

M. Y
u w
uld h v h d g    s
 f
blushig h d y
u  sv d i i; f

wh  is s
ubc
migwh  c   w
s 
y
u, h  disg c, wicdss, imm

liy? T
v
id which, wh   i is h  which w
ugh 
 (I will 
 s y 

v
id shi ig, bu v)
f
u
w cc
d 
c
u , d ud g
, d v
 
c
u ?
A. I m i ly
f h 
ii
; bu, 
wihs dig h   i is 
 h g 
s vil, y su ly i is  vil.
M. D
y
u  civ, h, h
w much
f h 

f  i y
u h v giv u

sm ll hi?
A. I s h  l ily; bu I sh
uld b gl d 
giv u m

f i.
M. I will d v

m  y
u d
s
; bu i is g   70ud  ig, d I mus
 h v
dis
sii

 y
u   which is 
 iclid 

ff y
bs cls.
A. Y
u sh ll h v such: f

wh v sh l ds.

s I bh vd ys d y, s


w I will f
ll
w  s


VI. M. Fi s, h, I will s 

f h w ss
f m y hil
s
h s, d h
s
, 

,
f v i
us scs; h h d
f wh
m, b
h i uh
iy d iquiy, w s
A isius, h uil
f S
c s, wh
hsi d 
 
s y h   i w s h g
 s
f ll vils. Ad f him Eicu us  sily g v i 
his ffmi  
d  v d d
c i. Af him Hi
ymus h Rh
di  s id, h  
b wih
u
 i w s h chif g

d, s
g    vil did  i  
him 
b. Th s
, wih h xci
s
f Z
, A is
, Py h
, w   y much
f h s m
i
i
 h  y
u w 
f jus 
wh  i w s idd  vil, bu h  h  w  m y
w
s. Wh, h,  u  h slf, d c  i g
us flig
f vi u, 

c  vs y
u f
m  sisig i h ss i
 h   i is h chif vil,
d wh y
u w  d iv f
m such 
ii
 wh disg c w s c
 sd wih
 i, sh ll hil
s
hy, h  c ss
f lif, clig 
his id f
s
m y
gs? Wh  duy
f lif, wh   is, wh  u i
, w
uld b
f such c
squ
c h  m  sh
uld b dsi
us
f g iig i  h xs
f submiig 

b
dily  i, wh h h s  su dd himslf h   i is h g  s vil? O 
h
h sid, wh  disg c, wh  ig
miy, w
uld h 
 submi 
h  h migh
 v
id  i, wh  su dd h  i w s h g  s
f vils? Bsids, wh  
s
, if i b
ly  u h   i is h g  s
f vils, is 
 mis bl, 


ly wh h cu lly fls  i, bu ls
whv h is w  h  i m y b
f ll him. Ad wh
is h  wh
m  i m y 
 bf ll? S
h  i is cl h  
h  is bs
luly 

 wh
c  
ssibly b h y. M
d
us, idd, his
h  m   fcly h y wh
s b
dy is f  f
m ll dis
d s, d wh
h s 
ssu c h  i will lw ys c
iu s
; bu wh
is h  wh
c  b ssu d
f
h  ?
VII. Bu Eicu us, idd, s ys such higs h  i sh
uld sm h  his dsig
w s
ly 
m  
l l ugh; f
h ffi ms s
mwh  h  if
wis m  w 

b bu d
u 
h 
u y
u xc,  h s, 71h  h is g
ig 
s y
h w
uld b i, h w
uld su
 himslf ud i wih s
lui
, h w
uld 

 yild 
i ( d h  by H culs! w
uld b v y c
mmd bl, d w
hy
f h
 v y H culs wh
m I h v jus iv
d): bu v his will 
 s isfy Eicu
us, h 
bus d h dy m ! N
; his wis m , v if h w  i Ph l iss bu
ll, w
uld s y, H
w sw i is! h
w lil d
I g d i! Wh , sw? Is i 

 suffici, if i is 
 dis g  bl? Bu h
s v y m wh
dy  i 
b
 vil  
 i h h bi
f s yig h  i is g  bl 
y
 
b 

md; hy h s y h  i is c ul,
h d 
b , fflicig, u u l
, bu sill 
  vil: whil his m  wh
s ys h  i is h
ly vil, d 
h v y w
s
f ll vils, y his h  wis m  w
uld 

uc i sw.
I d

 qui 
f y
u 
s 
f  i i h s m w
ds which Eicu us uss
m , s y
u 
w, dv
d 
l su : h m y m  
diff c, if h l ss,
bw Ph l iss bull d his
w bd; bu I c 
 ll
w h wis m  
b s

idiff  b
u  i. If h b s i wih c
u g, i is suffici: h  h
sh
uld j
ic i i, I d

 xc; f
 i is, by
d ll qusi
, sh ,
bi , g is  u , h d 
submi 
d 
b . Obs v Phil
cs: W m
y ll
w him 
l m, f
h s w H culs himslf g
ig l
udly h
ugh x
miy
f  i
 M
u  . Th
ws wih which H culs  sd him w  h

c
s
l i
 
him, wh
Th vi s bi, im g ig his vis
Wih 
is
, cd him wih is bi  is.
Ad h f
 h c is
u, dsi ig hl, d wishig 
di,
Oh h  s
m f idly h d is id w
uld ld,
My b
dy f
m his
cs v s high 
sd
I
h b iy d! Im ll
 fi ,
Ad by his f  l w
ud mus s

 xi .
I is h d 
s y h  h m  wh
w s
bligd 
c y
u i his m  w s 


 ssd wih vil, d g   vil 

.
VIII. Bu l us
bs v H culs himslf, wh
w s subdud by  i  h v y 
im wh h w s
 h 
i 72
f  iig imm
 liy by d h. Wh  w
ds d

s S
h
cls h  u i his m
uh, i his T chii? wh
, wh Di i h d u u

 him uic dyd i h c u s bl

d, d i suc 
his  ils, s ys,
Wh  
u s I du  
w
ds c  ll,
F g   hs, h  h
s which  s bfll
F
m h di  

f hy c
s
, J
v
E s  Eu yshus di  c
mm d b
v;
This
f hy d ugh , us, is h f ui,
Bguilig m wih h v
md sui,
Wh
s cl
s mb c d
h
 my  ils  y,
C
sumig lif; my lugs f
bid 
l y;
Th bl

d f
s s my vis; my m ly h 
F
gs 
b ;  v d,  ch  
Nglcs is
ffic, whil my f  l d

m
P
cds ig
bly f
m h w v s l

m.
Th h d
f f
  hu  m, 
h fi c
Gi  issuig f
m his    h.
N c
uld h C u such bl
w f
c,
N
b b
us f
, 
ll h G ci  f
c;
This m 
s v g 
l c
uld wihs d,
Wh
s  lms I  v sd 
f
m h l d.
Thus, h
ugh I v b

m ly h ,
I f ll vicim 

w
m s .
IX.
Assis, my s
, if h
u h   m d
s h ,
My g
s  f ig 
hy m
h s  :
C
vy h h , if, i hy i
us h ,
Thy m
h sh s 
  uqu l  :

P
cd, b b
ld, hy f h s f  bm
,
N i
s will j
i, y
u will 
 w l
.
Oh, wh  sigh is his s m b iy s
u c,
U
w bf
, h
ugh ll my l b
s c
u s!
Th  vi u, which c
uld b v  ch 
il bu l ,
Wih w
m s w ss 
w bw ils is f .
A
ch, my s
; bh
ld hy f h l id,
A wih d c c ss h  iml
s hy id;
L ll bh
ld: d h
u, im i
us J
v,
O m di c hy lighig f
m b
v:
N
w ll is f
c h 
is
 d
h ssum,
Ad my bu   ils wih is fl m c
sum.
C sf ll, umb cd, I 
w l f ll
Lislss, h
s h ds h  l ly c
qu d ll;
Wh h Nm  li

wd hi f
c,
Ad h idig  fll
b  hlss c
s;
Th s  slw,
f h L   l ,
As did h Hyd
f is f
c   :
By his, 

, fll h E ym hi  b
:
73E C b us did his w  s gh dl
.
This siwy m did
v c
m wih  s
Th  d g
, gu di 
f h G
ld Flc.
My m y c
quss l s
m
h s  c;
Is mi 
s y, I v w disg c.31
C  w h, dsis  i, wh w s H culs himslf givig v 
his x 
ssi
s
f g
y wih such im ic?


 bu
X. L us s wh  schylus s ys, wh
w s 

ly
Pyh g
  hil
s

h ls
, f
h  is h cc
u which y
u h v civd
f him; h
w d
h h
m  P
mhus b h  i h suff d f
h Lmi  hf, wh h cl ds
ily s
l w y h clsi l fi , d bs
wd i
 m, d w s sv ly 
uishd by Jui f
h hf. F sd 
M
u C uc sus, h s s hus:
Th
u h v-b
 c
f Ti s h  f s b
ud,
Bh
ld hy b
h ! As h s il
s s
ud
Wih c  h b

m, d hi shis c
fi
T
s
m s f sh
, wih ch
d wih li;
S
, by J
vs d  d dc , h G
d
f fi 
C
fis m h  h vicim
f J
vs i .
Wih b ful  his di  m chi h sh s;
F
m such G
d wh  m
 l  sc s?
Wh  ch hi d d y sh ll  iumh
 h igh,
Th d
h h vulu , wih his  l
s ligh,
Siz
 my  ils; which, i v
us guis,
H  ys
! h wih wig xdd flis
Al
f, d b ushs wih his lums h g
:
Bu wh di  J
v my liv d
h s
,
B c h u s imu
us 
his  y,
Cl ig his wigs, h cus h h  l w y.
Thus d
I 
u ish wih my bl

d his s,
C
fid my ms, u bl 
c
s;
E  ig
ly h  i iy J
v
W
uld   my lif, d his cu sd l gu m
v.
Bu dlss gs  s uh d my m
,
S

 sh ll d
s diss
lv his v y s
.32
Ad h f
 i sc cly sms 
ssibl 
v
id c llig m  wh
is suff ig
, mis bl; d if h is mis bl, h  i is  vil.
74XI. A. Hih 
y
u 
 my sid; I will s 
h  by- d-by;
m  whil, whc  h
s v ss? I d

 mmb hm.

d, i h

M. I will if
m y
u, f
y
u  i h igh 
s. D
y
u s h  I h v mu
ch lisu ?
A. Wh , h?
M. I im gi, wh y
u w 
h hil
s
h s.

 Ahs, y
u dd f quly

 h sch

ls
f

A. Ys, d wih g   l su .
M. Y
u
bs vd, h, h  h
ugh 

f hm  h  im w  v y l
qu,
y hy usd 
mix v ss wih hi h gus.
A. Ys, d  icul ly Di
ysius h S
ic usd 
ml
y

g   m y.

M. Y
u s y igh; bu hy w  qu
d wih
u y 
 i ss
lg c.
Bu
u f id Phil
usd 
giv
fw slc lis d wll d d; d i im
i i

f him, v sic I 

 f cy 
his id
f ld ly dcl m i
, I
h v b v y f
d
f qu
ig
u 
s; d wh  I c 
 b sulid f
m 
hm, I  sl  f
m h G , h  h L i l gu g m y 
 w  y id

f
 m i his id
f disu i
.
Bu, d
y
u 
 s h
w much h m is d
 by 
s? Thy i
duc h b vs m
 l mig
v hi misf
us: hy s
f
u mids; d hy , bsid
s, s
  iig, h  w d


ly  d hm, bu g hm by h . Thus 
h ifluc
f h 
s is ddd 

u w 
f discili  h
m, d
u 
d d dlic  m 
f livig, s
h  bw hm hy h v d ivd vi 
u
f ll is vig
d  gy. Pl 
, h f
, w s igh i b ishig hm f

m his c
mm
w lh, wh  h qui d h bs m
ls, d h bs f
m
f g
v
 m. Bu w, wh
h v ll
u l ig f
m G c,  d d l  hs w

s
f hi s f
m
u childh

d; d l


 his s lib l d l d duc
i
.
XII. Bu why  w g y wih h 
s? W m y fid s
m hil
s
h s, h
s m
s s
f vi u, wh
h v  ugh h   i w s h g  s
f vils. Bu y
u,
y
ug m , wh y
u s id bu jus 
w h  i  d s

y
u, u
 big s
d by m wh   d g   h  if my, g v u h 
ii
  w
d. Su

s I s 75Eicu us h s m qusi
. H will sw h   iflig dg 
f
 i is g   vil h  h g  s if my; f
h  h  is 
vil i i
f my islf, ulss dd wih  i. Wh   i, h, ds Eicu us, wh
h s ys h  v y hig, h   i is h g  s vil! Ad y 
hig c  b
g   disg c 
hil
s
h h  
 l hus. Th f
, y
u ll
wd 

ugh wh y
u dmid h  if my  d 
y
u 
b
g   vil h  
i. Ad if y
u bid by his dmissi
, y
u will s h
w f  i sh
uld b si
sd; d h 
u iqui y sh
uld b 
 s
much whh  i b  vil, s h
w
h mid m y b f
ifid f
sisig i. Th S
ics if f
m s
m y qu
ibblig gums h  i is 
vil, s if h disu w  b
u
w
d, d 

 b
u h hig islf. Why d
y
u im
s u
 m, Z
? F
wh y
u dy wh
  s v y d  dful 
m 
b  vil, I m dcivd, d m  l
ss 

m
s mis bl hig sh
uld b 
vi

w why h  which  s 
m 
b
l. Th sw is, h  
hig is  vil bu wh  is b s d vici
us. Y
u u
 
y
u  iflig, f
y
u d

 m
v wh  m d m u sy. I 
w h   i
is 
 vicy
u d 
 if
m m
f h : bu sh
w m h  i m s 
diff 
c 
m whh I m i  i

. I h s v yhig 
d
, s y y
u, wih
h y lif, f
h  dds u
 vi u l
; bu y  i is 
b v
idd
. If I s, why? I is dis g  bl, g is  u , h d 
b , w
ful d ff
licig.
XIII. H   m y w
ds 
x ss h  by s
m y diff  f
ms which w c

ll by h sigl w
d vil. Y
u  dfiig  i, is d
f m
vig i, wh
y
u s y, i is dis g  bl, u u l, sc cly 
ssibl 
b du d
b

, 
 y
u w
g i s yig s
: bu h m  wh
v us himslf i such m 
sh
uld 
 giv w y i his c
duc, if i b  u h  
hig is g

d bu wh
 is h
s, d 
hig vil bu wh  is disg cful. This w
uld b wishig, 

 
vig. This gum is b
, d h s m
  uh i ih  ll higs
which N u  bh
s  
b l

d u
 s vil; h  h
s which sh 
v
s
f  
b c
sid d s g

d: f
wh his is dmid, d h disu 76
b
u w
ds m
vd, h  which hy wih  s
 mb c, d which w c ll h

s, igh, bc
mig, d s
mims iclud ud h g l  m
f vi u, 
 s s
f su i

v yhig ls h  ll
h higs which  l

d u

 s h gifs
f f
u,
h g

d higs
f h b
dy, sm  iflig d i
sigific ; d 
vil wh v , 
ll h c
llciv b
dy
f vils 
gh
,  s 
b c
m d 
h vil
f if my. Wh f
, if, s y
u g d i
 h bgiig, if my is w
s h   i,  i is c  ily 
hig; f
whil
i  s 
y
u b s d um ly 
g
, c y
u, l m,
f i ud 
i; whil y
u ch ish 
i
s
f 
biy, digiy, h

, d, ig y
u y

 hm, f i y
u slf,  i will c  ily yild 
vi u, d, by h ifl
uc
f im gi i
, will l
s is wh
l f
c.F
y
u mus ih dmi h  h
  is 
such hig s vi u,
y
u mus dsis v y id
f  i. Will y
u
ll
w
f such vi u s  udc, wih
u which 
vi u wh v c  v b
 c
civd? Wh , h? Will h  suff y
u 
l b
d    is 

u 

s? Will m c  mi y

u 
d
yhig 
xcss? Will i b 
ssibl f

jusic 
b m i id by
 wh
h
ugh h f
c
f  i disc
v s sc 
s,
b ys his c
fd s,
ds s m y duis
f lif? Will y
u c i
m  c
sisly wih c
u g, d is d s, g  ss
f s
ul, s
l
ui
,  ic, d c
m f
ll w
ldly higs? C  y
u h y
u slf c ll
d g   m  wh y
u li g
vllig, djcd, d dl
ig y
u c
dii
 w
ih l m bl v
ic; 

 w
uld c ll y
u v
m  whil i such c
dii

. Y
u mus h f
 ih b d
 ll  si
s 
c
u g,
ls  i m
us b u
u
f h qusi
.
XIV. Y
u 
w v y wll h , v h
ugh  
f y
u C
ihi  fu iu  w 
g
, h m id migh b s f wih
u h ; bu if y
u l
s
 vi u (h

ugh vi u i  liy c 
 b l
s), sill if, I s y, y
u sh
uld c
wldg 
h  y
u w  dfici i
, y
u w
uld b s id
f ll. C  y
u, h, c ll
y
u slf
b v m ,
f g   s
ul, dud wih  ic d s diss b
v
 h f
ws
f f
u?
Phil
cs? f
I ch

s 
is c him, h h
 y
u slf, f
h c  ily w s 
 77 b v m , wh
l y i his bd, which w
s w  d wih his  s,
Wh
s g
s, bw iligs, d wh
s bi c is,
Wih g if icss   h v y sis.
I d

 dy  i 
b  if
w  h  h c s, i wh  w
uld c
u g c
sis
?bu I s y i sh
uld b ssu gd by  ic, if h  b such hig s  i
c: if h  b 
such hig, why d
w s  s
i  is
f hil
s
hy?
wh
y d
w gl
y i is  m? D
s  i 
y us? L i sig us 
h h : if
y
u  wih
u dfsiv m
, b  y
u h
 
i; bu if y
u  scu d
by Vulc i  m
, h  is 
s y by s
lui
, sis i. Sh
uld y
u f il 

d
s
, h  gu di 
f y
u h

, y
u c
u g, will f
s  d l v y
u.By 
h l ws
f Lycu gus, d by h
s which w  giv 
h C  s by Jui ,

which Mi
s s blishd ud h di ci

f Jui , s h 
s s y, h y

uhs
f h S    id by h  cic
f huig, uig, du ig hu
g d hi s, c
ld d h . Th b
ys  S   sc
u gd s
 h l s
h  bl

d f
ll
ws h l sh i bud c;  y, s
mims, s I usd 
h wh
I w s h , hy  whid v 
d h; d y 


f hm w s v h
 d 
c y
u,
s
much s g
. Wh , h? Sh ll m 
 b bl 
b
wh  b
ys d
? d sh ll cus
m h v such g   f
c, d  s
 
  ll?
XV. Th  is s
m diff c bw l b

d  i; hy b
d u




h

 , bu sill h  is c  i diff c bw hm. L b

is c  i x
cis
f h mid
b
dy, i s
m ml
ym
ud  ig
f s i
us 
ubl
d im
 c; bu  i is sh  m
i
 i h b
dy, dis g  bl 

u ss
s.B
h hs fligs, h G s, wh
s l gu g is m
 c
i
us h 
u s, x
ss by h c
mm
  m
f : theref
re they call idustri
us me paistakig,
r, rath
er, f
d
f lab
r; we, m
re c
veietly, call them lab
ri
us; f
r lab
rig is

e thig, ad edurig pai a

ther. Y
u see, O Greece! y
ur barreess
f w
rds
, s
metimes, th
ugh y
u thik y
u are always s
rich i them. I say, the, that
there is a differece betwee lab
rig ad beig i 78pai. Whe Caius Marius ha
d a
perati
 perf
rmed f
r a swellig i his thigh, he felt pai; whe he head
ed his tr

ps i a very h
t seas
, he lab
red. Yet these tw
feeligs bear s
me
resemblace t

e a
ther; f
r the accust
mig
urselves t
lab
r makes the e
durace
f pai m
re easy t
us. Ad it was because they were iflueced by this
reas
 that the f
uders
f the Grecia f
rm
f g
vermet pr
vided that the b

dies
f their y
uth sh
uld be stregtheed by lab
r, which cust
m the Spartas t
rasferred eve t
their w
me, wh
i
ther cities lived m
re delicately, keepi
g withi the walls
f their h
uses; but it was
therwise with the Spartas.
The Sparta w
me, with a maly air,
Fatigues ad dagers with their husbads share;
They i fatastic sp
rts have 
delight,
arters with them i exercise ad fight.
Ad i these lab
ri
us exercises pai iterferes s
metimes. They are thr
w d
w
, receive bl
ws, have bad falls, ad are bruised, ad the lab
r itself pr
duces
a s
rt
f call
usess t
pai.
XI. As t
military service (I speak
f
ur
w, 
t
f that
f the Spartas, f

r they used t
march sl
wly t
the s
ud
f the flute, ad scarce a w
rd
f c
mm
ad was give with
ut a aapst), y
u may see, i the first place, whece the ver
y ame
f a army (exercitus33) is derived; ad, sec
dly, h
w great the lab
r i
s
f a army
 its march: the c
sider that they carry m
re tha a f
rtights p
r
visi
, ad whatever else they may wat; that they carry the burde
f the sta
kes,34 f
r as t
shield, sw
rd,
r helmet, they l

k
 them as 
m
re ecumbra
ce tha their
w limbs, f
r they say that arms are the limbs
f a s
ldier, ad
th
se, ideed, they carry s
c
mm
di
usly that, whe there is
ccasi
, they th
r
w d
w their burdes, ad use their arms as readily as their limbs. Why eed I
meti
 the exercises
f the legi
s? Ad h
w great the lab
r is which is uder
g
e i the ruig, ec
uters, sh
uts! Hece it is that their mids are w
rked
79up t
make s
light
f w
uds i acti
. Take a s
ldier
f equal bravery, but
udisciplied, ad he will seem a w
ma. Why is it that there is this sesible
differece betwee a raw recruit ad a vetera s
ldier? The age
f the y
ug s
l
diers is f
r the m
st part i their fav
r; but it is practice
ly that eables
me t
bear lab
r ad despise w
uds. M
re
ver, we
fte see, whe the w
uded a
re carried
ff the field, the raw, utried s
ldier, th
ugh but slightly w
uded,
cries
ut m
st shamefully; but the m
re brave, experieced vetera
ly iquire
s f
r s
me
e t
dress his w
uds, ad says,

atr
clus, t
thy aid I must appeal
Ere w
rse esue, my bleedig w
uds t
heal;
The s
s
f sculapius are empl
yd,
N
r

m f
r me, s
may are a
yd.
XII. This is certaily Eurypylus himself. What a experieced ma!While his frie
d is c
tiually elargig
 his misf
rtues, y
u may
bserve that he is s
fa
r fr
m weepig that he eve assigs a reas
 why he sh
uld bear his w
uds with
patiece.
Wh
at his eemy a str
ke directs,
His sw
rd t
light up
 himself expects.
atr
clus, I supp
se, will lead him
ff t
his chamber t
bid up his w
uds, at
least if he be a ma: but 
t a w
rd
f that; he
ly iquires h
w the battle w

et:
Say h
w the Argives bear themselves i fight?
Ad yet 
w
rds ca sh
w the truth as well as th
se, y
ur deeds ad visible suf
ferigs.

eace! ad my w
uds bid up;
but th
ugh Eurypylus c
uld bear these afflicti
s, s
pus c
uld 
t,
Where Hect
rs f
rtue pressd
ur yieldig tr

ps;
ad he explais the rest, th
ugh i pai. S
ub
uded is military gl
ry i a br
ave ma! Shall, the, a vetera s
ldier be able t
behave i this maer, ad sh
all a wise ad leared ma 
t be able? Surely the latter might be 80able t
bea
r pai better, ad i 
small degree either. At preset, h
wever, I am c
fii
g myself t
what is egedered by practice ad disciplie. I am 
t yet c
me t

speak
f reas
 ad phil
s
phy. Y
u may
fte hear
f
ld w
me livig with
ut v
ictuals f
r three
r f
ur days; but take away a wrestlers pr
visi
s but f
r
e
day, ad he will impl
re the aid
f Jupiter Olympius, the very G
d f
r wh
m he e
xercises himself: he will cry
ut that he ca
t edure it. Great is the f
rce

f cust
m! Sp
rtsme will c
tiue wh
le ights i the s
w; they will bear beig
alm
st fr
ze up
 the m
utais. Fr
m practice b
xers will 
t s
much as utte
r a gr
a, h
wever bruised by the cestus. But what d
y
u thik
f th
se t
wh
m
a vict
ry i the Olympic games seemed alm
st
 a par with the aciet c
sulsh
ips
f the R
ma pe
ple? What w
uds will the gladiat
rs bear, wh
are either ba
rbarias,
r the very dregs
f makid! H
w d
they, wh
are traied t
it, pref
er beig w
uded t
basely av
idig it! H
w
fte d
they pr
ve that they c
sid
er 
thig but the givig satisfacti
 t
their masters
r t
the pe
ple! f
r wh
e c
vered with w
uds, they sed t
their masters t
lear their pleasure: if i
t is their will, they are ready t
lie d
w ad die. What gladiat
r,
f eve m
d
erate reputati
, ever gave a sigh? wh
ever tured pale? wh
ever disgraced him
self either i the actual c
mbat,
r eve whe ab
ut t
die? wh
that had bee d
efeated ever drew i his eck t
av
id the str
ke
f death? S
great is the f
rc
e
f practice, deliberati
, ad cust
m! Shall this, the, be d
e by
A Samite rascal, w
rthy
f his trade;
ad shall a ma b
r t
gl
ry have s
s
ft a part i his s
ul as 
t
t
f
rtify it by reas
 ad reflecti
? The sight
f the gladiat
rs
s
me l

ked
 as cruel ad ihuma, ad I d

t k
w, as it is at
aged, but it may be s
; but whe the guilty f
ught, we might receive
perhaps (but certaily by
ur eyes we c
uld 
t) better traiig t

gaist pai ad death.

t
be able
c
mbats is by
preset ma
by
ur ears
harde us a

XIII. I have 
w said e
ugh ab
ut the effects
f exercise, cust
m, ad careful
meditati
. r
ceed we 
w 81t
c
sider the f
rce
f reas
, uless y
u have s

methig t
reply t
what has bee said.
A. That I sh
uld iterrupt y
u! By 
meas; f
r y
ur disc
urse has br
ught me

ver t
y
ur
pii
. Let the St
ics, the, thik it their busiess t
determie
whether pai be a evil
r 
t, while they edeav
r t
sh
w by s
me straied ad
triflig c
clusi
s, which are 
thig t
the purp
se, that pai is 
evil. M
y
pii
 is, that whatever it is, it is 
t s
great as it appears; ad I say,
that me are iflueced t
a great extet by s
me false represetati
s ad appe
arace
f it, ad that all which is really felt is capable
f beig edured. Whe
re shall I begi, the? Shall I superficially g

ver what I said bef
re, that m
y disc
urse may have a greater sc
pe?
This, the, is agreed up
 by all, ad 
t
ly by leared me, but als
by the
uleared, that it bec
mes the brave ad magaim
usth
se that have patiece ad
a spirit ab
ve this w
rld
t t
give way t
pai. N
r has there ever bee ay
e
wh
did 
t c
mmed a ma wh
b
re it i this maer. That, the, which is expe

cted fr
m a brave ma, ad is c
mmeded whe it is see, it must surely be base
i ay
e t
be afraid
f at its appr
ach,
r 
t t
bear whe it c
mes. But I
w
uld have y
u c
sider whether, as all the right affecti
s
f the s
ul are cla
ssed uder the ame
f virtues, the truth is that this is 
t pr
perly the ame

f them all, but that they all have their ame fr

m that leadig virtue which is
superi
r t
all the rest: f
r the ame virtue c
mes fr
m vir, a ma, ad c
urage
is the peculiar disticti

f a ma: ad this virtue has tw
pricipal duties,
t
despise death ad pai. We must, the, exert these, if we w
uld be me
f vir
tue,
r, rather, if we w
uld be me, because virtue (virtus) takes its very ame
fr
m vir, ma.
XIX. Y
u may iquire, perhaps, h
w? Ad such a iquiry is 
t amiss, f
r phil
s

phy is ready with her assistace. Epicurus

ffers himself t
y
u, a ma far fr

m a bad
r, I sh
uld rather say, a very g

d ma: he advises 
m
re tha he k
ws
. Despise pai, says he. Wh
is it saith this? Is it the same ma wh
calls pai t
he greatest
f all evils? It is 
t, ideed, very c
sistet i him. Let us hear
what he says: If the pai is excessive, 82it must eeds be sh
rt. I must have tha
t
ver agai, f
r I d

t apprehed what y
u mea exactly by excessive
r sh
rt. Th
at is excessive tha which 
thig ca be greater; that is sh
rt tha which 
th
ig is sh
rter. I d

t regard the greatess
f ay pai fr
m which, by reas


f the sh
rtess
f its c
tiuace, I shall be delivered alm
st bef
re it reach
es me. But if the pai be as great as that
f hil
ctetes, it will appear great
ideed t
me, but yet 
t the greatest that I am capable
f bearig; f
r the pai
 is c
fied t
my f

t. But my eye may pai me, I may have a pai i the head,

r sides,
r lugs,
r i every part
f me. It is far, the, fr
m beig excessi
ve. Theref
re, says he, pai
f a l
g c
tiuace has m
re pleasure i it tha
ueasiess. N
w, I ca
t brig myself t
say s
great a ma talks 
sese; but
I imagie he is laughig at us. My
pii
 is that the greatest pai (I say the
greatest, th
ugh it may be te at
ms less tha a
ther) is 
t theref
re sh
rt,
because acute. I c
uld ame t
y
u a great may g

d me wh
have bee t
rmete
d may years with the acutest pais
f the g
ut. But this cauti
us ma d
th 
t
determie the measure
f that greatess
r
f durati
, s
as t
eable us t
k

w what he calls excessive with regard t

pai,
r sh
rt with respect t
its c

tiuace. Let us pass him by, the, as
e wh
says just 
thig at all; ad let
us f
rce him t
ack
wledge, 
twithstadig he might behave himself s
mewhat b

ldly uder his c

lic ad his stragury, that 
remedy agaist pai ca be had
fr
m him wh
l

ks
 pai as the greatest
f all evils. We must apply, the, f

r relief elsewhere, ad 

where better (if we seek f
r what is m
st c
sistet w
ith itself) tha t
th
se wh
place the chief g

d i h
esty, ad the greatest
evil i ifamy. Y
u dare 
t s
much as gr
a,
r disc
ver the least ueasiess
i their c
mpay, f
r virtue itself speaks t
y
u thr
ugh them.
XX. Will y
u, whe y
u may
bserve childre at Lacedm
, ad y
ug me at Olympia
, ad barbarias i the amphitheatre, receive the severest w
uds, ad bear them
with
ut
ce
peig their m
uthswill y
u, I say, if ay pai sh
uld by chace a
ttack y
u, cry
ut like a w
ma? Will y
u 
t rather bear it with res
luti
 ad
c
stacy? 83ad 
t cry, It is it
lerable; ature ca
t bear it! I hear what
y
u say: B
ys bear this because they are led theret
by gl
ry; s
me bear it thr

ugh shame, may thr

ugh fear, ad yet are we afraid that ature ca
t bear wha
t is b
re by may, ad i such differet circumstaces? Nature 
t
ly bears i
t, but challeges it, f
r there is 
thig with her preferable, 
thig which sh
e desires m
re tha credit, ad reputati
, ad praise, ad h

r, ad gl
ry. I
ch

se here t
describe this
e thig uder may ames, ad I have used may th
at y
u may have the clearer idea
f it; f
r what I mea t
say is, that whatever
is desirable
f itself, pr
ceedig fr
m virtue,
r placed i virtue, ad c
mme
dable
 its
w acc
ut (which I w
uld rather agree t
call the
ly g

d tha
dey it t
be the chief g

d) is what me sh
uld prefer ab
ve all thigs. Ad as
we declare this t
be the case with respect t
h
esty, s
we speak i the c
t
rary maer
f ifamy; 
thig is s

di
us, s
detestable, 
thig s
uw
rthy

f a ma. Ad if y
u are th
r
ughly c
viced
f this (f
r, at the begiig
f

this disc
urse, y
u all
wed that there appeared t
y
u m
re evil i ifamy tha
i pai), it f
ll
ws that y
u
ught t
have the c
mmad
ver y
urself, th
ugh I
scarcely k
w h
w this expressi
 may seem a accurate
e, which appears t
rep
reset ma as made up
f tw
atures, s
that
e sh
uld be i c
mmad ad the

ther be subject t
it.
XXI. Yet this divisi
 d
es 
t pr
ceed fr
m ig
race; f
r the s
ul admits
f a
tw
f
ld divisi
,
e
f which partakes
f reas
, the
ther is with
ut it. Whe
, theref
re, we are
rdered t
give a law t

urselves, the meaig is, that re
as
 sh
uld restrai
ur rashess. There is i the s
ul
f every ma s
methig 
aturally s
ft, l
w, eervated i a maer, ad laguid. Were there 
thig besid
es this, me w
uld be the greatest
f m
sters; but there is preset t
every ma
 reas
, which presides
ver ad gives laws t
all; which, by impr
vig itself,
ad makig c
tiual advaces, bec
mes perfect virtue. It beh

ves a ma, the,

t
take care that reas
 shall have the c
mmad
ver that part which is b
ud t

practise
bediece. I what maer? y
u will say. Why, as a master has
ver hi
s slave, a geeral
ver his 84army, a father
ver his s
. If that part
f the s

ul which I have called s

ft behaves disgracefully, if it gives itself up t
lam
etati
s ad w
maish tears, the let it be restraied, ad c
mmitted t
the ca
re
f frieds ad relati
s, f
r we
fte see th
se pers
s br
ught t

rder by
shame wh
m 
reas
s ca ifluece. Theref
re, we sh
uld c
fie th
se feeligs
, like
ur servats, i safe cust
dy, ad alm
st with chais. But th
se wh
have
m
re res
luti
, ad yet are 
t utterly imm
vable, we sh
uld ec
urage with
u
r exh
rtati
s, as we w
uld g

d s
ldiers, t
rec
llect themselves, ad maitai
their h

r. That wisest ma
f all Greece, i the Niptr, d
es 
t lamet t

mu
ch
ver his w
uds,
r, rather, he is m
derate i his grief:
M
ve sl
w, my frieds; y
ur hasty speed refrai,
Lest by y
ur m
ti
 y
u icrease my pai.
acuvius is better i this tha S
ph
cles, f
r i the
e Ulysses bem
as his w

uds t

vehemetly; f
r the very pe
ple wh
carried him after he was w
uded, t
h
ugh his grief was m
derate, yet, c
siderig the digity
f the ma, did 
t s
cruple t
say,
Ad th
u, Ulysses, l
g t
war iured,
Thy w
uds, th
ugh great, t

feebly hast edured.

The wise p
et uderst

d that cust
m was 
c
temptible istruct
r h
w t
bear
pai. But the same her
c
mplais with m
re dececy, th
ugh i great pai:
Assist, supp
rt me, ever leave me s
;
Ubid my w
uds,
h! execrable w
e!
He begis t
give way, but istatly checks himself:
Away! beg
e! but c
ver first the s
re;
F
r y
ur rude hads but make my pais the m
re.
D
y
u
bserve h
w he c
strais himself? 
t that his b
dily pais were less, b
ut because he checks the aguish
f his mid. Theref
re, i the c
clusi

f th
e Niptr, he blames
thers, eve whe he himself is dyig:
C
mplaits
f f
rtue may bec
me the ma,
N
e but a w
ma will thus weepig stad.
85Ad s
that s
ft place i his s
ul
beys his reas
, just as a abashed s
ldie
r d
es his ster c
mmader.
XXII. The ma, the, i wh
m abs
lute wisd
m exists (such a ma, ideed, we have
ever as yet see, but the phil
s
phers have described i their writigs what s

rt
f ma he will be, if he sh
uld exist); such a ma,
r at least that perfect
ad abs
lute reas
 which exists i him, will have the same auth
rity
ver the
iferi
r part as a g

d paret has
ver his dutiful childre: he will brig it t

bey his 
d with
ut ay tr
uble
r difficulty. He will r
use himself, prepare

ad arm himself, t

pp
se pai as he w
uld a eemy. If y
u iquire what arms
he will pr
vide himself with, they will be c
teti
, ec
uragemet, disc
urse
with himself. He will say thus t
himself: Take care that y
u are guilty
f 
th
ig base, laguid,
r umaly. He will tur
ver i his mid all the differet k
ids
f h

r. Ze

f Elea will
ccur t
him, wh
suffered everythig rather th
a betray his c
federates i the desig
f puttig a ed t
the tyray. He wi
ll reflect
 Aaxarchus, the pupil
f Dem
critus, wh
, havig falle it
the h
ads
f Nic
cre
, Kig
f Cyprus, with
ut the least etreaty f
r mercy
r refus
al, submitted t
every kid
f t
rture. Calaus the Idia will
ccur t
him, a
ig
rat ma ad a barbaria, b
r at the f

t
f M
ut Caucasus, wh
c
mmitted
himself t
the flames by his
w free, v
lutary act. But we, if we have the t

thache,
r a pai i the f

t,
r if the b
dy be ayways affected, ca
t bear
it. F
r
ur setimets
f pai as well as pleasure are s
triflig ad effemiat
e, we are s
eervated ad relaxed by luxuries, that we ca
t bear the stig
f
a bee with
ut cryig
ut. But Caius Marius, a plai c
utryma, but
f a maly
s
ul, whe he had a
perati
 perf
rmed
 him, as I meti
ed ab
ve, at first
refused t
be tied d
w; ad he is the first istace
f ay
es havig had a

perati
 perf
rmed
 him with
ut beig tied d
w. Why, the, did
thers bear it
afterward? Why, fr
m the f
rce
f example. Y
u see, the, that pai exists m
re
i
pii
 tha i ature; ad yet the same Marius gave a pr

f that there is s

methig very sharp i pai f

r he w
uld 
t submit t
have the
ther thigh cut.
S
that he b
re his pai with res
luti
 as a ma; but, 86like a reas
able per
s
, he was 
t willig t
uderg
ay greater pai with
ut s
me ecessary reas

. The wh
le, the, c
sists i thisthat y
u sh
uld have c
mmad
ver y
urself. I
have already t
ld y
u what kid
f c
mmad this is; ad by c
siderig what is
m
st c
sistet with patiece, f
rtitude, ad greatess
f s
ul, a ma 
t
ly
restrais himself, but, s
meh
w
r
ther, mitigates eve pai itself.
XXIII. Eve as i a battle the dastardly ad tim
r
us s
ldier thr
ws away his sh
ield
 the first appearace
f a eemy, ad rus as fast as he ca, ad
 tha
t acc
ut l
ses his life s
metimes, th
ugh he has ever received eve
e w
ud,
whe he wh
stads his gr
ud has 
thig
f the s
rt happe t
him, s
they wh

ca
t bear the appearace
f pai thr
w themselves away, ad give themselves
up t
afflicti
 ad dismay. But they that
pp
se it,
fte c
me
ff m
re tha a
match f
r it. F
r the b
dy has a certai resemblace t
the s
ul: as burdes ar
e m
re easily b
re the m
re the b
dy is exerted, while they crush us if we give
way, s
the s
ul by exertig itself resists the wh
le weight that w
uld
ppress
it; but if it yields, it is s
pressed that it ca
t supp
rt itself. Ad if we
c
sider thigs truly, the s
ul sh
uld exert itself i every pursuit, f
r that
is the
ly security f
r its d
ig its duty. But this sh
uld be pricipally rega
rded i pai, that we must 
t d
aythig timidly,
r dastardly,
r basely,
r
slavishly,
r effemiately, ad, ab
ve all thigs, we must dismiss ad av
id tha
t hil
ctetea s
rt
f
utcry. A ma is all
wed s
metimes t
gr
a, but yet seld

m; but it is 
t permissible eve i a w
ma t
h
wl; f
r such a 
ise as this
is f
rbidde, by the twelve tables, t
be used eve at fuerals. N
r d
es a wise

r brave ma ever gr

a, uless whe he exerts himself t
give his res
luti
 g
reater f
rce, as they wh
ru i the stadium make as much 
ise as they ca. The
wrestlers, t

, d
the same whe they are traiig; ad the b
xers, whe they a
im a bl
w with the cestus at their adversary, give a gr
a, 
t because they are
i pai,
r fr
m a sikig
f their spirits, but because their wh
le b
dy is pu
t up
 the stretch by the thr
wig-
ut
f these gr
as, ad the bl
w c
mes the s
tr
ger.
87XXI. What! they wh
w
uld speak l
uder tha
rdiary are they satisfied with
w
rkig their jaws, sides,
r t
gue
r stretchig the c
mm

rgas
f speech a
d utterace? The wh
le b
dy ad every muscle is at full stretch if I may be all

wed the expressi

; every erve is exerted t
assist their v
ice. I have actual
ly see the kees
f Marcus At
ius t
uch the gr
ud whe he was speakig with
vehemece f
r himself, with relati
 t
the aria law. F
r, as the egies y
u
thr
w st
es
r darts with thr
w them
ut with the greater f
rce the m
re they a

re straied ad draw back; s

it is i speakig, ruig,
r b
xigthe m
re pe
p
le strai themselves, the greater their f
rce. Sice, theref
re, this exerti
 h
as s
much iflueceif i a m
met
f pai gr
as help t
stregthe the mid, le
t us use them; but if they be gr
as
f lametati
, if they be the expressi


f weakess
r abjectess,
r umaly weepig, the I sh
uld scarcely call him a
ma wh
yielded t
them. F
r eve supp
sig that such gr
aig c
uld give ay ea
se, it still sh
uld be c
sidered whether it were c
sistet with a brave ad re
s
lute ma. But if it d
es 
t ease
ur pai, why sh
uld we debase
urselves t


purp
se? F
r what is m
re ubec
mig i a ma tha t
cry like a w
ma? But t
his precept which is laid d
w with respect t
pai is 
t c
fied t
it. We sh

uld apply this exerti


f the s
ul t
everythig else. Is ager iflamed? is l
ust excited? we must have rec
urse t
the same citadel, ad apply t
the same ar
ms. But sice it is pai which we are at preset discussig, we will let the
th
er subjects al
e. T
bear pai, the, sedately ad calmly, it is
f great use t

c
sider with all
ur s
ul, as the sayig is, h
w 
ble it is t
d
s
, f
r we
are aturally desir
us (as I said bef
re, but it ca
t be t

fte repeated)
ad very much iclied t
what is h

rable,
f which, if we disc
ver but the le
ast glimpse, there is 
thig which we are 
t prepared t
uderg
ad suffer t

attai it. Fr
m this impulse
f
ur mids, this desire f
r geuie gl
ry ad h


rable c
duct, it is that such dagers are supp
rted i war, ad that brave me
 are 
t sesible
f their w
uds i acti
,
r, if they are sesible
f them,
prefer death t
the departig but the least step 88fr
m their h

r. The Decii s
aw the shiig sw
rds
f their eemies whe they were rushig it
the battle. B
ut the h

rable character ad the gl
ry
f the death which they were seekig ma
de all fear
f death
f little weight. D
y
u imagie that Epami
das gr
aed w
he he perceived that his life was fl
wig
ut with his bl

d? N
; f
r he left h
is c
utry triumphig
ver the Lacedm
ias, whereas he had f
ud it i subjecti

 t
them. These are the c
mf
rts, these are the thigs that assuage the greates
t pai.
XX. Y
u may ask, H
w the case is i peace? What is t
be d
e at h
me? H
w we a
re t
behave i bed? Y
u brig me back t
the phil
s
phers, wh
seld
m g
t
war
. Am
g these, Di
ysius
f Heraclea, a ma certaily
f 
res
luti
, havig l
eared f
rtitude
f Ze
, quitted it
 beig i pai; f
r, beig t
rmeted with
a pai i his kideys, i bewailig himself he cried
ut that th
se thigs were
false which he had f
rmerly c
ceived
f pai. Ad whe his fell
w-disciple, Cl
eathes, asked him why he had chaged his
pii
, he aswered, That the case
f
ay ma wh
had applied s
much time t
phil
s
phy, ad yet was uable t
bear p
ai, might be a sufficiet pr

f that pai is a evil; that he himself had spet

may years at phil
s
phy, ad yet c
uld 
t bear pai: it f
ll
wed, theref
re,
that pai was a evil. It is rep
rted that Cleathes
 that struck his f

t
 t
he gr
ud, ad repeated a verse
ut
f the Epig
:
Amphiaraus, hearst th
u this bel
w?
He meat Ze
: he was s
rry the
ther had degeerated fr
m him.
But it was 
t s
with
ur fried 
sid
ius, wh
m I have
fte see myself; ad
I will tell y
u what 
mpey used t
say
f him: that whe he came t
Rh
des, af
ter his departure fr
m Syria, he had a great desire t
hear 
sid
ius, but was
if
rmed that he was very ill
f a severe fit
f the g
ut; yet he had great icl
iati
 t
pay a visit t
s
fam
us a phil
s
pher. Acc
rdigly, whe he had see
him, ad paid his c
mplimets, ad had sp
ke with great respect
f him, he sai
d he was very s
rry that he c
uld 
t hear him lecture. But ideed y
u may, 89repl
ied the
ther, 
r will I suffer ay b
dily pai t

ccasi
 s
great a ma t
vi
sit me i vai. O this 
mpey relates that, as he lay
 his bed, he disputed wi
th great digity ad fluecy
 this very subject: that 
thig was g

d but wha
t was h
est; ad that i his par
xysms he w
uld
fte say, ai, it is t

pur
p
se; 
twithstadig y
u are tr
ubles
me, I will ever ack
wledge y
u a evil.
Ad i geeral all celebrated ad 
t
ri
us afflicti
s bec
me edurable by disr
egardig them.

XXI. D
we 
t
bserve that where th
se exercises called gymastic are i estee
m, th
se wh
eter the lists ever c
cer themselves ab
ut dagers? that where
the praise
f ridig ad hutig is highly esteemed, they wh
practice these art
s declie 
pai? What shall I say
f
ur
w ambiti
us pursuits
r desire
f h


rs? What fire have 
t cadidates ru thr
ugh t
gai a sigle v
te? Theref
r
e Africaus had always i his hads Xe
ph
, the pupil
f S
crates, beig parti
cularly pleased with his sayig, that the same lab
rs were 
t equally heavy t

the geeral ad t

the c
mm
 ma, because the h

r itself made the lab
r light
er t
the geeral. But yet, s
it happes, that eve with the illiterate vulgar
a idea
f h

r is
f great ifluece, th
ugh they ca
t uderstad what it is
. They are led by rep
rt ad c
mm

pii
 t
l

k
 that as h

rable which h
as the geeral v
ice. N
t that I w
uld have y
u, sh
uld the multitude be ever s

f
d
f y
u, rely
 their judgmet, 
r appr
ve
f everythig which they thik
right: y
u must use y
ur
w judgmet. If y
u are satisfied with y
urself whe
y
u have appr
ved
f what is right, y
u will 
t
ly have the mastery
ver y
ur
self (which I rec
mmeded t
y
u just 
w), but
ver everyb
dy, ad everythig.
Lay this d
w, the, as a rule, that a great capacity, ad l
fty elevati

f s

ul, which distiguishes itself m

st by despisig ad l

kig d
w with c
tempt

 pai, is the m
st excellet
f all thigs, ad the m
re s
if it d
es 
t dep
ed
 the pe
ple ad d
es 
t aim at applause, but derives its satisfacti
 fr

m itself. Besides, t
me, ideed, everythig seems the m
re c
mmedable the less
the pe
ple are c
urted, ad the fewer eyes there 90are t
see it. N
t that y
u
sh
uld av
id the public, f
r every geer
us acti
 l
ves the public view; yet 

theatre f
r virtue is equal t
a c
sci
usess
f it.
XXII. Ad let this be pricipally c
sidered: that this bearig
f pai, which
I have
fte said is t
be stregtheed by a exerti

f the s
ul, sh
uld be th
e same i everythig. F
r y
u meet with may wh
, thr
ugh a desire
f vict
ry,

r f
r gl
ry,
r t
maitai their rights,
r their liberty, have b
ldly received
w
uds, ad b
re themselves up uder them; ad yet th
se very same pers
s, by
relaxig that iteseess
f their mids, were uequal t
bearig the pai
f a
disease; f
r they did 
t supp
rt themselves uder their f
rmer sufferigs by r
eas

r phil
s
phy, but by icliati
 ad gl
ry. Theref
re s
me barbarias ad
savage pe
ple are able t
fight very st
utly with the sw
rd, but ca
t bear si
ckess like me; but the Grecias, me
f 
great c
urage, but as wise as huma
ature will admit
f, ca
t l

k a eemy i the face, yet the same will bear

t
be visited with sickess t
lerably, ad with a sufficietly maly spirit; ad
the Cimbrias ad Celtiberias are very alert i battle, but bem
a themselves
i sickess. F
r 
thig ca be c
sistet which has 
t reas
 f
r its f
udati

. But whe y
u see th
se wh
are led by icliati

r
pii
, 
t retarded b
y pai i their pursuits, 
r hidered by it fr
m succeedig i them, y
u may c

clude, either that pai is 

evil,
r that, 
twithstadig y
u may ch

se t

call a evil whatever is disagreeable ad c

trary t
ature, yet it is s
very
triflig a evil that it may s
effectually be g
t the better
f by virtue as qu
ite t
disappear. Ad I w
uld have y
u thik
f this ight ad day; f
r this arg
umet will spread itself, ad take up m
re r

m s
me time
r
ther, ad 
t be c

fied t
pai al
e; f
r if the m
tives t
all
ur acti
s are t
av
id disgra
ce ad acquire h

r, we may 
t
ly despise the stigs
f pai, but the st
rms

f f
rtue, especially if we have rec
urse t
that retreat which was p
ited
u
t i
ur yesterdays discussi
; f
r, as if s
me G
d had advised a ma wh
was pur
sued by pirates t
thr
w himself
verb
ard, sayig, There is s
methig at had t

receive y
u; either a d
lphi will take y
u up, as it did Ari

f 91Methyma;

r th
se h
rses set by Neptue t
el
ps (wh
are said t
have carried chari
ts
s
rapidly as t
be b
re up by the waves) will receive y
u, ad c
vey y
u whe
rever y
u please. Cast away all fear. S
, th
ugh y
ur pais be ever s
sharp ad
disagreeable, if the case is 
t such that it is w
rth y
ur while t
edure them
, y
u see whither y
u may betake y
urself. I thik this will d
f
r the preset.
But perhaps y
u still abide by y
ur
pii
.

A. N
t i the least, ideed; ad I h
pe I am freed by these tw
days disc
urses f
r
m the fear
f tw
thigs that I greatly dreaded.
M. T
-m
rr
w, the, f
r rhet
ric, as we were sayig. But I see we must 
t dr
p

ur phil
s
phy.
A. N
, ideed; we will have the
e i the f
re

, ad this at the usual time.

M. It shall be s
, ad I will c
mply with y
ur very laudable icliati
s.
BOOK III.
ON GRIEF OF MIND.
I. What reas
 shall I assig, O Brutus, why, as we c
sist
f mid ad b
dy, th
e art
f curig ad preservig the b
dy sh
uld be s
much s
ught after, ad the
iveti

f it, as beig s
useful, sh
uld be ascribed t
the imm
rtal G
ds; bu
t the medicie
f the mid sh
uld 
t have bee s
much the
bject
f iquiry wh
ile it was uk
w, 
r s
much atteded t
ad cultivated after its disc
very,

r s
well received
r appr
ved
f by s
me, ad acc
uted actually disagreeable
, ad l

ked up
 with a evi
us eye by may? Is it because we, by meas
f the
mid, judge
f the pais ad dis
rders
f the b
dy, but d

t, by meas
f the
b
dy, arrive at ay percepti

f the dis
rders
f the mid? Hece it c
mes tha
t the mid
ly judges
f itself whe that very faculty by which it is judged is
i a bad state. Had ature give us faculties f
r discerig ad viewig hersel
f, ad c
uld we g
thr
ugh life by keepig
ur eye
 her
ur best guide92there w
u
ld be 
reas
 certaily why ay
e sh
uld be i wat
f phil
s
phy
r leari
g; but, as it is, she has furished us
ly with s
me feeble rays
f light, whic
h we immediately extiguish s
c
mpletely by evil habits ad err
e
us
pii
s
that the light
f ature is 
where visible. The seeds
f virtues are atural t

ur c
stituti
s, ad, were they suffered t
c
me t
maturity, w
uld aturally
c
duct us t
a happy life; but 
w, as s

 as we are b
r ad received it
t
he w
rld, we are istatly familiarized with all kids
f depravity ad perversi
ty
f
pii
s; s
that we may be said alm
st t
suck i err
r with
ur urses mi
lk. Whe we retur t

ur parets, ad are put it
the hads
f tut
rs ad g
ve
r
rs, we are imbued with s
may err
rs that truth gives place t
falseh

d, a
d ature herself t
established
pii
.
II. T
these we may add the p
ets; wh
,
 acc
ut
f the appearace they exhibi
t
f learig ad wisd
m, are heard, read, ad g
t by heart, ad make a deep imp
ressi


ur mids. But whe t
these are added the pe
ple, wh
are, as it wer
e,
e great b
dy
f istruct
rs, ad the multitude, wh
declare uaim
usly f
r
what is wr
g, the are we alt
gether
verwhelmed with bad
pii
s, ad rev
lt
etirely fr
m ature; s
that they seem t
deprive us
f
ur best guide wh
hav
e decided that there is 
thig better f
r ma, 
thig m
re w
rthy
f beig des
ired by him, 
thig m
re excellet, tha h

rs ad c
mmads, ad a high reputa
ti
 with the pe
ple; which ideed every excellet ma aims at; but while he pur
sues that
ly true h

r which ature has i view ab
ve all
ther
bjects, he f
ids himself busied i arrat trifles, ad i pursuit
f 
c
spicu
us f
rm
f
virtue, but
ly s
me shad
wy represetati

f gl
ry. F
r gl
ry is a real ad e
xpress substace, 
t a mere shad
w. It c
sists i the uited praise
f g

d me
, the free v
ice
f th
se wh
f
rm a true judgmet
f pre-emiet virtue; it is
, as it were, the very ech

f virtue; ad beig geerally the attedat
 laud
able acti
s, sh
uld 
t be slighted by g

d me. But p
pular fame, which w
uld
preted t
imitate it, is hasty ad ic
siderate, ad geerally c
mmeds wicked
ad imm
ral acti
s, ad thr
ws discredit up
 the appearace ad beauty
f h

esty by assumig 93a resemblace
f it. Ad it is
wig t
their 
t beig able
t
disc
ver the differece betwee them that s
me me ig
rat
f real excellec
e, ad i what it c
sists, have bee the destructi

f their c
utry ad
f th
emselves. Ad thus the best me have erred, 
t s
much i their iteti
s as b

y a mistake c
duct. What? is 
cure t
be attempted t
be applied t
th
se wh

are carried away by the l

ve
f m
ey,
r the lust
f pleasures, by which they
are redered little sh
rt
f madme, which is the case
f all weak pe
ple?
r i
s it because the dis
rders
f the mid are less dager
us tha th
se
f the b
dy
?
r because the b
dy will admit
f a cure, while there is 
medicie whatever
f
r the mid?
III. But there are m
re dis
rders
f the mid tha
f the b
dy, ad they are
f
a m
re dager
us ature; f
r these very dis
rders are the m
re
ffesive because
they bel
g t
the mid ad disturb it; ad the mid, whe dis
rdered, is, as E
ius says, i a c
stat err
r: it ca either bear 
r edure aythig, ad is
uder the perpetual ifluece
f desires. N
w, what dis
rders ca be w
rse t
t
he b
dy tha these tw
distempers
f the mid (f
r I
verl

k
thers), weakess
ad desire? But h
w, ideed, ca it be maitaied that the mid ca
t prescribe
f
r itself, whe she it is wh
has iveted the medicies f
r the b
dy, whe, w
ith regard t
b
dily cures, c
stituti
 ad ature have a great share, 
r d
a
ll wh
suffer themselves t
be cured fid that effect istatly; but th
se mids
which are disp
sed t
be cured, ad submit t
the precepts
f the wise, may ud

ubtedly rec
ver a healthy state? hil
s
phy is certaily the medicie
f the s

ul, wh
se assistace we d

t seek fr
m abr
ad, as i b
dily dis
rders, but we

urselves are b
ud t
exert
ur utm
st eergy ad p
wer i
rder t
effect
ur
cure. But as t
phil
s
phy i geeral, I have, I thik, i my H
rtesius, suffic
ietly sp
ke
f the credit ad atteti
 which it deserves: sice that, ideed,
I have bee c
tiually either disputig
r writig
 its m
st material brach
es; ad I have laid d
w i these b

ks all the discussi

s which t

k place bet
wee myself ad my particular frieds at my Tuscula villa. But as I have sp
ke
i the tw
f
rmer
f pai ad death, this b

k shall be 94dev
ted t
the acc
u
t
f the third day
f
ur disputati
s.
We came d
w it
the Academy whe the day was already decliig t
wards after

, ad I asked
e
f th
se wh
were preset t
pr
p
se a subject f
r us t
dis
c
urse
; ad the the busiess was carried
 i this maer:
I. A. My
pii
 is, that a wise ma is subject t
grief.
M. What, ad t
the
ther perturbati
s
f mid, as fears, lusts, ager? F
r the
se are pretty much like what the Greeks call . I migt call tem diseases, and tat
would be a literal translation, but it is not agreeable to our way of speaking.
For envy, deligt, and pleasure are all called by te Greeks diseases, being aff
ections of te mind not in subordination to reason; but we, I tink, are rigt i
n calling te same motions of a disturbed soul perturbations, and in very seldom
using te term diseases; toug, peraps, it appears oterwise to you.
A. I am of your opinion.
M. And do you tink a wise man subject to tese?
A. Entirely, I tink.
M. Ten tat boasted wisdom is but of small account, if it differs so little fro
m madness?
A. Wat? does every commotion of te mind seem to you to be madness?
M. Not to me only; but I appreend, toug I ave often been surprised at it, t
at it appeared so to our ancestors many ages before Socrates; from wom is deriv
ed all tat pilosopy wic relates to life and morals.
A. How so?

M. Because te name madness35 implies a sickness of te mind and disease; tat i
s to say, an unsoundness and an unealtiness of mind, wic tey call madness.
But te pilosopers call all perturbations of te soul diseases, and teir opin
ion is tat no fool is ever free from tese; but all tat are diseased are unsou
nd; and te minds of all fools are diseased; terefore all fools are mad. For t
ey eld tat soundness of te mind depends on a certain 95tranquillity and stead
iness; and a mind wic was destitute of tese qualities tey called insane, bec
ause soundness was inconsistent wit a perturbed mind just as muc as wit a dis
ordered body.

V. Nor were tey less ingenious in calling te state of te soul devoid of te l
igt of te mind, a being out of ones mind, a being beside ones self. From wence we m
ay understand tat tey wo gave tese names to tings were of te same opinion
wit Socrates, tat all silly people were unsound, wic te Stoics ave careful
ly preserved as being derived from im; for watever mind is distempered (and, a
s I just now said, te pilosopers call all perturbed motions of te mind diste
mpers) is no more sound tan a body is wen in a fit of sickness. Hence it is t
at wisdom is te soundness of te mind, folly a sort of unsoundness, wic is in
sanity, or a being out of ones mind: and tese are muc better expressed by te L
atin words tan te Greek, wic you will find te case also in many oter topic
s. But we will discuss tat point elsewere: let us now attend to our present su
bject. Te very meaning of te word describes te wole ting about wic we are
inquiring, bot as to its substance and caracter. For we must necessarily unde
rstand by sound tose wose minds are under no perturbation from any motion as if
it were a disease. Tey wo are differently affected we must necessarily call uns
ound. So tat noting is better tan wat is usual in Latin, to say tat tey wo
are run away wit by teir lust or anger ave quitted te command over temselv
es; toug anger includes lust, for anger is defined to be te lust of revenge.
Tey, ten, wo are said not to be masters of temselves, are said to be so beca
use tey are not under te government of reason, to wic is assigned by nature
te power over te wole soul. Wy te Greeks sould call tis mania, I do not e
asily appreend; but we define it muc better tan tey, for we distinguis tis
madness (insania), wic, being allied to folly, is more extensive, from wat w
e call furor, or raving. Te Greeks, indeed, would do so too, but tey ave no o
ne word tat will express it: wat we call furor, tey call , s if the re son 96e
cted only by bl ck bile, nd not disturbed s often by
violent r ge, or fe r
, or grief. Thus e s y Ath m s, Alcmon, Aj
, nd Orestes ere r ving (furere);
bec use person ffected in this m nner  s not lloed by the Telve T bles to
h ve the m n gement of his on ff irs; therefore the ords re not, if he is m
d (ins nus), but if he begins to be r ving (furiosus). For they looked upon m d
ness to be n unsettled humor th t proceeded from not being of sound mind; yet s
uch person might perform his ordin ry duties, nd disch rge the usu l nd cust
om ry requirements of life: but they considered one th t  s r ving s fflicted
ith tot l blindness of the mind, hich, notithst nding it is lloed to be
gre ter th n m dness, is nevertheless of such
n ture th t ise m n m y be su
bject to r ving (furor), but c nnot possibly be fflicted by ins nity (ins ni ).
But this is nother question: let us no return to our origin l subject.
VI. I think you s id th t it  s your opinion th t
f.

ise m n  s li ble to grie

A. And so, indeed, I think.

M. It is n tur l enough to think so, for e re not the offspring of flints; but
e h ve by n ture something soft nd tender in our souls, hich m y be put into
violent motion by grief, s by storm; nor did th t Cr ntor, ho  s one of
the most distinguished men th t our Ac demy h s ever produced, s y this miss: I
m by no me ns of their opinion ho t lk so much in pr ise of I kno not h t in
sensibility, hich neither c n e
ist, nor ought to e
ist. I ould choose, s ys he, n
ever to be ill; but should I be so, still I should choose to ret in my sens tion

, hether there  s to be n mput tion or ny other sep r tion of nything from

my body. For th t insensibility c nnot be but t the e
pense of some unn tur l
ferocity of mind, or stupor of body.But let us consider hether to t lk in this m
nner be not lloing th t e re e k, nd yielding to our softness. Notithst
nding, let us be h rdy enough, not only to lop off every rm of our miseries, bu
t even to pluck up every fibre of their roots. Yet still something, perh ps, m y
be left behind, so deep does folly strike its roots: but h tever m y be 97left
it ill be no more th n is necess ry. But let us be persu ded of this, th t unl
ess the mind be in sound st te, hich philosophy lone c n effect, there c n b
e no end of our miseries. Wherefore, s e beg n, let us submit ourselves to it
for
cure; e sh ll be cured if e choose to be. I sh ll dv nce something furt
her. I sh ll not tre t of grief lone, though th t indeed is the princip l thing
; but, s I origin lly proposed, of every perturb tion of the mind, s I termed
it; disorder, s the Greeks c ll it: nd first, ith your le ve, I sh ll tre t i
t in the m nner of the Stoics, hose method is to reduce their rguments into
very sm ll sp ce; fter rd I sh ll enl rge more in my on  y.
VII. A m n of cour ge is lso full of f ith. I do not use the ord confident, be
c use, oing to n erroneous custom of spe king, th t ord h s come to be used i
n b d sense, though it is derived from confiding, hich is commend ble. But he
ho is full of f ith is cert inly under no fe r; for there is n inconsistency
beteen f ith nd fe r. No, hoever is subject to grief is subject to fe r; for
h tever things e grieve t hen present e dre d hen h nging over us nd pp
ro ching. Thus it comes bout th t grief is inconsistent ith cour ge: it is ver
y prob ble, therefore, th t hoever is subject to grief is lso li ble to fe r,
nd to broken kind of spirits nd sinking. No, henever these bef ll
m n, h
e is in servile st te, nd must on th t he is overpoered; for hoever dmits
these feelings, must dmit timidity nd co rdice. But these c nnot enter into
the mind of m n of cour ge; neither, therefore, c n grief: but the m n of cour
ge is the only ise m n; therefore grief c nnot bef ll the ise m n. It is, bes
ides, necess ry th t hoever is br ve should be
m n of gre t soul; th t hoeve
r is m n of gre t soul should be invincible; hoever is invincible looks do
n ith contempt on ll things here, nd considers them, bene th him. But no one
c n despise those things on ccount of hich he m y be ffected ith grief; from
hence it follos th t ise m n is never ffected ith grief: for ll ise me
n re br ve; therefore ise m n is not subject to grief. And s the eye, hen
disordered, is not in good condition for performing its 98office properly; nd
s the other p rts, nd the hole body itself, hen unsettled, c nnot perform t
heir office nd business; so the mind, hen disordered, is but ill-fitted to per
form its duty. The office of the mind is to use its re son ell; but the mind of
ise m n is l ys in condition to m ke the best use of his re son, nd there
fore is never out of order. But grief is
disorder of the mind; therefore is
e m n ill be l ys free from it.

VIII. And from these consider tions e m y get t

very prob ble definition of
the temper te m n, hom the Greeks c ll : ad they a that vi tue , hih I
empe ae, at a
the time m
de ati
, ad 
metime eve m
dety; but I d

t
k
 hethe that vi tue may 
t be p
pe y aed  uaity, hih ha a m
e

ied meai ith the G eek; 
they a  ua me , which implies only that
are sefl; bt or name has a more extensive meaning: for all abstinence, all
innocency (which the Greeks have no ordinary name for, thogh they might se the
word , for nnocncy s th t dsposton of mnd whch woud offnd no on) nd sv
othr vrtus r comprhndd undr frug ty; ut f ths qu ty wr of s
s mport nc, nd confnd n s sm  comp ss s som m gn, th surn m of
Pso36 woud not h v n n so gr t stm. But s w ow hm not th n m
of frug  m n (frug), who thr quts hs post through f r, whch s cow r
dc; or who rsrvs to hs own us wh t w s prv ty commttd to hs kpng
, whch s njustc; or who f s n hs mt ry undrt kngs through r shnss
, whch s foyfor th t r son th word frug ty t ks n ths thr vrtus o
f forttud, justc, nd prudnc, though t s ndd common to  vrtus, f

or thy r  connctd nd knt togthr. Lt us ow, thn, frug ty ts
f to  nothr nd fourth vrtu; for ts pcu r proprty sms to , to gov
rn nd pp s  tndncs to too  gr dsr ftr nythng, to rstr n
ust, nd to prsrv
dcnt st dnss n vrythng. Th vc n contr st t
o ths s c d prodg ty (nqut ). Frug ty, I m gn, s drvd from t
h 99word frug, th st thng whch th  rth producs; nqut s drvd (t
hough ths s prh ps r thr mor str nd; st, t us try t; w sh  ony
 thought to h v n trfng f thr s nothng n wh t w s y) from th f
ct of vrythng ng to no purpos (nqucqu m) n such
m n; from whch crc
umst nc h s c d so Nh, nothng. Whovr s frug , thn, or, f t s
mor gr  to you, whovr s modr t nd tmpr t, such
on must of co
urs  consstnt; whovr s consstnt, must  qut; th qut m n must 
fr from  prtur ton, thrfor from grf kws: nd ths r th pro
prts of ws m n; thrfor
ws m n must  fr from grf.
IX. So th t Donysus of Hr c s rght whn, upon ths comp nt of Achs
n Homr,
W h st thou spok, ut t th tyr nts n m
My r g rknds, nd my sous n f m:
Ts just rsntmnt, nd coms th r v,
Dsgr cd, dshonord k th vst s v37
h r sons thus: Is th h nd s t shoud , whn t s ffctd wth
swn
g? or s t poss for ny othr mmr of th ody, whn swon or n rgd,
to  n ny othr th n dsordrd st t? Must not th mnd, thn, whn t s
puffd up, or dstndd,  out of ordr? But th mnd of ws m n s w ys
fr from vry knd of dsordr: t nvr sws, nvr s puffd up; ut th m
nd whn n ngr s n dffrnt st t. A ws m n, thrfor, s nvr ngry
; for whn h s ngry, h usts ftr somthng; for whovr s ngry n tur y
h s
ongng dsr to gv  th p n h c n to th prson who h thnks h
s njurd hm; nd whovr h s ths  rnst dsr must ncss ry  much p
sd wth th ccompshmnt of hs wshs; hnc h s dghtd wth hs ngh
ors msry; nd s
ws m n s not c p  of such fngs s ths, h s th
rfor not c p  of ngr. But shoud ws m n  sujct to grf, h m y 
kws 100 sujct to ngr; for s h s fr from ngr, h must kws 
 fr from grf. Ag n, coud ws m n  sujct to grf, h mght so 
  to pty, or vn mght  opn to dsposton tow rds nvy (nvdnt
); I do not s y to nvy (nvd ), for th t c n ony xst y th vry ct of n
vyng: ut w m y f ry form th word nvdnt from nvdndo, nd so vod t
h doutfu n m nvd ; for ths word s pro y drvd from n nd vdo, 
ookng too cosy nto nothrs fortun; s t s s d n th M nppus,
Who nvs m th fowr of my chdrn?
whr th L tn s nvdt form. It m y pp r not good L tn, ut t s vry
w put y Accus; for s vdo govrns n ccus tv c s, so t s mor corr
ct to s y nvdo form th n for. W r d rrd from s yng so y common us
g. Th pot stood n hs own rght, nd xprssd hmsf wth mor frdom.
X. Thrfor comp sson nd nvy r consstnt n th s m m n; for whovr s
un sy t ny ons dvrsty s so un sy t nothrs prosprty: s Thophr stu
s, wh h  mnts th d th of hs comp non C sthns, s t th s m tm
dsturd t th succss of Ax ndr; nd thrfor h s ys th t C sthns
mt wth m n of th gr tst powr nd good fortun, ut on who dd not know ho
w to m k us of hs good fortun. And s pty s n un snss whch rss fro
m th msfortuns of nothr, so nvy s n un snss th t procds from th go
od succss of nothr: thrfor whovr s c p  of pty s c p  of nvy.
But ws m n s nc p  of nvy, nd consqunty nc p  of pty. But wr
ws m n usd to grv, to pty so woud  f m r to hm; thrfor to

grv s fng whch c nnot ffct
ws m n. Now, though ths r sonng
s of th Stocs, nd thr concusons, r r thr str nd nd dstortd, nd o

ught to  xprssd n
ss strngnt nd n rrow m nnr, yt gr t strss s
to   d on th opnons of thos mn who h v
pcu ry od nd m ny tur
n of thought nd sntmnt. For our frnds th Prp ttcs, notwthst ndng 
 thr rudton, gr vty, nd funcy of  ngu g, do not s tsfy m out th
modr ton of ths dsordrs nd ds ss 101of th sou whch thy nsst upo
n; for vry v, though modr t, s n ts n tur gr t. But our ojct s to
m k out th t th ws m n s fr from  v; for s th ody s unsound f
t s vr so sghty ffctd, so th mnd undr ny modr t dsordr oss
ts soundnss; thrfor th Rom ns h v, wth thr usu  ccur cy of xprsso
n, c d trou, nd ngush, nd vx ton, on ccount of th n ogy twn
troud mnd nd
ds sd ody, dsordrs. Th Grks c   prtur ton
of mnd y prtty n ry th s m n m; for thy n m vry turd moton of th
 sou , that i t
ay, a ditempe . But e have ive them a m
e p
pe ame; 

a di
de
 the mid i ve y ike a dieae
 the b
dy. But ut d
e 
t e
embe ike; eithe d
e imm
de ate j
y, hih i a eated ad exuti pe
au e
 the mid. Fea , t

, i 
t ve y ike a ditempe , th
uh it i aki t

 ie
 mid, but p
pe y, a i a
the ae ith ike
 the b
dy, 

ike
 mid ha 
ame epa ated 
m pai. Ad the e
e I mut expa
i the
ii
 thi pai, that i t
ay, the aue that
ai
 thi  ie
i the mid, a i it e e a ike
 the b
dy. F
a phyiia thik they
have 
ud
ut the u e he they have di
ve ed the aue
 the ditempe , 

e ha di
ve the meth
d
 u i meah
y he the aue
 it i 
ud

ut.
XI. The h
e aue, the, i i
pii
; ad thi
be vati
 appie 
t t
th
i  ie a
e, but t
eve y
the di
de
 the mid, hih a e
 
u 
t
, but 
iti
 may pa t. F
a eve y di
de
pe tu bati
 i a m
ti


 the mid, eithe dev
id
 ea
,
i depite
 ea
,
i di
bedie
e t
ea
, ad a that m
ti
 i exited by a
pii

 eithe 

d
evi
; thee 
u pe tu bati
 a e divided equay it
t
pa t: 
t

 them
p
eed 
m a
pii

 

d,
e
 hih i a exuti peau e, that i t

ay, a j
y eated bey
d meau e, a ii 
m a
pii

 
me p eet  ea
t 

d; the
the i a dei e hih may ai y be aed eve a ut, ad i a
imm
de ate iiati
 ate 
me 
eived  eat 

d ith
ut ay
bediee t

ea
. The e
e thee t
kid, the exuti peau e ad the ut, have thei
ie 
m a
pii

 

d, a 102the
the t
, ea ad  ie, have 
m a

pii

 evi. F
ea i a
pii

 
me  eat evi impedi
ve u,
ad  ie i a
pii

 
me  eat evi p eet; ad, ideed, it i a  ehy

eived
pii

 a evi 
 eat that t
 ieve at it eem iht: it i

 that kid that he h

i ueay at it thik he ha 

d ea
 t
be 
. N

e h
ud exe t,
u utm
t e
t t

pp
e thee pe tu bati
hih a e, a it
e e, 
may u ie et 

e up
 u ad u ed
 by 
yi e a e dei
u t

pa thi ha e

 ie that i a
tted t
u ith eae ad atiati
. But

 the
the eei I ha peak eehe e:
u buie at p eet i t
d
ive aay  ie i e a, 
that ha be the
bjet

u p eet diui

, ie y
u have aid that it a y
u
pii
 that a ie ma miht be ubjet
t
 ie, hih I a by 
mea a

; 
it i a  ihtu, mie abe, a
d detetabe thi, hih e h
ud y 
m ith
u utm
t e
tith a
u
ai ad
a , a I may ay.
XII. That deedat


p, h

me y t
e
ed he by 
e?he h

dipi ited d
e he 
t

Tatau, h
 d
e he appea t
y
uhe h
p u 
m Pe
Hipp
damia 
m he athe -i-a, Ki 
mau, ad ma i
a deeded 
m Jupite hime, h
 b
ke-hea ted ad
eem!

Stad
, my  ied, 

me ithi my hade,
That 
p
uti
 y
u 
ud hea t pe vade,
S

u a tai my b
dy d
th pa take.
Wi y
u 
dem y
u e, Thyete, ad dep ive y
u e
 ie,
 a
ut

the  eate
 a
the   ime? What d
y
u thik
 that 

 Phbu? D
y
u 


t 

k up
 him a u
thy
 hi
 athe  iht?
H

 hi eye, hi b
dy 
 aay,
Hi u
d heek hi  equet tea  bet ay;
Hi bea d eeted, ad hi h
a y hai 
R
uh ad u
mbd, bepeak hi bitte a e.
O 

ih ete! thee a e evi hih y

u y
u e have bee the aue
, ad a
e 
t
ai
ed by ay aidet ith hih hae ha viited y
u; ad y
u beh
aved a y
u did, eve ate y
u had bee iu ed t
y
u dit e, ad ate the
i t ei
 the mid had ubided!he ea  ie 
it (a I ha h
)
i the 
ti

 103
me eet evibut y
u  ie, it i ve y pai, p
eeded 

m the 

 y
u kid
m, 
t
 y
u dauhte , 
y
u hated he , ad pe ha
p ith ea
, but y
u 
ud 
t amy bea t
pa t ith y
u kid
m. But u
ey it i a impudet  ie hih p ey up
 a ma 

t bei abe t

mmad
th
e that a e  ee. Di
yiu, it i t ue, the ty at
 Sy aue, he d ive

m hi 
ut y, tauht a h

 at C
ith; 
iapabe a he
 ivi it
h
ut 
me auth
ity. But hat 
ud be m
e impudet tha Ta qui, h
made a
up
 th
e h

ud 
t bea hi ty ay; ad, he he 
ud 
t e
ve hi ki
d
m by the aid
 the 
e
 the eietia ad the Lati, i aid t
have
betake hime t
Cuma, ad t
have died i that ity

d ae ad  ie!
XIII. D
y
u, the, thik that it a bea a ie ma t
be
pp eed ith  i
e, that i t
ay, ith mie y? 
, a a pe tu bati
 i mie y,  ie i th
e ak ite. Lut i atteded ith heat, exuti j
y ith evity, ea ith m
eae, but  ie ith 
methi  eate tha thee; it 
ume, t
met, a
it, ad di ae a ma; it tea  him, p ey up
 hi mid, ad utte y det

y him: i e d

t 
divet
u eve
 it a t
th
 it 
mpetey
, 
e a
t be  ee 
m mie y. Ad it i ea that the e mut be  ie he e ay
thi ha the appea ae
 a p eet 
e ad
pp ei evi. Epiu u i


pii
 that  ie a ie atu ay 
m the imaiati

 ay evi; 
that h


eve i eye-ite
 ay  eat mi
tue, i he 
eive that the ike may
p
iby bea hime, be
me ad itaty 
m uh a idea. The Cy eai
thik that  ie i 
t eede ed by eve y kid
 evi, but
y by uexpete
d, u
eee evi; ad that i umtae i, ideed,
 
ma eet
 the
heihtei
  ie; 
hat
eve 
me
 a udde appea  m
e 
midabe.
Hee thee ie a e dee vedy 
mmeded:
I ke my 
, he i t he d e hi b eath,
Detied by ate t
a utimey death;
Ad he I et him t
deed the G eek,
Wa a hi buie, 
t y
u p
tive  eak.
XI. The e
e, thi umiati be
ehad up
 utu e evi hih y
u ee at a
ditae make thei app
ah 104m
e t
e abe; ad
 thi a
ut hat Eu ipi
de make Theeu ay i muh 
mmeded. Y
u i ive me eave t
t aate the
m, a i uua ith me:
I t eau ed up hat 
me ea d ae did te,
Ad
 my utu e mie y did de;
I th
uht
 bitte death,
 bei d
ve
Fa 
m my h
me by exie, ad I t
ve
With eve y evi t
p
e my mid,
That, he they ame, I the e a e miht id.38
But Eu ipide ay that
 hime, hih Theeu aid he had hea d 
m 
me e
a ed ma, 
the p
et had bee a pupi
 Aaxa
a, h
, a they eate,

hea i
 the death
 hi 
, aid, I ke that my 
 a m
ta; hih peeh
eem t
itimate that uh thi ait th
e me h
have 
t th
uht
 th
em be
e. The e
e, the e i 
d
ubt but that a th
e thi hih a e 

ide ed evi a e the heavie 
m 
t bei 
eee. Th
uh, 
tithtadi th
i i 
t the
y i umtae hih
ai
 the  eatet  ie, ti, a th
e mid, by 
eeei ad p epa i 
it, ha  eat p
e t
make a  ie th

e e, a ma h
ud at a time 
ide a the evet that may bea him i
thi ie; ad e taiy the exeee ad divie atu e
 id
m 
it i
taki a ea vie
, ad aii a th

uh aquaitae ith, a huma aa
i , i 
t bei u p ied he aythi happe, ad i thiki, be
e the e
vet, that the e i 
thi but hat may 
me t
pa.
Whe e
e ev y ma,
Whe hi aai  

 m
t immiy,
Ee the it m
t beh

ve t
a m hime
Aait the 
mi t
m: 
, dae , exie,
Retu i eve , et him 

k t
meet;
Hi 
 i aut, ie dead,
dauhte ik;
A 
mm
 aidet, ad may have happed
That 
thi ha eem e
t ae. But i
Auht ha a
ut bey
d hi h
pe, a that
Let him a
ut ea ai.39
105X. The e
e, a Te ee ha 
e exp eed hat he b

ed 
m phi


phy, ha 
t e, 
m h
e 
utai he d e it, ay the ame thi i a bett
e mae , ad abide by it ith m
e teadie? Hee ame that teady 
utea
e, hih, a
di t
Xatippe, he hubad S
 ate aay had; 
that he
aid that he eve
be ved ay die ee i hi 

k he he et
ut ad h
e he ame h
me. Yet the 

k
 that
d R
ma, M. C au, h
, a Luiiu a
y, eve mied but
e i hi ietime, a 
t
 thi kid, but paid ad
e ee, 

e a e t
d. He, ideed, miht e have had the ame 

k at a
time h
eve haed hi mid, 
m hih the 
uteae de ive it exp e
i
. S
that I am eady t
b


 the Cy eai th
e a m aait the aid
et ad evet
 ie by mea
 hih, by 
 p emeditati
, they b eak the

e
 a app
ahi evi; ad at the ame time I thik that th
e ve y ev
i themeve a ie m
e 
m
pii
 tha atu e, 
i they e e ea, 


eat 
ud make them ihte . But I ha peak m
e pa tiua y
 thee mat
te  ate I have i t 
ide ed Epiu u
pii
, h
thik that a pe
pe
mut eea iy be ueay h
beieve themeve t
be i ay evi, et them b
e eithe 
eee ad expeted,
habitua t
them; 
ith him evi a e 
t
the e by ea

 thei 
tiuae, 
the ihte 
havi bee 
eee
; ad it i 
y t
umiate
 evi t

me,
uh a, pe hap, eve may

me: eve y evi i dia eeabe e
uh he it d
e 
me; but he h
i 
ta
ty 
ide i that 
me evi may bea him i 
adi hime ith a pe petua
 evi; ad eve h
ud uh evi eve iht
 him, he v
uta iy take up

hime ueea y mie y, 
that he i ude 
tat ueaie, hethe he
atuay ue  ay evi,

y thik
 it. But he make the aeviati


 ie deped
 t
thia eai t
thik
 evi, ad a tu i t
the 
te
mpati

 peau e. F
he thik that the mid may p
iby be ude the p
e

 ea
, ad 

 he di eti
: he 
bid u, the e
e, t
mid t
ub
e, ad a u
 
m 

u eeti
; he th
 a mit
ve
u eye t

hide u 
m the 
tempati

 mie y. Havi 
uded a et eat 106
m t
hi tatemet, he d ive
u th
uht
 aai, ad e
u ae them t
vie ad
eae the h
e mid i the va i
u peau e ith hih he thik the ie

a ie ma ab
ud, eithe 
m eeti
 the pat,

m the h
pe
 hat
i t

me. I have aid thee thi i my
 ay; the Epiu ea have thei .
H
eve , et u examie hat they ay; h
 they ay it i
 itte 
equee
.
XI. I the i t pae, they a e 
 i 
biddi me t
p emeditate
 utu
ity ad bami thei ih t
d

; 
the e i 
thi that b eak the ede

  ie ad ihte it m

e tha 
ide i, du i
e h
e ie, that the
e i 
thi hih it i imp
ibe h
ud happe,
tha, 
ide i hat hum
a atu e i,
 hat 
diti
 ie a ive, ad h
 e may 
mpy ith them
. The eet
 hih i that e a e aay  ievi, but that e eve d

; 

h
eve eet
 the atu e
 thi, the va i
u tu 
 ie, ad the
eake
 huma atu e,  ieve, ideed, at that eeti
; but hie 
 ie

vi he i, ab
ve a
the time, behavi a a ie ma, 
he ai thee t

thi by it:
e, that hie he i 
ide i the tate
 huma atu e he i
 pe 
mi the epeia dutie
 phi

phy, ad i p
vided ith a t ipe me
diie aait adve ityi the i t pae, beaue he ha 
 eeted that u
h thi miht bea him, ad thi eeti
 by ite 
t ibute muh t
a
d eei ad eakei a mi
tue; ad, e
dy, beaue he i pe uad
ed that e h
ud bea a the aidet hih a happe t
ma ith the eei
 ad pi it
 a ma; ad, aty, beaue he 
ide  that hat i bamabe
i the
y evi. But it i 
t y
u aut that 
methi ha happeed t
y
u h
ih it a imp
ibe 
ma t
av
id. F
that ithd ai

u th
uht hi
h he e
mmed he he a u
 
m 
tempati
u mi
tue i a i
maia y ati
; 
it i 
t i
u p
e t
diembe
t

et th
e evi
 hih ie heavy
 u; they tea , vex, ad ti uthey bu  u up, ad eave 

b eathi time. Ad d

y
u
de u t

et them (
uh 
etue i

t a y t
atu e), ad at the ame time dep ive u
 the
y aitae hi
h atu e a
d, the bei aut
med t
them? 107F
that, th
uh it i but a

 mediie (I mea that hih i b
uht by ape
 time), i ti a ve y e
etua
e. Y
u
de me t
emp
y my th
uht
 
methi 

d, ad 
et m
y mi
tue. Y
u 
ud ay 
methi 
thy a  eat phi

phe i y
u th
uht
th
e thi 

d hih a e bet uited t

the diity
 huma atu e.
XII. Sh
ud Pytha
a, S
 ate,
Pat
ay t
me, Why a e y
u dejeted

ad? Why d
y
u ait, ad yied t

tue, hih, pe hap, may have p
e t
ha
a ad ditu b y
u, but h
ud 
t quite uma y
u? The e i  eat p
e i th
e vi tue;
ue them, i they hae t
d

p. Take 
titude 
y
u uide, 
hih i ive y
u uh pi it that y
u i depie eve ythi that a bea
ma, ad 

k
 it a a t ie. Add t
thi tempe ae, hih i m
de ati
, a
d hih a jut 
 aed  uaity, hih i 
t ue y
u t
d
aythi
bae
bad
hat i 
e
bae tha a eemiate ma? N
t eve jutie 
i ue y
u t
at i thi mae , th
uh he eem t
have the eat eiht
i thi aai ; but ti, 
tithtadi, eve he i i
m y
u that y
u a
e d
uby ujut he y
u b
th equi e hat d
e 
t be
 t
y
u, iamuh a t
h
uh y
u h
have bee b
 m
ta demad t
be paed i the 
diti

 the
imm
ta, ad at the ame time y
u take it muh t
hea t that y
u a e t
et

e hat a et y
u. What ae i y
u make t
p udee, h
i
m y
u that
he i a vi tue uiiet
 he e b
th t
teah y
u a 

d ie ad a

t

eu e y
u a happy
e? Ad, ideed, i he e e ette ed by exte a i umta
e, ad depedet

the , ad i he did 
t
iiate i he e ad etu
 t
he e, ad a
emb ae eve ythi i he e, 
a t
eek 
advetiti

u aid 
m ay qua te , I a
t imaie hy he h
ud appea dee vi
 u
h 
ty paey i,

 bei 
uht ate ith uh exeive eae e. N

, Epiu u, i y
u a me bak t
uh 

d a thee, I i
bey y
u, ad 


 y
u, ad ue y
u a my uide, ad eve 
et, a y
u
de me, a my mi

tue; ad I i d

thi the m
e eadiy 
m a pe uai
 that they a e 
t
t
be aked am
 evi at a. But y
u a e 
b ii my th
uht
ve t
p
eau e. 108What peau e? Peau e
 the b
dy, I imaie,
uh a a e e

eted
imaied
 a
ut
 the b
dy. I thi a? D
I expai y
u
pii

 ihty? 
y
u diipe a e ued t
dey that e ude tad at a hat E
piu u mea. Thi i hat he ay, ad hat that ubte e
,
d Ze
, h

i
e
 the ha pet
 them, ued, he I a attedi etu e at Athe, t

e
e ad tak 

udy
; ayi that he a
e a happy h

ud ej
y
p eet peau e, ad h
a at the ame time pe uaded that he h
ud ej
y it
ith
ut pai, eithe du i the h
e
the  eatet pa t
 hi ie;
i,
h
ud ay pai ite e e, i it a ve y ha p, the it mut be h
t; h
ud i
t be
 
e 
tiuae, it 
ud have m
e
 hat a eet tha bitte i
it; that h

eve eeted
 thee thi 
ud be happy, epeiay i ati
ied ith the 

d thi hih he had a eady ej

yed, ad i he e e ith
ut 
ea
 death

 the G
d.
XIII. Y
u have he e a ep eetati

 a happy ie a
di t
Epiu u, i

the 
d
 Ze
, 
that the e i 

m 

t aditi
 i ay p
it. What
, the? Ca the p
p
i ad thiki
 uh a ie make Thyete  ie the e
,
ete,
 h
m I p
ke ab
ve,
Team
, h
a d ive 
m hi 
ut y t

peu y ad baihmet? i 

de at h
m me exaimed thu:
I thi the ma u pai 
y aied?
I thi that Team
 
hihy p aied
By 
de i G eee, at h
e iht, ike the u,
A
the  ith dimiihd ut e h
e?
N
, h
ud ay
e, a the ame auth
ay, id hi pi it ik ith the 


 hi 
tue, he mut appy t
th
e  ave phi

phe 
 atiquity 
e
ie, ad 
t t
thee v
uptua ie: 
hat  eat abudae
 

d d
they p

mie? Supp
e that e a
 that t
be ith
ut pai i the hie 

d? Yet that
i 
t aed peau e. But it i 
t eea y at p eet t

th
uh the h

e: the queti

 i, t
hat p
it a e e t
advae i
de t
abate
u  ie
? G at that t
be i pai i the  eatet evi: h

eve , the, ha p
eeded

a a 
t t
be i pai, i he, the e
e, i immediate p
ei

 the 
eatet 

d? Why, Epiu u, d

e ue ay evai
, 109ad 
t a
 i
u


d the ame eei t
be peau e hih y
u a e ued t
b
at
 ith uh a
u ae? A e thee y
u 
d

t? Thi i hat y
u ay i that b

k hih 

tai a the d

t ie
 y
u h

; 
I i pe 
m
 thi
ai
 the

ie
 a t aat
, et ay
e h
ud imaie that I am iveti aythi
. Thu y
u peak: N
a I 
m ay 
ti

 the hie 

d, abt ated 
m t
h
e peau e hih a e pe eived by tate,

m hat deped
 hea i mu
i,
abt ated 
m idea aied by exte a
bjet viibe t
the eye,
b
y a eeabe m
ti
,

m th
e
the peau e hih a e pe eived by the h

e ma by mea
 ay
 hi ee; 
a it p
iby be aid that the pea
u e
 the mid a e exited
y by hat i 

d, 
I have pe eived me mi
d t
be peaed ith the h
pe
 ej
yi th
e thi hih I meti
ed ab
ve
, ad ith the idea that it h
ud ej
y them ith
ut ay ite upti
 
m pai
. Ad thee a e hi exat 
d, 
that ay
e may ude tad hat e e the pe
au e ith hih Epiu u a aquaited. The he peak thu, a itte 
e d

: I have
te iqui ed
 th
e h
have bee aed ie me hat 
ud be t
he emaii 

d i they h
ud exude 
m 
ide ati
 a thee peau e,
ue they meat t
ive u 
thi but 
d. I 
ud eve ea  aythi 

m them; ad ue they h

e that a vi tue ad id

m h
ud vaih ad 
m
e t

thi, they mut ay ith me that the
y
ad t
happie ie th
uh
th
e peau e hih I meti
ed ab
ve. What 

 i muh the ame, ad hi
h
e b

k
 the hie 

d eve yhe e ab
ud ith the ame
pii
. Wi y
u
, the, ivite Team
 t
thi kid
 ie t
eae hi  ie? Ad h
ud y
u
b
e ve ay
e
 y
u  ied ude aiti
, 
ud y
u athe p e ibe him a
tu e
 tha a t eatie
 S
 ate?
advie him t
ite t
the mui
 a
ate
a athe tha t
Pat
?
ay be
e him the beauty ad va iety
 

me a de, put a 
eay t
hi 
e, bu  pe ume be
e him, ad bid him 

 hime ith a a ad


e ad 

dbie? Sh
ud y
u add
e thi m
e,
y
u 
ud e taiy ipe
ut a hi  ie.
110XIX. Epiu u mut admit thee a umet,
he mut take
ut
 hi b

k ha
t I jut 
 aid a a ite a t aati
;
, athe , he mut det
y hi h

e b

k, 
it i  ammed u
 peau e. We mut iqui e, the, h
 e a
eae him
 hi  ie h
peak i thi mae :
My p eet tate p
eed 
m 
tue ti;
By bi th I b
at
 a deet 
m ki;
Hee may y
u ee 
m hat a 
be heiht
Im uk by 
tue t
thi abjet piht.
What! t
eae hi  ie, mut e mix him a up
 eet ie,

methi
 th
at kid? L
! the ame p
et p eet u ith a
the etimet 
mehe e ee:
I, Het
,
e 
 eat, 
 aim y
u aid.

We h
ud ait he , 
he 

k
ut 
hep:
Whe e ha I 
 appy, he e eek upp
t?
Whe e hee betake me,
t
h
m e
t?
N
mea emai
 
m
t

 j
y,
I ame my paae, ad i ui T
y;
Eah a, 
ate upe b, de
med 
d,
Ad 
t a ata  et t appeae the G
d.
Y
u k
 hat h
ud 

, ad pa tiua y thi:
O athe , 
ut y, ad
  ied be et,
N
t
e
 a thee umptu
u tempe et;
Whih, hie the 
tue

u h
ue did tad,
With ih 
uht eii p
ke the a tit had.
O exeet p
et! th
uh depied by th
e h
i the ve e
 Euph
i
. He
i eibe that a thi hih 
me
 a udde a e ha de t
be b
e. The e

e, he he had et
 the ihe
 P iam t
the bet advatae, hih had t
he appea ae
 a 
 
tiuae, hat d
e he add?
L
! thee a pe ihd i
e bazi pie;
The 
e
d P iam
 hi ie beuied,
Ad ith hi b

d, thy ata , J
ve, deied.
Admi abe p
et y! The e i 
methi m
u u i the ubjet, a e a i the

d ad meau e. We mut d ive aay thi  ie
 he : h
 i that t
be d
e
? Sha e ay he
 a bed
 d
; it
due a ie ; 111ha e bu  eda ,

p eet he e ith 
me peaat iqu
, ad p
vide he 
methi t
eat? A
e thee the 

d thi hih em
ve the m
t aiti  ie? F
y
u but jut

 aid y
u ke
 

the 

d. I h
ud a ee ith Epiu u that e
uht
t
be aed
 
m  ie t

tempate 

d thi, i e 
ud
y a ee u
p
 hat a 

d.
XX. It may be aid, What! d
y
u imaie Epiu u eay meat thi, ad that he
maitaied aythi 
eua? Ideed I d

t imaie 
, 
I am eibe t
hat he ha utte ed may exeet thi ad etimet, ad deive ed maxim

 eat eiht. The e
e, a I aid be
e, I am peaki
 hi autee, 
t

 hi m
a. Th
uh he h
ud h
d th
e peau e i 
tempt hih he jut 

 
mmeded, yet I mut emembe he ei he pae the hie 

d. F
he a 

t 
teted ith ba ey ayi thi, but he ha expaied hat he meat: he ay
 that tate, ad emb ae, ad p
t, ad mui, ad th
e 
m hih aet
the eye ith peau e, a e the hie 

d. Have I iveted thi? have I mi ep

eeted him? I h
ud be ad t
be 
uted; 
hat am I edeav
i at but t

ea up t uth i eve y queti

? We, but the ame ma ay that peau e i
at it heiht he e pai eae, ad that t
be  ee 
m a pai i the ve y
 eatet peau e. He e a e th ee ve y  eat mitake i a ve y e 
d. Oe i
, that he 
t adit hime; 
, but jut 
, he 
ud 
t imaie aythi


d ue the ee e e i a mae tiked ith 

me peau e; but 
 he
ay that t
be  ee 
m pai i the hihet peau e. Ca ay
e 
t adit h
ime m
e? The ext mitake i, that he e the e i atu ay a th ee
d divi
i
the i t, t
be peaed; ext, t
be i pai; the at, t
be aeted eith
e by peau e 
paihe imaie the i t ad the at t
be the ame, ad mak
e 
die ee betee peau e ad a eati

 pai. The at mitake he 
a it
i 
mm
 ith 
me
the , hih i thi: that a vi tue i the m
t
dei abe thi, ad a phi

phy ha bee ivetiated ith a vie t
the atta
imet
 it, he ha epa ated the hie 

d 
m vi tue. But he 
mmed vi tu
e, ad that  equety; ad ideed C. G ahu, he he had made the 112a et
dit ibuti

 the pubi m
ey, ad had exhauted the t eau y, eve thee
p
ke muh
 deedi the t eau y. What iiie hat me ay he e ee h
at they d
? That Pi
, h
a u amed F ua, had aay ha aued aait the
a that a p
p
ed 
dit ibuti the 
; but he it had paed, th
uh
a ma
 
ua diity, he ame t
eeive the 
. G ahu
be ved Pi

tadi i the 
u t, ad aked him, i the hea i
 the pe
pe, h
 it a 

itet 
him t
take 
 by a a he had hime
pp
ed. It a, aid he, a
ait y
u dit ibuti my 

d t
eve y ma a y
u th
uht p
pe ; but, a y
u
d

, I aim my ha e. Did 
t thi  ave ad ie ma uiiety h
 that
the pubi eveue a diipated by the Semp
ia a? Read G ahu peehe,
ad y
u i p

ue him the adv
ate
 the t eau y. Epiu u deie that a
y
e a ive peaaty h
d
e 
t ead a ie
 vi tue; he deie that 

tue ha ay p

e
ve a ie ma; he p ee  a pa e diet t
 eat pety, a
d maitai that a ie ma i aay happy. A thee thi be
me a phi

ph
e t
ay, but they a e 
t 
itet ith peau e. But the epy i, that he
d
th 
t mea that peau e: et him mea ay peau e, it mut be uh a
e a
make 
pa t
 vi tue. But upp
e e a e mitake a t
hi peau e; a e e

, t

, a t
hi pai? I maitai, the e
e, the imp
p iety
 auae hi
h that ma ue, he taki
 vi tue, h

ud meau e eve y  eat evi by
pai.
XXI. Ad ideed the Epiu ea, th
e bet
 me
the e i 

de
 me m

e i
et
mpai that I take  eat pai t
iveih aait Epiu u. We a e i
va, I upp
e, 

me h


dititi
. I pae the hie 

d i the mi
d, he i the b
dy; I i vi tue, he i peau e; ad the Epiu ea a e up i a
m, ad imp
e the aitae
 thei eihb
, ad may a e eady t
y t

thei aid. But a 

my pa t, I dea e that I am ve y idie et ab
ut the ma
tte , ad that I 
ide the h
e diui
 hih they a e 
axi
u ab
ut a
t a ed. F
hat! i the 
teti
 ab
ut the Pui a ?
 hih ve y ubjet
, th
uh M. Cat
ad L. Letuu e e
 die et
pii
, ti the e a 

113die ee betee them. But thee me behave ith t

muh heat, epeiay

a the
pii
 hih they 
ud uph
d a e 
ve y pi ited
e, ad uh a t
hey da e 
t pead 
eithe i the eate
be
e the aemby
 the pe
pe
,
be
e the a my
the e
. But, h
eve , I i a ue ith them a
the
time, ad ith uh a dip
iti
 that 
qua e ha a ie betee u; 

I ha be eady t
yied t
thei
pii
 he 
uded
 t uth. Oy I mut 
ive them thi advie: That e e it eve 
t ue, that a ie ma ea d 
thi
but the b
dy,
, t
exp e mye ith m
e deey, eve d
e aythi exe
pt hat i expediet, ad vie a thi ith exuive ee ee t
hi
 a
dvatae, a uh thi a e 
t ve y 
mmedabe, they h
ud 
ie them t
t
hei
 b eat, ad eave
 taki ith that pa ade
 them.
XXII. What emai i the
pii

 the Cy eai, h
thik that me  ieve h
e aythi happe uexpetedy. Ad that i ideed, a I aid be
e, a  eat
a avati

 a mi
tue; ad I k
 that it appea ed 
t
Ch yippuWhateve
a
ut uexpeted i 
muh the heavie . But the h
e queti
 d
e 
t tu 

 thi; th
uh the udde app
ah
 a eemy 
metime
ai
 m
e 
u
i
 tha it 
ud i y
u had expeted him, ad a udde t
m at ea th
 the
ai
 it
a  eate  iht tha
e hih they have 
eee; ad it i the 
ame i may
the ae. But he y
u a euy 
ide the atu e
 hat a
expeted, y
u i id 
thi m
e tha that a thi hih 
me
 a udde
appea  eate ; ad thi up
 t
a
ut: i t
 a, beaue y
u have 
t
time t

ide h
  eat the aidet i; ad, e
dy, beaue y
u a e p
ba
by pe uaded that y
u 
ud have ua ded aait it had y
u 
eee i, ad th
e e
e the mi
tue, havi bee eemiy e
ute ed by y
u
 aut, mak
e y
u  ie the  eate . That it i 
, time evie; hih, a it advae, b
i ith it 
muh mitiati
 that th
uh the ame mi
tue 
tiue, the
 ie 
t
y be
me the e, but i 
me ae i eti ey em
ved. May Ca
thaiia e e ave at R
me, ad may Maed
ia, he Pe eu thei ki a
 take p i
e . I a, 114t

, he I a a y
u ma, 
me C
ithia i the
Pe
p
eu. They miht a have ameted ith Ad
mahe,
A thee I a......;
but they had pe hap ive
ve ameti themeve, 
by thei 
uteae,
ad peeh, ad
the etu e y
u miht have take them 
A ive
Siy
i

a. Ad I mye a m

e 
e ed at the uied a
 C
ith tha the C

ithia themeve e e, h
e mid by  equet eeti
 ad time had be
me
a
u t
uh iht. I have ead a b

k
 Cit
mahu, hih he et t
hi
e
-itize h
e e p i
e , t

m
t them ate the det uti

 Ca
thae. The e i i it a t eatie  itte by Ca eade, hih, a Cit
mahu a
y, he had ie ted it
hi b

k; the ubjet a, That it appea ed p

babe tha
t a ie ma 
ud  ieve at the tate
 ubjeti

 hi 
ut y, ad a the
a umet hih Ca eade ued aait thi p
p
iti
 a e et d
 i the b

k
. The e the phi

phe appie uh a t
 mediie t
a  eh  ie a 
ud
be quite ueea y i
e
 ay 
tiuae; 
, i thi ve y b

k had bee
et t
the aptive 
me yea  ate , 
ud it have 
ud ay 
ud t
u e,
but
y a ; 
 ie, by a ete p
 e ad 
 de ee, ea  aay imp
e eptiby. N
t that the i umtae hih ave ie t
it a e ate ed,
a
be, but that ut
m teahe hat ea
 h
udthat th
e thi hih be
e ee
med t
be
 
me 
equee a e
 
uh  eat imp
tae, ate a.
XXIII. It may be aid, What
ai
 i the e t
appy t
ea
,
t
ay 
t

 

ati
 uh a e ee ay make ue
, t
mitiate the  ie
 the a
ited? F
e have thi a umet aay at had, that 
thi
uht t
appea
uexpeted. But h
 i ay
e be eabed t
bea hi mi
tue the bette
by k
i that it i uav
idabe that uh thi h
ud happe t
ma? Sayi
thi ubt at 
thi 
m the um
 the  ie: it
y ae t that 
thi h
a ae
ut but hat miht have bee atiipated; ad yet thi mae
 peak
i ha 
me itte 

ati
 i it, th
uh I app ehed 
t a  eat dea. The
e
e th
e u

ked-
thi have 
t 
muh 
e a t
ive ie t
a
u
115 ie; the b
 pe hap may a the heavie , but hateve happe d
e 
t
appea the  eate
 that a
ut. N
, it i the at
 it havi happeed 
atey, ad 
t
 it havi beae u uexpetedy, that make it eem the 
eate . The e a e t
ay, the,
 die i the t uth, 
t
y
 thi tha
t eem evi, but
 th
e that have the appea ae
 

d. F
e eithe iqui
e it
the atu e
 the thi,
 hat de ipti
, ad maitude, ad imp
ta
e it ia 
metime ith ea d t
p
ve ty, the bu de
 hih e may ihte 
he by
u diputati
 e h
 h
 e thi atu e equi e, ad
 hat a t
ii kid they a e
, ith
ut ay ubte a ui, e ee them t
exampe, a
he e e itae a S
 ate, the e a Di
ee, ad the aai that ie i Cii
u,
Wid
m i
t 
ead i mea atti e.
F
a p
ve ty i
 equa eiht ith a, hat ea
 a be ive hy hat a
 b
e by Fab iiu h
ud be p
ke
 by ay
e ee a uupp
tabe he i
t a up
 themeve? O a piee ith thi i that
the ay
 
m
ti, 
hih 
it i p
iti
ut that 
thi ha happeed but hat i 
mm
 t
hu
ma atu e; 
thi a umet d
th 
t
y i
m u hat huma atu e i, but
impie that a thi a e t
e abe hih
the  have b
e ad a e bea i.
XXI. I p
ve ty the ubjet? They te y
u
 may h
have ubmitted t
it it
h patiee. I it the 
tempt
 h

? They aquait y
u ith 
me h
eve
ej
yed ay, ad e e the happie 
it; ad
 th
e h
have p ee ed a p iv
ate eti ed ie t
pubi emp
ymet, meti
i thei ame ith epet; they
te y
u
 the ve e40
 that m
t p
e u ki h
p aie a
d ma, ad
p

ue him happy beaue he a uk
 t
ame ad eemed ikey t
a ive
at the h
u
 death i
bu ity ad ith
ut 
tie. Thu, t

, they have examp

e 
th
e h
a e dep ived
 thei hid e: they h
a e ude ay  eat 
ie a e 
m
ted by itae
 ike aiti
; ad thu the edu ae 116

eve y mi
tue i ede ed m
e eay by the at

the  havi ude 
e t
he ame, ad the ate

the  aue hat ha happeed t
appea e imp
ta
t tha it ha bee p evi
uy th
uht, ad eeti
 thu di
ve  t
u h
 m
uh
pii
 had imp
ed
 u. Ad thi i hat the Team
 dea e, I, he my

 a b
, et.; ad thu Theeu, I
 my utu e mie y did de; ad Aaxa

a, I ke my 
 a m
ta. A thee me, by  equety eeti
 huma a

ai , had di
ve ed that they e e by 
mea t
be etimated by the
pii


 the mutitude; ad, ideed, it eem t

me t
be p etty muh the ame ae it
h th
e h

ide be
ehad a ith th
e h
de ive thei emedie 
m tim
e, exepti that a kid
 ea
 u e the
e, ad the
the emedy i p
vid
ed by atu e; by hih e di
ve (ad thi 
tai the h
e ma

 the ma
tte ) that hat a imaied t
be the  eatet evi i by 
mea 
 eat a
t
deeat the happie
 ie. Ad the eet
 thi i, that the b
 i  e
ate by ea

 it 
t havi bee 
eee, ad 
t, a they upp
e, that 
he imia mi
tue bea t
die et pe
pe, that ma
y i aeted 
ith  ie h
m thi aamity ha beae uexpetedy. S
that 
me pe 
, u
de the
pp ei

  ie, a e aid t
have b
e it atuay 
e 
hea i

 thi 
mm
 
diti

 ma, that e a e b
 ude uh 
diti
 a e
de it imp
ibe 
a ma t
be exempt 
m a evi.
XX. F
thi ea
 Ca eade, a I ee
u  ied Ati
hu  ite, ued t
b
ame Ch yippu 

mmedi thee ve e
 Eu ipide:

Ma, d

md t
a e, t
pai, dieae, ad t ie,
Wak hi h
t j
u ey th
the vae
 ie:
Wathu atted the  ade ad the  ave,
Ad pai ee ati
 
 t
ave:
Lat, die hime: yet he e
e h
ud e m
u ?
F
ma mut t
hi kid ed dut etu ;
Submit t
the det
yi had
 ate,
A iped ea  the ha vet-ike ait.41
117He 
ud 
t a
 a peeh
 thi kid t
avai at a t
the u e

u 
ie, 
he aid it a a ametabe ae ite that e e e ae it
the h
ad
 uh a  ue ate; ad that a peeh ike that, p eahi up 
m
t 

m the mi
tue
 a
the , a a 
m
t adapted
y t
th
e
 a maev
e
t dip
iti
. But t
me it appea  a
the ie; 
the eeity
 bea i
hat i the 
mm
 
diti

 humaity 
bid y
u eiti the i
 the
G
d, ad emid y
u that y
u a e a ma, hih eeti
  eaty aeviate 
ie; ad the eume ati

 thee exampe i 
t p
dued ith a vie t
peae
th
e
 a maev
et dip
iti
, but i
de that ay
e i aiti
 may
be idued t
bea hat he
be ve may
the  have p evi
uy b
e ith t aq
uiity ad m
de ati
. F
they h
a e ai t
piee, ad a
t h
d t
e
the th
uh the  eate
 thei  ie, h
ud be upp
ted by a kid
 a
itae. F
m hee Ch yippu thik that  ie i aed , as it were , th t s
y, dssouton of th who m nth who of whch I thnk m y  pud up y
th roots y xp nng, s I s d t th gnnng, th c us of grf; for t
s nothng s ut n opnon nd judgmnt formd of prsnt cut v. And
thus ny ody p n, t t  vr so grvous, m y  ndur  whr ny hop
s r proposd of som consdr  good; nd w rcv such conso ton from
vrtuous nd ustrous f th t thy who  d such vs r sdom tt ck
d y grf, or ut sghty ffctd y t.
XXI. But s sds ths opnon of gr t v thr s ths othr ddd soth
t w ought to  mnt wh t h s h ppnd, th t t s rght so to do, nd p rt of o
ur duty, thn s rought out th t trr dsordr of mnd, grf. And t s
to ths opnon th t w ow  thos v rous nd horrd knds of  mnt ton, t
h t ngct of our prsons, th t wom nsh t rng of our chks, th t strkng o
n our thghs, r sts, nd h ds. Thus Ag mmnon, n Homr nd n Accus,
T rs n hs grf hs uncomd ocks;42
from whnc coms th t p s nt s yng of Bon, th t th 118foosh kng n hs
sorrow tor w y th h rs of hs h d, m gnng th t hs grf woud  v
td y  dnss. But mn do  ths thngs from ng prsu dd th t thy oug
ht to do so. And thus schns nvghs g nst Dmosthns for s crfcng wthn
svn d ys ftr th d th of hs d ughtr. But wth wh t oqunc, wth wh t
funcy, dos h tt ck hm! wh t sntmnts dos h coct! wh t words dos h

hur g nst hm! You m y s y ths th t n or tor m y do nythng; ut nood
y woud pprov of such cns f t wr not th t w h v n d nn t n ou
r mnds th t vry good m n ought to  mnt th oss of r ton s ttry
s poss. And t s owng to ths th t som mn, whn n sorrow, t k thms
vs to dsrts, s Homr s ys of Brophon:
Dstr ctd n hs mnd,
Forsook y h vn, fors kng hum n knd,
Wd or th A n fd h chos to str y,
A ong, fororn, uncomfort  w y!43
And thus No s fgnd to h v n turnd nto ston, from hr nvr sp kn
g, I suppos, n hr grf. But thy m gn Hcu to h v n convrtd nto
tch, from hr r g nd ttrnss of mnd. Thr r othrs who ov to conv
rs wth sotud tsf whn n grf, s th nurs n Ennus,
F n woud I to th h vns fnd  rth r t
Md s c sss wos nd cru f t.44
XXII. Now  ths thngs r don n grf, from prsu son of thr truth
nd proprty nd ncssty; nd t s p n th t thos who h v thus do so fr
om convcton of ts ng thr duty; for shoud ths mournrs y ch nc dro
p thr grf, nd thr ct or sp k for momnt n mor c m or chrfu m
nnr, thy prsnty chck thmsvs nd rturn to thr  mnt tons g n,
nd  m thmsvs for h vng n guty of ny ntrmssons 119from thr gr
f; nd p rnts nd m strs gnr y corrct chdrn not y words ony, ut 
y ows, f thy show ny vty y thr word or dd whn th f my s undr
ffcton, nd, s t wr, og thm to  sorrowfu. Wh t! dos t not pp
 r, whn you h v c sd to mourn, nd h v dscovrd th t your grf h s n
nffctu , th t th who of th t mournng w s vount ry on your p rt? Wh t d
os th t m n s y n Trnc who punshs hmsf, th Sf-tormntor?
I thnk I do my son ss h rm, O Chrms,
As ong s I mysf m msr .
H dtrmns to  msr : nd c n ny on dtrmn on nythng
w?

g nst hs

I w mght thnk th t I dsrvd  v.

H woud thnk h dsrvd ny msfortun wr h othrws th n msr ! Thr
for, you s, th v s n opnon, not n n tur. How s t whn som thng
s do of thmsvs prvnt your grvng t thm? s n Homr, so m ny dd nd
wr urd d y th t thy h d not sur to grv: whr you fnd ths n
s
Th gr t, th od, y thous nds d y f ,
And ndss wr th grf to wp for .
Etrn  sorrows wh t v s to shd?
Grc honors not wth somn f sts th d d:
Enough whn d th dm nds th r v to p y
Th trut of m nchoy d y.
On chf wth p tnc to th gr v rsgnd,
Our c r dvovs on othrs ft hnd.45
Thrfor t s n our own powr to  y sd grf upon occ son; nd s thr
ny opportunty (sng th thng s n our own powr) th t w shoud t sp o
f gttng rd of c r nd grf? It w s p n th t th frnds of Cnus Pompus,
whn thy s w hm f ntng undr hs wounds, t th vry momnt of th t most ms
r  nd ttr sght wr undr gr t un snss how thy thmsvs, 120surr
oundd y th nmy s thy wr, shoud sc p, nd wr mpoyd n nothng u
t ncour gng th rowrs nd dng thr sc p; ut whn thy r chd Tyr, th
y g n to grv nd  mnt ovr hm. Thrfor, s f r wth thm, prv d
ovr grf, c nnot r son nd tru phosophy h v th s m ffct wth
ws m
n?

XXIII. But wh t s thr mor ffctu  to dsp grf th n th dscovry th t

t nswrs no purpos, nd h s n undrgon to no ccount? Thrfor, f w c
n gt rd of t, w nd nvr h v n sujct to t. It must  cknowdgd
, thn, th t mn t k up grf wfuy nd knowngy; nd ths pp rs from th
p tnc of thos who, ftr thy h v n xrcsd n ffctons nd r 
ttr  to  r wh tvr f s thm, suppos thmsvs h rdnd g nst for
tun; s th t prson n Eurpds,
H d ths th frst ss y of fortun n,
And I no storms thro  my f h d sn,
Wd s cot Id rok from r sons sw y;
But frqunt grfs h v t ught m to oy.46
As, thn, th frqunt  rng of msry m ks grf th ghtr, w must ncss
ry prcv th t th c us nd orgn  of t dos not  n th c  mty t
sf. Your prncp  phosophrs, or ovrs of wsdom, though thy h v not yt
rrvd t prfct wsdom, r not thy sns th t thy r n th gr tst
v? For thy r foosh, nd fooshnss s th gr tst of  vs, nd y
t thy  mnt not. How sh  w ccount for ths? Bc us opnon s not fxd u
pon th t knd of v, t s not our opnon th t t s rght, mt, nd our dut
y to  un sy c us w r not  ws mn. Whr s ths opnon s strongy
ffxd to th t un snss whr mournng s concrnd, whch s th gr tst o
f  grf. Thrfor Arstot, whn h  ms som ncnt phosophrs for 
m gnng th t y thr gnus thy h d rought phosophy 121to th hghst prf
cton, s ys, thy must  thr xtrmy foosh or xtrmy v n; ut th t
h hmsf coud s th t gr t mprovmnts h d n m d thrn n fw y r
tt tm rrv t prfcton. And Thophr
s, nd th t phosophy woud n
stus s rportd to h v rpro chd n tur t hs d th for gvng to st gs nd
crows so ong
f, whch w s of no us to thm, ut owng ony so short
sp n to mn, to whom ngth of d ys woud h v n of th gr tst us; for f
th f of m n coud h v n ngthnd, t woud h v n  to provd 
tsf wth  knds of  rnng, nd wth rts n th gr tst prfcton. H 
mntd, thrfor, th t h w s dyng just whn h h d gun to dscovr ths.
Wh t! dos not vry gr v nd dstngushd phosophr cknowdg hmsf gn
or nt of m ny thngs, nd confss th t thr r m ny thngs whch h must  rn
ovr nd ovr g n? And yt, though ths mn r sns th t thy r st nd
ng st n th vry mdw y of foy, th n whch nothng c n  wors, thy r
undr no gr t ffcton, c us no opnon th t t s thr duty to  mnt 
s vr mngd wth ths knowdg. Wh t sh  w s y of thos who thnk t un
comng n m n to grv? mong whom w m y rckon Q. M xmus, whn h urd h
s son th t h d n consu, nd L. P uus, who ost two sons wthn fw d ys
of on nothr. Of th s m opnon w s M. C to, who ost hs son just ftr h
h d n ctd prtor, nd m ny othrs, whos n ms I h v coctd n my ook
on Conso ton. Now wh t m d ths mn so  sy, ut thr prsu son th t grf
nd  mnt ton w s not comng n m n? Thrfor, s som gv thmsvs u
p to grf from n opnon th t t s rght so to do, thy rfr nd thmsvs,
from n opnon th t t w s dscrdt ; from whch w m y nfr th t grf 
s owng mor to opnon th n n tur.
XXIX. It m y  s d, on th othr sd, Who s so m d s to grv of hs own
ccord? P n procds from n tur, whch you must sumt to, s y thy, gr y
to wh t vn your own Cr ntor t chs, for t prsss nd g ns upon you un vod
y, nd c nnot possy  rsstd. So th t th vry s m Ous, n Sophoc
s, who h d for comfortd T mon on th d th of Aj x, on 122h rng of th d
 th of hs own son, s rokn-h rtd. On ths tr ton of hs mnd w h v t
hs ns:
Show m th m n so w y wsdom t ught
Th t wh t h ch rgs to nothrs f ut,
Whn k ffcton doth hmsf td,

Tru to hs own ws couns w d.47

Now, whn thy urg ths thngs, thr nd vor s to prov th t n tur s so
uty nd whoy rrsst; nd yt th s m pop ow th t w t k gr t
r grf on oursvs th n n tur rqurs. Wh t m dnss s t, thn, n us to r
qur th s m from othrs? But thr r m ny r sons for our t kng grf on
us. Th frst s from th opnon of som v, on th dscovry nd crt nty o
f whch grf coms of cours. Bsds, m ny pop r prsu dd th t thy r
dong somthng vry ccpt  to th d d whn thy  mnt ttry ovr thm.
To ths m y  ddd knd of wom nsh suprstton, n m gnng th t whn t
hy h v n strckn y th ffctons snt y th Gods, to cknowdg thms
vs ffctd nd humd y thm s th r dst w y of pp sng thm. But m
ost mn pp r to  un w r wh t contr dctons ths thngs r fu of. Thy
commnd thos who d c my, ut thy  m thos who c n  r th oss of not
hr wth th s m c mnss, s f t wr poss th t t shoud  tru, s s
occ son y s d n ov spchs, th t ny on c n ov nothr mor th n hm
sf. Thr s, ndd, somthng xcnt n ths, nd, f you x mn t, som
thng no ss just th n tru, th t w ov thos who ought to  most d r to u
s s w s w ov oursvs; ut to ov thm mor th n oursvs s sout
y mposs; nor s t dsr  n frndshp th t I shoud ov my frnd mo
r th n mysf, or th t h shoud ov m so; for ths woud occ son much confu
son n f, nd r k n upon  th duts of t.
123XXX. But w w sp k of ths nothr tm: t prsnt t s suffcnt not
to ttrut our msry to th oss of our frnds, nor to ov thm mor th n,
f thy thmsvs coud  sns of our conduct, thy woud pprov of, or
t  st not mor th n w do oursvs. Now s to wh t thy s y, th t som r no
t t  pp sd y our conso tons; nd, morovr, s to wh t thy dd, th t
th comfortrs thmsvs cknowdg thy r msr  whn fortun v rs th
tt ck nd f s on thmn oth ths c ss th souton s  sy: for th f ut
hr s not n n tur, ut n our own foy; nd much m y  s d g nst foy.
But mn who do not dmt of conso ton sm to sp k msry for thmsvs;
nd thy who c nnot  r thr msfortuns wth th t tmpr whch thy rcommnd
to othrs r not mor f uty n ths p rtcu r th n most othr prsons; for w
 s th t covtous mn fnd f ut wth othrs who r covtous, s do th v ng
orous wth thos who pp r too whoy dvotd to th pursut of gory. For t
s th pcu r ch r ctrstc of foy to prcv th vcs of othrs, ut to
forgt ts own. But snc w fnd th t grf s rmovd y ngth of tm, w h
v th gr tst proof th t th strngth of t dpnds not mry on tm, ut o
n th d y consdr ton of t. For f th c us contnus th s m, nd th m
n  th s m, how c n thr  ny tr ton n th grf, f thr s no ch n
g n wh t occ sond th grf, nor n hm who grvs? Thrfor t s from d
y rfctng th t thr s no r  v n th crcumst nc for whch you gr
v, nd not from th ngth of tm, th t you procur
rmdy for your grf.
XXXI. Hr som pop t k of modr t grf; ut f such  n tur , wh t occ
son s thr for conso ton? for n tur hrsf w dtrmn, th m sur of
t: ut f t dpnds on nd s c usd y opnon, th who opnon shoud 
dstroyd. I thnk th t t h s n suffcnty s d, th t grf rss from n
opnon of som prsnt v, whch ncuds ths f, th t t s ncumnt
on us to grv. To ths dfnton Zno h s ddd, vry justy, th t th opno
n of ths prsnt v shoud  rcnt. Now ths word rcnt thy xp n thus:
tt wh go; ut s
thos r not th ony rcnt thngs whch h ppnd
124ong s thr sh   ny forc, or vgor, or frshnss n th t m gnd v
, so ong t s nttd to th n m of rcnt. T k th c s of Artms , th
wf of M usous, Kng of C r , who m d th t no spuchr t H c rn ssus
; wh sh vd, sh vd n grf, nd dd of t, ng worn out y t, for
th t opnon w s w ys rcnt wth hr: ut you c nnot c  th t rcnt whch
h s r dy gun to dc y through tm. Now th duty of
comfortr s, to rmo
v grf ntry, to qut t, or dr w t off s much s you c n, or s to k
p t undr, nd prvnt ts spr dng ny furthr, nd to dvrt ons ttnton

to othr m ttrs. Thr r som who thnk, wth C nths, th t th ony duty o
f comfortr s to prov th t wh t on s  mntng s y no m ns n v. Oth
rs, s th Prp ttcs, prfr urgng th t th v s not gr t. Othrs, wth
Epcurus, sk to dvrt your ttnton from th v to good: som thnk t su
ffcnt to show th t nothng h s h ppnd ut wh t you h d r son to xpct; n
d ths s th pr ctc of th Cyrn cs. But Chrysppus thnks th t th m n th
ng n comfortng s, to rmov th opnon from th prson who s grvng, th t
to grv s hs oundn duty. Thr r othrs who rng togthr  ths v
rous knds of conso tons, for pop r dffrnty ffctd; s I h v don
mysf n my ook on Conso ton; for s my own mnd w s much dsordrd, I h v
 ttmptd n th t ook to dscovr vry mthod of cur. But th propr s son
s s much to  ttndd to n th cur of th mnd s of th ody; s Promth
us n schyus, on ts ng s d to hm,
I thnk, Promthus, you ths tnt hod,
Th t  mns r son shoud thr r g contro?
nswrs,
Ys, whn on r son propry pps;
I-tmd dvc w m k th storm ut rs.48
XXXII. But th prncp  mdcn to  ppd n conso ton s, to m nt n 
thr th t t s no v t , 125or vry nconsdr  on: th nxt st
to th t s, to sp k of th common condton of f, h vng
vw, f poss
, to th st t of th prson whom you comfort p rtcu ry. Th thrd s, th t 
t s foy to w r ons sf out wth grf whch c n v  nothng. For th comf
ort of C nths s sut  ony for ws m n, who s n no nd of ny comfo
rt t ; for coud you prsu d on n grf th t nothng s n v ut wh t
s  s, you woud not ony cur hm of grf, ut foy. But th tm for such
prcpts s not w chosn. Bsds, C nths dos not sm to m suffcnty
w r th t ffcton m y vry oftn procd from th t vry thng whch h hms
f ows to  th gr tst msfortun. For wh t sh  w s y? Whn Socr ts h
d convncd Ac ds, s w r tod, th t h h d no dstnctv qu fc to
ns s m n dffrnt from othr pop, nd th t, n f ct, thr w s no dffr
nc twn hm, though m n of th hghst r nk, nd
portr; nd whn Ac
ds c m un sy t ths, nd ntr td Socr ts, wth t rs n hs ys, to m
k hm m n of vrtu, nd to cur hm of th t m n poston; wh t sh  w s
y to ths, C nths? W s thr no v n wh t ffctd Ac ds thus? Wh t
str ng thngs dos Lycon s y? who, m kng ght of grf, s ys th t t rss f
rom trfs, from thngs th t ffct our fortun or ods, not from th vs o
f th mnd. Wh t, thn? dd not th grf of Ac ds procd from th dfcts
nd vs of th mnd? I h v r dy s d nough of Epcuruss conso ton.
XXXIII. Nor s th t conso ton much to  rd on, though t s frqunty pr
ctsd, nd somtms h s som ffct, n my, Th t you r not on n ths. It
h s ts ffct, s I s d, ut not w ys, nor wth vry prson, for som rj
ct t; ut much dpnds on th ppc ton of t; for you ought r thr to show,
not how mn n gnr  h v n ffctd wth such vs, ut how mn of sns
h v orn thm. As to Chrysppuss mthod, t s crt ny foundd n truth; ut
t s dffcut to ppy t n tm of dstrss. It s work of no sm  dffc
uty to prsu d
prson n ffcton th t h grvs mry c us h thnks
t rght so to do. Crt ny, thn, s n p dngs w do not st t  c ss
k (f I m y dopt 126th  ngu g of  wyrs for momnt), ut d pt wh t w
h v to s y to th tm, to th n tur of th sujct undr d t, nd to th
prson; so, too, n v tng grf, rg rd shoud  h d to wh t knd of cur
th p rty to  comfortd c n dmt of. But, somhow or othr, w h v r md
from wh t you orgn y proposd. For your quston w s concrnng ws m n,
wth whom nothng c n h v th pp r nc of v th t s not dshonor ; or
t  st, nythng s woud sm so sm  n v th t y hs wsdom h woud s
o ovrm tch t s to m k t whoy ds pp r; nd such m n m ks no ddton
to hs grf through opnon, nd nvr concvs t rght to tormnt hmsf 

ov m sur, nor to w r hmsf out wth grf, whch s th m nst thng m g
n . R son, howvr, t sms, h s dmonstr td (though t w s not drcty
our ojct t th momnt to nqur whthr nythng c n  c d n v xcp
t wh t s  s) th t t s n our powr to dscrn th t  th v whch thr
s n ffcton h s nothng n tur  n t, ut s contr ctd y our own vount
ry judgmnt of t, nd th rror of opnon.
XXXI. But th knd of ffcton of whch I h v tr td s th t whch s th g
r tst; n ordr th t whn w h v onc got rd of th t, t m y pp r
usn
ss of ss consqunc to ook ftr rmds for th othrs. For thr r crt
n thngs whch r usu y s d out povrty; nd so crt n st tmnts ord
n ry ppd to rtrd nd undstngushd f. Thr r p rtcu r tr t
ss on  nshmnt, on th run of ons country, on s vry, on w knss, on nd
nss, nd on vry ncdnt th t c n com undr th n m of n v. Th Grks
dvd ths nto dffrnt tr tss nd dstnct ooks; ut thy do t for th
s k of mpoymnt: not ut th t  such dscussons r fu of ntrt nmnt
. And yt, s physc ns, n curng th who ody, ttnd to vn th most ns
gnfc nt p rt of th ody whch s t  dsordrd, so dos phosophy ct,
ftr t h s rmovd grf n gnr ; st, f ny othr dfcncy xstsshoud
povrty t, shoud gnomny stng, shoud  nshmnt rng d rk coud ovr
us, or shoud ny of thos thngs whch I h v just mntond pp r, thr s f
or  ch ts ppropr t 127conso ton, whch you sh  h r whnvr you p s
. But w must h v rcours g n to th s m orgn  prncp, th t ws m
n s fr from  sorrow, c us t s v n, c us t nswrs no purpos, 
c us t s not foundd n n tur, ut on opnon nd prjudc, nd s ngndr
d y knd of nvt ton to grv, whn onc mn h v m gnd th t t s th
r duty to do so. Whn, thn, w h v sutr ctd wh t s togthr vount ry, t
h t mournfu un snss w  rmovd; yt som tt nxty, som sght pr
ckng, w st rm n. Thy m y ndd c  ths n tur , provdd thy gv
t not th t horrd, somn, m nchoy n m of grf, whch c n y no m ns con
sst wth wsdom. But how v rous nd how ttr r th roots of grf! Wh tv
r thy r, I propos, ftr h vng fd th trunk, to dstroy thm ; vn
f t shoud  ncss ry, y ottng sp r t dssrt ton to  ch, for I h
v sur nough to do so, wh tvr tm t m y t k up. But th prncp of
vry un snss s th s m, though thy m y pp r undr dffrnt n ms. For
nvy s n un snss; so r mu ton, dtr cton, ngush, sorrow, s dnss, t
ru ton,  mnt ton, vx ton, grf, trou, ffcton, nd dsp r. Th
Stocs dfn  ths dffrnt fngs; nd  thos words whch I h v mn
tond ong to dffrnt thngs, nd do not, s thy sm, xprss th s m d
 s; ut thy r to crt n xtnt dstnct, s I sh  m k pp r prh ps 
n nothr p c. Ths r thos frs of th roots whch, s I s d t frst,
must  tr cd  ck nd cut off nd dstroyd, so th t not on sh  rm n. You
s y t s gr t nd dffcut undrt kng: who dns t? But wh t s thr o
f ny xcncy whch h s not ts dffcuty? Yt phosophy undrt ks to ff
ct t, provdd w dmt ts suprntndnc. But nough of ths. Th othr ook
s, whnvr you p s, sh   r dy for you hr or nywhr s.
128BOOK I.
On othr prtur tons of th mnd.
I. I h v oftn wondrd, Brutus, on m ny occ sons, t th ngnuty nd vrtu
s of our countrymn; ut nothng h s surprsd m mor th n thr dvopmnt n
thos studs, whch, though thy c m somwh t  t to us, h v n tr nsport
d nto ths cty from Grc. For th systm of uspcs, nd rgous crmon
s, nd courts of justc, nd pp s to th pop, th sn t, th st sh
mnt of n rmy of c v ry nd nf ntry, nd th who mt ry dscpn, wr
nsttutd s  ry s th found ton of th cty y roy  uthorty, p rty to
o y  ws, not wthout th ssst nc of th Gods. Thn wth wh t surprsng
nd ncrd progrss dd our ncstors dv nc tow rds  knd of xcnc,

whn onc th rpuc w s frd from th rg  powr! Not th t ths s
prop
r occ son to tr t of th m nnrs nd customs of our ncstors, or of th dsc
pn nd consttuton of th cty; for I h v swhr, p rtcu ry n th s
x ooks I wrot on th Rpuc, gvn suffcnty ccur t ccount of thm.
But wh I m on ths sujct, nd consdrng th study of phosophy, I mt
wth m ny r sons to m gn th t thos studs wr rought to us from ro d,
nd not mry mportd, ut prsrvd nd mprovd; for thy h d Pyth gor s,
m n of consumm t wsdom nd nonss of ch r ctr, n m nnr, for thr 
ys, who w s n It y t th tm th t Lucus Brutus, th ustrous foundr of
your noty, dvrd hs country from tyr nny. As th doctrn of Pyth gor
s spr d tsf on  sds, t sms pro  to m th t t r chd ths cty;
nd ths s not ony pro  of tsf, ut t dos r y pp r to h v n
th c s from m ny rm ns of t. For who c n m gn th t, whn t fourshd
so much n th t p rt of It y whch w s c d M gn Grc , nd n som of th 12
9 rgst nd most powrfu cts, n whch, frst th n m of Pyth gor s, nd t
hn th t of thos mn who wr ftrw rd hs foowrs, w s n so hgh stm; w
ho c n m gn, I s y, th t our pop coud shut thr  rs to wh t w s s d y
such  rnd mn? Bsds, t s vn my opnon th t t w s th gr t stm 
n whch th Pyth gor ns wr hd, th t g v rs to th t opnon mong thos w
ho c m ftr hm, th t Kng Num w s
Pyth gor n. For, ng cqu ntd wth
th doctrn nd prncps of Pyth gor s, nd h vng h rd from thr ncstors
th t ths kng w s
vry ws nd just m n, nd not ng  to dstngush
ccur ty twn tms nd prods th t wr so rmot, thy nfrrd, from h
s ng so mnnt for hs wsdom, th t h h d n pup of Pyth gor s.
II. So f r w procd on conjctur. As to th vstgs of th Pyth gor ns, tho
ugh I mght coct m ny, I sh  us ut fw; c us thy h v no conncton
wth our prsnt purpos. For, s t s rportd to h v n custom wth th
m to dvr crt n prcpts n mor strus m nnr n vrs, nd to rng t
hr mnds from svr thought to mor composd st t y songs nd musc  ns
trumnts; so C to, wrtr of th vry hghst uthorty, s ys n hs Orgns,
th t t w s custom ry wth our ncstors for th gusts t thr ntrt nmnts,
vry on n hs turn, to cr t th pr ss nd vrtus of ustrous mn
n song to th sound of th fut; from whnc t s c r th t poms nd songs
wr thn composd for th voc. And, ndd, t s so c r th t potry w s
n f shon from th  ws of th Twv T s, whrn t s provdd th t no so
ng shoud  m d to th njury of nothr. Anothr rgumnt of th rudton of
thos tms s, th t thy p yd on nstrumnts for th shrns of thr God
s, nd t th ntrt nmnts of thr m gstr ts; ut th t custom w s pcu r
to th sct I m sp kng of. To m, ndd, th t pom of Appus Ccus, whch P nt
us commnds so much n crt n ttr of hs whch s ddrssd to Quntus Tu
ro, h s  th m rks of Pyth gor n uthor. W h v m ny thngs drvd from
th Pyth gor ns n our customs, whch I p ss ovr, th t w m y 130not sm to
h v  rnd th t swhr whch w ook upon oursvs s th nvntors of. Bu
t to rturn to our purpos. How m ny gr t pots s w s or tors h v sprung
up mong us! nd n wh t short tm! so th t t s vdnt th t our pop cou
d rrv t ny  rnng s soon s thy h d n ncn ton for t. But of oth
r studs I sh  sp k swhr f thr s occ son, s I h v r dy oftn
don.
III. Th study of phosophy s crt ny of ong st ndng wth us; ut yt I do
not fnd th t I c n gv you th n ms of ny phosophr for th g of Lu
s nd Scpo, n whos youngr d ys w fnd th t Dogns th Stoc, nd C rn d
s th Ac dmc, wr snt s m ss dors y th Athn ns to our sn t. And s
ths h d nvr n concrnd n puc ff rs, nd on of thm w s Cyrn
n, th othr B yon n, thy crt ny woud nvr h v n forcd from th
r studs, nor chosn for th t mpoymnt, unss th study of phosophy h d 
n n vogu wth som of th gr t mn t th t tm; who, though thy mght mp
oy thr pns on othr sujctssom on cv  w, othrs on or tory, othrs on th
 hstory of formr tmsyt promotd ths most xtnsv of  rts, th prnc

p of vng w, vn mor y thr f th n y thr wrtngs. So th t of t

h t tru nd g nt phosophy (whch w s drvd from Socr ts, nd s st p
rsrvd y th Prp ttcs nd y th Stocs, though thy xprss thmsvs d
ffrnty n thr dsputs wth th Ac dmcs) thr r fw or no L tn rcor
ds; whthr ths procds from th mport nc of th thng tsf, or from mns 
ng othrws mpoyd, or from thr concudng th t th c p cty of th pop
 w s not qu  to th pprhnson of thm. But, durng ths snc, C. Am fn
us ros nd took upon hmsf to sp k; on th pushng of whos wrtngs th
 pop wr movd, nd nstd thmsvs chfy undr ths sct, thr c
us th doctrn w s mor  sy undrstood, or c us thy wr nvtd thr
to y th p sng thoughts of musmnt, or th t, c us thr w s nothng t
tr, thy  d hod of wh t w s offrd thm. And ftr Am fnus, whn m ny of
th s m sntmnts h d wrttn much out thm, th Pyth gor ns 131spr d ovr
 It y: ut th t ths doctrns shoud  so  sy undrstood nd pprovd
of y th un rnd s gr t proof th t thy wr not wrttn wth ny gr t
sutty, nd thy thnk thr st shmnt to  owng to ths.
I. But t vry on dfnd hs own opnon, for vry on s t rty to cho
os wh t h ks: I sh  kp to my od custom; nd, ng undr no rstr nt
from th  ws of ny p rtcu r schoo, whch n phosophy vry on must ncs
s ry confn hmsf to, I sh  w ys nqur wh t h s th most pro ty
n vry quston, nd ths systm, whch I h v oftn pr ctsd on othr occ s
ons, I h v dhrd cosy to n my Tuscu n Dsput tons. Thrfor, s I h v
cqu ntd you wth th dsput tons of th thr formr d ys, ths ook sh 
concud th dscusson of th fourth d y. Whn w h d com down nto th Ac dm
y, s w h d don th formr d ys, th usnss w s c rrd on thus:
M. Lt ny on s y, who p ss, wh t h woud wsh to h v dscussd.
A. I do not thnk
d.

ws m n c n possy  fr from vry prtur ton of mn

M. H smd y ystrd ys dscours to  fr from grf; unss you

h us ony to vod t kng up tm.

grd wt

A. Not t  on th t ccount, for I w s xtrmy s tsfd wth your dscours

.
M. You do not thnk, thn, th t

ws m n s sujct to grf?

A. No, y no m ns.
M. But f th t c nnot dsordr th mnd of ws m n, nothng s c n. For wh
tc n such m n  dsturd y f r? F r procds from th s m thngs whn s
nt whch occ son grf whn prsnt. T k w y grf, thn, nd you rmov f
r.
Th two rm nng prtur tons r, joy  t ov m sur, nd ust;
ws m n s not sujct to ths, hs mnd w  w ys t rst.

nd f

A. I m ntry of th t opnon.
M. Whch, thn, sh  w do? Sh  I mmd ty crowd  my s s? or sh  I
m k us of my o rs, s f I wr just nd vorng to gt c r of th h ror?
132A. Wh t s t th t you m n, for I do not x cty comprhnd you?

. M. Bc us, Chrysppus nd th Stocs, whn thy dscuss th prtur tons of
th mnd, m k gr t p rt of thr d t to consst n dfntons nd dstnc
tons; wh thy mpoy ut fw words on th sujct of curng th mnd, nd pr

vntng t from ng dsordrd. Whr s th Prp ttcs rng gr t m ny t
hngs to promot th cur of t, ut h v no rg rd to thr thorny p rttons
nd dfntons. My quston, thn, w s, whthr I shoud nst nty unfod th s
s of my oqunc, or  contnt for wh to m k ss w y wth th o rs of
ogc?
A. Lt t  so; for y th mpoymnt of oth ths m ns th sujct of our n
qury w  mor thoroughy dscussd.
M. It s crt ny th ttr w y;
x mn th t ftrw rd.

nd shoud nythng  too oscur, you m y 

A. I w do so; ut thos vry oscur ponts you w, s usu , dvr wth
mor c rnss th n th Grks.
M. I w, ndd, nd vor to do so; ut t w rqurs gr t ttnton, st
, y osng on word, th who shoud sc p you. Wh t th Grks c  we coose t
o name perturbations (or disorders) rater tan diseases; in explaining wic, I
sall follow, first, tat very old description of Pytagoras, and afterward ta
t of Plato; for tey bot divide te mind into two parts, and make one of tese
partake of reason, and te oter tey represent witout it. In tat wic partak
es of reason tey place tranquillity, tat is to say, a placid and undisturbed c
onstancy; to te oter tey assign te turbid motions of anger and desire, wic
are contrary and opposite to reason. Let tis, ten, be our principle, te spri
ng of all our reasonings. But notwitstanding, I sall use te partitions and de
finitions of te Stoics in describing tese perturbations; wo seem to me to av
e sown very great acuteness on tis question.

VI. Zenos definition, ten, is tis: A perturbation (wic e calls a ) i a 

mm
ti
the mid epuat t
ea
, ad aait atu e. S
me
 them deie it eve m

e b iey, ayi that a pe tu bati

 i a 
mehat t

vehemet appetite; but

by t

vehemet they mea a appetite 133that eede u the 

m the 
tay

 atu e. But they 

ud have the divii

 pe tu bati
 t
a ie 
m t

imaied 

d, ad 
m t
imaied evi; ad thu they be
me 
u : 
m th
e 

d p
eed ut ad j
yj
y havi ee ee t

me p eet 

d, ad ut t


me utu e
e. They upp
e ea ad  ie t
p
eed 
m evi: ea 
m 

methi utu e,  ie 

m 
methi p eet; 
hateve thi a e d eaded a
 app
ahi aay
ai
  ie he p eet. But j
y ad ut deped
 the

pii

 

d; a ut, bei iamed ad p

v
ked, i a ied
 eae y t

a d hat ha the appea ae

 

d; ad j
y i t ap
ted ad exut

bta
ii hat a dei ed: 
e atu ay pu ue th
e thi that have the appea
ae
 

d, ad av
id the 
t a y. Whe e
e, a 

 a aythi that ha t

he appea ae
 

d p eet ite, atu e iite u t

edeav
t

btai i
t. N
, he e thi t
 dei e i 
itet ad 
uded
 p udee, it i by
the St
i aed , nd th n m whch w gv t s voton; nd ths thy ow t
on ut thr ws m n, nd dfn t thus: oton s r son  dsr; ut
wh tvr s nctd too vonty n opposton to r son, th t s ust, or
n unrdd dsr, whch s dscovr  n  foos. And, thrfor, whn w
r ffctd so s to  p cd n ny good condton, w r movd n two w ys;
for whn th mnd s movd n p cd nd c m moton, consstnt wth r son,
th t s c d joy; ut whn t xuts wth
v n, w nton xut ton, or mmod
r t joy, thn th t fng m y  c d mmodr t cst sy or tr nsport, whc
h thy dfn to  n  ton of th mnd wthout r son. And s w n tur y d
sr good thngs, so n k m nnr w n tur y sk to vod wh t s v; n
d ths vod nc of whch, f conductd n ccord nc wth r son, s c d c u
ton; nd ths th ws m n on s supposd to h v: ut th t c uton whch s
not undr th gud nc of r son, ut s ttndd wth
 s nd ow djcton
, s c d f r. F r s, thrfor, c uton dsttut of r son. But
ws m
n s not ffctd y ny prsnt v; wh th grf of foo procds from 
ng ffctd wth n m gn ry v, y whch hs mnd s contr ctd nd sunk,

snc t s not undr th domnon 134of r son. Ths, thn, s th frst dfn
ton, whch m ks grf to consst n shrnkng of th mnd contr ry to th d
ct ts of r son. Thus, thr r four prtur tons, nd ut thr c m r ton
 motons; for grf h s no x ct oppost.

II. But thy nsst upon t th t  prtur tons dpnd on opnon nd judgm
nt; thrfor thy dfn thm mor strcty, n ordr not ony th ttr to sh
ow how  m  thy r, ut to dscovr how much thy r n our powr. Grf,
thn, s rcnt opnon of som prsnt v, n whch t sms to  rght t
h t th mnd shoud shrnk nd  djctd. Joy s rcnt opnon of prsnt
good, n whch t sms to  rght th t th mnd shoud   td. F r s n
opnon of n mpndng v whch w pprhnd w  ntor . Lust s n
opnon of good to com, whch woud  of dv nt g wr t r dy com, nd
prsnt wth us. But howvr I h v n md th judgmnts nd opnons of prtur
tons, thr m nng s, not th t mry th prtur tons consst n thm, ut
th t th ffcts kws of ths prtur tons do so; s grf occ sons k
nd of p nfu prckng, nd f r ngndrs rco or suddn  ndonmnt of th
mnd, joy gvs rs to profus mrth, wh ust s th p rnt of n unrd
d h t of covtng. But th t m gn ton, whch I h v ncudd n  th o
v dfntons, thy woud h v to consst n ssntng wthout w rr nt  grou
nds. Now, vry prtur ton h s m ny suordn t p rts nnxd to t of th s m
 knd. Grf s ttndd wth nvousnss (nvdnt )I us th t word for nstru
ctons s k, though t s not so common; c us nvy (nvd ) t ks n not ony
th prson who nvs, ut th prson, too, who s nvdmu ton, dtr cton,
pty, vx ton, mournng, s dnss, tru ton, sorrow,  mnt ton, soctud,
dsqut of mnd, p n, dsp r, nd m ny othr sm r fngs r so too. Un
dr f r r comprhndd soth, sh m, trror, cow rdc, f ntng, confuson,
stonshmnt. In p sur thy comprhnd m voncth t s, p sd t nothrs
msfortundght, o stfunss, nd th k. To ust thy ssoc t ngr, fury
, h trd, nmty, dscord, w nts, dsr, nd othr fngs of th t knd.
135But thy dfn ths n ths m nnr:

III. Envousnss (nvdnt ), thy s y, s grf rsng from th prosprous

crcumst ncs of nothr, whch r n no dgr njurous to th prson who n
vs; for whr ny on grvs t th prosprty of nothr, y whch h s nj
urd, such on s not propry s d to nvy s whn Ag mmnon grvs t Hctors
succss; ut whr ny on, who s n no w y hurt y th prosprty of nothr,
s n p n t hs succss, such on nvs ndd. Now th n m mu ton s t k
n n dou sns, so th t th s m word m y st nd for pr s nd dspr s:
for th mt ton of vrtu s c d mu ton (howvr, th t sns of t I sh
 h v no occ son for hr, for th t c rrs pr s wth t); ut mu ton s
so trm ppd to grf t nothrs njoyng wh t I dsrd to h v, nd m
wthout. Dtr cton ( nd I m n y th t, j ousy) s
grf vn t nothrs 
njoyng wh t I h d gr t ncn ton for. Pty s grf t th msry of no
thr who suffrs wrongfuy; for no on s movd y pty t th punshmnt of
tr yr of hs country. x ton s prssng grf. Mournn
p rrcd or of
g s grf t th ttr d th of on who w s d r to you. S dnss s grf
ttndd wth t rs. Tru ton s p nfu grf. Sorrow, n xcruc tng gr
f. L mnt ton, grf whr w oudy w  oursvs. Soctud, pnsv
grf. Trou, contnud grf. Affcton, grf th t h r sss th ody.
Dsp r, grf th t xcuds  hop of ttr thngs to com. But thos f
ngs whch r ncudd undr f r, thy dfn thus: Thr s soth, whch s
dr d of som nsung  or; sh m nd trror, whch ffct th odyhnc ush
ng ttnds sh m;
p nss, nd trmor, nd ch ttrng of th tth ttnd tr
rorcow rdc, whch s n pprhnson of som ppro chng v; dr d, f r th
t unhngs th mnd, whnc coms th t n of Ennus,
Thn dr d dsch rgd  wsdom from my mnd;
f ntng s th ssoc t nd const nt ttnd nt on dr d; confuson,

f r th

t drvs w y

 thought;  rm,

contnud f r.

136IX. Th dffrnt spcs nto whch thy dvd p sur com undr ths ds
crpton; so th t m vonc s p sur n th msfortuns of nothr, wtho
ut ny dv nt g to yoursf; dght,
p sur th t sooths th mnd y gr
 mprssons on th  r. Wh t s s d of th  r m y  ppd to th sght
, to th touch, sm, nd t st. A fngs of ths knd r
sort of mtn
g p sur th t dssovs th mnd. Bo stfunss s p sur th t conssts n
m kng n pp r nc, nd sttng off yoursf wth nsonc.Th suordn t sp
cs of ust thy dfn n ths m nnr: Angr s ust of punshng ny on wh
o, s w m gn, h s njurd us wthout c us. H t s ngr just formng nd 
gnnng to xst, whch th Grks c  . H trd s sttd ngr. Enmty s ngr
tng for n opportunty of rvng. Dscord s sh rpr ngr concvd dp
y n th mnd nd h rt. W nt n ns t  ust. Rgrt s whn on  gry ws
hs to s
prson who s snt. Now hr thy h v
dstncton; so th t wt
h thm rgrt s ust concvd on h rng of crt n thngs rportd of som
on, or of m ny, whch th Grks c  ,
 dic ms; s h  hy  i 
s
ichs d h

s: bu w  is lus f
h
s v y h

s d ichs. Bu hs
 dfi s m  im c h f
u i
f ll hs  u b i
s; which is
 bs
lu v
l f
m h mid d igh  s
 s  s
v s 
ll uls
f
 s
 h  h is
f h mid c  by 
m s b g
v d d s i
d. As, h f
, m c  ss hs dsi s, m ig hm
by igh  s

, d m i is h wll-wighd judgms

f h mid, s
im c, which
is i

sii
 
his, ifl ms, c
f
uds, d us v y s 
f h mid
i

vi
l m
i
. Thus, g if d f , d v y
h  u b i

f h
 mid, h v hi is f
m im c.

X. Jus s dism s d sicss  b d i h b

dy f
m h c
ui

f 
h bl

d, d h 

g   bud c
f hlgm d bil, s
h mid is d iv
d
f is h lh, d dis
d d wih sicss, f
m c
fusi

f d vd
i
i
s h   i

sii
 

 
h . F
m hs  u b i
s is, fi s
, dis ss, which hy c ll ; d ls
h
s fligs which  i

sii
 137

s dis ss, d which dmi c  i f uly dis ss

l
higs; h c
m si
csss, which  c lld by h S
ics, d hs w
h v hi

si v s
 h S
ics, sci lly Ch ysius, giv hmslvs ucss y 
ubl 
sh
w
h  l
gy which h dis ss
f h mid h v 
h
s
f h b
dy: bu,
v
l

ig ll h  hy s y s
f lil c
squc, I sh ll   
ly
f h h
ig islf. L us, h, ud s d  u b i
 
imly slssss f
m 
h v iy d c
fusi

f c
 dic
y
ii
s; d h  wh his h  d
disu b c
f h mid is
f y s dig, d h s   u is sidc, s i
 w , i h vis d m
w, h c
mmc dis ss d sicss, d h
s
v si
s which  i

sii
 
hs dis ss d sicsss.

XI. Wh  I s y h  m y b disiguishd i h

ugh, h
ugh hy  i f c h
s m; i smuch s hy b
h h v hi is f
m lus d j
y. F
sh
uld m
y
b h
bjc
f
u dsi , d sh
uld w 
 is ly ly 
 s
, s if
i w 
id
f S
c ic mdici 
h l his dsi , h vil glids i

u vis, d cl vs 

u b
wls, d f
m hc 
cds
dism
sic
ss, which, wh i is
f y c
iu c, is icu bl, d h  m
f his
dis s is c
v
usss. I is h s m wih
h dis ss; s h dsi 
f gl

y,
 ssi
 f
w
m, 
which h G s giv h  m
f : nd thus ll other
es nd sicknesses re gener ted. But those feelings hich re the contr ry of th
ese re supposed to h ve fe r for their found tion, s h tred of omen, such
s is displ yed in the Wom n-h ter of Atilius; or the h tred of the hole hum n s
pecies, s Timon is reported to h ve done, hom they c ll the Mis nthrope. Of th
e s me kind is inhospit lity. And ll these dise ses proceed from
cert in dre
d of such things s they h te nd void. But they define sickness of mind to be
n overeening opinion, nd th t fi
ed nd deeply impl nted in the he rt, of som
ething s very desir ble hich is by no me ns so. Wh t proceeds from version, t
hey define thus: vehement ide of something to be voided, deeply impl nted,

nd inherent in our minds, hen there is no re son for voiding it; nd this kind
of opinion is
deliber te 138belief th t one underst nds things of hich one i
s holly ignor nt. No, sickness of the mind h s ll these subordin te divisions
: v rice, mbition, fondness for omen, obstin cy, gluttony, drunkenness, covet
ousness, nd other simil r vices. But v rice is violent opinion bout money,
s if it ere vehemently to be desired nd sought fter, hich opinion is deeply
impl nted nd inherent in our minds; nd the definition of ll the other simil
r feelings resembles these. But the definitions of versions re of this sort: i
nhospit lity is vehement opinion, deeply impl nted nd inherent in your mind,
th t you should void str nger. Thus, too, the h tred of omen, like th t felt
by Hippolytus, is defined; nd the h tred of the hum n species like th t displ
yed by Timon.
XII. But to come to the n logy of the st te of body nd mind, hich I sh ll som
etimes m ke use of, though more sp ringly th n the Stoics. Some men re more inc
lined to p rticul r disorders th n others; nd, therefore, e s y th t some peop
le re rheum tic, others dropsic l, not bec use they re so t present, but bec
use they re often so: some re inclined to fe r, others to some other perturb t
ion. Thus in some there is continu l n
iety, oing to hich they re n
ious;
in some
h stiness of temper, hich differs from nger, s n
iety differs fro
m nguish: for ll re not n
ious ho re sometimes ve
ed, nor re they ho re
n
ious l ys une sy in th t m nner: s there is
difference beteen being dr
unk nd drunkenness; nd it is one thing to be
lover, nother to be given to 
omen. And this disposition of p rticul r people to p rticul r disorders is very
common: for it rel tes to ll perturb tions; it ppe rs in m ny vices, though it
h s no n me. Some re, therefore, s id to be envious, m levolent, spiteful, fe
rful, pitiful, from propensity to those perturb tions, not from their being l
 ys c rried  y by them. No this propensity to these p rticul r disorders m y
be c lled sickness from n logy ith the body; me ning, th t is to s y, nothi
ng more th n propensity to rds sickness. But ith reg rd to h tever is good,
s some re more inclined to different good qu lities th n others, e m y c ll
this f cility or tendency: this tendency to evil is proclivity or inclin tio
n to f lling; 139but here nything is neither good nor b d, it m y h ve the for
mer n me.
XIII. Even s there m y be, ith respect to the body,
dise se, sickness, nd
defect, so it is ith the mind. They c ll th t
dise se here the hole body
is corrupted; they c ll th t sickness here dise se is ttended ith e kne
ss, nd th t defect here the p rts of the body re not ell comp cted togethe
r; from hence it follos th t the members re missh pen, crooked, nd deformed.
So th t these to, dise se nd sickness, proceed from violent concussion n
d perturb tion of the he lth of the hole body; but
defect discovers itself ev
en hen the body is in perfect he lth. But
dise se of the mind is distinguish
ble only in thought from
sickness. But viciousness is h bit or ffection d
iscord nt nd inconsistent ith itself through life. Thus it h ppens th t, in th
e one c se, dise se nd sickness m y rise from corruption of opinions; in t
he other c se, the consequence m y be inconst ncy nd inconsistency. For every v
ice of the mind does not imply disunion of p rts; s is the c se ith those h
o re not f r from being ise men. With them there is th t ffection hich is in
consistent ith itself hile it is foolish; but it is not distorted, nor depr ve
d. But dise ses nd sicknesses re p rts of viciousness; but it is question h
ether perturb tions re p rts of the s me, for vices re perm nent ffections: p
erturb tions re such s re restless; so th t they c nnot be p rts of perm nent
ones. As there is some n logy beteen the n ture of the body nd mind in evil,
so is there in good; for the distinctions of the body re be uty, strength, he
lth, firmness, quickness of motion: the s me m y be s id of the mind. The body i
s s id to be in good st te hen ll those things on hich he lth depends re c
onsistent: the s me m y be s id of the mind hen its judgments nd opinions re
not t v ri nce ith one nother. And this union is the virtue of the mind, hic
h, ccording to some people, is temper nce itself; others m ke it consist in n

obedience to the precepts of temper nce, nd

compli nce ith them, not lloin
g it to be ny distinct species of itself. But, be it one or the other, it is to
be found only in ise m n. But there is cert in 140soundness of mind, hich
even fool m y h ve, hen the perturb tion of his mind is removed by the c re
nd m n gement of his physici ns. And s h t is c lled be uty rises from n e

ct proportion of the limbs, together ith cert in seetness of comple
ion, so
the be uty of the mind consists in n equ lity nd const ncy of opinions nd ju
dgments, joined to cert in firmness nd st bility, pursuing virtue, or cont in
ing ithin itself the very essence of virtue. Besides, e give the very s me n m
es to the f culties of the mind s e do to the poers of the body, the nerves,
nd other poers of ction. Thus the velocity of the body is c lled siftness:
pr ise hich e scribe to the mind, from its running over in its thoughts so m
ny things in so short time.
XIV. Herein, indeed, the mind nd body re unlike: th t though the mind hen in
perfect he lth m y be visited by sickness, s the body m y, yet the body m y be
disordered ithout our f ult; the mind c nnot. For ll the disorders nd perturb
tions of the mind proceed from neglect of re son; these disorders, therefore,
re confined to men: the be sts re not subject to such perturb tions, though t
hey ct sometimes s if they h d re son. There is
difference, too, beteen ing
enious nd dull men; the ingenious, like the Corinthi n br ss, hich is long bef
ore it receives rust, re longer before they f ll into these perturb tions, nd
re recovered sooner: the c se is different ith the dull. Nor does the mind of
n ingenious m n f ll into every kind of perturb tion, for it never yields to n
y th t re brutish nd s v ge; nd some of their perturb tions h ve t first eve
n the ppe r nce of hum nity, s mercy, grief, nd fe r. But the sicknesses nd
dise ses of the mind re thought to be h rder to er dic te th n those le ding vi
ces hich re in opposition to virtues; for vices m y be removed, though the dis
e ses of the mind should continue, hich dise ses re not cured ith th t e
pedi
tion ith hich vices re removed. I h ve no cqu inted you ith the rguments
hich the Stoics put forth ith such e
ctness; hich they c ll logic, from thei
r close rguing: nd since my discourse h s got cle r of these rocks, I ill pro
ceed ith the rem inder of it, provided I h ve been sufficiently cle r in h t I
h ve lre dy 141s id, considering the obscurity of the subject I h ve tre ted.
A. Cle r enough; but should there be occ sion for more e
ct inquiry, I sh ll
t ke nother opportunity of sking you. I e
pect you no to hoist your s ils, s
you just no c lled them, nd proceed on your course.
XV. M. Since I h ve spoken before of virtue in other pl ces, nd sh ll often h v
e occ sion to spe k g in (for gre t m ny questions th t rel te to life nd m
nners rise from the spring of virtue); nd since, s I s y, virtue consists in
settled nd uniform ffection of mind, m king those persons pr iseorthy ho
re possessed of her, she herself lso, independent of nything else, ithout reg
rd to ny dv nt ge, must be pr iseorthy; for from her proceed good inclin tio
ns, opinions, ctions, nd the hole of right re son; though virtue m y be defin
ed in fe ords to be right re son itself. The opposite to this is viciousness
(for so I choose to tr nsl te h t the Greeks c ll , r ther th n by perverseness; fo
r perverseness is the n me of p rticul r vice; but viciousness includes ll),
from hence rise those perturb tions hich, s I just no s id, re turbid nd
violent motions of the mind, repugn nt to re son, nd enemies in high degree t
o the pe ce of the mind nd tr nquil life, for they introduce piercing nd n

ious c res, nd fflict nd debilit te the mind through fe r; they violently inf
l me our he rts ith e
gger ted ppetite, hich is in re lity n impotence of m
ind, utterly irreconcil ble ith temper nce nd moder tion, hich e sometimes c
ll desire, nd sometimes lust, nd hich, should it even tt in the object of i
ts ishes, immedi tely becomes so el ted th t it loses ll its resolution, nd k
nos not h t to pursue; so th t he  s in the right ho s id th t e
gger ted pl
e sure  s the very gre test of mist kes. Virtue, then, lone c n effect the cure
of these evils.

XVI. For h t is not only more miser ble, but more b se nd sordid, th n m n
fflicted, e kened, nd oppressed ith grief? And little short of this misery is
one ho dre ds some ppro ching evil, nd ho, through f inthe rtedness, is und
er continu l suspense. The poets, to e
press the gre tness of this evil, im gine
stone to 142h ng over the he d of T nt lus, s punishment for his ickednes
s, his pride, nd his bo sting. And this is the common punishment of folly; for
there h ngs over the he d of every one hose mind revolts from re son some simil
r fe r. And s these perturb tions of the mind, grief nd fe r, re of most 
sting n ture, so those to others, though of more merry c st (I me n lust, h
ich is l ys coveting something ith e gerness, nd empty mirth, hich is n e

ulting joy), differ very little from m dness. Hence you m y underst nd h t sort
of person he is hom e c ll t one time moder te, t nother modest or temper
te, t nother const nt nd virtuous; hile sometimes e include ll these n mes
in the ord frug lity, s the cron of ll; for if th t ord did not include l
l virtues, it ould never h ve been proverbi l to s y th t frug l m n does eve
rything rightly. But hen the Stoics pply this s ying to their ise m n, they s
eem to e
lt him too much, nd to spe k of him ith too much dmir tion.
XVII. Whoever, then, through moder tion nd const ncy, is t rest in his mind,
nd in c lm possession of himself, so s neither to pine ith c re, nor be deject
ed ith fe r, nor to be infl med ith desire, coveting something greedily, nor r
el
ed by e
tr v g nt mirthsuch m n is th t identic l ise m n hom e re inqu
iring for: he is the h ppy m n, to hom nothing in this life seems intoler ble e
nough to depress him; nothing e
quisite enough to tr nsport him unduly. For h t
is there in this life th t c n ppe r gre t to him ho h s cqu inted himself 
ith eternity nd the utmost e
tent of the universe? For h t is there in hum n k
noledge, or the short sp n of this life, th t c n ppe r gre t to ise m n? 
hose mind is l ys so upon its gu rd th t nothing c n bef ll him hich is unfor
eseen, nothing hich is une
pected, nothing, in short, hich is ne. Such
m n
t kes so e
ct survey on ll sides of him, th t he l ys knos the proper pl
ce nd spot to live in free from ll the troubles nd nnoy nces of life, nd en
counters every ccident th t fortune c n bring upon him ith becoming c lmness
. Whoever conducts himself in this m nner ill be free from grief, nd from ever
y other perturb tion; nd mind free from these feelings renders men completely
h ppy; here s 143 mind disordered nd dr n off from right nd unerring re so
n loses t once, not only its resolution, but its he lth.Therefore the thoughts
nd decl r tions of the Perip tetics re soft nd effemin te, for they s y th t t
he mind must necess rily be git ted, but t the s me time they l y don cert in
bounds beyond hich th t git tion is not to proceed. And do you set bounds to
vice? or is it no vice to disobey re son? Does not re son sufficiently decl re t
h t there is no re l good hich you should desire too rdently, or the possessio
n of hich you should llo to tr nsport you? nd th t there is no evil th t sho
uld be ble to overhelm you, or the suspicion of hich should distr ct you? nd
th t ll these things ssume too mel ncholy or too cheerful n ppe r nce throu
gh our on error? But if fools find this error lessened by time, so th t, though
the c use rem ins the s me, they re not ffected, in the s me m nner, fter so
me time, s they ere t first, hy, surely ise m n ought not to be influence
d t ll by it. But h t re those degrees by hich e re to limit it? Let us f
i
these degrees in grief, difficult subject, nd one much c nv ssed.F nnius r
ites th t P. Rutilius took it much to he rt th t his brother  s refused the con
sulship; but he seems to h ve been too much ffected by this dis ppointment, for
it  s the occ sion of his de th: he ought, therefore, to h ve borne it ith mo
re moder tion. But let us suppose th t hile he  s be ring this ith moder tion
, the de th of his children h d intervened; here ould h ve st rted fresh grie
f, hich, dmitting it to be moder te in itself, yet still must h ve been
gre
t ddition to the other. No, to these let us dd some cute p ins of body, the
loss of his fortune, blindness, b nishment. Supposing, then, e ch sep r te misfo
rtune to occ sion
sep r te ddition l grief, the hole ould be too gre t to b
e support ble.

XVIII. The m n ho ttempts to set bounds to vice cts like one ho should thro
himself he dlong from Leuc te, persu ded th t he could stop himself henever he
ple sed. No, s th t is impossible, so perturbed nd disordered mind c nnot
restr in itself, nd stop here it ple ses. Cert inly h tever is b d in its inc
re se is b d in its birth. No grief nd ll other perturb tions 144 re doubtles
s b neful in their progress, nd h ve, therefore, no sm ll sh re of evil t the
beginning; for they go on of themselves hen once they dep rt from re son, for e
very e kness is self-indulgent, nd indiscreetly l unches out, nd does not kno
 here to stop. So th t it m kes no difference hether you pprove of moder te
perturb tions of mind, or of moder te injustice, moder te co rdice, nd moder t
e intemper nce; for hoever prescribes bounds to vice dmits p rt of it, hich
, s it is odious of itself, becomes the more so s it st nds on slippery ground
, nd, being once set for rd, glides on he dlong, nd c nnot by ny me ns be st
opped.
XIX. Why should I s y more? Why should I dd th t the Perip tetics s y th t thes
e perturb tions, hich e insist upon it should be e
tirp ted, re not only n tu
r l, but ere given to men by n ture for good purpose? They usu lly t lk in th
is m nner. In the first pl ce, they s y much in pr ise of nger; they c ll it th
e hetstone of cour ge, nd they s y th t ngry men e
ert themselves most g ins
t n enemy or g inst
b d citizen: th t those re sons re of little eight hi
ch re the motives of men ho think thus, sit is just  r; it becomes us to fi
ght for our l s, our liberties, our country: they ill llo no force to these
rguments unless our cour ge is  rmed by nger.Nor do they confine their rgumen
t to  rriors; but their opinion is th t no one c n issue ny rigid comm nds it
hout some bitterness nd nger. In short, they h ve no notion of n or tor eithe
r ccusing or even defending client ithout he is spurred on by nger. And tho
ugh this nger should not be re l, still they think his ords nd gestures ought
to e r the ppe r nce of it, so th t the ction of the or tor m y e
cite the
nger of his he rer. And they deny th t ny m n h s ever been seen ho does not k
no h t it is to be ngry; nd they n me h t e c ll lenity by the b d ppell
tion of indolence. Nor do they commend only this lust (for nger is, s I define
d it bove, the lust of revenge), but they m int in th t kind of lust or desire
to be given us by n ture for very good purposes, s ying th t no one c n e
ecute
nything ell but h t he is in e rnest bout. Themistocles used to  lk in the
public pl ces in the night bec use he could 145not sleep; nd hen sked the re
son, his nser  s, th t Milti dess trophies kept him  ke. Who h s not he rd h
o Demosthenes used to  tch, ho s id th t it g ve him p in if ny mech nic  s
up in morning t his ork before him? L stly, they urge th t some of the gre
test philosophers ould never h ve m de th t progress in their studies ithout s
ome rdent desire spurring them on.We re informed th t Pyth gor s, Democritus,
nd Pl to visited the remotest p rts of the orld; for they thought th t they oug
ht to go herever nything  s to be le rned. No, it is not conceiv ble th t th
ese things could be effected by nything but by the gre test rdor of mind.
XX. They s y th t even grief, hich e h ve lre dy s id ought to be voided s
monstrous nd fierce be st,  s ppointed by n ture, not ithout some good pur
pose, in order th t men should l ment hen they h d committed
f ult, ell kno
ing they h d e
posed themselves to correction, rebuke, nd ignominy; for they th
ink th t those ho c n be r ignominy nd inf my ithout p in h ve cquired com
plete impunity for ll sorts of crimes; for ith them repro ch is stronger che
ck th n conscience. From hence e h ve th t scene in Afr nius borroed from com
mon life; for hen the b ndoned son s ith, Wretched th t I m! the severe f ther
replies,
Let him but grieve, no m tter h t the c use.
And they s y the other divisions of sorro h ve their use; th t pity incites us
to h sten to the ssist nce of others, nd to llevi te the c l mities of men h
o h ve undeservedly f llen into them; th t even envy nd detr ction re not ith

out their use, s hen m n sees th t nother person h s tt ined h t he c nno

t, or observes nother to be equ lly successful ith himself; th t he ho should
t ke  y fe r ould t ke  y ll industry in life, hich those men e
ert in t
he gre test degree ho re fr id of the l s nd of the m gistr tes, ho dre d
poverty, ignominy, de th, nd p in. But hile they rgue thus, they llo indeed
of these feelings being retrenched, though they deny th t they either c n or sh
ould be plucked up by the roots; so th t their opinion is th t mediocrity is 146
best in everything. When they re son in this m nner, h t think youis h t they s
y orth ttending to or not?
A. I think it is. I  it, therefore, to he r h t you ill s y in reply to them.
XXI. M. Perh ps I m y find something to s y; but I ill m ke this observ tion fi
rst: do you t ke notice ith h t modesty the Ac demics beh ve themselves? for t
hey spe k pl inly to the purpose. The Perip tetics re nsered by the Stoics; t
hey h ve my le ve to fight it out, ho think myself no otherise concerned th n
to inquire for h t m y seem to be most prob ble. Our present business is, then,
to see if e c n meet ith nything in this question hich is the prob ble, for
beyond such ppro
im tion to truth s th t hum n n ture c nnot proceed. The def
inition of
perturb tion, s Zeno, I think, h s rightly determined it, is thus:
Th t perturb tion is commotion of the mind g inst n ture, in opposition to
right re son; or, more briefly, thus, th t perturb tion is
someh t too veh
ement ppetite; nd hen he s ys someh t too vehement, he me ns such s is t
gre ter dist nce from the const nt course of n ture. Wh t c n I s y to these de
finitions? The gre ter p rt of them e h ve from those ho dispute ith s g city
nd cuteness: some of them e
pressions, indeed, such s the rdors of the mind,
nd the hetstones of virtue, s voring of the pomp of rhetorici ns. As to the ques
tion, if
br ve m n c n m int in his cour ge ithout becoming ngry, it m y be
questioned ith reg rd to the gl di tors; though e often observe much resolutio
n even in them: they meet, converse, they m ke objections nd dem nds, they gre
e bout terms, so th t they seem c lm r ther th n ngry. But let us dmit m n
of the n me of Pl cidei nus, ho  s one of th t tr de, to be in such mind, s
Lucilius rel tes of him,
If for his blood you thirst, the t sk be mine;
His l urels t my feet he sh ll resign;
Not but I kno, before I re ch his he rt,
First on myself ound he ill imp rt.
I h te the m n; enr ged I fight, nd str ight
In ction e h d been, but th t I  it
Till e ch his sord h d fitted to his h nd.
My r ge I sc rce c n keep ithin comm nd.
147XXII. But e see Aj
in Homer dv ncing to meet Hector in b ttle cheerfully,
ithout ny of this boisterous r th. For he h d no sooner t ken up his rms th
n the first step hich he m de inspired his ssoci tes ith joy, his enemies i
th fe r; so th t even Hector, s he is represented by Homer,49 trembling, condem
ned himself for h ving ch llenged him to fight. Yet these heroes conversed toget
her, c lmly nd quietly, before they eng ged; nor did they sho ny nger or out
r geous beh vior during the comb t. Nor do I im gine th t Torqu tus, the first 
ho obt ined this surn me,  s in
r ge hen he plundered the G ul of his coll r
; or th t M rcelluss cour ge t Cl stidium  s only oing to his nger. I could
lmost se r th t Afric nus, ith hom e re better cqu inted, from our recolle
ction of him being more recent,  s no ys infl med by nger hen he covered Ali
enus Pelignus ith his shield, nd drove his sord into the enemys bre st. There
m y be some doubt of L. Brutus, hether he  s not influenced by e
tr ordin ry h
tred of the tyr nt, so s to tt ck Aruns ith more th n usu l r shness; for I
observe th t they mutu lly killed e ch other in close fight. Why, then, do you c
ll in the ssist nce of nger? Would cour ge, unless it beg n to get 148furious
, lose its energy? Wh t! do you im gine th t Hercules, hom the very cour ge hi
ch you ould try to represent s nger r ised to he ven,  s ngry hen he eng g

ed the Erym nthi n bo r, or the Nem n lion? Or  s Theseus in p ssion hen he s

eized on the horns of the M r thoni n bull? T ke c re ho you m ke cour ge to de
pend in the le st on r ge. For nger is ltogether irr tion l, nd th t is not c
our ge hich is void of re son.
XXIII. We ought to hold ll things here in contempt; de th is to be looked on i
th indifference; p ins nd l bors must be considered s e sily support ble. And
hen these sentiments re est blished on judgment nd conviction, then ill th t
stout nd firm cour ge t ke pl ce; unless you ttribute to nger h tever is do
ne ith vehemence, l crity, nd spirit. To me, indeed, th t very Scipio50 ho 
s chief priest, th t f vorer of the s ying of the Stoics, Th t no priv te m n co
uld be ise m n, does not seem to be ngry ith Tiberius Gr cchus, even hen he
left the consul in hesit ting fr me of mind, nd, though
priv te m n himsel
f, comm nded, ith the uthority of consul, th t ll ho me nt ell to the rep
ublic should follo him. I do not kno hether I h ve done nything in the repub
lic th t h s the ppe r nce of cour ge; but if I h ve, I cert inly did not do it
in r th. Doth nything come ne rer m dness th n nger? And indeed Ennius h s 
ell defined it s the beginning of m dness. The ch nging color, the lter tion o
f our voice, the look of our eyes, our m nner of fetching our bre th, the little
comm nd e h ve over our ords nd ctions, ho little do ll these things indi
c te sound mind! Wh t c n m ke orse ppe r nce th n Homers Achilles, or Ag m
emnon, during the qu rrel? And s to Aj
, nger drove him into donright m dnes
s, nd  s the occ sion of his de th. Cour ge, therefore, does not  nt the ssi
st nce of nger; it is sufficiently provided, rmed, nd prep red of itself. We
m y s ell s y th t drunkenness or m dness is of service to cour ge, bec use th
ose ho 149 re m d or drunk often do gre t m ny things ith unusu l vehemence.
Aj
 s l ys br ve; but still he  s most br ve hen he  s in th t st te of
frenzy:
The gre test fe t th t Aj
eer chieved
W s, hen his single rm the Greeks relieved.
Quitting the field; urged on by rising r ge,
Forced the declining troops g in teng ge.
Sh ll e s y, then, th t m dness h s its use?
XXIV. E
mine the definitions of cour ge: you ill find it does not require the
ssist nce of p ssion. Cour ge is, then, n ffection of mind th t endures ll t
hings, being itself in proper subjection to the highest of ll l s; or it m y b
e c lled firm m inten nce of judgment in supporting or repelling everything th
t h s formid ble ppe r nce, or knoledge of h t is formid ble or otheris
e, nd m int ining inv ri bly st ble judgment of ll such things, so s to be
r them or despise them; or, in feer ords, ccording to Chrysippus (for the bo
ve definitions re Sphruss, m n of the first bility s l yer-don of definiti
ons, s the Stoics think. But they re ll pretty much like: they give us only
common notions, some one  y, nd some nother). But h t is Chrysippuss definiti
on? Fortitude, s ys he, is the knoledge of ll things th t re be r ble, or n
ffection of the mind hich be rs nd supports everything in obedience to the ch
ief l  of re son ithout fe r. No, though e should tt ck these men in the s
me m nner s C rne des used to do, I fe r they re the only re l philosophers; f
or hich of these definitions is there hich does not e
pl in th t obscure nd i
ntric te notion of cour ge hich every m n conceives ithin himself? And hen it
is thus e
pl ined, h t c n  rrior,
comm nder, or n or tor  nt more? And
no one c n think th t they ill be un ble to beh ve themselves cour geously it
hout nger. Wh t! do not even the Stoics, ho m int in th t ll fools re m d, m
ke the s me inferences? for, t ke  y perturb tions, especi lly h stiness of
temper, nd they ill ppe r to t lk very bsurdly. But h t they ssert is thi
s: they s y th t ll fools re m d, s ll dunghills stink; not th t they l ys
do so, but stir them, nd you ill perceive it. And in like m nner,  rm-temp
ered m n is 150not l ys in p ssion; but provoke him, nd you ill see him ru
n m d. No, th t very  rlike nger, hich is of such service in  r, h t is th

e use of it to him hen he is t home ith his ife, children, nd f mily? Is th

ere, then, nything th t disturbed mind c n do better th n one hich is c lm
nd ste dy? Or c n ny one be ngry ithout
perturb tion of mind? Our people, t
hen, ere in the right, ho, s ll vices depend on our m nners, nd nothing is
orse th n p ssion te disposition, c lled ngry men the only morose men.51
XXV. Anger is in no ise becoming in n or tor, though it is not miss to ffect
it. Do you im gine th t I m ngry hen in ple ding I use ny e
tr ordin ry veh
emence nd sh rpness? Wh t! hen I rite out my speeches fter ll is over nd p
st, m I then ngry hile riting? Or do you think sopus  s ever ngry hen he
cted, or Accius  s so hen he rote? Those men, indeed, ct very ell, but the
or tor cts better th n the pl yer, provided he be re lly n or tor; but, then,
they c rry it on ithout p ssion, nd ith composed mind. But h t  ntonness
is it to commend lust! You produce Themistocles nd Demosthenes; to these you
dd Pyth gor s, Democritus, nd Pl to. Wh t! do you then c ll studies lust? But t
hese studies of the most e
cellent nd dmir ble things, such s those ere hic
h you bring for rd on ll occ sions, ought to be composed nd tr nquil; nd h
t kind of philosophers re they ho commend grief, th n hich nothing is more de
test ble? Afr nius h s s id much to this purpose:
Let him but grieve, no m tter h t the c use.
But he spoke this of deb uched nd dissolute youth. But e re inquiring into
the conduct of
const nt nd ise m n. We m y even llo
centurion or st nd r
d-be rer to be ngry, or ny others, hom, not to e
pl in too f r the mysteries
of the rhetorici ns, I sh ll not mention here; for to touch the p ssions, here
re son c nnot be come t, m y h ve its use; but my inquiry, s I often repe t, i
s bout ise m n.
151XXVI. But even envy, detr ction, pity, h ve their use. Why should you pity r
ther th n ssist, if it is in your poer to do so? Is it bec use you c nnot be l
iber l ithout pity? We should not t ke sorros on ourselves upon nothers ccoun
t; but e ought to relieve others of their grief if e c n. But to detr ct from
nothers reput tion, or to riv l him ith th t vicious emul tion hich resembles
n enmity, of h t use c n th t conduct be? No, envy implies being une sy t n
others good bec use one does not enjoy it ones self; but detr ction is the being u
ne sy t nothers good, merely bec use he enjoys it. Ho c n it be right th t you
should volunt rily grieve, r ther th n t ke the trouble of cquiring h t you 
nt to h ve? for it is m dness in the highest degree to desire to be the only on
e th t h s ny p rticul r h ppiness. But ho c n ith correctness spe k in pr is
e of mediocrity of evils? C n ny one in hom there is lust or desire be other
ise th n libidinous or desirous? or c n m n ho is occupied by nger void be
ing ngry? or c n one ho is e
posed to ny ve
tion esc pe being ve
ed? or if h
e is under the influence of fe r, must he not be fe rful? Do e look, then, on t
he libidinous, the ngry, the n
ious, nd the timid m n, s persons of isdom,
of e
cellence? of hich I could spe k very copiously nd diffusely, but I ish t
o be s concise s possible. And so I ill merely s y th t isdom is n cqu int
nce ith ll divine nd hum n ff irs, nd
knoledge of the c use of everythi
ng. Hence it is th t it imit tes h t is divine, nd looks upon ll hum n concer
ns s inferior to virtue. Did you, then, s y th t it  s your opinion th t such
m n  s s n tur lly li ble to perturb tion s the se is e
posed to inds? Wh
t is there th t c n discompose such gr vity nd const ncy? Anything sudden or u
nforeseen? Ho c n nything of this kind bef ll one to hom nothing is sudden n
d unforeseen th t c n h ppen to m n? No, s to their s ying th t redund ncies s
hould be p red off, nd only h t is n tur l rem in, h t, I pr y you, c n be n
tur l hich m y be too e
uber nt?
XXVII. All these ssertions proceed from the roots
rely plucked up nd destroyed, not p red nd mput
ur inquiry 152is not so much respecting the ise m
you llo th t he is free from ll perturb tions,

of errors, hich must be enti

ted. But s I suspect th t yo
n s concerning yourself (for
nd you ould illingly be so

too yourself), let us see h t remedies there re hich m y be pplied by philo

sophy to the dise ses of the mind. There is cert inly some remedy; nor h s n tur
e been so unkind to the hum n r ce s to h ve discovered so m ny things s lut ry
to the body, nd none hich re medicin l to the mind. She h s even been kinder
to the mind th n to the body; in smuch s you must seek bro d for the ssist n
ce hich the body requires, hile the mind h s ll th t it requires ithin itsel
f. But in proportion s the e
cellency of the mind is of
higher nd more divin
e n ture, the more diligence does it require; nd therefore re son, hen it is 
ell pplied, discovers h t is best, but hen it is neglected, it becomes involv
ed in m ny errors. I sh ll pply, then, ll my discourse to you; for though you
pretend to be inquiring bout the ise m n, your inquiry m y possibly be bout y
ourself. V rious, then, re the cures of those perturb tions hich I h ve e
poun
ded, for every disorder is not to be ppe sed the s me  y. One medicine must be
pplied to the m n ho mourns, nother to the pitiful, nother to the person h
o envies; for there is this difference to be m int ined in ll the four perturb
tions: e re to consider hether our discourse h d better be directed to pertur
b tions in gener l, hich re
contempt of re son, or someh t too vehement
ppetite; or hether it ould be better pplied to p rticul r descriptions, s, f
or inst nce, to fe r, lust, nd the rest, nd hether it ppe rs prefer ble to e
nde vor to remove th t hich h s occ sioned the grief, or r ther to ttempt hol
ly to er dic te every kind of grief. As, should ny one grieve th t he is poor,
the question is, Would you m int in poverty to be no evil, or ould you contend
th t m n ought not to grieve t nything? Cert inly this l st is the best cour
se; for should you not convince him ith reg rd to poverty, you must llo him t
o grieve; but if you remove grief by p rticul r rguments, such s I used yester
d y, the evil of poverty is in some m nner removed.
XXVIII. But ny perturb tion of the mind of this sort m y be, s it ere, iped
 y by the method of ppe sing 153the mind, if you succeed in shoing th t ther
e is no good in th t hich h s given rise to joy nd lust, nor ny evil in th t
hich h s occ sioned fe r or grief. But cert inly the most effectu l cure is to
be chieved by shoing th t ll perturb tions re of themselves vicious, nd h v
e nothing n tur l or necess ry in them. As e see, grief itself is e sily soften
ed hen e ch rge those ho grieve ith e kness nd n effemin te mind; or hen
e commend the gr vity nd const ncy of those ho be r c lmly h tever bef lls
them here, s ccidents to hich ll men re li ble; nd, indeed, this is gener
lly the feeling of those ho look on these s re l evils, but yet think they sho
uld be borne ith resign tion. One im gines ple sure to be
good, nother money
; nd yet the one m y be c lled off from intemper nce, the other from covetousne
ss. The other method nd ddress, hich, t the s me time th t it removes the f
lse opinion, ithdr s the disorder, h s more subtlety in it; but it seldom succ
eeds, nd is not pplic ble to vulg r minds, for there re some dise ses hich t
h t medicine c n by no me ns remove. For, should ny one be une sy bec use he is
ithout virtue, ithout cour ge, destitute of sense of duty or honesty, his
n
iety proceeds from re l evil; nd yet e must pply nother method of cure t
o him, nd such one s ll the philosophers, hoever they m y differ bout oth
er things, gree in. For they must necess rily gree in this, th t commotions of
the mind in opposition to right re son re vicious; nd th t even dmitting tho
se things to be evils hich occ sion fe r or grief, nd those to be goods hich
provoke desire or joy, yet th t very commotion itself is vicious; for e me n by
the e
pressions m gn nimous nd br ve, one ho is resolute, sed te, gr ve, nd
superior to everything in this life; but one ho either grieves, or fe rs, or co
vets, or is tr nsported ith p ssion, c nnot come under th t denomin tion; for t
hese things re consistent only ith those ho look on the things of this orld
s things ith hich their minds re unequ l to contend.
XXIX. Wherefore,
so th t e need
the mind, but e
, ith reg rd to

s I before s id, the philosophers h ve ll one method of cure,

s y nothing bout h t sort of thing th t is hich 154disturbs
must spe k only concerning the perturb tion itself. Thus, first
desire itself, hen the business is only to remove th t, the in

quiry is not to be, hether th t thing be good or evil hich provokes lust, but
the lust itself is to be removed; so th t hether h tever is honest is the chie
f good, or hether it consists in ple sure, or in both these things together, or
in the other three kinds of goods, yet should there be in ny one too vehement
n ppetite for even virtue itself, the hole discourse should be directed to th
e deterring him from th t vehemence. But hum n n ture, hen pl ced in conspicu
ous point of vie, gives us every rgument for ppe sing the mind, nd, to m ke
this the more distinct, the l s nd conditions of life should be e
pl ined in o
ur discourse. Therefore, it  s not ithout re son th t Socr tes is reported, h
en Euripides  s e
hibiting his pl y c lled Orestes, to h ve repe ted the first
three verses of th t tr gedy
Wh t tr gic story men c n mournful tell,
Wh teer from f te or from the gods befell,
Th t hum n n ture c n support52
But, in order to persu de those to hom ny misfortune h s h ppened th t they c
n nd ought to be r it, it is very useful to set before them n enumer tion of o
ther persons ho h ve borne simil r c l mities. Indeed, the method of ppe sing
grief  s e
pl ined in my dispute of yesterd y, nd in my book on Consol tion, 
hich I rote in the midst of my on grief; for I  s not myself so ise m n s
to be insensible to grief, nd I used this, notithst nding Chrysippuss dvice t
o the contr ry, ho is g inst pplying medicine to the git tions of the mind
hile they re fresh; but I did it, nd committed violence on n ture, th t th
e gre tness of my grief might give  y to the gre tness of the medicine.
XXX. But fe r borders upon grief, of hich I h ve lre dy s id enough; but I mus
t s y little more on th t. No, s grief proceeds from h t is present, so doe
s fe r 155from future evil; so th t some h ve s id th t fe r is
cert in p rt o
f grief: others h ve c lled fe r the h rbinger of trouble, hich, s it ere, in
troduces the ensuing evil. No, the re sons th t m ke h t is present support bl
e, m ke h t is to come very contemptible; for, ith reg rd to both, e should t
ke c re to do nothing lo or grovelling, soft or effemin te, me n or bject. Bu
t, notithst nding e should spe k of the inconst ncy, imbecility, nd levity of
fe r itself, yet it is of very gre t service to spe k contemptuously of those v
ery things of hich e re fr id. So th t it fell out very ell, hether it  s
by ccident or design, th t I disputed the first nd second d y on de th nd p
inthe to things th t re the most dre ded: no, if h t I then s id  s pproved
of, e re in gre t degree freed from fe r. And this is sufficient, s f r s
reg rds the opinion of evils.
XXXI. Proceed e no to h t re goodsth t is to s y, to joy nd desire. To me, i
ndeed, one thing lone seems to embr ce the question of ll th t rel tes to the
perturb tions of the mindthe f ct, n mely, th t ll perturb tions re in our on
poer; th t they re t ken up upon opinion, nd re volunt ry. This error, then,
must be got rid of; this opinion must be removed; nd, s ith reg rd to im gin
ed evils, e re to m ke them more support ble, so ith respect to goods, e re
to lessen the violent effects of those things hich re c lled gre t nd joyous
. But one thing is to be observed, th t equ lly rel tes both to good nd evil: t
h t, should it be difficult to persu de ny one th t none of those things hich
disturb the mind re to be looked on s good or evil, yet different cure is to
be pplied to different feelings; nd the m levolent person is to be corrected
by one  y of re soning, the lover by nother, the n
ious m n by nother, nd t
he fe rful by nother: nd it ould be e sy for ny one ho pursues the best pp
roved method of re soning, ith reg rd to good nd evil, to m int in th t no foo
l c n be ffected ith joy, s he never c n h ve nything good. But, t present,
my discourse proceeds upon the common received notions. Let, then, honors, rich
es, ple sures, nd the rest be the very good things hich they re im gined to b
e; yet
too elev ted nd e
ulting joy on the possession 156of them is unbecomin
g; just s, though it might be llo ble to l ugh, to giggle ould be indecent.
Thus, mind enl rged by joy is s bl m ble s contr ction of it by grief; nd

e ger longing is sign of s much levity in desiring s immoder te joy is in p

ossessing; nd, s those ho re too dejected re s id to be effemin te, so they
ho re too el ted ith joy re properly c lled vol tile; nd s feeling envy i
s
p rt of grief, nd the being ple sed ith nothers misfortune is
kind of jo
y, both these feelings re usu lly corrected by shoing the ildness nd insensi
bility of them: nd s it becomes m n to be c utious, but it is unbecoming in
him to be fe rful, so to be ple sed is proper, but to be joyful improper. I h ve
, in order th t I might be the better understood, distinguished ple sure from jo
y. I h ve lre dy s id bove, th t contr ction of the mind c n never be right,
but th t n el tion of it m y; for the joy of Hector in Nvius is one thing
Tis joy indeed to he r my pr ises sung
By you, ho re the theme of honors tongue
but th t of the ch r cter in Tr be nother: The kind procuress, llured by my mo
ney, ill observe my nod, ill  tch my desires, nd study my ill. If I but mov
e the door ith my little finger, inst ntly it flies open; nd if Chrysis should
une
pectedly discover me, she ill run ith joy to meet me, nd thro herself i
nto my rms.
No he ill tell you ho e
cellent he thinks this:
Not even fortune herself is so fortun te.
XXXII. Any one ho ttends the le st to the subject ill be convinced ho unbeco
ming this joy is. And s they re very sh meful ho re immoder tely delighted 
ith the enjoyment of venere l ple sures, so re they very sc nd lous ho lust ve
hemently fter them. And ll th t hich is commonly c lled love ( nd, believe me
, I c n find out no other n me to c ll it by) is of such trivi l n ture th t n
othing, I think, is to be comp red to it: of hich Ccilius s ys,
I hold the m n of every sense bere ved
Who gr nts not Love to be of Gods the chief:
157Whose mighty poer h teer is good effects,
Who gives to e ch his be uty nd defects:
Hence, he lth nd sickness; it nd folly, hence,
The God th t love nd h tred doth dispense!
An e
cellent corrector of life this s me poetry, hich thinks th t love, the pro
moter of deb uchery nd v nity, should h ve
pl ce in the council of the Gods!
I m spe king of comedy, hich could not subsist t ll ithout our pproving of
these deb ucheries. But h t s id th t chief of the Argon uts in tr gedy?
My
Wh
cc
er

life I oe to honor less th n love.

t, then, re e to s y of this love of Mede ?h t tr in of miseries did it o
sion! And yet the s me om n h s the ssur nce to s y to her f ther, in noth
poet, th t she h d husb nd

De rer by love th n ever f thers ere.

XXXIII. Hoever, e m y llo the poets to trifle, in hose f bles e see Jupite
r himself eng ged in these deb ucheries: but let us pply to the m sters of virt
uethe philosophers ho deny love to be nything c rn l; nd in this they differ f
rom Epicurus, ho, I think, is not much mist ken. For h t is th t love of frien
dship? Ho comes it th t no one is in love ith deformed young m n, or h nds
ome old one? I m of opinion th t this love of men h d its rise from the Gymn st
ics of the Greeks, here these kinds of loves re dmissible nd permitted; ther
efore Ennius spoke ell:
The censure of this crime to those is due
Who n ked bodies first e
posed to vie.
No, supposing them ch ste, hich I think is h rdly possible, they re une sy n
d distressed, nd the more so bec use they cont in nd refr in themselves. But,
to p ss over the love of omen, here n ture h s lloed more liberty, ho c n m

isunderst nd the poets in their r pe of G nymede, or not pprehend h t L ius s

ys, nd h t he desires, in Euripides? L stly, h t h ve the princip l poets nd
the most le rned men published of themselves in their poems nd songs? Wh t dot
h Alcus, ho  s 158distinguished in his on republic for his br very, rite on t
he love of young men? And s for An creons poetry, it is holly on love. But Ibyc
us of Rhegium ppe rs, from his ritings, to h ve h d this love stronger on him
th n ll the rest.
XXXIV. No e see th t the loves of ll these riters ere entirely libidinous.
There h ve risen lso some mong us philosophers ( nd Pl to is t the he d of t
hem, hom Dic rchus bl mes not ithout re son) ho h ve counten nced love. The St
oics, in truth, s y, not only th t their ise m n m y be
lover, but they even
define love itself s n ende vor to origin te friendship out of the ppe r nce
of be uty. No, provided there is ny one in the n ture of things ithout desire
, ithout c re, ithout
sigh, such one m y be
lover; for he is free from
ll lust: but I h ve nothing to s y to him, s it is lust of hich I m no spe k
ing. But should there be ny love s there cert inly ishich is but little, or perh
ps not t ll, short of m dness, such s his is in the Leuc di
Should there be ny God hose c re I m
it is incumbent on ll the Gods to see th t he enjoys his morous ple sure.
Wretch th t I m!
Nothing is more true, nd he s ys very ppropri tely,
Wh t, re you s ne, ho t this r te l ment?
He seems even to his friends to be out of his senses: then ho tr gic l he becom
es!
Thy id, divine Apollo, I implore,
And thine, dre d ruler of the  try store!
Oh! ll ye inds, ssist me!
He thinks th t the hole orld ought to pply itself to help his love: he e
clud
es Venus lone, s unkind to him.
Thy id, O Venus, hy should I invoke?
He thinks Venus too much employed in her on lust to h ve reg rd to nything els
e, s if he himself h d not s id nd committed these sh meful things from lust.
159XXXV. No, the cure for one ho is ffected in this m nner is to sho ho lig
ht, ho contemptible, ho very trifling he is in h t he desires; ho he m y tur
n his ffections to nother object, or ccomplish his desires by some other me n
s; or else to persu de him th t he m y entirely disreg rd it: sometimes he is to
be led  y to objects of nother kind, to study, business, or other different
eng gements nd concerns: very often the cure is effected by ch nge of pl ce, s
sick people, th t h ve not recovered their strength, re benefited by ch nge of
ir. Some people think n old love m y be driven out by ne one, s one n il
drives out nother: but, bove ll things, the m n thus fflicted should be dvi
sed h t m dness love is: for of ll the perturb tions of the mind, there is not
one hich is more vehement; for (ithout ch rging it ith r pes, deb ucheries,
dultery, or even incest, the b seness of ny of these being very bl m ble; not,
I s y, to mention these) the very perturb tion of the mind in love is b se of i
tself, for, to p ss over ll its cts of donright m dness, h t e kness do not
those very things hich re looked upon s indifferent rgue?
Affronts nd je lousies, j rs, squ bbles,  rs,
Then pe ce g in. The m n ho seeks to fi

These restless feelings, nd to subjug te
Them to some regul r l , is just s ise
As one hod try to l y don rules by hich

Men should go m d.53

No, is not this inconst ncy nd mut bility of mind enough to deter ny one by i
ts on deformity? We re to demonstr te, s  s s id of every perturb tion, th t
there re no such feelings hich do not consist entirely of opinion nd judgmen
t, nd re not oing to ourselves. For if love ere n tur l, ll ould be in lov
e, nd l ys so, nd ll love the s me object; nor ould one be deterred by sh
me, nother by reflection, nother by s tiety.
XXXVI. Anger, too, hen it disturbs the mind ny time, le ves no room to doubt i
ts being m dness: by the 160instig tion of hich e see such contention s this
beteen brothers:
Where  s there ever impudence like thine?
Who on thy m lice ever could refine?54
You kno h t follos: for buses re thron out by these brothers ith gre t bi
tterness in every other verse; so th t you m y e sily kno them for the sons of
Atreus, of th t Atreus ho invented ne punishment for his brother:
I ho his cruel he rt to g ll m bent,
Some ne, unhe rd-of torment must invent.
No, h t ere these inventions? He r Thyestes:
My impious brother f in ould h ve me e t
My children, nd thus serves them up for me t.
To h t length no ill not nger go? even s f r s m dness. Therefore e s y,
properly enough, th t ngry men h ve given up their poer, th t is, they re out
of the poer of dvice, re son, nd underst nding; for these ought to h ve poe
r over the hole mind. No, you should put those out of the  y hom they ende v
or to tt ck till they h ve recollected themselves; but h t does recollection h
ere imply but getting together g in the dispersed p rts of their mind into thei
r proper pl ce? or else you must beg nd entre t them, if they h ve the me ns of
revenge, to defer it to nother opportunity, till their nger cools. But the e

pression of cooling implies, cert inly, th t there  s he t r ised in their mi
nds in opposition to re son; from hich consider tion th t s ying of Archyt s is
commended, ho being someh t provoked t his ste rd, Ho ould I h ve tre ted
you, s id he, if I h d not been in p ssion?
XXXVII. Where, then, re they ho s y th t nger h s its use? C n m dness be of
ny use? But still it is n tur l. C n nything be n tur l th t is g inst re son
? or ho is it, if nger is n tur l, th t one person is more inclined to nger t
h n nother? or th t the lust of revenge should ce se before it h s revenged its
elf? or th t ny one 161should repent of h t he h d done in p ssion? s e se
e th t Ale
nder the king did, ho could sc rcely keep his h nds from himself, 
hen he h d killed his f vorite Clytus, so gre t  s his compunction. No ho th
t is cqu inted ith these inst nces c n doubt th t this motion of the mind is
ltogether in opinion nd volunt ry? for ho c n doubt th t disorders of the mind
, such s covetousness nd
desire of glory, rise from gre t estim tion of t
hose things by hich the mind is disordered? from hence e m y underst nd th t
every perturb tion of the mind is founded in opinion. And if boldnessth t is to s
y, firm ssur nce of mindis
kind of knoledge nd serious opinion not h stil
y t ken up, then diffidence is fe r of n e
pected nd impending evil; nd if
hope is n e
pect tion of good, fe r must, of course, be n e
pect tion of evil.
Thus fe r nd other perturb tions re evils. Therefore, s const ncy proceeds f
rom knoledge, so does perturb tion from error. No, they ho re s id to be n t
ur lly inclined to nger, or to pity, or to envy, or to ny feeling of this kind
, their minds re constitution lly, s it ere, in b d he lth; yet they re cur
ble, s the disposition of Socr tes is s id to h ve been; for hen Zopyrus, ho
professed to kno the ch r cter of every one from his person, h d he ped gre t
m ny vices on him in public ssembly, he  s l ughed t by others, ho could
perceive no such vices in Socr tes; but Socr tes kept him in counten nce by decl

ring th t such vices ere n tur l to him, but th t he h d got the better of the
m by his re son. Therefore, s ny one ho h s the ppe r nce of the best consti
tution m y yet ppe r to be n tur lly r ther inclined to some p rticul r disorde
r, so different minds m y be more p rticul rly inclined to different dise ses. B
ut s to those men ho re s id to be vicious, not by n ture, but their on f ul
t, their vices proceed from rong opinions of good nd b d things, so th t one i
s more prone th n nother to different motions nd perturb tions. But, just s i
t is in the c se of the body, n inveter te dise se is h rder to be got rid of t
h n sudden disorder; nd it is more e sy to cure
fresh tumor in the eyes th
n to remove deflu
ion of ny continu nce.
XXXVIII. But s the c use of perturb tions is no discovered, 162for ll of them
rise from the judgment or opinion, or volition, I sh ll put n end to this dis
course. But e ought to be ssured, since the bound ries of good nd evil re no
 discovered, s f r s they re discover ble by m n, th t nothing c n be desire
d of philosophy gre ter or more useful th n the discussions hich e h ve held t
hese four d ys. For besides instilling contempt of de th, nd relieving p in s
o s to en ble men to be r it, e h ve dded the ppe sing of grief, th n hich
there is no gre ter evil to m n. For though every perturb tion of mind is grievo
us, nd differs but little from m dness, yet e re used to s y of others hen t
hey re under ny perturb tion, s of fe r, joy, or desire, th t they re git t
ed nd disturbed; but of those ho give themselves up to grief, th t they re mi
ser ble, fflicted, retched, unh ppy. So th t it doth not seem to be by cciden
t, but ith re son proposed by you, th t I should discuss grief, nd the other p
erturb tions sep r tely; for there lies the spring nd he d of ll our miseries;
but the cure of grief, nd of other disorders, is one nd the s me in th t they
re ll volunt ry, nd founded on opinion; e t ke them on ourselves bec use it
seems right so to do. Philosophy undert kes to er dic te this error, s the roo
t of ll our evils: let us therefore surrender ourselves to be instructed by it,
nd suffer ourselves to be cured; for hile these evils h ve possession of us,
e not only c nnot be h ppy, but c nnot be right in our minds. We must either de
ny th t re son c n effect nything, hile, on the other h nd, nothing c n be don
e right ithout re son, or else, since philosophy depends on the deductions of r
e son, e must seek from her, if e ould be good or h ppy, every help nd ssis
t nce for living ell nd h ppily.
163BOOK V.
WHETHER VIRTUE ALONE BE SUFFICIENT FOR A HAPPY LIFE.
I. This fifth d y, Brutus, sh ll put n end to our Tuscul n Disput tions: on hi
ch d y e discussed your f vorite subject. For I perceive from th t book hich y
ou rote for me ith the gre test ccur cy, s ell s from your frequent conver
s tion, th t you re cle rly of this opinion, th t virtue is of itself sufficien
t for h ppy life: nd though it m y be difficult to prove this, on ccount of
the m ny v rious strokes of fortune, yet it is truth of such n ture th t e
should ende vor to f cilit te the proof of it. For mong ll the topics of philo
sophy, there is not one of more dignity or import nce. For s the first philosop
hers must h ve h d some inducement to neglect everything for the se rch of the b
est st te of life: surely, the inducement must h ve been the hope of living h pp
ily, hich impelled them to devote so much c re nd p ins to th t study. No, if
virtue  s discovered nd c rried to perfection by them, nd if virtue is suf
ficient security for h ppy life, ho c n void thinking the ork of philosophi
zing e
cellently recommended by them, nd undert ken by me? But if virtue, s be
ing subject to such v rious nd uncert in ccidents, ere but the sl ve of fortu
ne, nd ere not of sufficient bility to support herself, I m fr id th t it 
ould seem desir ble r ther to offer up pr yers, th n to rely on our on confiden
ce in virtue s the found tion for our hope of
h ppy life. And, indeed, hen I
reflect on those troubles ith hich I h ve been so severely e
ercised by fortu
ne, I begin to distrust this opinion; nd sometimes even to dre d the e kness

nd fr ilty of hum n n ture, for I m fr id lest, hen n ture h d given us infir

m bodies, nd h d joined to them incur ble dise ses nd intoler ble p ins, she p
erh ps lso g ve us minds p rticip ting in these bodily p ins, nd h r ssed 164
lso ith troubles nd une sinesses, peculi rly their on. But here I correct mys
elf for forming my judgment of the poer of virtue more from the e kness of oth
ers, or of myself perh ps, th n from virtue itself: for she herself (provided th
ere is such thing s virtue; nd your uncle Brutus h s removed ll doubt of it
) h s everything th t c n bef ll m nkind in subjection to her; nd by disreg rdi
ng such things, she is f r removed from being t ll concerned t hum n ccident
s; nd, being free from every imperfection, she thinks th t nothing hich is e
t
ern l to herself c n concern her. But e, ho incre se every ppro ching evil by
our fe r, nd every present one by our grief, choose r ther to condemn the n tu
re of things th n our on errors.
II. But the mendment of this f ult, nd of ll our other vices nd offences, is
to be sought for in philosophy: nd s my on inclin tion nd desire led me, fr
om my e rliest youth up rd, to seek her protection, so, under my present misfor
tunes, I h ve h d recourse to the s me port from hence I set out, fter h ving
been tossed by violent tempest. O Philosophy, thou guide of life! thou discove
rer of virtue nd e
peller of vices! h t h d not only I myself, but the hole l
ife of m n, been ithout you? To you it is th t e oe the origin of cities; you
it  s ho c lled together the dispersed r ce of men into soci l life; you unit
ed them together, first, by pl cing them ne r one nother, then by m rri ges, n
d l stly, by the communic tion of speech nd l ngu ges. You h ve been the invent
ress of l s; you h ve been our instructress in mor ls nd discipline; to you e
fly for refuge; from you e implore ssist nce; nd s I formerly submitted to
you in
gre t degree, so no I surrender up myself entirely to you. For one d y
spent ell, nd gree bly to your precepts, is prefer ble to n eternity of err
or. Whose ssist nce, then, c n be of more service to me th n yours, hen you h
ve bestoed on us tr nquillity of life, nd removed the fe r of de th? But Philo
sophy is so f r from being pr ised s much s she h s deserved by m nkind, th t
she is holly neglected by most men, nd ctu lly evil spoken of by m ny. C n n
y person spe k ill of the p rent of life, nd d re to pollute himself thus ith
p rricide, nd be so impiously 165ungr teful s to ccuse her hom he ought to r
everence, even ere he less ble to ppreci te the dv nt ges hich he might der
ive from her? But this error, I im gine, nd this d rkness h s spre d itself ove
r the minds of ignor nt men, from their not being ble to look so f r b ck, nd
from their not im gining th t those men by hom hum n life  s first improved e
re philosophers; for though e see philosophy to h ve been of long st nding, yet
the n me must be cknoledged to be but modern.
III. But, indeed, ho c n dispute the ntiquity of philosophy, either in f ct or
n me? For it cquired this e
cellent n me from the ncients, by the knoledge o
f the origin nd c uses of everything, both divine nd hum n. Thus those seven ,
hy wr consdrd nd c d y th Grks, h v w ys n stmd nd c 
d ws mn y us; nd thus Lycurgus m ny gs for, n whos tm, for th
udng of ths cty, Homr s s d to h v vd, s w s Uysss nd Nst
or n th hroc gs, r  h ndd down to us y tr dton s h vng r y 
n wh t thy wr c d, ws mn; nor woud t h v n s d th t At s supp
ortd th h vns, or th t Promthus w s ound to C uc sus, nor woud Cphus,
wth hs wf, hs son-n- w, nd hs d ughtr h v n nrod mong th con
st tons, ut th t thr mor th n hum n knowdg of th h vny ods h d
tr nsfrrd thr n ms nto n rronous f . From whnc  who occupd t
hmsvs n th contmp ton of n tur wr oth consdrd nd c d ws m
n; nd th t n m of thrs contnud to th g of Pyth gor s, who s rportd t
o h v gon to Phus, s w fnd t st td y Hr cds Pontcus,
vry  rn
d m n, nd pup of P to, nd to h v dscoursd vry  rndy nd copous
y on crt n sujcts wth Lon, prnc of th Ph s; nd whn Lon, dmrng
hs ngnuty nd oqunc, skd hm wh t rt h p rtcu ry profssd, hs
nswr w s, th t h w s cqu ntd wth no rt, ut th t h w s phosophr. L

s t

on, surprsd t th novty of th n m, nqurd wh t h m nt y th n m of

phosophr, nd n wh t phosophrs dffrd from othr mn; on whch Pyth go
r s rpd, Th t th f of m n smd to hm to rsm thos g ms whch wr
 cr td wth th 166gr tst poss v rty of sports nd th gnr  con
cours of  Grc. For s n thos g ms thr wr som prsons whos ojct
w s gory nd th honor of
crown, to  tt nd y th prform nc of ody
xrcss, so othrs wr d ththr y th g n of uyng nd sng, nd m
r vws of proft; ut thr w s kws on c ss of prsons, nd thy wr 
y f r th st, whos m w s nthr pp us nor proft, ut who c m mry
s spct tors through curosty, to osrv wh t w s don, nd to s n wh t m n
nr thngs wr c rrd on thr. And thus, s d h, w com from nothr f
nd n tur unto ths on, just s mn com out of som othr cty, to som much f
rquntd m rt; som ng s vs to gory, othrs to mony; nd thr r som
fw who, t kng no ccount of nythng s,  rnsty ook nto th n tur of t
hngs; nd ths mn c  thmsvs studous of wsdom, th t s, phosophrs:
ookr-on wthou
nd s thr t s th most rput  occup ton of  to 
t m kng ny cquston, so n f, th contmp tng thngs, nd cqu ntng
ons sf wth thm, gr ty xcds vry othr pursut of f.
I. Nor w s Pyth gor s th nvntor ony of th n m, ut h n rgd so th t
hng tsf, nd, whn h c m nto It y ftr ths convrs ton t Phus, h
dornd th t Grc, whch s c d Gr t Grc, oth prv ty nd pucy,
wth th most xcnt nsttutons nd rts; ut of hs schoo nd systm I sh
, prh ps, fnd nothr opportunty to sp k. But numrs nd motons, nd th
 gnnng nd nd of  thngs, wr th sujcts of th ncnt phosophy d
own to Socr ts, who w s pup of Arch us, who h d n th dscp of An x
gor s. Ths m d dgnt nqury nto th m gntud of th st rs, thr dst
ncs, courss, nd  th t r ts to th h vns. But Socr ts w s th frst w
ho rought down phosophy from th h vns, p cd t n cts, ntroducd t
nto f ms, nd ogd t to x mn nto f nd mor s, nd good nd v
. And hs dffrnt mthods of dscussng qustons, togthr wth th v rty o
f hs topcs, nd th gr tnss of hs ts, ng mmort zd y th mmo
ry nd wrtngs of P to, g v rs to m ny scts of phosophrs of dffrnt s
ntmnts, of  whch I h v prncp y dhrd 167to th t on whch, n my o
pnon, Socr ts hmsf foowd; nd rgu so s to conc  my own opnon, wh
 I dvr othrs from thr rrors, nd so dscovr wh t h s th gr tst p
p r nc of pro ty n vry quston. And th custom C rn ds doptd wth
gr t copousnss nd cutnss, nd I mysf h v oftn gvn n to t on m ny
occ sons swhr, nd n ths m nnr, too, I dsputd  ty, n my Tuscu n
ook of th four formr d ys dscussons; ut t
v ; ndd, I h v snt you
h ffth d y, whn w h d s td oursvs s for, wh t w wr to dsput on
w s proposd thus:

. A. I do not thnk vrtu c n possy  suffcnt for

h ppy f.

M. But my frnd Brutus thnks so, whos judgmnt, wth sumsson, I gr ty pr
fr to yours.
A. I m k no dout of t; ut your rg rd for hm s not th usnss now: th q
uston s now, wh t s th r  ch r ctr of th t qu ty of whch I h v dc
rd my opnon. I wsh you to dsput on th t.
M. Wh t! do you dny th t vrtu c n possy  suffcnt for

h ppy f?

A. It s wh t I ntry dny.
M. Wh t! s not vrtu suffcnt to n  us to v
mmnd y, or, n fn, to v w?
A. Crt ny suffcnt.

s w ought, honsty, co

M. C n you, thn, hp c ng ny on msr  who vs ? or w you dny
th t ny on who you ow vs w must nvt y v h ppy?
A. Why m y I not? for
m n m y  uprght n hs f, honst, pr sworthy, v
n n th mdst of tormnts, nd thrfor v w. Provdd you undrst nd wh
t I m n y w; for whn I s y w, I m n wth const ncy, nd dgnty, nd
wsdom, nd cour g; for m n m y dsp y  ths qu ts on th r ck; ut
yt th r ck s nconsstnt wth
h ppy f.
M. Wh t, thn? s your h ppy f ft on th outsd of th prson, wh const
ncy, dgnty, wsdom, nd th othr vrtus, r surrndrd up to th xcuto
nr, nd  r punshmnt nd p n wthout ruct nc?
A. You must ook out for somthng nw f you woud 168do ny good. Ths thngs
h v vry tt ffct on m, not mry from thr ng common, ut prncp
y c us, k crt n ght wns th t w not  r w tr, ths rgumnts
of th Stocs r p s ntr to t st th n to sw ow. As whn th t ssm g o
f vrtus s commttd to th r ck, t r ss so rvrnd
spct c for our
ys th t h ppnss sms to h stn on tow rds thm, nd not to suffr thm to
 dsrtd y hr. But whn you t k your ttnton off from ths pctur nd t
hs m gs of th vrtus to th truth nd th r ty, wh t rm ns wthout d
sgus s, th quston whthr ny on c n  h ppy n tormnt? Whrfor t u
s now x mn th t pont, nd not  undr ny pprhnsons, st th vrtus s
houd xpostu t, nd comp n th t thy r fors kn y h ppnss. For f prud
nc s connctd wth vry vrtu, thn prudnc tsf dscovrs ths, th t
 good mn r not thrfor h ppy; nd sh rcocts m ny thngs of M rcus At
us55, Quntus Cpo56, M rcus Aquus57; nd prudnc hrsf, f ths rprs
nt tons r mor gr  to you th n th thngs thmsvs, rstr ns h ppn
ss whn t s nd vorng to throw tsf nto tormnts, nd dns th t t h s
ny conncton wth p n nd tortur.

I. M. I c n  sy  r wth your h vng n ths m nnr, though t s not f 
r n you to prscr to m how you woud h v m c rry on ths dscusson. But
I sk you f I h v ffctd nythng or nothng n th prcdng d ys?
A. Ys; somthng w s don, som tt m ttr ndd.
M. But f th t s th c s, ths quston s sttd,

nd most put n nd to.

A. How so?
M. Bc us turunt motons nd vont gt tons of 169th mnd, whn t s r
sd nd  td y r sh mpus, gttng th ttr of r son,  v no room
for h ppy f. For who th t f rs thr p n or d th, th on of whch s
w ys prsnt, th othr w ys mpndng, c n  othrws th n msr ? Now,
supposng th s m prsonwhch s oftn th c sto  fr d of povrty, gnomny
, nf my, or w knss, or ndnss, or,  sty, s vry, whch doth not ony 
f  ndvdu  mn, ut oftn vn th most powrfu n tons; now c n ny on u
ndr th pprhnson of ths vs  h ppy? Wh t sh  w s y of hm who not
ony dr ds ths vs s mpndng, ut ctu y fs nd  rs thm t prs
nt? Lt us unt n th s m prson  nshmnt, mournng, th oss of chdrn;
now, how c n ny on who s rokn down nd rndrd sck n ody nd mnd y su
ch ffcton  othrws th n vry msr  ndd? Wh t r son, g n, c n t
hr  why
m n shoud not rghty nough  c d msr  whom w s nf
md nd r gng wth ust, covtng vrythng wth n ns t  dsr, nd, 
n proporton s h drvs mor p sur from nythng, thrstng th mor vo
nty ftr thm? And s to
m n v ny  td, xutng wth n mpty joy, nd
o stng of hmsf wthout r son, s not h so much th mor msr  n prop
orton s h thnks hmsf h ppr? Thrfor, s ths mn r msr , so,

on th othr h nd, thos r h ppy who r  rmd y no f rs, w std y no gr
fs, provokd y no usts, mtd y no  ngud p surs th t rs from v n
nd xutng joys. W ook on th s
s c m whn not th  st r th of r d
sturs ts w vs; nd, n k m nnr, th p cd nd qut st t of th mnd s
dscovrd whn unmovd y ny prtur ton. Now, f thr  ny on who hods
th powr of fortun, nd vrythng hum n, vrythng th t c n possy f 
ny m n, s support , so s to  out of th r ch of f r or nxty, nd 
f such
m n covts nothng, nd s ftd up y no v n joy of mnd, wh t c n p
rvnt hs ng h ppy? And f ths r th ffcts of vrtu, why c nnot vrtu
 tsf m k mn h ppy?

II. A. But th othr of ths two propostons s undn , th t thy who r
undr no pprhnsons, who r 170now ys un sy, who covt nothng, who r 
ftd up y no v n joy, r h ppy: nd thrfor I gr nt you th t. But s for th
 othr, th t s not now n ft st t for dscusson; for t h s n provd 
y your formr rgumnts th t ws m n s fr from vry prtur ton of mnd.
M. Doutss, thn, th dsput s ovr; for th quston pp rs to h v n 
ntry xh ustd.
A. I thnk, ndd, th t th t s

most th c s.

M. But yt th t s mor usu y th c s wth th m thm tc ns th n phosoph
rs. For whn th gomtrc ns t ch nythng, f wh t thy h v for t ught r
 ts to thr prsnt sujct, thy t k th t for gr ntd whch h s n r
dy provd, nd xp n ony wh t thy h d not wrttn on for. But th phoso
phrs, wh tvr sujct thy h v n h nd, gt togthr vrythng th t r ts
to t, notwthst ndng thy m y h v d td on t somwhr s. Wr not th t
th c s, why shoud th Stocs s y so much on th t quston, Whthr vrtu w
s und nty suffcnt to h ppy f? whn t woud h v n nswr nough t
h t thy h d for t ught th t nothng w s good ut wh t w s honor ; for, s
ths h d n provd, th consqunc must  th t vrtu w s suffcnt to h
ppy f; nd  ch prms m y  m d to foow from th dmsson of th oth
r, so th t f t  dmttd th t vrtu s suffcnt to scur
h ppy f, 
t m y so  nfrrd th t nothng s good xcpt wh t s honor . Thy, how
vr, do not procd n ths m nnr; for thy woud sp r t ooks out wh t s
honor , nd wh t s th chf good; nd whn thy h v dmonstr td from th
on th t vrtu h s powr nough to m k f h ppy, yt thy tr t ths pont s
p r ty; for vrythng, nd spc y sujct of such gr t consqunc, s
houd  supportd y rgumnts nd xhort tons whch ong to th t on. For
you shoud h v
c r how you m gn phosophy to h v uttrd nythng mor
no, or th t sh h s promsd nythng mor frutfu or of gr tr consqunc
, for, good Gods! doth sh not ng g th t sh w rndr hm who sumts to h
r  ws so ccompshd s to  w ys rmd g nst fortun, nd to h v vry
ssur nc wthn hmsf of vng w nd h ppyth t h sh , n short,  f
orvr 171h ppy? But t us s wh t sh w prform? In th m n wh, I ook
upon t s gr t thng th t sh h s vn m d such proms. For Xrxs, who
w s o dd wth  th rw rds nd gfts of fortun, not s tsfd wth hs r
ms of hors nd foot, nor th muttud of hs shps, nor hs nfnt tr sur
 of god, offrd rw rd to ny on who coud fnd out nw p sur; nd y
t, whn t w s dscovrd, h w s not s tsfd wth t; nor c n thr vr 
n nd to ust. I wsh w coud ng g ny on y rw rd to produc somthng t
h ttr to st sh us n ths f.

III. A. I wsh th t, ndd, mysf; ut I w nt tt nform ton. For I 

ow th t n wh t you h v st td th on proposton s th consqunc of th ot
hr; th t s, f wh t s honor   th ony good, t must foow th t
h ppy
f s th ffct of vrtu: so th t f h ppy f conssts n vrtu, noth
ng c n  good ut vrtu. But your frnd Brutus, on th uthorty of Arsto n
d Antochus, dos not s ths; for h thnks th c s woud  th s m vn f

thr wr

nythng good sds vrtu.

M. Wh t, thn? do you m gn th t I m gong to rgu

g nst Brutus?

A. You m y do wh t you p s; for t s not for m to prscr wh t you sh 

do.
M. How ths thngs gr togthr sh   x mnd somwhr s; for I frqu
nty dscussd th t pont wth Antochus, nd  ty wth Arsto, whn, durng
th prod of my comm nd s gnr , I w s odgng wth hm t Athns. For to m
t smd th t no on coud possy  h ppy undr ny v; ut ws m n m
ght  ffctd wth v, f thr r ny thngs rsng from ody or fortun
dsrvng th n m of vs. Ths thngs wr s d, whch Antochus h s nsrt
d n hs ooks n m ny p csth t vrtu tsf w s suffcnt to m k f h pp
y, ut yt not prfcty h ppy; nd th t m ny thngs drv thr n ms from th
prdomn nt porton of thm, though thy do not ncud vrythng, s strngth
, h th, rchs, honor, nd gory: whch qu ts r dtrmnd y thr knd
, not thr numr. Thus h ppy f s so c d from ts ng so n gr t
dgr, vn though t 172shoud f  short n som pont. To c r ths up s n
ot souty ncss ry t prsnt, though t sms to  s d wthout ny gr t
consstncy; for I c nnot m gn wh t s w ntng to on th t s h ppy to m k
hm h ppr, for f nythng  w ntng to hm, h c nnot  so much s h ppy;
nd s to wh t thy s y, th t vrythng s n md nd stm td from ts prdomn
nt porton, th t m y  dmttd n som thngs. But whn thy ow thr knd
s of vswhn ny on s opprssd wth vry m gn  v of two knds, n
g ffctd wth dvrs fortun, nd h vng t th s m tm hs ody worn out
nd h r ssd wth  sorts of p nssh  w s y th t such
on s ut tt sh
ort of
h ppy f, to s y nothng out th h ppst poss f?
IX. Ths s th pont whch Thophr stus w s un  to m nt n; for ftr h h
d onc  d down th poston th t strps, tormnts, torturs, th run of ons
country,  nshmnt, th oss of chdrn, h d gr t nfunc on mns vng ms
r y nd unh ppy, h durst not ny ongr us ny hgh nd ofty xprssons
whn h w s so ow nd jct n hs opnon. How rght h w s s not th qust
on; h crt ny w s consstnt. Thrfor, I m not for ojctng to consqun
cs whr th prmss r dmttd. But ths most g nt nd  rnd of  th
 phosophrs s not t kn to t sk vry svry whn h ssrts hs thr knd
s of good; ut h s tt ckd y vry on for th t ook whch h wrot on h p
py f, n whch ook h h s m ny rgumnts why on who s torturd nd r ckd
c nnot  h ppy. For n th t ook h s supposd to s y th t m n who s p cd
on th wh (th t s knd of tortur n us mong th Grks) c nnot tt n
to compty h ppy f. H nowhr, ndd, s ys so souty; ut wh t h
s ys mounts to th s m thng. C n I, thn, fnd f ut wth hm, ftr h vng
owd th t p ns of th ody r vs, th t th run of m ns fortuns s n 
v, f h shoud s y th t vry good m n s not h ppy, whn  thos thngs wh
good m n? Th s m Thophr stus s found f
ch h rckons s vs m y f 
ut wth y  th ooks nd schoos of th phosophrs for commndng th t s
ntnc n hs C sthns,
Fortun, not wsdom, rus th f of m n.
173Thy s y nvr dd phosophr ssrt nythng so  ngud. Thy r rght, n
dd, n th t; ut I do not pprhnd nythng coud  mor consstnt, for f
thr r so m ny good thngs th t dpnd on th ody, nd so m ny forgn to t
th t dpnd on ch nc nd fortun, s t nconsstnt to s y th t fortun, whc
h govrns vrythng, oth wh t s forgn nd wh t ongs to th ody, h s gr
tr powr th n couns. Or woud w r thr mt t Epcurus? who s oftn xc
nt n m ny thngs whch h sp ks, ut qut ndffrnt how consstnt h m y
, or how much to th purpos h s sp kng. H commnds sp r dt, nd n t
h t h sp ks s phosophr; ut t s for Socr ts or Antsthns to s y so,
nd not for on who confns  good to p sur. H dns th t ny on c n 

v p s nty unss h vs honsty, wsy, nd justy. Nothng s mor dg
nfd th n ths ssrton, nothng mor comng
phosophr, h d h not m s
urd ths vry xprsson of vng honsty, justy, nd wsy y p sur. Wh
t coud  ttr th n to ssrt th t fortun ntrfrs ut tt wth
ws
m n? But dos h t k thus, who, ftr h h s s d th t p n s th gr tst v
, or th ony v, mght hmsf  ffctd wth th sh rpst p ns  ov
r hs ody, vn t th tm h s v untng hmsf th most g nst fortun? An
d ths vry thng, too, Mtrodorus h s s d, ut n ttr  ngu g: I h v ntc
p td you, Fortun; I h v c ught you, nd cut off vry ccss, so th t you c
nnot possy r ch m. Ths woud  xcnt n th mouth of Arsto th Ch n,
or Zno th Stoc, who hd nothng to  n v ut wh t w s  s; ut for yo
u, Mtrodorus, to ntcp t th ppro chs of fortun, who confn  th t s
good to your ows nd m rrowfor you to s y so, who dfn th chf good y
s
trong consttuton of ody, nd w- ssurd hop of ts contnu ncfor you to cu
t off vry ccss of fortun! Why, you m y nst nty  dprvd of th t good.
Yt th smp r t kn wth ths propostons, nd v st crowd s d w y 
y such sntncs to com thr foowrs.
X. But t s th duty of on who woud rgu ccur ty to consdr not wh t s
s d, ut wh t s s d consstnty. 174As n th t vry opnon whch w h v d
optd n ths dscusson, n my, th t vry good m n s w ys h ppy, t s c
r wh t I m n y good mn: I c  thos oth ws nd good mn who r provdd
nd dornd wth vry vrtu. Lt us s, thn, who r to  c d h ppy. I
m gn, ndd, th t thos mn r to  c d so who r possssd of good w
thout ny oy of v; nor s thr ny othr noton connctd wth th word t
h t xprsss h ppnss ut n sout njoymnt of good wthout ny v. rt
u c nnot tt n ths, f thr s nythng good sds tsf. For crowd of
vs woud prsnt thmsvs, f w wr to ow povrty, oscurty, humty
, sotud, th oss of frnds, cut p ns of th ody, th oss of h th, w
knss, ndnss, th run of ons country,  nshmnt, s vry, to  vs; fo
r ws m n m y  ffctd y  ths vs, numrous nd mport nt s thy
r, nd m ny othrs so m y  ddd, for thy r rought on y ch nc, whc
h m y tt ck ws m n; ut f ths thngs r vs, who c n m nt n th t
ws m n s w ys h ppy whn  ths vs m y ght on hm t th s m tm?
I thrfor do not  sy gr wth my frnd Brutus, nor wth our common m st
rs, nor thos ncnt ons, Arstot, Spusppus, Xnocr ts, Pomon, who rc
kon  th t I h v mntond ov s vs, nd yt thy s y th t ws m n 
s w ys h ppy; nor c n I ow thm, c us thy r ch rmd wth ths  utf
u nd ustrous tt, whch woud vry w com Pyth gor s, Socr ts, nd
P to, to prsu d my mnd th t strngth, h th,  uty, rchs, honors, powr
, wth th  uty of whch thy r r vshd, r contmpt, nd th t  tho
s thngs whch r th opposts of ths r not to  rg rdd. Thn mght th
y dc r opny, wth
oud voc, th t nthr th tt cks of fortun, nor t
h opnon of th muttud, nor p n, nor povrty, occ sons thm ny pprhns
ons; nd th t thy h v vrythng wthn thmsvs, nd th t thr s nothng
wh tvr whch thy consdr s good ut wh t s wthn thr own powr. Nor c
n I y ny m ns ow th s m prson who f s nto th vug r opnon of good
nd v to m k us of ths xprssons, whch c n ony com 175 gr t nd
x td m n. Struck wth whch gory, up st rts Epcurus, who, wth sumsson
to th Gods, thnks ws m n w ys h ppy. H s much ch rmd wth th dgnty
of ths opnon, ut h nvr woud h v ownd th t, h d h ttndd to hmsf
; for wh t s thr mor nconsstnt th n for on who coud s y th t p n w s t
h gr tst or th ony v to thnk so th t ws m n c n possy s y n t
h mdst of hs tortur, How swt s ths! W r not, thrfor, to form our j
udgmnt of phosophrs from dt chd sntncs, ut from thr consstncy wth
thmsvs, nd thr ordn ry m nnr of t kng.
XI. A. You comp m to  of your opnon; ut h v
onsstnt yoursf.

c r th t you r not nc

M. In wh t rspct?
A. Bc us I h v  ty r d your fourth ook on Good nd Ev: nd n th t you
pp rd to m, wh dsputng g nst C to, to  nd vorng to show, whch
n my opnon m ns to prov, th t Zno nd th Prp ttcs dffr ony out s
om nw words; ut f w ow th t, wh t r son c n thr , f t foows fro
m th rgumnts of Zno th t vrtu cont ns  th t s ncss ry to h ppy 
f, th t th Prp ttcs shoud not  t rty to s y th s m? For, n my o
pnon, rg rd shoud  h d to th thng, not to words.
M. Wh t! you woud convct m from my own words, nd rng g nst m wh t I h d
s d or wrttn swhr. You m y ct n th t m nnr wth thos who dsput y
st shd rus. W v from h nd to mouth, nd s y nythng th t strks ou
r mnd wth pro ty, so th t w r th ony pop who r r y t rt
y. But, snc I just now spok of consstncy, I do not thnk th nqury n th
s p c s, f th opnon of Zno nd hs pup Arsto  tru th t nothng s
good ut wh t s honor ; ut, dmttng th t, thn, whthr th who of h
ppy f c n  rstd on vrtu on. Whrfor, f w crt ny gr nt Brutus
ths, th t ws m n s w ys h ppy, how consstnt h s, s hs own usnss
; for who, ndd, s mor worthy th n hmsf of th gory of th t opnon? St
, w m y m nt n th t such m n s mor h ppy th n ny on s.
176XII. Though Zno th Ctt n, str ngr nd n nconsdr  conr of words
, pp rs to h v nsnu td hmsf nto th od phosophy; st, th prv 
nc of ths opnon s du to th uthorty of P to, who oftn m ks us of th
s xprsson, Th t nothng ut vrtu c n  nttd to th n m of good, gr 
y to wh t Socr ts s ys n P tos Gorg s; for t s thr r td th t whn som
 on skd hm f h dd not thnk Arch us th son of Prdcc s, who w s thn
ookd upon s most fortun t prson, vry h ppy m n, I do not know, rpd
h, for I nvr convrsd wth hm. Wh t! s thr no othr w y you c n know t y? N
on t . You c nnot, thn, pronounc of th gr t kng of th Prs ns whthr
h s h ppy or not? How c n I, whn I do not know how  rnd or how good
m n h
s? Wh t! do you m gn th t h ppy f dpnds on th t? My opnon ntry s,
th t good mn r h ppy, nd th wckd msr . Is Arch us, thn, msr ? C
rt ny, f unjust. Now, dos t not pp r to you th t h s hr p cng th w
ho of h ppy f n vrtu on? But wh t dos th s m m n s y n hs fun
r  or ton? For, s th h, whovr h s vrythng th t r ts to
h ppy f so
ntry dpndnt on hmsf s not to  connctd wth th good or  d fortun
 of nothr, nd not to  ffctd y, or m d n ny dgr uncrt n y, wh
t f s nothr; nd whovr s such on h s cqurd th st ru of vn
g; h s th t modr t, th t r v, th t ws m n, who sumts to th g n nd 
oss of vrythng, nd spc y of hs chdrn, nd oys th t od prcpt; f
or h w nvr  too joyfu or too s d, c us h dpnds ntry upon hms
f.
XIII. From P to, thrfor,  my dscours sh   dducd, s f from som
s crd nd h owd fount n. Whnc c n I, thn, mor propry gn th n from
N tur, th p rnt of ? For wh tsovr sh producs (I m not sp kng ony o
f nm s, ut vn of thos thngs whch h v sprung from th  rth n such m
nnr s to rst on thr own roots) sh dsgnd t to  prfct n ts rspc
tv knd. So th t mong trs nd vns, nd thos owr p nts nd trs whch
c nnot dv nc thmsvs 177hgh ov th  rth, som r vrgrn, othrs
r strppd of thr  vs n wntr, nd, w rmd y th sprng s son, put th
m out frsh, nd thr r non of thm ut wh t r so qucknd y crt n
ntror moton, nd thr own sds ncosd n vry on, so s to yd fow
rs, frut, or rrs, th t  m y h v vry prfcton th t ongs to t; pr
ovdd no vonc prvnts t. But th forc of N tur tsf m y  mor  s
y dscovrd n nm s, s sh h s stowd sns on thm. For som nm s sh
h s t ught to swm, nd dsgnd to  nh t nts of th w tr; othrs sh h s
n d to fy, nd h s wd th t thy shoud njoy th oundss r; som o

thrs sh h s m d to crp, othrs to w k. Ag n, of ths vry nm s, som
r sot ry, som grg rous, som wd, othrs t m, som hddn nd urd 
n th th  rth, nd vry on of ths m nt ns th  w of n tur, confnng 
tsf to wh t w s stowd on t, nd un  to ch ng ts m nnr of f. And
s vry nm  h s from n tur somthng th t dstngushs t, whch vry on
m nt ns nd nvr quts; so m n h s somthng f r mor xcnt, though vry
thng s s d to  xcnt y comp rson. But th hum n mnd, ng drvd f
rom th dvn r son, c n  comp rd wth nothng ut wth th Dty tsf, 
f I m y  owd th xprsson. Ths, thn, f t s mprovd, nd whn ts p
rcpton s so prsrvd s not to  ndd y rrors, coms prfct und
rst ndng, th t s to s y, sout r son, whch s th vry s m s vrtu. An
d f vrythng s h ppy whch w nts nothng, nd s compt nd prfct n ts
knd, nd th t s th pcu r ot of vrtu, crt ny  who r possssd o
f vrtu r h ppy. And n ths I gr wth Brutus, nd so wth Arstot, X
nocr ts, Spusppus, Pomon.
XI. To m such r th ony mn who pp r compty h ppy; for wh t c n h w
nt to compt h ppy f who rs on hs own good qu ts, or how c n h
 h ppy who dos not ry on thm? But h who m ks thrfod dvson of goo
ds must ncss ry  dffdnt, for how c n h dpnd on h vng
sound ody,
or th t hs fortun sh  contnu? But no on c n  h ppy wthout n mmov 
, fxd, nd prm nnt good. Wh t, 178thn, s ths opnon of thrs? So th t I
thnk th t s yng of th Sp rt n m y  ppd to thm, who, on som mrch nts
o stng for hm th t h h d dsp tchd shps to vry m rtm co st, rp
d th t fortun whch dpndd on rops w s not vry dsr . C n thr  n
y dout th t wh tvr m y  ost c nnot  propry c ssd n th numr of th
os thngs whch compt
h ppy f? for of  th t consttuts h ppy f
, nothng w dmt of wthrng, or growng od, or w rng out, or dc yng;
for whovr s pprhnsv of ny oss of ths thngs c nnot  h ppy: th h p
py m n shoud  s f, w fncd, w fortfd, out of th r ch of  nno
y nc, not k
m n undr trfng pprhnsons, ut fr from  such. As h
 s not c d nnocnt who ut sghty offnds, ut h who offnds not t 
, so t s h on who s to  consdrd wthout f r who s fr from  f
r, not h who s ut n tt f r. For wh t s s cour g ut n ffcton
of mnd th t s r dy to undrgo prs, nd p tnt n th ndur nc of p n n
d  or wthout ny oy of f r? Now, ths crt ny coud not  th c s f
thr wr nythng s good ut wh t dpndd on honsty on. But how c n n
y on  n posssson of th t dsr  nd much-covtd scurty (for I now c

frdom from nxty
scurty, on whch frdom h ppy f dpnds) who
h s, or m y h v, muttud of vs ttndng hm? How c n h  r v nd u
nd untd, nd hod vrythng s trfs whch c n f  m n? for so ws m
n shoud do, unss h  on who thnks th t vrythng dpnds on hmsf. Co
ud th L cdmon ns wthout ths, whn Php thr tnd to prvnt  thr t
tmpts, h v skd hm f h coud prvnt thr kng thmsvs? Is t not 
sr, thn, to fnd on m n of such sprt s w r nqurng ftr, th n to
mt wth who cty of such mn? Now, f to ths cour g I m sp kng of w
dd tmpr nc, th t t m y govrn  our fngs nd gt tons, wh t c n 
w ntng to compt hs h ppnss who s scurd y hs cour g from un snss
nd f r, nd s prvntd from mmodr t dsrs nd mmodr t nsonc of
joy y tmpr nc? I coud  sy show th t vrtu s  to 179produc ths 
ffcts, ut th t I h v xp nd on th forgong d ys.
X. But s th prtur tons of th mnd m k f msr , nd tr nquty r
ndrs t h ppy; nd s ths prtur tons r of two sorts, grf nd f r, pr
ocdng from m gnd vs, nd s mmodr t joy nd ust rs from mst k
 out wh t s good, nd s  ths fngs r n opposton to r son nd
couns; whn you s
m n t  s, qut fr nd dsng gd from such trou
som commotons, whch r so much t v r nc wth on nothr, c n you hst t
 to pronounc such on
h ppy m n? Now, th ws m n s w ys n such ds
poston; thrfor th ws m n s w ys h ppy. Bsds, vry good s p s n

t; wh tvr s p s nt m y  o std nd t kd of; wh tvr m y  o std of

s gorous; ut wh tvr s gorous s crt ny  ud , nd wh tvr s 
ud  doutss, so, honor : wh tvr, thn, s good s honor  (ut th
thngs whch thy rckon s goods thy thmsvs do not c  honor ); thr
for wh t s honor  on s good. Hnc t foows th t h ppy f s comp
rsd n honsty on. Such thngs, thn, r not to  c d or consdrd go
ods, whn m n m y njoy n und nc of thm, nd yt  most msr . Is th
r ny dout ut th t m n who njoys th st h th, nd who h s strngth n
d  uty, nd hs snss fourshng n thr utmost qucknss nd prfctonsupp
os hm kws, f you p s, nm nd ctv, n y, gv hm rchs, honors
, uthorty, powr, gorynow, I s y, shoud ths prson, who s n posssson of
 ths,  unjust, ntmpr t, tmd, stupd, or n dotcoud you hst t t
o c  such on msr ? Wh t, thn, r thos goods n th posssson of wh
ch you m y  vry msr ? Lt us s f h ppy f s not m d up of p rt
s of th s m n tur, s h p mps qu ntty of gr n of th s m knd. An
d f ths  onc dmttd, h ppnss must  compoundd of dffrnt good thng
s, whch on r honor ; f thr s ny mxtur of thngs of nothr sort
wth ths, nothng honor  c n procd from such composton: now, t k w
y honsty, nd how c n you m gn nythng h ppy? For wh tvr s good s dsr
 on th t ccount; wh tvr s dsr  180must crt ny  pprovd of; wh
tvr you pprov of must  ookd on s ccpt  nd wcom. You must cons
qunty mput dgnty to ths; nd f so, t must ncss ry   ud : th
rfor, vrythng th t s  ud  s good. Hnc t foows th t wh t s honor
 s th ony good. And shoud w not ook upon t n ths ght, thr w

gr t m ny thngs whch w must c  good.
XI. I for r to mnton rchs, whch, s ny on, t hm  vr so unworthy
, m y h v thm, I do not rckon mong goods; for wh t s good s not tt n 
y . I p ss ovr notorty nd popu r f m, r sd y th untd voc of k
n vs nd foos. Evn thngs whch r sout nothngs m y  c d goods; su
ch s wht tth, h ndsom ys,
good compxon, nd wh t w s commndd y E
uryc , whn sh w s w shng Uyssss ft, th softnss of hs skn nd th m
dnss of hs dscours. If you ook on ths s goods, wh t gr tr ncomums c
n th gr vty of phosophr  nttd to th n th wd opnon of th vug
r nd th thoughtss crowd? Th Stocs gv th n m of xcnt nd choc to
wh t th othrs c  good: thy c  thm so, ndd; ut thy do not ow th
m to compt
h ppy f. But ths othrs thnk th t thr s no f h ppy w
thout thm; or, dmttng t to  h ppy, thy dny t to  th most h ppy. Bu
t our opnon s, th t t s th most h ppy; nd w prov t from th t concuso
n of Socr ts. For thus th t uthor of phosophy rgud: th t s th dsposto
n of m ns mnd s, so s th m n; such s th m n s, such w  hs dscours
; hs ctons w corrspond wth hs dscours, nd hs f wth hs ctons
. But th dsposton of good m ns mnd s  ud ; th f, thrfor, of
good m n s  ud ; t s honor , thrfor, c us  ud ; th un vod
 concuson from whch s th t th f of good mn s h ppy. For, good Gods!
dd I not m k t pp r, y my formr rgumntsor w s I ony musng mysf nd
kng tm n wh t I thn s d?th t th mnd of ws m n w s w ys fr fro
m vry h sty moton whch I c  prtur ton, nd th t th most undsturd
p c w ys rgnd n hs r st? A m n, thn, who s tmpr t nd consstnt
, fr from f r or 181grf, nd unnfuncd y ny mmodr t joy or dsr,
c nnot  othrws th n h ppy; ut
ws m n s w ys so, thrfor h s w
ys h ppy. Morovr, how c n good m n vod rfrrng  hs ctons nd 
hs fngs to th on st nd rd of whthr or not t s  ud ? But h dos r
fr vrythng to th ojct of vng h ppy: t foows, thn, th t h ppy
f s  ud ; ut nothng s  ud  wthout vrtu: h ppy f, thn, s
th consqunc of vrtu. And ths s th un vod  concuson to  dr wn f
rom ths rgumnts.
XII. A wckd f h s nothng whch w ought to sp k of or gory n; nor h s
th t f whch s nthr h ppy nor msr . But thr s knd of f th t

dmts of ng spokn of, nd gord n,

nd o std of, s Ep mnond s s th

Th wngs of Sp rt s prd my counss cppd.

And Afrc nus o sts,
Who, from yond Mots to th p c
Whr th sun rss, dds k mn c n tr c?
If, thn, thr s such
thng s h ppy f, t s to  gord n, spokn
of, nd commndd y th prson who njoys t; for thr s nothng xcptng th
t whch c n  spokn of or gord n; nd whn th t s onc dmttd, you kno
w wh t foows. Now, unss n honor  f s h ppy f, thr must, of co
urs,  somthng prfr  to h ppy f; for th t whch s honor   m
n w crt ny gr nt to  prfr  to nythng s. And thus thr w 
 somthng ttr th n h ppy f: ut wh t c n  mor surd th n such n
ssrton? Wh t! whn thy gr nt vc to  ffctu  to th rndrng f msr
, must thy not dmt th t thr s corrspondng powr n vrtu to m k
f h ppy? For contr rs foow from contr rs. And hr I sk wh t wght th
y thnk thr s n th   nc of Crto us, who h vng put th goods of th m
nd nto on sc , nd th goods of th ody nd othr xtrn  dv nt gs nto
th othr, thought th goods of th mnd outwghd th othrs so f r th t thy
woud rqur th who  rth nd s to qu z th sc .
182XIII. Wh t hndrs Crto us, thn, or th t gr vst of phosophrs, Xnocr
ts (who r ss vrtu so hgh, nd who ssns nd dprc ts vrythng s)
, from not ony p cng
h ppy f, ut th h ppst poss f, n vrtu?
And, ndd, f ths wr not th c s, vrtu woud  souty ost. For wh
ovr s sujct to grf must ncss ry  sujct to f r too, for f r s
n un sy pprhnson of futur grf; nd whovr s sujct to f r s  
to dr d, tmdty, constrn ton, cow rdc. Thrfor, such
prson m y, som
tm or othr,  df td, nd not thnk hmsf concrnd wth th t prcpt o
f Atrus,
And t mn so conduct thmsvs n f,
As to  w ys str ngrs to df t.
But such m n, s I h v s d, w  df td; nd not ony df td, ut m d

s v of. But w woud h v vrtu w ys fr, w ys nvnc; nd wr
t not so, thr woud  n nd of vrtu. But f vrtu h s n hrsf  th
t s ncss ry for
good f, sh s crt ny suffcnt for h ppnss: vrtu
 s crt ny suffcnt, too, for our vng wth cour g; f wth cour g, th
n wth m gn nmous sprt, nd ndd so s nvr to  undr ny f r, nd t
hus to  w ys nvnc. Hnc t foows th t thr c n  nothng to  r
pntd of, no w nts, no ts or hndr ncs. Thus  thngs w  prosprous,
prfct, nd s you woud h v thm, nd, consqunty, h ppy; ut vrtu s su
ffcnt for vng wth cour g, nd thrfor vrtu s  y hrsf to m k
 f h ppy. For s foy, vn whn possssd of wh t t dsrs, nvr thnks
t h s cqurd nough, so wsdom s w ys s tsfd wth th prsnt, nd nv
r rpnts on hr own ccount.
XIX. Look ut on th sng consushp of Lus, nd th t, too, ftr h vng n
st sd (though whn ws nd good m n k hm s outvotd, th pop r
ds ppontd of
good consu, r thr th n  ds ppontd y v n pop); 
ut th pont s, woud you prfr, wr t n your powr, to  onc such cons
u s Lus, or  ctd four tms, k Cnn ? I h v no dout n th word w
h t nswr you w m k, nd t s on th t ccount I put th quston to you.
183I woud not sk vry on ths quston;
t h woud not ony prfr four consu ts
f to who gs of m ny f mous mn. Lus
ny on wth hs fngr; ut Cnn ordrd

for som on prh ps mght nswr th

to on, ut vn on d y of Cnn s 
woud h v suffrd h d h ut touchd
th h d of hs co gu consu, Cn

. Oct vus, to  struck off; nd put to d th P. Cr ssus58, nd L. Cs r59, thos

xcnt mn, so rnownd oth t hom nd ro d; nd vn M. Antonus60, th
gr tst or tor whom I vr h rd; nd C. Cs r, who sms to m to h v n th
p ttrn of hum nty, potnss, swtnss of tmpr, nd wt. Coud h, thn,
 h ppy who occ sond th d th of ths mn? So f r from t, th t h sms to
 msr , not ony for h vng prformd ths ctons, ut so for ctng
n such m nnr th t t w s  wfu for hm to do t, though t s un wfu for
ny on to do wckd ctons; ut ths procds from n ccur cy, of spch, for
w c  wh tvr m n s owd to do  wfu. W s not M rus h ppr, I pr y y
ou, whn h sh rd th gory of th vctory g nd ovr th Cmr ns wth hs c
o gu C tuus (who w s most nothr Lus; for I ook upon th two mn s v
ry k on nothr), th n whn, conquror n th cv w r, h n p sson ns
wrd th frnds of C tuus, who wr ntrcdng for hm, Lt hm d? And ths
nswr h g v, not onc ony, ut oftn. But n such c s, h w s h ppr who
sumttd to th t  r rous dcr th n h who ssud t. And t s ttr to r
cv n njury th n to do on; nd so t w s ttr to dv nc
tt to m
t th t d th th t w s m kng ts ppro chs, s C tuus dd, th n, k M rus,
to suy th gory of sx consushps, nd dsgr c hs  ttr d ys, y th d t
h of such m n.
XX. Donysus xrcsd hs tyr nny ovr th Syr cus ns thrty-ght y rs, n
g ut twnty-fv y rs od 184whn h szd on th govrnmnt. How  utfu
nd how w thy cty dd h opprss wth s vry! And yt w h v t from good
uthorty th t h w s rm rk y tmpr t n hs m nnr of vng, th t h w s
vry ctv nd nrgtc n c rryng on usnss, ut n tur y mschvous nd
unjust; from whch dscrpton vry on who dgnty nqurs nto truth mus
t nvt y s th t h w s vry msr . Nthr dd h tt n wh t h so gr
 ty dsrd, vn whn h w s prsu dd th t h h d unmtd powr; for, notw
thst ndng h w s of good f my nd rput  p rnts (though th t s conts
td y som uthors), nd h d vry  rg cqu nt nc of ntm t frnds nd
r tons, nd so som youths tt chd to hm y ts of ov ftr th f sho
n of th Grks, h coud not trust ny on of thm, ut commttd th gu rd of
hs prson to s vs, whom h h d sctd from rch mns f ms nd m d fr,
nd to str ngrs nd  r r ns. And thus, through n unjust dsr of govrnn
g, h n m nnr shut hmsf up n prson. Bsds, h woud not trust hs t
hro t to  rr, ut h d hs d ughtrs t ught to sh v; so th t ths roy  v
rgns wr forcd to dscnd to th  s nd s vsh mpoymnt of sh vng th h
 d nd  rd of thr f thr. Nor woud h trust vn thm, whn thy wr grow
n up, wth r zor; ut contrvd how thy mght urn off th h r of hs h d
nd  rd wth rd-hot nutshs. And s to hs two wvs, Arstom ch, hs count
rywom n, nd Dors of Locrs, h nvr vstd thm t nght for vrythng h
d n w s rchd nd x mnd. And s h h d surroundd th p c whr hs
d w s wth ro d dtch, nd m d
w y ovr t wth woodn rdg, h dr
w th t rdg ovr ftr shuttng hs dch mr door. And s h dd not d r to
st nd on th ordn ry pupts from whch thy usu y h r ngud th pop, h
gnr y ddrssd thm from
hgh towr. And t s s d th t whn h w s dsp
osd to p y t  for h dghtd much n t nd h d pud off hs coths, h
usd to gv hs sword nto th kpng of young m n whom h w s vry fond of.
On ths, on of hs ntm ts s d p s nty, You crt ny trust your f wt
h hm; nd s th young m n h ppnd to sm t ths, h ordrd thm oth to 
s n, 185th on for showng how h mght  t kn off, th othr for pprovn
g of wh t h d n s d y smng. But h w s so concrnd t wh t h h d don
th t nothng ffctd hm mor durng hs who f; for h h d s n on to wh
om h w s xtrmy p rt . Thus do w k mns dsrs pu thm dffrnt w ys,
nd wh thy ndug on, thy ct countr to nothr.
XXI. Ths tyr nt, howvr, showd hmsf how h ppy h r y w s; for onc, wh
n D mocs, on of hs f ttrrs, w s d tng n convrs ton on hs forcs, h
s w th, th gr tnss of hs powr, th pnty h njoyd, th gr ndur of h
s roy  p  cs, nd m nt nng th t no on w s vr h ppr, H v you n ncn

ton, s d h, D mocs, s ths knd of f p ss you, to h v

t st of t
yoursf, nd to m k
tr  of th good fortun th t ttnds m? And whn h s
d th t h shoud k t xtrmy, Donysus ordrd hm to   d on d o
f god wth th most  utfu covrng, mrodrd nd wrought wth th most 
xqust work, nd h drssd out gr t m ny sdo rds wth svr nd moss
d god. H thn ordrd som youths, dstngushd for thr h ndsom prsons,
to w t t hs t , nd to osrv hs nod, n ordr to srv hm wth wh t h
w ntd. Thr wr ontmnts nd g r nds; prfums wr urnd; t s provd
d wth th most xqust m ts. D mocs thought hmsf vry h ppy. In th md
st of ths pp r tus, Donysus ordrd
rght sword to  t down from th c
ng, suspndd y sng hors-h r, so s to h ng ovr th h d of th t h
ppy m n. Aftr whch h nthr c st hs y on thos h ndsom w trs, nor on t
h w-wrought p t; nor touchd ny of th provsons: prsnty th g r nds
f to pcs. At  st h ntr td th tyr nt to gv hm  v to go, for th
t now h h d no dsr to  h ppy61. Dos not Donysus, thn, sm to h v d
c rd thr c n  no h ppnss for on who s undr const nt pprhnsons? Bu
t t w s not now n hs powr 186to rturn to justc, nd rstor hs ctzns
thr rghts nd prvgs; for, y th ndscrton of youth, h h d ng gd 
n so m ny wrong stps nd commttd such xtr v g ncs, th t, h d h ttmptd t
o h v rturnd to
rght w y of thnkng, h must h v nd ngrd hs f.
XXII. Yt, how dsrous h w s of frndshp, though t th s m tm h dr dd
th tr chry of frnds, pp rs from th story of thos two Pyth gor ns: on
of ths h d n scurty for hs frnd, who w s condmnd to d; th othr,
to r s hs scurty, prsntd hmsf t th tm ppontd for hs dyng:
I wsh, s d Donysus, you woud dmt m s th thrd n your frndshp. Wh t m
sry w s t for hm to  dprvd of cqu nt nc, of comp ny t hs t , nd
of th frdom of convrs ton! spc y for on who w s m n of  rnng,
nd from hs chdhood cqu ntd wth r  rts, vry fond of musc, nd hms
f tr gc pothow good on s not to th purpos, for I know not how t s,
ut n ths w y, mor th n ny othr, vry on thnks hs own prform ncs xc
nt. I nvr s yt knw ny pot ( nd I w s vry ntm t wth Aqunus), who
dd not pp r to hmsf to  vry dmr . Th c s s ths: you r p s
d wth your own works; I k mn. But to rturn to Donysus. H d rrd hm
sf from  cv nd pot convrs ton, nd spnt hs f mong fugtvs,
ondmn, nd  r r ns; for h w s prsu dd th t no on coud  hs frnd w
ho w s worthy of rty, or h d th  st dsr of ng fr.
XXIII. Sh  I not, thn, prfr th f of P to nd Archyt s, m nfsty ws
nd  rnd mn, to hs, th n whch nothng c n possy  mor horrd, or ms
r , or dtst ?
I w prsnt you wth n hum nd oscur m thm tc n of th s m cty, c
d Archmds, who vd m ny y rs ftr; whos tom, ovrgrown wth shrus
nd rrs, I n my qustorshp dscovrd, whn th Syr cus ns knw nothng of t,
nd vn dnd th t thr w s ny such thng rm nng; for I rmmrd som
vrss, whch I h d n nformd wr ngr vd on hs monumnt, nd ths st f
orth th t on th top of th tom 187thr w s p cd sphr wth cyndr. W
hn I h d c rfuy x mnd  th monumnts (for thr r
gr t m ny toms
t th g t Achr dn), I osrvd
sm  coumn st ndng out
tt ov th
rrs, wth th fgur of sphr nd cyndr upon t; whrupon I mmd
ty s d to th Syr cus nsfor thr wr som of thr prncp  mn wth m th
rth t I m gnd th t w s wh t I w s nqurng for. Svr  mn, ng snt n w
th scyths, c rd th w y, nd m d n opnng for us. Whn w coud gt t 
t, nd wr com n r to th front of th pdst , I found th nscrpton, tho
ugh th  ttr p rts of  th vrss wr ff cd most h f w y. Thus on o
f th nost cts of Grc, nd on whch t on tm kws h d n vry
cr td for  rnng, h d known nothng of th monumnt of ts gr tst gn
us, f t h d not n dscovrd to thm y n tv of Arpnum. But to rturn
to th sujct from whch I h v n dgrssng. Who s thr n th  st dgr

 cqu ntd wth th Muss, th t s, wth r  knowdg, or th t d s t

 n  rnng, who woud not choos to  ths m thm tc n r thr th n th t
tyr nt? If w ook nto thr mthods of vng nd thr mpoymnts, w sh 
fnd th mnd of th on strngthnd nd mprovd wth tr cng th dductons o
f r son, musd wth hs own ngnuty, whch s th on most dcous food of
th mnd; th thoughts of th othr ng gd n contnu  murdrs nd njurs,
n const nt f rs y nght nd y d y. Now m gn
Dmocrtus, Pyth gor s,
nd n An x gor s; wh t kngdom, wh t rchs, woud you prfr to thr studs
nd musmnts? For you must ncss ry ook for th t xcnc whch w r s
kng for n th t whch s th most prfct p rt of m n; ut wh t s thr tt
r n m n th n s g cous nd good mnd? Th njoymnt, thrfor, of th t good
whch procds from th t s g cous mnd c n on m k us h ppy; ut vrtu s t
h good of th mnd: t foows, thrfor, th t h ppy f dpnds on vrtu.
Hnc procd  thngs th t r  utfu, honor , nd xcnt, s I s 
d ov (ut ths pont must, I thnk,  tr td of mor t  rg), nd thy r
 w stord wth joys. For, s t s c r th t h ppy f conssts n prp
tu  nd unxh ustd 188p surs, t foows, too, th t h ppy f must rs
from honsty.
XXI. But th t wh t I propos to dmonstr t to you m y not rst on mr words o
ny, I must st for you th pctur of somthng, s t wr, vng nd mov
ng n th word, th t m y dspos us mor for th mprovmnt of th undrst nd
ng nd r  knowdg. Lt us, thn, ptch upon som m n prfcty cqu ntd w
th th most xcnt rts; t us prsnt hm for wh to our own thoughts,
nd fgur hm to our own m gn tons. In th frst p c, h must ncss ry 
 of n xtr ordn ry c p cty; for vrtu s not  sy connctd wth du mn
ds. Scondy, h must h v
gr t dsr of dscovrng truth, from whnc w
rs th t thrfod producton of th mnd; on of whch dpnds on knowng th
ngs, nd xp nng n tur; th othr, n dfnng wh t w ought to dsr nd
wh t to vod; th thrd, n judgng of consquncs nd mpossts, n wh
ch conssts oth sutty n dsputng nd so c rnss of judgmnt. Now, wth
wh t p sur must th mnd of ws m n  ffctd whch contnu y dws
n th mdst of such c rs nd occup tons s ths, whn h vws th rvouto
ns nd motons of th who word, nd ss thos nnumr  st rs n th h v
ns, whch, though fxd n thr p cs, h v yt on moton n common wth th
who unvrs, nd osrvs th svn othr st rs, som hghr, som owr,  c
h m nt nng thr own cours, wh thr motons, though w ndrng, h v crt
n dfnd nd ppontd sp cs to run through! th sght of whch doutss ur
gd nd ncour gd thos ncnt phosophrs to xrcs thr nvstg tng sp
rt on m ny othr thngs. Hnc ros n nqury ftr th gnnngs, nd, s
t wr, sds from whch  thngs wr producd nd composd; wh t w s th or
gn of vry knd of thng, whthr nm t or n nm t, rtcu ty sp kng
or mut; wh t occ sond thr gnnng nd nd, nd y wh t tr ton nd ch
ng on thng w s convrtd nto nothr; whnc th  rth orgn td, nd y w
h t wghts t w s   ncd; y wh t c vrns th s s wr suppd; y wh t gr
vty  thngs ng c rrd down tnd w ys to th mdd of th word, whch
n ny round ody s th owst p c.
189XX. A mnd mpoyd on such sujcts, nd whch nght nd d y contmp ts t
hm, cont ns n tsf th t prcpt of th Dphc God, so s to know tsf, nd
to prcv ts conncton wth th dvn r son, from whnc t s fd wt
h n ns t  joy. For rfctons on th powr nd n tur of th Gods r s 
n us dsr of mt tng thr trnty. Nor dos th mnd, th t ss th nc
ss ry dpndncs nd connctons th t on c us h s wth nothr, thnk t poss
 th t t shoud  tsf confnd to th shortnss of ths f. Thos c us
s, though thy procd from trnty to trnty, r govrnd y r son nd un
drst ndng. And h who hods thm nd x mns thm, or r thr h whos vw
t ks n  th p rts nd ound rs of thngs, wth wh t tr nquty of mnd
dos h ook on  hum n ff rs, nd on  th t s n rr hm! Hnc procds
th knowdg of vrtu; hnc rs th knds nd spcs of vrtus; hnc r

 dscovrd thos thngs whch n tur rg rds s th ounds nd xtrmts of
good nd v; y ths t s dscovrd to wh t  duts ought to  rfrrd,
nd whch s th most g m nnr of f. And whn ths nd sm r pont
s h v n nvstg td, th prncp  consqunc whch s dducd from thm,
nd th t whch s our m n ojct n ths dscusson, s th st shmnt of th
 pont, th t vrtu s of tsf suffcnt to h ppy f.
Th thrd qu fc ton of our ws m n s th nxt to  consdrd, whch gos
through nd spr ds tsf ovr vry p rt of wsdom; t s th t whry w df
n  ch p rtcu r thng, dstngush th gnus from ts spcs, connct cons
quncs, dr w just concusons, nd dstngush truth from f shood, whch s t
h vry rt nd scnc of dsputng; whch s not ony of th gr tst us n t
h x mn ton of wh t p sss n th word, ut s kws th most r ton  n
trt nmnt, nd th t whch s most comng to tru wsdom. Such r ts ffct
s n rtrmnt. Now, t our ws m n  consdrd s protctng th rpuc;
wh t c n  mor xcnt th n such
ch r ctr? By hs prudnc h w dsco
vr th tru ntrsts of hs fow-ctzns; y hs justc h w  prvnt
d from ppyng wh t ongs to th puc to hs own us; nd, n short, h w
  vr govrnd y  th 190vrtus, whch r m ny nd v rous. To ths
t us dd th dv nt g of hs frndshps; n whch th  rnd rckon not on
y n tur  h rmony nd grmnt of sntmnts throughout th conduct of f,
ut th utmost p sur nd s tsf cton n convrsng nd p ssng our tm cons
f s ths to m k t m
t nty wth on nothr. Wh t c n  w ntng to such
or h ppy th n t s? Fortun hrsf must yd to f stord wth such joys
. Now, f t 
h ppnss to rjoc n such goods of th mnd, th t s to s y
, n such vrtus, nd f  ws mn njoy thoroughy ths p surs, t must
ncss ry  gr ntd th t  such r h ppy.
XXI. A. Wh t, whn n tormnts nd on th r ck?
M. Do you m gn I m sp kng of hm s  d on ross nd vots? Is t ow
 vn for Epcurus (who ony puts on th pp r nc of ng phosophr,
nd who hmsf ssumd th t n m for hmsf) to s y (though, s m ttrs st nd,
I commnd hm for hs s yng) th t ws m n mght t  tms cry out, thoug
h h  urnd, torturd, cut to pcs, How tt I rg rd t! Sh  ths  s 
d y on who dfns  v s p n, nd m surs vry good y p sur; who
coud rdcu wh tvr w c  thr honor  or  s, nd coud dc r of u
s th t w wr mpoyd out words, nd uttrng mr mpty sounds; nd th t no
thng s to  rg rdd y us ut s t s prcvd to  smooth or rough y th
 ody? Wh t! sh  such m n s ths, s I s d, whos undrst ndng s tt
supror to th  sts,  t rty to forgt hmsf; nd not ony to dsps
fortun, whn th who of hs good nd v s n th powr of fortun, ut to
s y th t h s h ppy n th most r ckng tortur, whn h h d ctu y dc rd
p n to  not ony th gr tst v, ut th ony on? Nor dd h t k ny tr
ou to provd hmsf wth thos rmds whch mght h v n d hm to 
r p n, such s frmnss of mnd, sh m of dong nythng  s, xrcs, nd
th h t of p tnc, prcpts of cour g, nd
m ny h rdnss; ut h s ys t
h t h supports hmsf on th sng rcocton of p st p surs, s f ny
on, whn th w thr w s so hot s th t h w s sc rcy  to  r t, shoud
comfort hmsf y rcoctng th t h w s onc n my country, 191Arpnum, wh
r h w s surroundd on vry sd y coong str ms. For I do not pprhnd ho
w p st p surs c n  y prsnt vs. But whn h s ys th t ws m n s 
w ys h ppy who woud h v no rght to s y so f h wr consstnt wth hmsf,
wh t m y thy not do who ow nothng to  dsr , nothng to  ookd on
s good ut wh t s honor ? Lt, thn, th Prp ttcs nd Od Ac dmcs fo
ow my x mp, nd t ngth  v off muttrng to thmsvs; nd opny nd
wth c r voc t thm  od to s y th t h ppy f m y not  ncons
stnt wth th gons of Ph  rss u.
XXII. But to dsmss th sutts of th Stocs, whch I m sns I h v 

mpoyd mor th n w s ncss ry, t us dmt of thr knds of goods; nd t t
hm r y  knds of goods, provdd no rg rd s h d to th ody nd to xtr
n  crcumst ncs, s nttd to th pp ton of good n ny othr sns th
n c us w r ogd to us thm: ut t thos othr dvn goods spr d th
msvs f r n vry drcton, nd r ch th vry h vns. Why, thn, m y I no
t c  hm h ppy, n y, th h ppst of mn, who h s tt nd thm? Sh  ws
m n  fr d of p n? whch s, ndd, th gr tst nmy to our opnon. For
I m prsu dd th t w r prp rd nd fortfd suffcnty, y th dsput t
ons of th forgong d ys, g nst our own d th or th t of our frnds, g nst
grf, nd th othr prtur tons of th mnd. But p n sms to  th sh rp
st dvrs ry of vrtu; th t t s whch mn cs us wth urnng torchs; th t 
t s whch thr tns to crush our forttud, nd gr tnss of mnd, nd p tnc
. Sh  vrtu, thn, yd to ths? Sh  th h ppy f of
ws nd consst
nt m n succum to ths? Good. Gods! how  s woud ths ! Sp rt n oys w 
r to h v thr ods torn y rods wthout uttrng gro n. I mysf h v s
n t L cdmon troops of young mn, wth ncrd  rnstnss contndng togth
r wth thr h nds nd ft, wth thr tth nd n s, n y, vn r dy to xp
r, r thr th n own thmsvs conqurd. Is ny country of  r r ns mor unc
vzd or dso t th n Ind ? Yt thy h v mong thm som th t r hd for
ws mn, who nvr w r ny coths  thr f ong, nd who  r th 192sn
ow of C uc sus, nd th prcng cod of wntr, wthout ny p n; nd who f th
y com n cont ct wth fr ndur ng urnd wthout gro n. Th womn, too
, n Ind , on th d th of thr hus nds h v
rgu r contst, nd ppy to
th judg to h v t dtrmnd whch of thm w s st ovd y hm; for t s
custom ry thr for on m n to h v m ny wvs. Sh n whos f vor t s dtrm
nd xuts gr ty, nd ng ttndd y hr r tons, s  d on th funr 
p wth hr hus nd; th othrs, who r postpond, w k w y vry much djc
td. Custom c n nvr  supror to n tur, for n tur s nvr to  got th 
ttr of. But our mnds r nfctd y soth nd dnss, nd uxury, nd  ng
uor, nd ndonc: w h v nrv td thm y opnons nd  d customs. Who s t
hr who s un cqu ntd wth th customs of th Egypt ns? Thr mnds ng t
ntd y prncous opnons, thy r r dy to  r ny tortur r thr th n hur
t n s,
sn k, c t,
dog, or
crocod; nd shoud ny on n dvrtnt
y h v hurt ny of ths nm s, h w sumt to ny punshmnt. I m sp k
ng of mn ony. As to th  sts, do thy not  r cod nd hungr, runnng ou
t n woods, nd on mount ns nd dsrts? W thy not fght for thr young on
s t thy r woundd? Ar thy fr d of ny tt cks or ows? I mnton not
wh t th mtous w suffr for honors s k, or thos who r dsrous of pr
s on ccount of gory, or ovrs to gr tfy thr ust. Lf s fu of such 
nst ncs.
XXIII. But t us not dw too much on ths qustons, ut r thr t us rtu
rn to our sujct. I s y, nd s y g n, th t h ppnss w sumt vn to  t
ormntd; nd th t n pursut of justc, nd tmpr nc, nd st mor spc
y nd prncp y forttud, nd gr tnss of sou, nd p tnc, t w not
stop short t sght of th xcutonr; nd whn  othr vrtus procd c m
y to th tortur, th t on w nvr h t, s I s d, on th outsd nd thrsh
od of th prson; for wh t c n   sr, wh t c n c rry
wors pp r nc, th
n to  ft on, sp r td from thos  utfu ttnd nts? Not, howvr, th
t ths s y ny m ns poss; for nthr c n th vrtus hod togthr wtho
ut h ppnss, nor h ppnss 193wthout th vrtus; so th t thy w not suffr
hr to dsrt thm, ut w c rry hr ong wth thm, to wh tvr tormnts, t
o wh tvr p n thy r d. For t s th pcu r qu ty of ws m n to do
nothng th t h m y rpnt of, nothng g nst hs ncn ton, ut w ys to
ct noy, wth const ncy, gr vty, nd honsty; to dpnd on nothng s crt nt
y; to wondr t nothng, whn t f s out, s f t pp rd str ng nd unxp
ctd to hm; to  ndpndnt of vry on, nd d y hs own opnon. For m
y p rt, I c nnot form n d of nythng h ppr th n ths. Th concuson of t
h Stocs s ndd  sy; for snc thy r prsu dd th t th nd of good s t
o v gr y to n tur, nd to  consstnt wth th t s ws m n shoud do

so, not ony c us t s hs duty, ut c us t s n hs
ours, foow th t whovr h s th chf good n hs powr h s
too. And thus th f of
ws m n s w ys h ppy. You h v
m y  confdnty s d of
h ppy f; nd s thngs now st
so, unss you c n dv nc somthng ttr.

powrt must, of c
hs h ppnss so
hr wh t I thnk
nd, vry truy 

XXIX. A. Indd I c nnot; ut I shoud  g d to prv  on you, unss t s t

rousom ( s you r undr no confnmnt from og tons to ny p rtcu r s
ct, ut g thr from  of thm wh tvr strks you most s h vng th pp r
nc of pro ty), s you just now smd to dvs th Prp ttcs nd th O
d Ac dmy ody to sp k out wthout rsrv, th t ws mn r w ys th h pp
stI shoud  g d to h r how you thnk t consstnt for thm to s y so, whn
you h v s d so much g nst th t opnon, nd th concusons of th Stocs.
M. I w m k us, thn, of th t rty whch no on h s th prvg of usn
g n phosophy ut thos of our schoo, whos dscourss dtrmn nothng, ut
t k n vrythng,  vng thm unsupportd y th uthorty of ny p rtcu r
prson, to  judgd of y othrs, ccordng to thr wght. And s you sm d
srous of knowng how t s th t, notwthst ndng th dffrnt opnons of ph
osophrs wth rg rd to th nds of goods, vrtu h s st suffcnt scurty
for th ffctng of
h ppy fwhch scurty, s w r nformd, C rn ds u
sd ndd to dsput g nst; ut h dsputd s g nst th 194Stocs, whos o
pnons h com td wth gr t z  nd vhmnc. I, howvr, sh  h nd th
quston wth mor tmpr; for f th Stocs h v rghty sttd th nds of go
ods, th ff r s t n nd; for ws m n must ncss ry  w ys h ppy. B
ut t us x mn, f w c n, th p rtcu r opnons of th othrs, th t so th
s xcnt dcson, f I m y so c  t, n f vor of h ppy f, m y  gr
  to th opnons nd dscpn of .
XXX. Ths, thn, r th opnons, s I thnk, th t r hd nd dfnddth fr
st four r smp ons: th t nothng s good ut wh t s honst, ccordng to th
Stocs; nothng good ut p sur, s Epcurus m nt ns; nothng good ut
frd
om from p n, s Hronymus62 ssrts; nothng good ut n njoymnt of th prnc
p , or , or th gr tst goods of n tur, s C rn ds m nt nd g nst th
Stocsths r smp, th othrs r mxd propostons. Thn thr r thr
knds of goods: th gr tst ng thos of th mnd; th nxt st thos of th
ody; th thrd r xtrn  goods, s th Prp ttcs c  thm, nd th Od
Ac dmcs dffr vry tt from thm. Dnom chus63 nd C pho64 h v coupd
p sur wth honsty; ut Dodorus65 th Prp ttc h s jond ndonc to h
onsty. Ths r th opnons th t h v som footng; for thos of Arsto,66 Py
rrho,67 Hrus,68 nd of som othrs, r qut out of d t. Now t us s wh
t wght ths mn h v n 195thm, xcptng th Stocs, whos opnon I thnk
I h v suffcnty dfndd; nd ndd I h v xp nd wh t th Prp ttcs
h v to s y; xcptng th t Thophr stus, nd thos who foowd hm, dr d nd
hor p n n too w k m nnr. Th othrs m y go on to x ggr t th gr vty
nd dgnty of vrtu, s usu ; nd thn, ftr thy h v xtod t to th s
ks, wth th usu  xtr v g nc of good or tors, t s  sy to rduc th oth
r topcs to nothng y comp rson, nd to hod thm up to contmpt. Thy who th
nk th t pr s dsrvs to  sought ftr, vn t th xpns of p n, r not
t rty to dny thos mn to  h ppy who h v ot nd t. Though thy m y
 undr som vs, yt ths n m of h ppy h s vry wd ppc ton.
XXXI. For vn s tr dng s s d to  ucr tv, nd f rmng dv nt gous, not
c us th on nvr mts wth ny oss, nor th othr wth ny d m g from t
h ncmncy of th w thr, ut c us thy succd n gnr ; so f m y 
 propry c d h ppy, not from ts ng ntry m d up of good thngs, ut
c us t ounds wth ths to gr t nd consdr  dgr. By ths w y o
f r sonng, thn,
h ppy f m y ttnd vrtu vn to th momnt of xcuto
n; n y, m y dscnd wth hr nto Ph  rss u, ccordng to Arstot, Xnocr
ts, Spusppus, Pomon; nd w not  g nd ovr y ny urmnts to fors

k hr. Of th s m opnon w C phon nd Dodorus ; for thy r oth o
f thm such frnds to vrtu s to thnk th t  thngs shoud  dsc rdd n
d f r rmovd th t r ncomp t wth t. Th rst sm to  mor h mprd w
th ths doctrns, ut yt thy gt c r of thm; such s Epcurus, Hronymu
s, nd whovr s thnks t worth wh to dfnd th dsrtd C rn ds: for
thr s not on of thm who dos not thnk th mnd to  judg of thos goods,
nd  suffcnty to nstruct hm how to dsps wh t h s th pp r nc on
y of good or v. For wh t sms to you to  th c s wth Epcurus s th c
s so wth Hronymus nd C rn ds, nd, ndd, wth  th rst of thm; f
or who s thr who s not suffcnty prp rd g nst d th nd p n? I w
gn, wth your  v, wth hm whom w c  soft nd vouptuous. Wh t! 196dos
h sm, to you to  fr d of d th or p n whn h c s th d y of hs d t
h h ppy; nd who, whn h s ffctd y th gr tst p ns, sncs thm 
y rcoctng rgumnts of hs own dscovrng? And ths s not don n such
m nnr s to gv room for m gnng th t h t ks thus wdy from som suddn
mpus; ut hs opnon of d th s, th t on th dssouton of th nm  
sns s ost; nd wh t s dprvd of sns s, s h thnks, wh t w h v no
concrn t  wth. And s to p n, too, h h s crt n rus to foow thn: 
f t  gr t, th comfort s th t t must  short; f t  of ong contnu nc
, thn t must  support . Wh t, thn? Do thos gr ndoqunt gntmn st
t nythng ttr th n Epcurus n opposton to ths two thngs whch dstrs
s us th most? And s to othr thngs, do not Epcurus nd th rst of th pho
sophrs sm suffcnty prp rd? Who s thr who dos not dr d povrty? And
yt no tru phosophr vr c n dr d t.
XXXII. But wth how tt s ths m n hmsf s tsfd! No on h s s d mor o
n frug ty. For whn
m n s f r rmovd from thos thngs whch occ son d
sr of mony, from ov, mton, or othr d y xtr v g nc, why shoud h 
 fond of mony, or concrn hmsf t  out t? Coud th Scyth n An ch rs
s69 dsrg rd mony, nd sh  not our phosophrs   to do so? W r n
formd of n pst of hs n ths words: An ch rss to H nno, grtng. My co
thng s th s m s th t wth whch th Scyth ns covr thmsvs; th h rdns
s of my ft supps th w nt of shos; th ground s my d, hungr my s uc,
my food mk, chs, nd fsh. So you m y com to m s to
m n n w nt of no
thng. But s to thos prsnts you t k so much p sur n, you m y dspos of
thm to your own ctzns, or to th mmort  Gods. And most  phosophrs,
of  schoos, xcptng thos who r w rpd 197from rght r son y vcou
s dsposton, mght h v n of ths s m opnon. Socr ts, whn on on occ s
on h s w gr t qu ntty of god nd svr c rrd n procsson, crd ou
t, How m ny thngs r thr whch I do not w nt! Xnocr ts, whn som m ss dor
s from Ax ndr h d rought hm ffty t nts, whch w s vry  rg sum of mo
ny n thos tms, spc y t Athns, c rrd th m ss dors to sup n th
Ac dmy, nd p cd just suffcncy for thm, wthout ny pp r tus. Whn
thy skd hm, th nxt d y, to whom h wshd th mony whch thy h d for hm
to  p d: Wh t! s d h, dd you not prcv y our sght rp st of ystrd y
th t I h d no occ son for mony? But whn h prcvd th t thy wr somwh t d
jctd, h ccptd of thrty mn s, th t h mght not sm to tr t wth dsr
spct th kngs gnrosty. But Dogns took
gr tr rty, k
Cync, wh
n Ax ndr skd hm f h w ntd nythng: Just t prsnt, s d h, I wsh th t
you woud st nd tt out of th n twn m nd th sun, for Ax ndr w
s hndrng hm from sunnng hmsf. And, ndd, ths vry m n usd to m nt
n how much h surp ssd th Prs n kng n hs m nnr of f nd fortun; for
th t h hmsf w s n w nt of nothng, wh th othr nvr h d nough; nd t
h t h h d no ncn ton for thos p surs of whch th othr coud nvr gt
nough to s tsfy hmsf; nd th t th othr coud nvr ot n hs.
XXXIII. You s, I m gn, how Epcurus h s dvdd hs knds of dsrs, not v
ry cuty prh ps, ut yt usfuy: s yng th t thy r p rty n tur  nd n
css ry; p rty n tur , ut not ncss ry; p rty nthr. Th t thos whch r
ncss ry m y  suppd most for nothng; for th t th thngs whch n tur

rqurs r  sy ot nd. As to th scond knd of dsrs, hs opnon s th
t ny on m y  sy thr njoy or go wthout thm. And wth rg rd to th th
rd, snc thy r uttry frvoous, ng nthr d to ncssty nor n t
ur, h thnks th t thy shoud  ntry rootd out. On ths topc gr t m
ny rgumnts r dducd y th Epcur ns; nd thos p surs whch thy do no
t dsps n
ody, thy dsp r g on y on, nd sm r thr 198for ssnng
th numr of thm; for s to w nton p surs, on whch sujct thy s y gr
t d , ths, s y thy, r  sy, common, nd wthn ny ons r ch; nd thy t
hnk th t f n tur rqurs thm, thy r not to  stm td y rth, condt
on, or r nk, ut y sh p, g, nd prson: nd th t t s y no m ns dffcu
t to rfr n from thm, shoud h th, duty, or rput ton rqur t; ut th t
p surs of ths knd m y  dsr , whr thy r ttndd wth no nconv
nnc, ut c n nvr  of ny us. And th ssrtons whch Epcurus m ks wt
h rspct to th who of p sur r such s show hs opnon to  th t p s
ur s w ys dsr , nd to  pursud mry c us t s p sur; nd fo
r th s m r son p n s to  vodd, c us t s p n. So th t ws m n
w w ys dopt such systm of countr  ncng s to do hmsf th justc
to vod p sur, shoud p n nsu from t n too gr t proporton; nd w
 sumt to p n, provdd th ffcts of t r to produc
gr tr p sur:
so th t  p sur  thngs, though th corpor  snss r th judgs of th
m, r st to  rfrrd to th mnd, on whch ccount th ody rjocs wh
 t prcvs prsnt p sur; ut th t th mnd not ony prcvs th pr
snt s w s th ody, ut forss t wh t s comng, nd vn whn t 
s p st w not t t qut sp w y. So th t ws m n njoys contnu  s
rs of p surs, untng th xpct ton of futur p sur to th rcocto
n of wh t h h s r dy t std. Th k notons r ppd y thm to hgh 
vng; nd th m gnfcnc nd xpnsvnss of ntrt nmnts r dprc td, 
c us n tur s s tsfd t sm  xpns.
XXXI. For who dos not s ths, th t n pptt s th st s uc? Whn D ru
s, n hs fght from th nmy, h d drunk som w tr whch w s muddy nd t nt
d wth d d ods, h dc rd th t h h d nvr drunk nythng mor p s nt;
th f ct w s, th t h h d nvr drunk for whn h w s thrsty. Nor h d Ptom
y vr  tn whn h w s hungry; for s h w s tr vng ovr Egypt, hs comp n
y not kpng up wth hm, h h d som co rs r d prsntd hm n
cott g,
upon whch h s d, Nothng vr smd to hm p s ntr 199th n th t r d. Thy
r t, too, of Socr ts, th t, onc whn h w s w kng vry f st t th v
nng, on hs ng skd why h dd so, hs rpy w s th t h w s purch sng n
pptt y w kng, th t h mght sup th ttr. And do w not s wh t th L
cdmon ns provd n thr Phdt ? whr th tyr nt Donysus suppd, ut tod
thm h dd not t  k th t  ck roth, whch w s thr prncp  dsh; o
n whch h who drssd t s d, It w s no wondr, for t w ntd s sonng. Donys
us skd wh t th t s sonng w s; to whch t w s rpd, F tgu n huntng, sw
 tng, r c on th  nks of Eurot s, hungr nd thrst, for ths r th s s
onngs to th L cdmon n  nquts. And ths m y not ony  concvd from th c
ustom of mn, ut from th  sts, who r s tsfd wth nythng th t s throw
n for thm, provdd t s not unn tur , nd thy sk no f rthr. Som nt
r cts, t ught y custom, dght n p rsmony, s I s d ut just now of th
L cdmon ns. Xnophon h s gvn n ccount of th Prs n dt, who nvr, s h
 s th, us nythng ut crsss wth thr r d; not ut th t, shoud n tur
rqur nythng mor gr , m ny thngs mght   sy suppd y th gro
und, nd p nts n gr t und nc, nd of ncomp r  swtnss. Add to ths s
trngth nd h th, s th consqunc of ths stmous w y of vng. Now, co
mp r wth ths thos who sw t nd ch, ng cr mmd wth  tng, k f tt
d oxn; thn w you prcv th t thy who pursu p sur most tt n t  s
t; nd th t th p sur of  tng s not n s tty, ut pptt.
XXX. Thy rport of Tmothus, f mous m n t Athns, nd th h d of th cty
, th t h vng suppd wth P to, nd ng xtrmy dghtd wth hs ntrt 
nmnt, on sng hm th nxt d y, h s d, Your supprs r not ony gr  w

h I p rt k of thm, ut th nxt d y so. Bsds, th undrst ndng s mp
rd whn w r fu wth ovr tng nd drnkng. Thr s n xcnt pst
 of P to to Dons r tons, n whch thr occurs s n ry s poss ths
words: Whn I c m thr, th t h ppy f so much t kd of, dvotd to It  n
nd Syr cus n ntrt nmnts, w s now ys gr  to m; to  cr mmd twc
d
y, nd nvr to 200h v th nght to yoursf, nd th othr thngs whch r t
h ccomp nmnts of ths knd of f, y whch
m n w nvr  m d th w
sr, ut w  rndrd much ss tmpr t; for t must  n xtr ordn ry d
sposton th t c n  tmpr t n such crcumst ncs. How, thn, c n
f 
p s nt wthout prudnc nd tmpr nc? Hnc you dscovr th mst k of S rd
n p us, th w thst kng of th Assyr ns, who ordrd t to  ngr vd on
hs tom,
I st h v wh t n food I dd xh ust;
But wh t I ft, though xcnt, s ost.
Wh t ss th n ths, s ys Arstot, coud  nscrd on th tom, not of
kng,
ut n ox? H s d th t h possssd thos thngs whn d d, whch, n hs ft
m, h coud h v no ongr th n wh h w s njoyng thm. Why, thn, r rc
hs dsrd? And whrn doth povrty prvnt us from ng h ppy? In th w nt,
I m gn, of st tus, pcturs, nd dvrsons. But f ny on s dghtd wt
h ths thngs, h v not th poor pop th njoymnt of thm mor th n thy wh
o r th ownrs of thm n th gr tst und nc? For w h v gr t numrs of
thm dsp yd pucy n our cty. And wh tvr stor of thm prv t pop
h v, thy c nnot h v
gr t numr, nd thy ut sdom s thm, ony whn t
hy go to thr country s ts; nd som of thm must  stung to th h rt whn
thy consdr how thy c m y thm. Th d y woud f  m, shoud I  ncnd
to dfnd th c us of povrty. Th thng s m nfst; nd n tur d y nforms
us how fw thngs thr r, nd how trfng thy r, of whch sh r y st
nds n nd.
XXXI. Lt us nqur, thn, f oscurty, th w nt of powr, or vn th ng
unpopu r, c n prvnt
ws m n from ng h ppy. Osrv f popu r f vor, n
d ths gory whch thy r so fond of,  not ttndd wth mor un snss th
n p sur. Our frnd Dmosthns w s crt ny vry w k n dc rng hmsf
p sd wth th whspr of
wom n who w s c rryng w tr, s s th custom n
Grc, nd who whsprd to nothr, Th t s hth t s Dmosthns. Wh t coud 
w kr th n 201ths? nd yt wh t n or tor h w s! But though h h d  rnd
to sp k to othrs, h h d convrsd ut tt wth hmsf. W m y prcv, t
hrfor, th t popu r gory s not dsr  of tsf; nor s oscurty to 
dr dd. I c m to Athns, s th Dmocrtus, nd thr w s no on thr th t knw m
: ths w s modr t nd gr v m n who coud gory n hs oscurty. Sh  mus
c ns compos thr tuns to thr own t sts? nd sh  phosophr, m str o
f much ttr rt, sk to scrt n, not wh t s most tru, ut wh t w p
s th pop? C n nythng  mor surd th n to dsps th vug r s mr u
nposhd mch ncs, t kn sngy, nd to thnk thm of consqunc whn coct
d nto
ody? Ths ws mn woud contmn our mtous pursuts nd our v n
ts, nd woud rjct  th honors whch th pop coud vount ry offr t
o thm; ut w know not how to dsps thm t w gn to rpnt of h vng c
cptd thm. Thr s n ncdot r td y Hr ctus, th n tur  phosophr
, of Hrmodorus, th chf of th Ephs ns, th t h s d th t  th Ephs ns
ought to  punshd wth d th for s yng, whn thy h d xpd Hrmodorus ou
t of thr cty, th t thy woud h v no on mong thm ttr th n nothr; ut
th t f thr wr ny such, h mght go swhr to som othr pop. Is not
ths th c s wth th pop vrywhr? Do thy not h t vry vrtu th t ds
tngushs tsf? Wh t! w s not Arstds (I h d r thr nst nc n th Grks
th n oursvs)  nshd hs country for ng mnnty just? Wh t trous, th
n, r thy fr from who h v no conncton wh tvr wth th pop? Wh t s
mor gr  th n  rnd rtrmnt? I sp k of th t  rnng whch m ks u
s cqu ntd wth th oundss xtnt of n tur nd th unvrs, nd whch v
n wh w rm n n ths word dscovrs to us oth h vn,  rth, nd s .

XXXII. If, thn, honor nd rchs h v no v u, wh t s thr s to  fr 

d of? B nshmnt, I suppos; whch s ookd on s th gr tst v. Now, f th
 v of  nshmnt procds not from oursvs, ut from th frow rd dspost
on of th pop, I h v just now dc rd how contmpt t s. But f to 
v ons country  msr , 202th provncs r fu of msr  mn, vry f
w of th sttrs n whch vr rturn to thr country g n. But xs r d
prvd of thr proprty! Wh t, thn! h s thr not n nough s d on  rng
povrty? But wth rg rd to  nshmnt, f w x mn th n tur of thngs, not
th gnomny of th n m, how tt dos t dffr from const nt tr vng! n
whch som of th most f mous phosophrs h v spnt thr who f, s Xno
cr ts, Cr ntor, Arcs s, L cyds, Arstot, Thophr stus, Zno, C nths, C
hrysppus, Antp tr, C rn ds, P ntus, Ctom chus, Pho, Antochus, Posdon
us, nd nnumr  othrs, who from thr frst sttng-out nvr rturnd hom
g n. Now, wh t gnomny c n ws m n  ffctd wth (for t s of such
on th t I m sp kng) who c n  guty of nothng whch dsrvs t? for thr
 s no occ son to comfort on who s  nshd for hs dsrts. L sty, thy c
n  sy rconc thmsvs to vry ccdnt who m sur  thr ojcts n
d pursuts n f y th st nd rd of p sur; so th t n wh tvr p c th t 
s suppd, thr thy m y v h ppy. Thus wh t Tucr s d m y  ppd to
vry c s:
Whrvr I m h ppy s my country.
Socr ts, ndd, whn h w s skd whr h ongd to, rpd, Th word; for
h ookd upon hmsf s ctzn nd nh t nt of th who word. How w s 
t wth T. Atutus? Dd h not foow hs phosophc  studs wth th gr t
st s tsf cton t Athns, though h w s  nshd? whch, howvr, woud not
h v h ppnd to hm f h h d oyd th  ws of Epcurus nd vd p c y 
n th rpuc. In wh t w s Epcurus h ppr, vng n hs own country, th n M
trodorus, who vd t Athns? Or dd P tos h ppnss xcd th t of Xnocr ts,
or Pomo, or Arcs s? Or s th t cty to  v ud much th t  nshs  h
r good nd ws mn? Dm r tus, th f thr of our Kng T rqun, not ng  t
o  r th tyr nt Cypsus, fd from Cornth to T rqun, sttd thr, nd h
d chdrn. W s t, thn, n unws ct n hm to prfr th rty of  nshm
nt to s vry t hom?
XXXIII. Bsds th motons of th mnd,  grfs 203 nd nxts r ssu
gd y forgttng thm, nd turnng our thoughts to p sur. Thrfor, t w s
not wthout r son th t Epcurus prsumd to s y th t
ws m n ounds wth go
od thngs, c us h m y w ys h v hs p surs; from whnc t foows, s
h thnks, th t th t pont s g nd whch s th sujct of our prsnt nqury
, th t ws m n s w ys h ppy. Wh t! though h shoud  dprvd of th sn
ss of sng nd h rng? Ys; for h hods thos thngs vry ch p. For, n th
 frst p c, wh t r th p surs of whch w r dprvd y th t dr dfu
thng, ndnss? For though thy ow othr p surs to  confnd to th s
nss, yt th thngs whch r prcvd y th sght do not dpnd whoy on th
 p sur th ys rcv; s s th c s whn w t st, sm, touch, or h r
; for, n rspct of  ths snss, th org ns thmsvs r th s t of p
sur; ut t s not so wth th ys. For t s th mnd whch s ntrt nd 
y wh t w s; ut th mnd m y  ntrt nd n m ny w ys, vn though w cou
 rnd nd ws m n, wth whom to thnk
d not s t . I m sp kng of
s to v. But thnkng n th c s of ws m n dos not togthr rqur t
h us of hs ys n hs nvstg tons; for f nght dos not strp hm of hs
h ppnss, why shoud ndnss, whch rsms nght, h v th t ffct? For t
h rpy of Antp tr th Cyrn c to som womn who w d hs ng nd, t
hough t s tt too oscn, s not wthout ts sgnfc nc. Wh t do you m
n? s th h; do you thnk th nght c n furnsh no p sur? And w fnd y hs m
gstr cs nd hs ctons th t od Appus,70 too, who w s nd for m ny y rs,
w s not prvntd from dong wh tvr w s rqurd of hm wth rspct thr t
o th rpuc or hs own ff rs. It s s d th t C. Drususs hous w s crowdd w

th cnts. Whn thy whos usnss t w s coud not s how to conduct thms
vs, thy ppd to nd gud.
XXXIX. Whn I w s oy, Cn. Aufdus, nd m n, 204who h d srvd th offc
of prtor, not ony g v hs opnon n th Sn t, nd w s r dy to ssst hs f
rnds, ut wrot
Grk hstory, nd h d consdr  cqu nt nc wth t
r tur. Dodorus th Stoc w s nd, nd vd m ny y rs t my hous. H, nd
d, whch s sc rcy crd, sds ppyng hmsf mor th n usu  to ph
osophy, nd p yng on th fut, gr y to th custom of th Pyth gor ns,
nd h vng ooks r d to hm nght nd d y, n  whch h dd not w nt ys, co
ntrvd to t ch gomtry, whch, on woud thnk, coud h rdy  don wthout
th ssst nc of ys, tng hs scho rs how nd whr to dr w vry n. T
hy r t of Ascp ds,
n tv of Ertr , nd no oscur phosophr, whn
som on skd hm wh t nconvnnc h suffrd from hs ndnss, th t hs
rpy w s, H w s t th xpns of nothr srv nt. So th t, s th most xtrm
povrty m y  orn f you p s, s s d y th c s wth som n Grc, so
ndnss m y  sy  orn, provdd you h v th support of good h th n
othr rspcts. Dmocrtus w s so nd h coud not dstngush wht from  c
k; ut h knw th dffrnc twn good nd v, just nd unjust, honor 
nd  s, th usfu nd usss, gr t nd sm . Thus on m y v h ppy wt
hout dstngushng coors; ut wthout cqu ntng yoursf wth thngs, you c
nnot; nd ths m n w s of opnon th t th ntns ppc ton of th mnd w s t
kn off y th ojcts th t prsntd thmsvs to th y; nd wh othrs o
ftn coud not s wh t w s for thr ft, h tr vd through  nfnty
. It s rportd so th t Homr71 w s nd, ut w osrv 205hs p ntng s
w s hs potry. Wh t country, wh t co st, wh t p rt of Grc, wh t mt ry
tt cks, wh t dspostons of  tt, wh t rr y, wh t shp, wh t motons of m
n nd nm s, c n  mntond whch h h s not dscrd n such m nnr s t
o n  us to s wh t h coud not s hmsf? Wh t, thn! c n w m gn th
t Homr, or ny othr  rnd m n, h s vr n n w nt of p sur nd ntrt
nmnt for hs mnd? Wr t not so, woud An x gor s, or ths vry Dmocrtus,
h v ft thr st ts nd p trmons, nd gvn thmsvs up to th pursut
of cqurng ths dvn p sur? It s thus th t th pots who h v rprsnt
d Trs s th Augur s ws m n nd nd nvr xht hm s w ng hs
ndnss. And Homr, too, ftr h h d dscrd Poyphmus s monstr nd
wd m n, rprsnts hm t kng wth hs r m, nd sp kng of hs good fortun,
n smuch s h coud go whrvr h p sd nd touch wh t h woud. And so f r
h w s rght, for th t Cycops w s ng of not much mor undrst ndng th n
hs r m.
XL. Now, s to th v of ng d f. M. Cr ssus w s
tt thck of h rng;
ut t w s mor un snss to hm th t h h rd hmsf  spokn of, though,
n my opnon, h dd not dsrv t. Our Epcur ns c nnot undrst nd Grk, no
r th Grks L tn: now, thy r d f rcproc y s to  ch othrs  ngu g,
nd w r  truy d f wth rg rd to thos nnumr   ngu gs whch w do
not undrst nd. Thy do not h r th voc of th h rpr; ut, thn, thy do not
h r th gr tng of s w whn t s sttng, or th gruntng of hog whn hs
206thro t s ng cut, nor th ro rng of th s whn thy r dsrous of r
st. And f thy shoud ch nc to  fond of sngng, thy ought, n th frst p
c, to consdr th t m ny ws mn vd h ppy for musc w s dscovrd; 
sds, thy m y h v mor p sur n r dng vrss th n n h rng thm sung.
Thn, s I for rfrrd th nd to th p surs of h rng, so I m y th
d f to th p surs of sght: morovr, whovr c n convrs wth hmsf doth
not nd th convrs ton of nothr. But suppos  ths msfortuns to mt
n on prson: suppos hm nd nd d ft hm  ffctd wth th sh rpst
p ns of ody, whch, n th frst p c, gnr y of thmsvs m k n nd of
hm; st, shoud thy contnu so ong, nd th p n  so xqust, th t w
shoud  un  to ssgn ny r son for our ng so ffctdst, why, good
Gods! shoud w  undr ny dffcuty? For thr s rtr t t h nd: d th
s th t rtr t shtr whr w sh  forvr  nsns. Thodorus s d to

Lysm chus, who thr tnd hm wth d th, It s gr t m ttr, ndd, for you
to h v cqurd th powr of Sp nsh fy! Whn Prss ntr td P uus not to
 d hm n trumph, Th t s m ttr whch you h v n your own powr, s d P uu
s. I s d m ny thngs out d th n our frst d ys dsput ton, whn d th w s t
h sujct; nd not tt th nxt d y, whn I tr td of p n; whch thngs
f you rcoct, thr c n  no d ngr of your ookng upon d th s undsr 
, or, t  st, t w not  dr dfu.
Th t custom whch s common mong th Grc ns t thr  nquts shoud, n my o
pnon,  osrvd n f: Drnk, s y thy, or  v th comp ny; nd rghty
nough; for gust shoud thr njoy th p sur of drnkng wth othrs, or
s not st y t h mts wth ffronts from thos th t r n quor. Thus,
thos njurs of fortun whch you c nnot  r you shoud f from.
XLI. Ths s th vry s m whch s s d y Epcurus nd Hronymus. Now, f tho
s phosophrs, whos opnon t s th t vrtu h s no powr of tsf, nd who
s y th t th conduct whch w dnomn t honor  nd  ud  s r y noth
ng, nd s ony n mpty crcumst nc 207st off wth n unm nng sound, c n n
vrthss m nt n th t ws m n s w ys h ppy, wh t, thnk you, m y  don
 y th Socr tc nd P tonc phosophrs? Som of ths ow such suprort
y to th goods of th mnd s qut to cps wh t concrns th ody nd  x
trn  crcumst ncs. But othrs do not dmt ths to  goods; thy m k vry
thng dpnd on th mnd: whos dsputs C rn ds usd, s sort of honor ry
rtr tor, to dtrmn. For, s wh t smd goods to th Prp ttcs wr o
wd to  dv nt gs y th Stocs, nd s th Prp ttcs owd no mor to r
chs, good h th; nd othr thngs of th t sort th n th Stocs, whn ths th
ngs wr consdrd ccordng to thr r ty, nd not y mr n ms, hs opn
on w s th t thr w s no ground for ds grng. Thrfor, t th phosophr
s of othr schoos s how thy c n st sh ths pont so. It s vry gr
 to m th t thy m k som profssons worthy of ng uttrd y th mouth o
f phosophr wth rg rd to ws m ns h vng w ys th m ns of vng h pp
y.
XLII. But s w r to dp rt n th mornng, t us rmmr ths fv d ys ds
cussons; though, ndd, I thnk I sh  commt thm to wrtng: for how c n I
ttr mpoy th sur whch I h v, of wh tvr knd t s, nd wh tvr t
 owng to? And I w snd ths fv ooks so to my frnd Brutus, y whom
I w s not ony nctd to wrt on phosophy, ut, I m y s y, provokd. And y
so dong t s not  sy to s y wh t srvc I m y  of to othrs. At  vnts
, n my own v rous nd cut ffctons, whch surround m on  sds, I c n
not fnd ny ttr comfort for mysf.