Laamu Gan-Fonadhoo Feasibility Study & Technical Requirements Final 090315

Copyright 2014
Developed by Plankton Investment Private Limited for the Low Emission Climate Resilient
Development Programme (LECRED) and commissioned by United Nations Development
Programme in the Maldives
All rights reserved. The document or extracts from this publication may, however, be freely
reviewed, quoted, reproduced or translated, in part or in full, provided the source is given
due acknowledgement. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and
do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations, including UNDP, or their Member
States.
Published by: United Nations Development Programme in the Maldives
Cover and Layout design by: Plankton Investment Private Limited
Feasibility Study and Technical Requirements to Build Central Power Station, Distribution Network and Intake of Renewable Energy
Table of contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ABBREVIATION
BACKGROUND
MALDIVES POWER SECTOR
10
2.1 ENERGY SECTOR INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

2.2 POLICY, LEGAL AND REGULATORY CONTEXT
2.2.1 MALDIVES NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY AND STRATEGY 2010
2.2.2 LEGAL AND REGULATORY BACKGROUND
2.2.3 ELECTRICITY TARIFF STRUCTURE
2.3 ENERGY SUPPLY
10
11
11
11
12
13
THE PROJECT
14
3.1 PROJECT LOCATION

3.2 METHODOLOGY
14
15
16
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT OF THE PROJECT LOCATION
4.1 GAN ISLAND

4.2 FONADHOO ISLAND
19
20
EXISTING POWER SYSTEMS
21
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
POWER SYSTEM OF GAN

POWER SYSTEM OF THUNDI
POWER SYSTEM OF MAAHINNA
POWER SYSTEM OF MATHIMARADHOO
POWER SYSTEM OF MUKURIMAGU
POWER SYSTEM OF FONADHOO
OTHER POWER PRODUCERS
21
21
22
23
24
25
26
LOAD FORECAST AND AVAILABLE CAPACITY
28
DEMAND FOR ELECTRICAL ENERGY
33
7.1 ELECTRICITY DEMAND PATTERN
33
35
RENEWABLE ENERGY OPTIONS
8.1 WIND ENERGY

35
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
OCEAN ENERGY
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
BIOMASS
WASTE TO ENERGY
SOLAR ENERGY
37
39
40
41
42
PROPOSED POWER SYSTEM FOR GAN FONADHOO
45
10 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
48
10.1 POWER PLANT LOCATION AND CLIMATE

10.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF DIESEL POWER PLANT
10.3 EXHAUST EMISSION TO THE AIR
10.4 IDENTIFYING AND ASSESSING THE IMPACTS
10.5 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS TO CONSIDER FOR THE PROJECT
10.6 POSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS BY THE PROJECT
10.6.1 MOBILIZATION
10.6.2 FUEL MANAGEMENT
10.6.3 COOLING WATER DISCHARGE
10.6.4 ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS
10.6.5 NOISE POLLUTION
10.7 IMPACT ON MARINE ENVIRONMENT
10.8 WAYS TO MINIMIZE IMPACTS
10.8.1 MITIGATION ACTIONS DURING CONSTRUCTION
10.8.2 MITIGATION ACTIONS DURING THE OPERATION
10.9 MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE OF THE SYSTEM
48
48
49
51
51
52
52
52
53
53
54
54
54
55
55
55
11 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
57
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
57
57
60
61
62
INITIAL INVESTMENT BUDGET

OPERATION COSTS
SENSITIVITY TO THE CHANGES IN TARIFF
USE OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) WITH THE NEW SYSTEM
AVOIDANCE OF CO2
12 RISK ANALYSIS
63
13 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND PROCUREMENT
64
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
13.10
64
64
65
65
66
66
67
67
68
68
SCOPE OF BID
SOURCE OF FUND
ELIGIBLE BIDDERS
INSTRUCTION TO BIDDERS
GENERAL CONDITION OF THE CONTRACT
GENERAL TECHNICAL REQUIREMENT
CIVIL WORKS
MECHANICAL WORKS
ELECTRICAL WORKS
INSTRUMENT AND CONTROL (I&C)
14 PROPOSED ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE FOR CPS
69
14.1 ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT

14.2 FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS DEPARTMENT
14.3 POWER GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION DEPARTMENT
69
70
70
15 STAFF COMPETENCY AND TRAINING REQUIREMENT
71
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
71
72
72
73
SITE TRAINING FOR POWER GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION DEPARTMENT STAFF

SPECIFIC TRAINING AT SITE FOR ELECTRICAL UNIT STAFF:
SPECIFIC TRAINING AT FACTORY
ADDITIONAL TRAINING AT SITE
16 CONCLUSION
74
ANNEX I
ANNEX II
Executive Summary
The supply of quality electricity to the citizens of the Maldives is one of the top priorities of
the Government of Maldives (GoM). In this regard, the Government of Maldives (GoM) is
exploring the feasibility of constructing a Central Power System (CPS) in Laamu Atoll where
the islands are connected by land. Under the Low Emission and Climate Resilient
Development (LECReD) program, the project focuses on constructing a single CPS for
providing power to all citizens of Gan-Fonadhoo in Laamu Atoll.
The objective of this feasibility study is to assess the technical, institutional, regulatory,
economic, financial and environmental aspects of the proposed central power station and
distribution network to feed the local LV networks and intake of energy from appropriate
renewable energy sources.
Gan-Fonadhoo stretch consists of four districts of Gan Island, Fonadhoo Island, Maandhoo
Island where a fish processing factory is operated and managed by Horizon Fisheries Private
Limited and Kadhdhoo Island where a domestic airport is operated by the Regional Airports.
The power systems developed in the districts of Gan and Fonadhoo were developed as need
based and in an ad-hoc manner. As a result, the power systems in these wards were not
properly equipped, and the installed generator systems are poorly designed and engineered,
leading to reduced life span of the power systems. The powerhouses and the equipment are
not to the current standards and regulations of the Maldives. Existing facilities are undersized,
inefficient and overloaded.
Despite the poor quality of the power generation and distribution systems that exist in the
stretch the demand for electricity has grown rapidly in the Gan-Fonadhoo stretch over the
past years. The data indicates that there is a combined peak demand of 3.28 MW among all
the islands.
As the land stretch has potential for industrial activities within the stretch like demand for
construction of guesthouses and related businesses, it is anticipated that the demand for the
electricity will be increased considerably in the near future.
The proposed central power station would provide reliable electricity to current and future
electricity need within the stretch. The proposed generating capacity of 16MW (4 x 4 MW)
and the medium voltage distribution network will enable power producer to relieve the
present shortage and meet the anticipated increase in demand for electricity in GanFonadhoo stretch. The new power station will also help to enhance the quality of supply
through greater rehabilitation of LV network with improved efficiency.
The new power station would be located on reclaimed land adjacent to the fish factory in
Laamu Atoll. When commissioned it will take over as the base load station and will make
possible to shut down the existing powerhouses located in the middle of the wards amidst
commercial and residential properties. The new power station is expected to be in operation
in 2018 and will be capable for extension to accommodate more generating units to meet
future load increase. Additionally, the new power station will be designed to feed renewable
energy. Therefore, cleaner energy production will occur within the scope of the project side
by side.
The project will bring positive socio-economic and environmental benefits to the
communities of Gan-Fonadhoo stretch. The introduction of solar energy for power
generation will reduce the amount of emissions from diesel generators, which would
contribute to a cleaner environment and less pollution. With oil prices continually rising and
volatile, the reduction in specific consumption of diesel may lead to lower electricity costs in
the long term.
The total cost of the project without renewable component is estimated to be USD 29.50
million. However, when the system is in operational this system will give an annual saving of
MVR 5.9 million and it is expected to payback the investment in 9 years.
Abbreviations
Unit
Description
AC
CCTV
CHP
CO
CO2
CPS
CUF
dB(A)
DC
ED
EIA
EPA
EPC
GDP
GoM
HSE
IFC
IPP
IRR
JICA
kV
kW
kWh
LECReD
LED
LV
MEA
MED
MEE
MNDF
MV
MVC
MW
MWSC
NEP
NMHC
NO2
NOx
NREL
OTEC
O3
Pb
Alternating Current
Closed Circuit Television
Combined Heat and Power
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Central Power Station
Capacity Utilization Factor
Sound Power in Decibels
Direct Current
Energy Department
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Protection Agency
Engineering, Procurement and Construction
Gross Domestic Product
Government of Maldives
Health, Safety and Environment
International Finance Corporation
Independent Power Provider
Internal Rate of Return
Japan International Corporation Agency
Kilo Volt
Kilowatt
Kilowatt hour
Low Emission and Climate Resilient Development
Light Emitting Diode
Low Voltage
Maldives Energy Authority
Multi Effect Distillation
Ministry of Environment and Energy
Maldives National Defense Force
Medium Voltage
Mechanical Vapor Compression
Megawatt
Male Water and Sewerage Company
National Energy Policy
Non-Methane Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Ozone
Lead
PLC
PV
RE
RMU
SCADA
SIDS
SO2
SREP
TFT
THC
TVC
UPS
VA
VOC
Programmable Logic Controller

Photovoltaic
Renewable Energy
Ring Main Unit
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
Small Island Developing States
Sulphur dioxide
Scaling up Renewable Energy Program
Thin Film Transistor
Total Hydrocarbons
Thermal Vapor Compression
Uninterrupted Power Supply
Voltage Ampere
Volatile Organic Compound
1 Background
Maldives is an archipelago with 1,192 island1 and out of which only 188 islands are
inhabited with a total population of 341,256. Out of total population 44.9% that is
153,379 people live in the capital Male2. The development of infrastructure on local
islands has been an urgent task for the government to alleviate this issue. Tourism and
fisheries are two most important sectors of the economy. Tourism sectors contribute
about 47.8% of the countrys gross domestic product (GDP)3. Given the low lying nature
of the country Maldives are regularly exposed to multiple natural hazards such as
storms, heavy rain, high waves and extended dry season.
The Maldives contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) at global level is very insignificant.
Total carbon emissions in 2009 was 1.3 million tons of CO2 equivalent (tCO2)4. However,
Maldives is one of the active country working on reducing negative impacts of climate
change and it has an objective to make the country develop on a low carbon economy.
In this regard, Maldives is working to achieve energy security through a low carbon
development path for climate change mitigation. To achieve the said objective,
Maldives will use energy efficiency and indigenous renewable energy resources
available in the country.
In that respect, GoM has implemented and are implementing several projects. The first
is on the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency to reduce carbon emissions
from electricity generation.
In Maldives each island have its own electric power generation and distribution system.
The total installed power generation capacity in the country is around 245 megawatts 5.
Most of the installed capacity is in the resort islands, followed by the capital Male and
surrounding islands. The remaining capacity is installed in the outer islands and in
commercial islands.
At present there are only few islands with renewable energy installations and as a result
electricity is almost entirely generated using imported diesel. This poses the countrys
energy security at threat and exposes it to high price volatility in the international
market forcing government to provide subsidies on electricity.
The Gan Island consist of four wards namely Thundi, Mathimaradhoo, Mukurimagu and
Maahinna. In between Gan and Fonadhoo there is Kadhdhoo Island, where domestic
airport is operated. Gan, Fonadhoo and Kadhdhoo are connected via causeway.
Maldives Energy Outlook for Inhabited Islands, 2013

Population and Housing Census, Preliminary Results, 2014
Travel & Tourism Economic Impact, 2014, Maldives
4
Energy Supply and Demand Study, 2014
5
Maldives SREP Investment Plan, 2013-2017
2
3
Fonadhoo is the atoll capital and one of the largest populated among the Islands in the
atoll. Current population of the stretch is around 6,840 people about 1,094 of which are
people working on resorts and industrial Islands.
Provision of power supply for all inhabited Islands in Gan-Fonadhoo stretch is the
responsibility of FENAKA Corporation Limited, which is a hundred percent government
owned company. The utility, established in June 2012, is responsible for providing
power, water and sewerage service for outer Atolls including the entire population of
the stretch. Electricity generation in Gan-Fonadhoo stretch is supplied from diesel
generators with total installed capacities of 6,450 kilowatts (kW).
The cost of electricity supply in Gan-Fonadhoo stretch is high at around US$ 0.30/kWh.
Fuel prices likely to continue to be on the rise, and coupled with an expected fuel
surcharge which would be added to electricity consumers, solar electricity generation
has been found to be an economically attractive option for Gan-Fonadhoo stretch
together with energy efficiency measures.
Alternative energy options in Gan-Fonadhoo stretch are limited. The most dominant
indigenous renewable energy resource is solar which is available on a relatively uniform
basis throughout the year. Average solar insolation for the Maldives is around 5.4
kWh/m2 per day6.
Modelling of Renewable Energy Systems in the Maldives, 2004
2 Maldives Power Sector

In the Maldives electricity is available for twenty four hours in each inhabited Island,
tourist resorts and commercial Islands. Each of these Islands has its own power
generation and distribution systems. Almost 99.2% of electricity is generated by using
diesel and about 0.8% of electricity is generated from renewable sources. At present,
the total installed capacity in inhabited islands of Maldives is around 140 MW from 191
powerhouses7. The lack of any interconnection between islands means there is no
opportunity yet to generate electricity on one island and supply to another.
2.1 Energy Sector Institutional Framework

Maldives has the most simplistic institutional framework in the energy sector. The sector
has three main bodies, namely policy guiding body, regulatory body and service
providing body.
The policy guidance is primarily provided by the government ministry mandated with
energy sector. In this regard, currently the mandate lies within the Ministry of
Environment and Energy (MEE). The Energy Department (ED) within the ministry is
responsible for formulating and implementing policies and appropriate legislations
when required. In addition to this, MEE is also responsible for implementing projects
and programs related to energy sector in the Maldives.
The Maldives Energy Authority (MEA) is the regulatory body, which is mandated to
standardize the energy sector in the Maldives. MEA is an independent authority loosely
attached to MEE. However, the technical decisions of MEA is taken by the Governing
Board of MEA. MEA is the institutional platform where both the policy guiding body
(MEE) and service providing body meet.
The service providing bodies are the utility companies. State Electricity Company
Limited (STELCO) and FENAKA Corporation Limited are the two largest utility service
providers in the Maldives. These two state owned companies provide electricity and
other utility services to the residents and in some cases to the industrial islands or zones.
However, it is to be noted that these two utilities do not compete to provide services
and each has been given almost a geographical monopoly to provide public utility
services for their assigned regions.
Maldives Energy Outlook for Inhabited Islands 2013
10
2.2 Policy, Legal and Regulatory Context

The government has formulated a number of policy decisions, including the Maldives
National Energy Policy & Strategy (2010), National Energy Action Plan (2009-2013) and
Renewable Energy Investment Framework (2011) that have been adopted to guide the
development of the energy sector in the Maldives. The country has also been designated
for the Scaling up Renewable Energy Program (SREP).
2.2.1 Maldives National Energy Policy and Strategy 2010

The 2010 National Energy Policy (NEP) has been formulated by the Government of
Maldives with the strategic objective of developing and diversifying its energy sector to
build an affordable, sustainable, energy secure electricity sector. The strategies of the
NEP includes:
Enhancing national energy security,

Diversifying the fuel technologies and reducing over-reliance of the energy sector
on fossil fuels thereby encouraging and adoption of low carbon technologies and
local energy resources,
Ensuring compliance of energy sector utility companies/energy service providers
with safety standards issued by Maldives Energy Authority as well as
environmental standards stipulated by the Environmental Protection Agency,
Promoting energy conservation and energy efficiency in both the supply side and
demand side and encouraging private participation to provide impetus to the
same,
Facilitating the implementation of a nationwide electricity grid to ensure parity in
prices and quality of power,
Promoting the use of indigenously and abundant available renewable energy
resources for energy generation,
Strengthening the Institutional and Legal Framework for the Energy Sector
towards achieving the above mentioned targets.
2.2.2 Legal and Regulatory Background

Re-organization of the state-owned electricity utility responsible for power supply in
Mal and nearby islands and restructuring of power sector and mandate of FENAKA
corporation ltd were some of the significant changes in this sector which paved the way
for immediate development of appropriate regulations. This also led to capacity building
of MEA to regulate the sector.
The Maldives Energy Authority is the lead agency for the overall regulatory framework
for power sector in Maldives. The regulations of MEA are designed towards tariff setting,
power quality and safety measures. Currently, MEA is coming up with the following
regulations (including draft phase):
11
The Engineers Licensing Regulation which is designed to cover the following

aspects:
- Responsibilities of the Licensees;
- Civil and criminal responsibilities of Licensees;
- Licensing process;
- Examination Board;
- Code of Professional Conduct for Licensees
Installation Standards Regulations for Electrical Installations & Standards for
Generating Stations
- Guideline for Grid connected PV System (2013)
Investment Approval Regulations for Generation Licensees including IPPs,
Transmission Licensees & Distribution Licensees
The Electricity (Applications for Licenses and Exemptions) Regulations
Metering Regulations:
- Manual for PV Grid (connection application)
The Service Providers will develop the following Aspects
- Requirements for Service Provider License Insurance
- Requirements for Generating Stations
- Distribution Network Operation and Maintenance
- Distribution Network Planning
- Connection to the Distribution Network
- Commercial Aspects & Disputes
Acts and regulations like the formulation of Maldives Energy Act, a Maldives
Hydrocarbon Exploration Act, Maldives Energy Standards and incorporation of energy
efficiency and conservation measures is absent from the energy sector. Regulations
related to environmental protection is enforced by the EPA.
2.2.3 Electricity Tariff Structure

In the Maldives, any set of principles or regulations to define the tariff setting
mechanism for the utilities is not available and the cost recovery approach is followed
when determining the tariff for utilities. However, in order to ensure that the utilities
are not cash strapped and have resources for carrying out their business, a cost plus
approach shall be considered for utilities. The aforementioned approach shall provide
adequate returns to the utilities and help the utilities in carrying out their business in
viable fashion. It is also to be noted that at present a Standard of Performance
regulations for the utilities are not available. Table 2-1 shows current tariff structure
used in Laamu Atoll.
12
Table 2-1 Maldives Energy Authority Approved Tariff for Laamu Atoll (Source MEA, 2012)
South Central Region (Th and L)
Domestic
Business
Bands/category
Government
Band A (below 100 units)

3.75
4.50
4.75
Bands B (101 200)
4.25
5.75
5.75
Band C (201 300)
4.50
6.50
6.70
Band D (above 301 units)
5.50
7.50
7.75
Fuel surcharge: Rf 0.03/kWh per each Rf 0.10 increase in the fuel price when the fuel price goes above Rf
8.10
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
h
2.3 Energy Supply

The total installed power generation capacity of diesel generators in the country in the
year 2012 was about 245 MW. Of the total generation capacity 105 MW is installed in
the tourist resorts, while 120 MW is installed in the inhabited islands of the atolls. 20
MW is installed in industrial islands8.
Each outer island is electrified with its own diesel powered mini grid system.
The power supply systems in most of the islands have been developed on an adhoc basis by the island communities.
Similar to most communities in Maldives, the power system in Gan-Fonadhoo stretch
has been developed and operated by the communities. Table 2-2 provide the break-up
of installed capacity, peak load and electricity production detail for Gan-Fonadhoo
stretch.
It is also observed that as per the reported figures the efficiency of the overall energy
systems in the Laamu stretch is low and there might be lot of scope on energy efficiency
measures on supply side.
Table 2-2 Power plants in GanFonadhoo (Energy Outlook, 2013)
Service
Provider
Daily Peak Load

(KW)
Installed
Total (kW)
Annual Billed
units (MWh/yr)
Annual Fuel
Consumption (kl/yr)
Mathimaradhoo
Maahina
Thundi
Mukurimagu
Fonadhoo
FENAKA
FENAKA
FENAKA
FENAKA
FENAKA
400
160
240
160
425
680
280
380
390
1110
1,373.63
846.11
556.61
592.81
2,424.34
594.00
343.80
389.52
252.00
720.00
Maandhoo
Kadhdhoo
MNDF
Total
PRIVATE
PRIVATE
PRIVATE
-
1800
65
50
3300
3000
400
210
6450
5,793.49
1900.00
150.00
109.00
4458.32
Powerhouse
Maldives SREP Investment Plan, 2013-2017
13
3 The Project
The supply of quality electricity to the citizens of the Maldives is one of the top priorities
of the Government of Maldives (GoM). Based on the evidence and experience from the
CPS in Addu City, the Government of Maldives (GoM) is exploring the feasibility of
constructing another CPS in Laamu Atoll where the islands are connected by land. Under
the Low Emission and Climate Resilient Development (LECReD) program, the project
focuses in constructing a single CPS for providing power to all citizens of Gan-Fonadhoo
in Laamu Atoll.
The objective of this feasibility study is to assess the technical, institutional, regulatory,
economic, financial and environmental aspects of the proposed central power station
and distribution network to feed the local LV networks and intake of energy from
appropriate renewable energy sources.
3.1 Project Location

Maldives is located geographically 7635N to 04224S in Indian Ocean (Kench 2011).
Maldivian archipelago comprises of 22 atolls with 1,192 Islands and is 1,000 km long and
200 km wide (MEC 2004). The size of Maldives atolls varies from 1.4 to 2,800 sq. km and
atoll basin has a depth of 30-80 m (MEE 2012). Additionally, average size of Maldives
Islands are 0.5 to 2 sq. km (MHAHE 2001). The Islands are low-lying islands, 80% are less
than 1m above mean sea level (MEEW 2007), with total land area of 300 sq. km (Shaig
2006). Maldives has a tropical climate, thus it experiences two seasons due to change in
wind directions and locally known as hulhangu (westerly monsoon) and iruvai
(northeast monsoon).
Lammu Atoll is geographically located between Thaa Atoll and Gaafu Alifu Atoll. Thus
strategically located at the south of central Maldives. The atoll capital is Fonadhoo (See
Picture 3-1). The atoll has a total population of 13,7209.The atoll is locally known as
Hadhunamathi and the atoll comprises of 53 islands. Laamu Atoll, Gan is known as the
largest island in the Maldives. Similar to other atoll islands in the Maldives, the islands
are surrounded or enclosed by reef structures. Out of the few regional airports, Laamu
atoll comprises of one domestic airport on Kadhdhoo Island.
Population and Housing Census, Preliminary Results, 2014
14
Picture 3-1 Laamu Atoll
3.2 Methodology
A field survey was conducted during the month of September-October 2014 to collect
data on the existing power systems on the Gan-Fonadhoo stretch. There are eight power
systems operating in Gan-Fonadhoo stretch and five of them are run by FENAKA
Corporation Limited. Kadhdhoo Island has two powerhouse, one is operated by
Regional Airports for Kadhdhoo airport facilities and the other powerhouse is operated
by Maldives National Defense Force (MNDF) for their operations. In addition, Horizon
Fisheries operates separated powerhouse at their fish processing plant in Mandhoo
Island.
The technical information related to the powerhouse such as installed capacity and
means of provision of electricity were collected through stakeholder discussion
conducted during the field visits. Additionally, log sheets, mechanism of handing fuel,
both used and fresh supply were collected from the powerhouse. Furthermore, heights
of chimney, noise level inside and outside the powerhouse were noted for crosschecking
with the Maldives Energy Authority (MEA) regulations and guidelines. Photographic
analyses of the surrounding of powerhouse system were also undertaken.
15
4 Socio-Economic Context of the Project Location

The land mass of Gan Fonadhoo stretched to 15 kilometers in north south direction
on eastern edge of Laamu Atoll in Maldives. Gan Fonadhoo is connected via a course
way and shared with two other islands, Maandhoo and Kadhdhoo Island. These short
and shallow water separated by geography are linked by course ways. Land transport is
possible and available from Gan Thundi district to very south of Fonadhoo Island. Gan
Island has four districts where communities live and to the south is Maandhoo Island,
so far the only establishment is a large fish processing factory operate and manage by
Horizon fisheries Pvt ltd., a private company in the Maldives. And next to the south is
Kadhdhoo Island, where a domestic Airport is operated by the Regional Airports, Govt.
of Maldives. Fonadhoo Island is to the south of Kadhdhoo Island and where community
scattered in the central area of the island.
Kadhdhoo Airport
Course way
Picture 4-1 Kadhdhoo Airport and Course Way
Basic public services are available in Gan Island and Fonadhoo Island by Government
offices and agencies. Gan Island and Fonadhoo is managed by Elected Council members
for each Island. Atoll Council office is established in Fonadhoo Island. School are
established in both Islands and education is accessible for all the children. Nursery
schools, Primary schools and Secondary schools provides ideal environment for study
and learning. Students have access to modern facilities and they are thought by trained
staff.
A health Centre and the Regional Hospital is available in the Islands of Gan- Fonadhoo.
Basic medical facilities are available in the Hospitals. In some areas specialists are
available to diagnose and treat patients. The expansion of Regional Hospital is planned
in year 2015. Mobile phones, Television and Radios are common in the community and
Internet service is available from both telecom companies, Dhiraagu and Ooredoo.
Rain water collecting arrangement is done at community houses to collect safe drinking
water. Bottled water is also available at shops and cafes. There is a large water
16
desalination plant operated by FENAKA Corporation, from where the community can
purchase fresh water in bulk if they request. Taxi, cars, vans, trucks and crane services
are available in the region. Motor bike and bicycle are the common mode of land
transportation. For students a free bus service is provided by the community.
To improve social harmony and to build closer relationship among the communities in
suburbs and other islands, many programs have been carried out with the initiation of
Councils and NGOs. Activities that encourages visiting other communities and meeting
people, are held such as sports and cultural events. Preserve of heritage and culture
needs to be up held; emphases placed on protecting and promoting awareness of such
issues.
Land usage plan is available for the islands, details on present urban area and area for
housing development, areas allocated for agriculture, tourism and hotel business and
environmentally protected as greens are also clearly indicated.
17
Table 4-1 Statistics as of October 2014 (Gan-Fonadhoo, Laamu Atoll)

Population
Male
Female
Students
Foreigners (Appx. no)

Schools / Education Centers
Nursery
Primary
Secondary
College
University Campus
Households
Number of Houses
Health Facilities
Health Centers
Hospitals (Regional)
Doctors
Businesses
Shops ( General goods )
Caf / Restaurants
Hardware shops
Workshops
Carpentries
Gan
Fonadhoo
Total
1,836
1,707
1161
400
1,153
1,050
484
100
2,989
2,757
1645
500
5
2
1
1
2
2
1
-
7
2
2
1
2
725
510
1235
1
9
1
2
1
1
11
91
15
4
8
3
43
4
1
3
1
134
19
5
11
4
8
2
1
2
-
10
2
1
168
26
14
4
8
180
30
5
5
2
348
56
19
9
10
16
3
2
8
3
1
14
16
6
4
22
Guest Houses
Vehicles
Less than 6 Rooms

20 Rooms
28 Rooms
Motorcycle
Cars
Pickup
Lorry
Van
Vessels
Fishing Boats ( Dhoni)
Passenger Boat
Speed Boat
Dingis
Fish Processing
Fish Drying / Food products,

etc.
Factories
Horizon Fisheries Pvt Ltd
18
4.1 Gan Island

Gan Island has four districts namely, Thundi, Maahinna, Mathimaradhoo and
Mukurimagu. Population of the Gan Island as of October 2014 is 3543 living in 725
households. Main economic activities in Gan are fishing and agricultural farming. There
are large size 12 fishing vessels and the major income generates from fishing industry.
Farming would generate approximately 15 percent of income for the community.
Construction activities also generates reasonable income to their families here in the
districts of Gan. Many administrative and technical jobs at Regional hospital, Dhiraagu
regional office, Maldives Customs at Gan, Police Regional Headquarters and FENAKA
Corporation regional office are being filled by the members of the Gan community. Fuel
and other commercial products are available in the Island. Consumer products and
clothing are available in local shops.
Food, hardware and construction material are delivered by sea transport. The island
operates 3 vessels to transport food, vegetables and construction material to and from
the capital, Male.
In Gan island construction of training resort is ongoing at north of the island aiming to
cater students from throughout the nation and abroad. Construction of 100 units of
housing will be done next year. Harbor extension project is planned for 2015 to cater
for the growing demand of the boat movements. Extension of regional hospital will be
a huge program which is planned for the coming year. Maldives National University will
be having a large campus in this region and construction is expected to start during the
year 2015. Construction of linked road brings so much hope for the community of this
region, knowing that it will bring speed for transport of goods and services. Ice plants,
workshop and other medium size business is encouraged in the commercial area in Gan
Island. Gan community welcome investors and committed to support, to establish
businesses for mutual benefits.
Picture 4-2 Gan Harbor
19
4.2 Fonadhoo Island

Fonadhoo Island is the Capital of Laamu Atoll. Fonadhoo Island council office and Atoll
council office is located in Fonadhoo Island. There are three suburbs in Fonadhoo, they
are Barasil, Medhuavah and Kurigam. The population of the island as of October 2014
is 2203 living in 510 households.
Main income of the community is generated from local jobs. Many jobs in Kadhdhoo
Airport is being filled by members of this community. Administrative and technical jobs
in Maandhoo Fisheries Factory, Atoll Council office, STO outlet, Bank of Maldives, Post
office and Police station at Fonadhoo occupies by the people from Fonadhoo Island. May
be around 10 percent of the community incomes generates from agricultural farming in
this community. Small scale fish drying and fish products distribution is being done by
two local companies.
Food, hardware and construction material are delivered by sea transport. The island
operates 2 vessels to transport food, vegetables and construction material to and from
the capital, Male. Fuel and other commercial products are available in the Island.
Consumer products and clothing shops are common in the island. STO operates a large
retail shop, where construction materials, hardware and consumer products are
available. Fonadhoo Harbor is spacious and will cater for the growing demand of boat
movement for the coming many years. Linked road construction brings so much hope
and excitement for the community of Fonadhoo. The road will bring speed to deliver the
goods and service to all corners of the region.
In Fonadhoo island housing programs are underway, 185 house will be completed in one
year period. Additional 160 plots have been release for the housing purpose. South of
Fonadhoo will be released for tourism development in the coming year. Fonadhoo
community welcomes to bring commercial scale business to the island.
Picture 4-3 Fonadhoo Harbor
20
5 Existing Power Systems

The Gan-Fonadhoo stretch consists of Fonadhoo, Kadhdhoo, Mandhoo and Gan islands.
The data indicates that there is a combined peak demand of 3.28 MW among all the
islands. There are 15 generator sets below the rating of 800 kW at operation but most
of these machines are in bad condition. In addition there are 3 generator sets with rating
of 800 kW and 1000 kW at the powerhouse of Horizon Fisheries factory. They all are
high speed generators which requires frequent maintenance and service. Xvcvvv vvvv
vvvvvss ssss sss
5.1 Power System of Gan

Gan Island has four districts namely Thundi, Maahinna, Mukurimagu and
Mathimaradhoo. The power systems in these districts has been utilized to cater to the
need of the individual district. However very recently Thundi district powerhouse has
been decommissioned and now power system of Maahinna delivers power to the
community of Thundi. The major consumers such as Large Guest Houses and industrial
sites they have their own Diesel Generators due to frequent interruption and
fluctuations in Utility power. In general the powerhouses are in bad condition due to
lack of capacity, under size, over load and inefficiency.. vvvvvv vvvvvvv vvvvvvvvv vvv
vvv zzzz
5.2 Power System of Thundi

The daily peak demand for this district is observed as 240 kW. The poor condition of the
powerhouse in Thundi has resulted in shutting down the system in August 2014. The
system was under capacity and there was no generator paralleling and load sharing
facilities. The electricity is now provided to Thundi district from Maahinna powerhouse.
The connectivity is established by two transformers of 11kV, 800kVA at powerhouse and
320kVA as a distribution transformer at Thundi and via 11kV, 3 phase, 70mm2 armored
underground cable. Only one generator set of 250kW is kept at Thundi powerhouse and
is used on emergency basis. Picture 5-1 shows inside and outside of Thundi Powerhouse.
Picture 5-1 Thundi Powerhouse
21
5.3 Power System of Maahinna

Maahinna district have a daily peak demand of 160 kW. Currently three generator sets
are used in Maahinna powerhouse to provide electricity to the population of Maahinna
and Thundi district. Two generator sets of 250 kW and one generator set of 800 kW is
used together with a synchronizing control panel board.
The powerhouse of Maahinna consists of a small office room, panel room and generator
room. A day tank of 1600 liters is kept inside the powerhouse to provide fuel to two
generator sets of 250 kW and fuel for the 800 kW generator sets is provided directly
from the bulk storage tank. It is to be noted that fuel required for operating
Mathimaradhoo Power system is also supplied from these bulk storage tanks. Having
small facilities for fuel storage results in frequent transport of fuel on the road vehicles
and increase risk of accidents on handling.
The chimney of Mahinna Powerhouse does not meet the minimum requirement set by
the Maldives Energy Authority (MEA). The powerhouse is not equipped with noise
abatement. Even though the community housing is far away, noise pollution, air
pollution and ground contamination need to be addressed.
There is no site marking and no access control to the powerhouse. Safety and security
at the site is insufficient. There are no dyke wall for fuel storage tanks or preventive
measures for oil spills. Also, no firefighting equipment or trained staffs available at the
site. The powerhouse lacks in services and in maintenance record keeping.
Power system has many weak links, the development at power system happens very
much on emergency basis and there are many limiting factors in these power systems.
It could be bus bar rating, breaker rating, cable rating, protection method and levels.
The Aluminum cable network in the Maahinna district is very weak and unreliable, faults
and leakages are very common causing additional disruption during rainy seasons.
Picture 5-2 shows inside and outside of Maahinna Powerhouse.
Picture 5-2 Maahinna Powerhouse
22
5.4 Power System of Mathimaradhoo

The daily peak demand in Mathimaradhoo is 300 kW. Many large consumers in this
district are having their own generators to cater for their facilities. Mathimaradhoo
power system can be considered substandard and extremely low in every aspect of
engineering and operation. The powerhouse consists of a control room, fuel storage
room and generator room. In generator room there are two generator beds, on one bed
only parts of a generator body is kept and 250 kW generator on the second bed is also
not functional and this has been out of service since 2013. Power interruption is
frequent and power quality is low due to under capacity, control and network
conditions.
Currently Mathimaradhoo powerhouse does not have a bulk fuel storage tank and the
fuel is supplied on a need basis from Maahinna powerhouse. Presently they have 2
metal tanks of 4000 liters and 2 tanks of 5000 liters for handling fuel. As per the MEA
Guideline plastic tanks cannot be used as fuel storage tanks. In addition, proper bund
walls have to be constructed around the storage tanks.
The only generator which provides electricity to the community is 800kW generator set
which is installed outside the Powerhouse, a machine transferred from water company,
MWSC. The chimney of the powerhouse is totally damaged and is lower than the height
specified in MEA guideline. It is also observed that the generator set operated in this
powerhouse is higher than the peak demand of 300kW. As a result the generator is not
operating at optimum capacity, but at the same time we should note that the physical
condition of these machines are extremely low. In all aspects the damage is high, fuel
efficiency is low due to bad condition of the machine and not having the right size of the
machines. The distribution system due to under size and over load results in heavy loss
in this district.
The powerhouse lacks many facilities and features. Safety, security, substandard
equipment and systems increase risk for the personal as well. Measuring, indicators and
electrical protection, lack of proper operational and maintenance procedures increase
risk of damage, risk of fire and risk of life. As part of the emergency plan for the current
needs the company is planning to deliver power to the community of Mathimaradhoo
from Maahinna powerhouse. As they did for Thundi district, similarly it is planned to
install 11kV Substations. This will demand to add capacity at Maahinna powerhouse.
Once adopted the generator at Mathimaradhoo powerhouse will be used for stand-by
power. But none of these current activities will provide a solution for the growing
demand in the communities in near future. Picture 5-3 shows inside and outside of
Mathimaradhoo Powerhouse
23
Picture 5-3 Mathimaradhoo Powerhouse
5.5 Power System of Mukurimagu

The current peak demand of Mukurimagu is 160 kW. Two generator sets are installed in
Mukurimagu powerhouse to provide electricity to the community. Generator sets
combination of 150 kW and 125 kW are continuously in operation. The third generator
set of 120 kW installed in the powerhouse has been out of order for several months.
Even though the powerhouse has load sharing features, at control panel, the motorized
breakers are out of order and the protections does not function properly.
The exhaust pipe of the generators are facing to the adjacent neighboring house
damaging the trees and plants and polluting the air at their homes. Noise and pollution
is a serious issue in this powerhouse. Neighboring communities are suffering badly due
to air pollution, noise and ground contamination.
It is observed the machine in operation at the time of visit was leaking heavily, loss of
fuel from the system, lack of spare parts and under capacity forced the operators run
these machines on extreme condition. Generators, control panels, distribution network
and auxiliaries are all in very weak condition. The facilities can be considered high risk
due to lack of safety and security, lack of electrical safeties to protect equipment and
personal. Picture 5-4 shows Control panels and generator room of Mukurimagu.
Picture 5-4 Control Panels and Generator Room of Mukurimagu Powerhouse
24
5.6 Power System of Fonadhoo

Fonadhoo is the capital of Laamu Atoll and have 2203 residents in the island. The power
system of Fonadhoo Island was developed under the support from Asian Development
Bank. However, it took few years the electrical load surpass the available capacity of the
powerhouse. It is apparent that the load forecasting and capacity building was not
carried out in a realistic way, the life of the powerhouse was so short.
Currently powerhouse have one generator sets of 360 kW, one generator set of 200 kW
and one generator set of 400 kW. However, 200 kW generator set is now out of order.
The island have a peak demand of 530 kW, in order to meet this demand both generator
sets are operating at peak load hours, as a result during maintenance of these machine
power cuts are evident.
Fuel is stored in 2 x 15000 liters steel tanks installed in a higher elevation at south side
of the power plant but there is no dyke walls for these tanks. Generator panel has its
limits and New Gen set in operation and immediate programs on going are only to cater
for the current shortages and as a whole the system will not provide power security for
the coming years. Beside the capacity issues, the power system lacks many features on
safety and operational and maintenance practices. Picture 5-5 shows power system of
Fonadhoo Island.
c
Picture 5-5 Fonadhoo Powerhouse
25
5.7 Other Power Producers

Kadhdhoo Airport operates a powerhouse at Airport compound. The current demand
of 50 kW will increase in near future with the development programs. If the Power is
available from CPS the Generators can be utilize for emergency purpose. Picture 5-6
shows Generator Sets installed inside Kadhdhoo Airport.
Picture 5-6 Generator Sets Installed Inside Kadhdhoo Airport
MNDF Site at Kadhdhoo operates a powerhouse with similar load of 50 kW. According
to the Officers, three more buildings are under construction and the completion of these
buildings in the near future will result in a load growth forecast of 100 kW. Picture 5-7
shows generator sets installed inside Kadhdhoo MNDF premises.
Picture 5-7 Generator Sets installed inside Kadhdhoo MNDF Premises
26
Maandhoo factory, Horizon Fisheries Pvt Ltd have a large diesel power plant equipped
with high speed diesel generators from Cummins. The peak load recorded was 1800 kW.
When CPS provides power for the growing demand of the factory the existing facilities
at the powerhouse can be utilized for emergency purpose. Picture 5-8 shows
powerhouse building of the factory.
Picture 5-8 Powerhouse Building of Fish Factory
27
6 Load Forecast and Available Capacity

Given the high sensitivity of power development plans to demand projections, load
forecasting represents a crucial element of electric power utility programming. The main
purpose of any form of load forecasting is estimating the most likely future demand to
serve as a basis for supply planning. This includes expansion and operation of power
station as well as the planning of distribution facilities.
Based on the study the existing facilities are equipped with high speed diesel engines,
these machines and the related systems are undersize, inefficient and over loaded. With
current situation available capacity cannot cater even for the realistic load of the Islands
today.
Gan-Fonadhoo stretch can be considered a very potential area for economic growth
having land, harbors, an airport and people. The communities are vibrant. The planned
developmental programs for next 3 years will reflect in additional energy requirement.
As a result there will be load growth that need to be addressed. Strategic decisions need
to be made to build energy supply security for the near future and long term.
Load growth factors have been reviewed based on available statistics and production
data. Analysis of current development projects and planned projects for next three
years has been reviewed for energy requirement. Population growth, commercial
activities, income and purchasing power of the currency have been considered in
generating the future growth trend.
Graph 6-1 shows the current daily load of the stretch 2014 and graph 6-2 shows the
forecasted load for the year 2018. Graph 6-3 shows load forecast and available capacity
of the proposed power system, Phase I and graph 6-4 shows allowable RE intake of 30%
of the peak load on any given year.
28
DAILY LOAD CURVE 2014
GAN-FONADHOO (LAAMU ATOLL)
Graph 6-1: Daily load curve 2014
29
ESTIMATED DAILY LOAD CURVE 2018

Graph 6-2: Estimated daily load curve 2018
30
LOAD FORCAST & AVAILABLE CAPACITY (MW)

Graph 6-3: Load forecast and available capacity
31
ALLOWABLE RE INTAKE
- 30 percent of the forcasted load at a given year

Graph 6-4: Allowable RE intake
32
7 Demand for Electrical Energy

Electricity has given us the freedom to use power when we want, where we want, and
in the form we want. But electricity has to be generated from other sources of energy
like fossil fuel, hydro, wind, solar and nuclear. And at every moment we must generate
the same amount of electricity as we consume.
The developing countries rely heavily on the fossil fuels in their energy production, so
the demands for more electricity will increase the amount of fossil fuels to produce it.
In many cases it is difficult to find alternative sources of energy either because of natural
conditions, source are not readily available, economic situation, etc.
The proportion of renewable energy is increasing worldwide and it is important to
maintain the trend because of the increased demand for electricity in the developing
countries. The solution is not to restrict the demand, but to try make the role of fossil
fuels less dominant.
Electricity is the very basis of our civilization. Currently we are facing a future of everincreasing demand for electricity and this demand must be fulfilled, keeping in mind the
other big issues of the future. Fortunate for us, at the moment we are equipped with
more profound scientific knowledge and better technological capabilities than ever
before. Both human history and the history of life on Earth in general is filled with
examples of the importance of flexibility, and especially of consequences caused by the
lack of it. Strive for flexibility is the key issue in the future of energy and electricity
production.
Electrical energy has wonderful properties for improving living conditions, for creating
wealth and for providing widespread communication facilities. Electricity literally gives
power to the people. That is one reason why demand for electric energy will continue
to increase.
7.1 Electricity Demand Pattern

Demand for electrical energy changes continuously, depending upon the time of the
day, day of the week and the season. After midnight, demand generally minimizes
because of the reduced human activity. In the morning, when people wake up, they
switch on appliances, offices open up, shops will start business and commercial
operations increases their power demand. In Maldives electricity demand peaks during
noon when the effect of solar irradiation reaches the maximum. Operation of Air
conditioners and fans for cooling purpose and industrial load makes peak load early
afternoon. On Fridays, most citizens apparently relax in the morning resulting in low
33
electricity consumption and during rainy days, when temperature falls to comfort range
the consumption of electric energy goes down due to reduction in cooling load.
Electricity production based on wind and sunshine has characteristics that differ
substantially from those of fuel-based generation. Weather events and the time of the
day determine the output of these renewable sources, resulting in poor deliverability.
Maldives being a sunny country, solar based power production would help to reduce
demand to be covered by power station especially around noon.
Finding new methods for producing energy, and especially finding new combinations of
production with both fossil fuels and renewable sources of energy, is of utmost
importance in tackling the problems related to the growing demand for electrical
energy.
34
8 Renewable Energy Options

Maldives being a country entirely dependent on imported fossil fuel in meeting its
energy needs have made her vulnerable to the external fuel shocks and have made
provision of electricity expensive and unsustainable. To make the electricity service
sustainable and less expensive it is important to explore locally available energy sources
and maximize the use of these energy sources.
According to locally available studies and reports, Maldives is blessed with number of
renewable energy sources namely wind, solar, ocean energies and waste-to-energy, etc.
8.1 Wind Energy

Wind is a form of solar energy. Wind are caused by the uneven heating of the
atmosphere by the sun, irregularities of the earths surface and rotation of the earth.
This wind flow or motion energy, when harvested by a modern wind turbine, can be
used to generate electricity.
Wind is a clean source of renewable energy that produces no air or water pollution. And
since the wind is free, operational costs are nearly zero once a turbine is erected. Mass
production and technology advances like creating new blade designs, more efficient
turbines to produce economical wind energy, systems that are designed for extremely
harsh environment, will attract projects even with low-wind areas. Many times wind is
strong in rainy days, when less sun light is available and peak operating time for wind
and solar systems occur at different times of the day and year. Hybrid systems including
wind are more likely to produce power when we need it.
Department of Meteorology collects hourly data at different locations across the
country at 10 meters height. This data is has been projected for different heights based
on the mathematical tools and analysis suggests good wind power potential at northern
part of the country and consider fair in south part of the Maldives, at project site.
Development of affordable wind capacity to include as a percentage of clean energy
resources in the electricity mix can be a part of the strategic plan. But it shall not be part
of the Power Project, Phase 1, for Gan-Fonadhoo region due to time involves in site
survey and wind mapping before designing the system and finding the economics of it.
35
Picture 8-1 Maldives wind resource map
36
8.2 Ocean Energy

Ocean wave energy is energy that has been transferred from the wind to the ocean. As
the wind blows over the ocean, air-sea interaction transfers some of the wind energy to
the water, forming waves, which stores this energy as potential energy and kinetic
energy.
Tidal range are the regular and predictable change in the height of the ocean, driven by
gravitational and rotational forces between the Earth, Moon and Sun, combined with
centrifugal and inertial forces. Maldives experiences two high tides and two low tides
per day. During the year, the amplitude of the tides varies depending on the respective
position of the Earth, the Moon and the Sun.
Tidal currents are the ocean water mass response to tidal range. Tidal currents are
generated by horizontal movements of water, modified by seabed bathymetry,
particularly near coasts or other constrictions like reefs and islands. Tidal current flows
result from the rise and fall of the tide, although these flows can be slightly influenced
by short-term weather fluctuations, their timing and magnitude are highly predictable
and largely insensitive to climate change influences.
Ocean thermal energy conversion: About 15 percent of the total solar input to the ocean
is retained as thermal energy, with absorption concentrated at the top layers, declining
exponentially with depth as the thermal conductivity of the sea water is low. Sea surface
temperature can exceed 26oC in tropical latitudes, while temperatures 1 km below the
surface are between 5oC and 10oC. The OTEC resource map (picture 8-2) showing annual
average temperature differences between surface waters and the water at 1,000m
depth shows a wide tropical area with a potential greater than 20 oC temperature
differences.
Picture 8-2 OTEC Resource map
37
Many research and development goals remain to be accomplished, including cost

reduction, efficiency and reliability improvements, identification of suitable sites and
interconnection with the utility grid, better understanding of the impacts of the
technology on marine life and the shoreline.
Ocean energy technologies are suitable for the production of both electricity and
potable water, whilst OTEC can also be used to provide thermal energy services.
According to the map of Surface Ocean currents shown in picture 8-2 there are
significant currents in the location of the Maldives. These currents generally influenced
by different aspects, among others:
the monsoon periods and associated winds in the region

the specific location of the atoll and islands being considered
its location regarding the chain of islands, specially north to south
its location in the atoll ( central, east, west, north, south)
Picture 8-3 Surface ocean currents
One of the major issue regarding ocean currents is the lack of sufficient data on which a
detailed assessment could be based. The measurements require for this purpose will
take at least one year in order to deliver useful data and must be as site specific as
possible.
Picture 8-4 Study area (Laamu Atoll)
38
As seen in picture 8-4 the study area seems to have potential channels that can be used
to harness energy from ocean current. It is recommended to conduct detail assessment
of the potential to generate energy from ocean current on these channels in near future.
In order to explore energy generation potential in these channel we suggest to seek
financial and technical support from relevant entities. Utilizing ocean energy to include
as a percentage of clean energy resources in the electricity mix could be part of the long
term plan for the region.
8.3 Waste Heat Recovery

It is estimated that about 40 to 50 percent of industrial energy input is lost as waste heat
in the form of hot exhaust gases, heat transfer to cooling water and heat loss from hot
equipment surfaces and heated products. As the industrial sector continues efforts to
improve its energy efficiency, recovering waste heat losses provides an attractive
opportunity for an emission-free and less-costly energy resource. Numerous
technologies and combinations of technology are commercially available for waste heat
recovery. Many industrial facilities have improved their energy productivity by installing
these technologies.
Several factors can be determine whether heat recovery is feasible in a given
application. For example, small-scale operations are less likely to install heat recovery,
since sufficient capital may not be available and because payback periods may be longer.
Another concern is the ease of access to the waste heat source. In some cases, the
physical constraints created by equipment arrangements prevent easy access to the
heat source, or prevent the installation of any additional equipment for recovering the
heat.
Method for waste heat recovery include transferring heat between gases or liquid, like
boiler feed water preheating and transferring heat to generate mechanical energy,
electrical energy, desalination, etc. Exhaust heat from diesel power plant can be utilized
for sea water desalination through low temperature distillation process such as Multi
Effect Distillation (MED), Multi Effect Distillation with Thermal Vapour Compression
(MED-TVC) and Multiple Effect Distillation with Mechanical Vapour Compression (MEDMVC). Some of the advantages of these machines are;
very low energy consumption, produce steadily high purity distillate water,
do not need complex pre-treatment,
low maintenance cost,
highly reliable,
very high thermal efficiency.
39
In formulating the Phase I of Power Project, installation of heat recovery boilers and
desalination machines is not considered, but spacing of silences and exhaust stack will
allow retrofit of these machines in future. Since these project requires additional capital
and technology review and technical expertise, we recommend to implement such
project independent from main Power Project-Phase I, at a later stage.
8.4 Biomass
Biomass refers to organic matter that stored energy through the process of
photosynthesis. It exists in one form as plants and may be transferred through the food
chain to animal bodies and their waste. It is the fuel derived from timber, agriculture
and food processing wastes or from fuel crops that are specially grown or reserved for
electricity generation. Biomass fuel can also include sewage sludge and animal manure.
The major capital cost items for a biomass power system include the fuel handling
equipment, the combustor, boiler, prime mover, generator, controls stack and
emissions control equipment.
Today system cost is in the range between $3000 and $4000 per kilowatt of electricity.
Large systems require significant amounts of material, which leads to increasing haul
distances and material costs. Small systems have higher O&M cost per unit of energy
generated and lower efficiencies than large systems. Therefore, determining the
optimal system size for a particular application is an iterative process.
The most important factors in planning for a biomass energy are resource assessment
and procurement. As part of the screening and feasibility analysis processes, it is critical
to identify potential sources of biomass and to estimate the fuel quantities needed. To
produce one megawatt hour electricity the fuel requirement would be approximately
one ton of good quality wood chips per hour. The region will not be able to produce and
deliver even one ton of biomass per day, therefore depends on the requirement the fuel
has to be imported and deliver to the site.
Finding a potential supplier to produce and deliver a fuel that meets the requirements
of the biomass equipment can be a bit of an intensive process as it involves determining
the load to be served, identifying possible equipment manufacturers or vendors,
working with those vendors to determine a fuel specification and contacting suppliers
to see if they can meet the specification and at what price. It is necessary to estimate
the monthly and annual fuel requirement to help with fuel handling and fuel storage
planning.
Whether combusting directly or engaged in gasification, biomass resources do generate
air emissions. These emissions vary depending upon the precise fuel and technology
40
used. If wood is the primary biomass resources, very little SO2 comes out of the stack.
NOx emissions vary significantly among combustion facilities depending on their design
and controls. Some biomass power plants show a relatively high NOx emission rate per
kilowatt hour generated if compared to other combustion technologies.
Development of a biomass plant to include as a percentage of clean energy resources in
the electricity mix can be part of the strategic plan. But it shall not be part of the Power
Project, Phase 1, for Gan-Fonadhoo region due to the complex study involves in
technical, operational and commercial aspects.
8.5 Waste to Energy

Waste to Energy plants burn municipal solid waste (MSW) to generate electricity or
heat. At the plant MSW is unloaded from the collecting trucks and shredded or
processed to ease handling. The waste is fed into a combustion chamber to be burned.
The heat released from burning the MSW is used to produce steam, which turns a
turbine to generate electricity.
MSW consist of everyday items such as product packaging, paper, plastic items,
furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliances, paint and batteries. It
does not include medical, commercial and industrial hazardous or radioactive wastes,
which must be treated separately.
Burning MSW can generate energy while reducing the volume of waste by up to 90
percent, an environmental benefit. Ash disposal and the air pollution emissions from
plant operations are the primary environmental impact control issues. Toxic material
include trace metals such as lead, cadmium and mercury, and trace organics, such as
dioxins and furans. The control of such toxics and air pollution are key features of
environmental regulations governing MSW fueled electric generation. These plant
produce comparatively high rates of nitrogen oxide emissions. The on-site land use
impacts are generally equal to those of coal or oil fueled plants.
To make sure the energy is generated cleanly, there shall be a number of high-tech
pollution controls in place. That includes equipment to capture particulate matters,
carbon injections to absorb heavy metals, dioxins and furans, and the addition of lime
to neutralize acid gases, etc.
Today in Gan-Fonadhoo stretch produces roughly 8 tons of MSW per day. In each
community, MSW is either burn in open areas or dispose to the beach. Collecting to a
central location will require proper methods, transport and public awareness.
Implementing a small plant could be an option that need to be explored.
41
Development of a biomass plant to include as a percentage of clean energy resources in

the electricity mix could be an option. A separate study need to be conducted to forecast
the near future scenario and assess the feasibility of such plant operating in the region.
But it shall not be part of the Power Project, Phase 1, for Gan-Fonadhoo region due to
the complex studies involve in technical, operational and commercial aspects.
8.6 Solar Energy

According to satellite data solar radiations and daylight hours across the country are
reasonably good. In addition, a study was conducted by JICA in the year 2009 based on
the data collected in 2003-04 for Male and Hulhumale Island to find out the solar PV
potential. According to the study annual average radiation across the country ranges
between 5.79 to 5.88 kWh/m2/day.
Using the radiation data for Maldives for mono crystalline cells, give a Capacity
Utilization Factor (CUF) of 19 percent, while the modules are fixed. Every m2 solar
collector area in Maldives will results in 300 kWh/year. Similar modules with single axis
tracking generate electricity at 24 percent CUF, which will generate 380 kWh/year/m2.
Percentage increase in the cost is much higher than the percentage in the yield; hence
fixed module systems provide power at a lesser cost than the tracked systems. Double
axis tracking does not yield much as the country is located at the equator.
The storage batteries for year round operation of solar have not been considered. The
very basic reason for not opting the storage is that not only it increases the requirement
of solar modules almost three times, it require huge amount of space to store the
batteries.
GRAPH 8-1 shows adding more renewable beyond about 30% requires investments in
integration controls. This cost, combined with the occasional need to curtail some of the
renewable generation, reduces the economic attractiveness of additional renewable
generation, but still allows very substantial levels of renewable contribution, with their
additional environmental benefits, with only modest cost impacts.
42
Graph 8-1 Relation between levelized cost of energy with respective to of renewable energy penetration
Every hour, enough of sunlight energy reaches to meet the world's energy demand for
a whole year. Solar energy is the conversion of sunlight into electricity through a
photovoltaic (PVs) cells. A photovoltaic cell is made from silicon alloys.
The amount of power solar panels produce is determined by the quality of the solar
panel, solar cells and technology used in making the solar panel.
Mono-crystalline- efficiency is in 16% range. PV cell is made from pure mono-crystalline
silicon with almost no defects or impurities. High purity mono cells are used to make
computer CPU chip, relatively low purity cells are used for solar module. The most
common size of mono-crystalline cell is 5x5 and 6x6. Mono-crystalline has a lifetime
of 25 to 30 years under normal circumstance.
Poly-crystalline-efficiency is in 13% range. PV cell is producing using numerous grade of
poly-crystalline silicon. This is less expensive to manufacturing due to simpler process
involved in production compared with mono-crystalline. The most common size of polycrystalline cell is 5"x5" and 6"x6". Polycrystalline has a lifetime of 20 to 25 years under
normal circumstance.
Amorphous - efficiency is in 10% range. Silicon composed of silicon atoms in a thin layer
rather than a crystal structure. It absorbs light more effectively than crystalline so cells
can be thinner. Thin film technology can be used in rigid, flexible, curved and foldaway
modules. They have a lower cost than crystalline cells but have a lower efficiency.
Amorphous has lifetime of less than 10 years under normal circumstance.
Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy. There photons contain
various amount of energy corresponding to the different wavelengths of the spectrum.
When photons strike a photovoltaic cell, they may be reflected, pass right through, or
43
be absorbed. Only the absorbed photons provide energy to generate electricity. When
enough sunlight, energy is absorbed by the material, semiconductor, electrons are
dislodged from the material's atoms. Special treatment of the material surface during
manufacturing makes the front surface of the cell more receptive to free electrons, so
the electrons naturally migrate to the surface. When the electrons leave their position,
holes are formed. When many electrons, each carrying a negative charge, travel toward
the front surface of the cells, the resulting imbalance of charge between the cell's front
and back surfaces creates a voltage potential like the negative and positive terminals of
the battery. When the two surfaces are connected through an external load, electricity
flows.
The photovoltaic cell is the basic building block of the PV system. Individual cells can
vary in size and one cell only produces 1 or 2 watts, which isn't enough power for most
applications. To increase power output, cells are electrically connected into a packaged
weather-tight module. Modules can be further connected to form an array. The term
array refers to the entire generation plant, whether it is made up of one or several
thousand modules.
When DC from photovoltaic cells is used for commercial applications or sold to electric
utilities using the electric grid, it must be converted to alternating current, AC, using
inverters. The performance of a photovoltaic array is dependent upon sunlight, climate
conditions and its performance. The environmental impact of a photovoltaic system is
minimal, requiring no water for system cooling and generating no by-products.
Development of solar PV system to include as a percentage of clean energy resources in
the electricity mix shall be part of the package to develop the power system at GanFonadhoo stretch. This program shall run in parallel with the power system
development project, phase 1.
Pictures of the potential roofs to install Solar PV in Gan - Fonadhoo stretch are provided
in Annex 1
44
9 Proposed Power System for Gan Fonadhoo

Considering the future requirement and supply of reliable and efficient power to the
region we shall propose to have a common central power system that will deliver power
across the land to all corners with proper characteristics and sufficient amount through
an 11 kV distribution network. The network can be shared to intake renewable energy
from different areas of the region.
Power Plant will be develop under the name of Power System Development Project,
Phase I. In the proposed design for phase I, all necessary design philosophy and site
reservation will be considered for the Phase II. It is foreseen that capacity building under
Phase II will only be required beyond year 2028. The Power system shall consider as
Smart Generating Plant.
Phase I will include installation of a 16 MW medium speed diesel power plant which
operates on marine gas oil. Engine cooling shall be done via sea water taken from inner
lagoon. The 11 kV switch gear system will have switch gears for gen sets, auxiliary
transformers and outgoing feeders. A bus coupler will be in cooperated to allow
maintenance and modification on switch gear system.
The prime mover of the power plant shall be medium speed, 4 stroke diesel engines.
These machines can run on 45 percent fuel efficiency and maintenance interval can be
very long compare to high speed generators. Life of these engine can be thirty plus years
in operation.
Generator Sets, Package substations and auxiliary systems will be monitored and
operated with PLC / SCADA. Staff can be stationed at central control room to run and
manage the power system.
Properties of a smart generating plant includes fast starting, fast ramping up and down
of load, high fuel efficiency, fuel flexibility, minimum maintenance outage time, remote
control of outputs, black start capability, short building time, easy adaptable capacity,
low sensitivity to ambient condition, minimum water use and low capital expenditure.
A problem with the fuel supply or the electrical switchgear system is called a commoncause fault. Therefore, any element of a power plant that might be the reason of a
common-cause fault should be of the highest possible quality. Moreover, the number
of vulnerable elements in the common part should be as low as possible. The generating
sets in parallel should preferably be an identical design. The huge advantage of a power
plant consisting of multiple unit in parallel is that scheduled maintenance can be carried
out sequentially per unit. Actual fuel costs per kWh of electricity produced not only
depend on the fuel price but largely on the fuel efficiency of the power plant.
45
The key performance indicators for such a prime mover are high fuel efficiency, quick
starting and a fast response to load steps. Additional requirements can be an output
that is practically independent of ambient conditions such as temperature, atmospheric
pressure and air humidity. A net fuel efficiency of at least 45% should be targeted.
Machines that comply IMO regulations on emission of NO 2 and SO2 emissions, Engines
that comply IMO Tier I and IMO Tier II emission legislation without secondary
purification systems.
A very fast and efficient prime mover is a feature of modern diesel engine. After a start
command, it can deliver full output within 5 minutes from standstill. After a stop
command with this prime mover running at full output, the breaker between generator
and the grid normally opens after one minute so that power supply also can be quickly
reduced. The engine itself arrives at standstill some 2.5 minutes after the stop
command.
Clearly, smart power generation with fast reacting cascading generating units in parallel
lowers fuel consumption, increases output reliability and reduces the maintenance
costs.
The distribution system will consist of total 33 numbers of packaged substation
scattered across Gan Fonadhoo. The 11 kV, 3 core, 185 sqmm, Cu, cable network is
designed considering the land coverage and voltage drop, major load centers, future
load growth, maintenance, accidents and future expansion works. When the project
is completed the low voltage feeders of the existing powerhouses will be rerouted to
nearby Substations. Low voltage networks will be fed from neighboring substations
and the low voltage network drawings will need to be revised and adopted.
Decommissioning of old powerhouses may proceed once the local network is
transferred to LVswitch board of substations and power supply from CPS is stable.
To harness renewable energy, PV systems shall be installed on the potential and
available roofs in Gan Fonadhoo. It is recommended in the report to install up to 30
percent of the day time peak demand isthe advisable amount that should be install for
a given year. This percentage may increase once the technology is readily available to
stable the grid by controlling the amount of PV energy inject to the grid and
characteristics of it.
The proposed design and floor elevation of all civil structures and installations
guarantees that flood of 1m above the ground level, will not affect the power plant
operations and supply of electricity.
Relevant Technical Specification and Drawings are provided in Annex 2
46
Picture 9-1: Proposed Area for CPS, Gan Fonadhoo, Laamu Atoll
47
10 Environmental Considerations
10.1 Power Plant Location and Climate
The area on which the new power plant to be developed under this project is located at
Kuda Maahinna, southwest shore of Gan, Laamu Atoll, Maldives. The table 10-1
provides information on climatic conditions of the proposed power plant location.
Table 10-1: Climatic conditions of the proposed project location
Climatic Conditions
Atmosphere
Altitude above sea level
Average annual rainfall
Average rain days / year
Mean maximum temperature
Mean minimum temperature
Sea water temperature
Isokeraunic level
Design wind speed
Earth quake risk
10.2
Tropical / Costal
Humid, highly saline, corrosive
1.6 meter from LWL
2000mm
153 days
34 deg c
26 deg c
28 - 30 c
40 thunder days per year
160 km / hour
Design shall consider earth quake zone 1
Environmental Aspects of Diesel Power Plant
Environment aspect of a product is mainly related to its use. Reciprocating diesel engine
produce mechanical and thermal energy, mechanical energy is used to drive generator
for electricity production. The use of fuel and lubricants in engine results in different
types of air emissions and waste. Flue gases and engine cooling produce waste heat to
the air and water. Power plant operation also causes noise emissions and vibrations to
the surroundings.
The main materials used in the operation of an engine driven power plant are
fuel and lubrication oil, water and spare parts. High energy efficiency is essential to
ensure optimum use of fuel resources and to minimize cost and exhaust gas emissions.
Emissions of sulphur and carbon dioxide are directly proportional to specific fuel
consumption when comparing operation on the same fuel quality. High energy
efficiency is mostly the result of good combustion, which also minimizes emissions of
unburned compounds such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulates.
Reciprocating engines have the highest energy efficiency among simple-cycle prime
movers, typical energy efficiencies for a simple-cycle application are 45-50% and
high efficiency is achieved over a broad load range, typically 40-100%. Today a small
power plant also makes it easier to apply Combined Heat and Power (CHP) solutions
because it is easier to find local use for the heat production. The excess heat generated
by reciprocating engines from the cooling of cylinder liners, cylinder heads, lubricating
48
oil coolers and charge air coolers is easily utilized in the CHP application. A CHP plant
has a total efficiency of typically 75-90%.
10.3
Exhaust Emission to the Air
Compositions of the exhaust gases emitted by diesel engines; their environmental

impacts and formation mechanisms need to be considered in these power plants.
Emissions of sulphur and carbon dioxide are fuel-related; they are entirely a
function of the carbon and sulphur content of the fuel and the specific fuel
consumption of the process. CO2 and S02 emissions can be reduced by increasing
the total energy efficiency of the plant or/and by using natural gas instead of
oil and bio fuels instead of gas. S02 emissions increase acid rain and
acidification; it has an unfavorable effect on vegetation and human health,
and a corrosive effect on buildings. CO2 is the most important greenhouse gas";
its increasing presence in the atmosphere is believed to cause climate warming.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are formed in the combustion process inside the engine
cylinder. The main source of NOx is the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen;
only a minor part originates from the nitrogen content of the fuel. NO x
formation is a function of local high-temperature areas and their duration
during combustion. NOx emissions generally increase acidification in water
system and soil, and it promotes formation of ozone and smog in the lower
atmosphere; ozone in the lower atmosphere is harmful to vegetation and
human health.
PM; Particulate emissions depends on fuel quality, the combustion of fuel oils
with high ash and sulphur contents produces a higher level of particulate
emission than in the case of light fuel oil. PM emissions are negligible with gas
engines. PM emission from diesel engines can be controlled by optimizing the
combustion process to minimize soot formation and ensure complete burning
of the fuel oil, as well as by using advanced cylinder lining and piston designs
to minimize lubrication oil escape. Particulate emission limits have until now
been based on the total volume of emitted particulate matter without regard
for particle size. In future, however, more attention will be given to fine
(PM10) and ultra-fine (PM2.5) particles because these pose a greater hazard
to health.
CO, carbon monoxide is a result of incomplete combustion. In diesel engines,
CO emissions are low compared with other emission sources due to effective
combustion and high excess air qualities. Carbon monoxide is a colorless,
odorless and toxic gas. Emission can be reduced by optimizing the geometry of
the combustion space, the compression ratio and the fuel injection method.
Hydrocarbon emissions are generally divided into two categories; total
hydrocarbons and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC). Another term used is
VOC, which is generally understood to mean all the hydrocarbons from which
either methane or both the methane and ethane have been removed. THC
49
and VOC emissions form in the combustion chamber as a result of the local
absence of combustion air, as well as low combustion temperatures and the
evaporation of lubricating oil from the combustion chamber towards the
end of firing period. In diesel engines, THC and NMCH emission levels are low
compared to other emission sources due to the efficient combustion process
and high excess air quantities.
To avoid visible smoke at even lower loads it is necessary to prevent fuel
droplets coming in to contact with metal surfaces around the combustion
space. With common rail fuel injection technology the system keeps the
injection pressure high and constant over the whole load range, thus
enabling operation without visible smoke over the whole operational field.
Table 10-1 Ambient Air Quality Standards

No2
3
[g/m ]
Pollutant
Component
European Community
US - EPA
Germany
98%
200
200
24h
-
So2
3
[g/m ]
Year
50
100
80
1h
260
-
24h
150
365
-
PM
3
[g/m ]
Year
120
120
1h
-
24h
150
250
200
Year
80
60
100
98% - 98 percentile, 1h 1 hour value, 24th daily value annual value
Picture 10-1 Impact to surrounding vegetation due to emission

Powerhouse in Gan Mukurimagu
Noise from diesel engines consists of air-borne noise, structure-borne noise and exhaust
noise. Noise control is also an essential element in the design of the power plant.
The requirements set for noise vary according to the location of the plant. The noise
criteria for a power plant situated in or near a residential area, for instance, are much
stricter than the normal requirements for a power plant in an industrial area.
Air borne noise can cause permanent hearing damage if directly exposed to it, and is
therefore regulated to a maximum of 110 dB(A) locally in the engine room.
50
The following aspects are addressed in noise engineering for power plant applications:
Power plant building design; wall structure and thickness, ventilation

Dampening of charge air intake and exhaust outlet
Engine cooling system; type and location of the radiator
Relocating the layout of noise-producing components
Table 10-2 Noise quality standards

Area
Country/Time Scale
Germany
US - EPA
Day
65
-
Industry
[dB (A)]
Night
50
-
Industry/Residential
[dB (A)]
Day
Night
60
45
-
Residential
[dB (A)]
Day
Night
55
40
65
58
Day Time 6:00 till 22:00, Night Time 22:00 till 6:00
10.4
Identifying and Assessing the Impacts
Power project would have a considerable impact on the environment. It will have an
impact on the terrestrial, marine and the social environment. The Environment Act
came into force in 1994. According to this Act, an Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) needs to be carried out for any major project which might have a significant impact
on the environment. Although this is a power project, some of the standards which
needs to be followed are not available in Maldives. For example the emission levels from
the stacks, the emission levels at different distances from the source and the sound
levels are some of the standards which still needs to be established. As some of these
standards are not available, some of the international standards are referred to here.
The possible impacts and the mitigation options for the project is described here. The
possible impacts are assessed based on the literature, site survey assessments and
professional experience based on similar power projects. The impacts are based on
during the construction phase and the operation phase.
It is highly recommended that a full-fledged EIA be carried out before implementing the
project as to get the clearance from the Environmental Protection Agency.
10.5 Environmental Aspects to Consider for the Project

Following are the key considerations which needs to be made for the project.
Location of the power plant, distribution systems, the laying of cables and pipes
Mobilization
Reclamation
Deep excavation
51
Dewatering
Construction
Fuel management
Cooling water discharge
Atmospheric emissions
Noise pollution
Impact on marine environment
Hazards
Health impacts
10.6 Possible Environmental Impacts by the Project

For ease of presentation, the possible environmental impacts due to the project is
presented for two stages, mainly
Impacts during construction phase

Impacts during the operation of the facility
10.6.1 Mobilization
The parts of the power plant and other related accessories needs to be brought from
either Male or somewhere else as it is not available on the island. Installation and laying
of cables involves use of heavy machinery and may disrupt the traffic on norm of work
during some construction hours. As the island have a harbor and the stretch is connect
by land, transport of the parts of the power facility and the accessories would be easy.
10.6.2 Fuel Management

From the field visits it is well understood the current situation about the fuel
management practices at the individual powerhouses. None of the powerhouses have
a proper fuel management in place. Given the mismanagement in the past, fuel
management is crucial to this project. The fuel management involves issues related to
supply or shipment of fuel, loading and unloading of fuel and dealing with waste oil.
Should there be a spillage on fuel handling while loading fuel, this might have a huge
impact on the fragile marine environment. Fuel storage tanks also would be built within
the vicinity of the facility and proper mitigation has to be taken to address any spillage.
Waste oil generated would be collected and disposed at allocated sites in the region.
52
10.6.3 Cooling Water Discharge

The proposed system will be used sea water as cooling medium. The secondary circuit
of engine cooling will circulate sea water and the return line will discharge the warm
water to the western lagoon. As the difference between the inlet water and outlet water
temperature is not significant (about 5oC) and there will be continuous exchange of
water, the impact would be negligible.
10.6.4 Atmospheric Emissions

Atmospheric emission is related to specific consumption of fuel, lubricant and other
consumables and the efficiency of the engines. As described in chapter 10.2 and 10.3,
CO2 and NOX are the main gases that emits from a diesel power plant operates on marine
gas oil (light diesel oil). Sulphur content in light diesel is approximately 0.5 percent and
the emission of SO2 will be marginal.
Currently Maldives has no guidelines as to which how much the concentration of these
gases has to be. Therefore the usual practice is to refer to the standards set by the
international agencies.
Limited field measurements are available in Maldives. One such and similar example to
this project is the Male fourth power generation project carried by STELCO. A field
measurement of the particulate matter was taken for the EIA for that project (EPA
2005). The results as in Table 10-3 showed that the PM10 and PM2.5 were below the
standards of the USEPA standards. A similar condition might be observed with the
proposed power facility. As this facility would be built on a location away from the
residential area, there would be minimal or no effect to the general public of the Island
due to the emission from the power station.
TABLE 10-3 USA EPA standards for key pollutants (adapted from EPA 2005)
Pollutant
Health standard
Carbon monoxide (CO)
10 mg/m3 (9ppm) over 8 hrs

40 mg/m3 (35ppm) over 1 hr
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
80 mg/m3 (0.03ppm) over a year; 365 mg/m3 over 24 hrs

(0.14ppm), 1300g/m3 for 3 hr average
Particulate matter
(PM)
50 g/m3 over a year

150 g mg/m3 over 24 hrs; compose of carbon, nitrates, sulphates and many metals
including pb,Cu,Fe and Z
Lead (pb)
1.5g/m3 over 3 months
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
100g/m3 (0.05ppm) over a year, reacts with hydrocarbons and sunlight to form
photochemical oxidants
Ozone (O3)
235 g/m3 (0.12ppm) over 1hr
53
Table 10-4: 24 Hour Averaged Concentration of Particulate Matter Measured In The Vicinity Of STELCO and Further Away (Adapted
from EPA 2005).
Location
200m northeast of STELCO
Far north near Friday mosque
Difference
TSP (g/m3)
PM10 (g/m3)
PM2.5 (g/m3)
PM1 (g/m3)
321.2
135.7
185.5
113.6
66.7
46.9
4.72
4.01
0.71
1.26
1.07
0.19
10.6.5 Noise Pollution

Power generation facilities generate a considerable amount of noise. However,
measures are undertaken to attenuate the sound levels. Maldives Energy Authority has
a standard limits set as to which how much the sound levels have to be. With the proper
mitigation, the sound levels could be attenuated within the standards. As the location
of this facility is away from residential areas, this will have a minimal to no effect on the
residential areas. However, the standards of the sound levels have to be met within the
facility and around the periphery. An idea of the sound levels which might me similar to
this facility is obtained from the sound levels from the EPA 2005 (Table 10-5). As this
facility is located outside of residential area, the noise levels in is envisaged to be less
than that specified in Table 10-5
Table 10-5: Background noise near STELCO area (adapted from EPA 2005)
Noise level at night
dB(A)
Noise level during day

dB(A)
Southside STELCO close to

gensets
65
65
Northside STELCO close to

gensets
69
71
Location
10.7 Impact on Marine Environment

The cooling system of the power facility will use sea water. The hot water from the
system will be disposed to the marine environment. According to the technical
specifications, the outlet temperature would be approximately 5 degrees higher than
the inlet temperature. Given the well mixing nature of the lagoon areas, this
temperature would get diluted and would not have a serious implication on the marine
environment.
10.8 Ways to Minimize Impacts

The possible impacts as a result of the project can be minimized, if necessary
precautions are taken in advance. Following are the mitigation actions that can be taken
during construction and operation phase.
54
10.8.1 Mitigation Actions during Construction

Most of the impacts during the construction phase will cause due to dredging,
excavations and dewatering. Mobilization impacts could be minimized if the public is
made well aware of the projects implementation progress. Proper planning of the
blockage of the roads if necessary should be done and public announcements could be
made where and when the blockages would be made and informed about the
alternatives available.
As use of heavy vehicles would be made, the road signs has to be used to avoid any
occupational hazards. Site inspection and continuous monitoring at all times should be
carried during loading and unloading of material from barges and other heavy vehicles.
During land reclamation or dredging of the lagoons, the timings should be planned such
that the dredging and excavation activities would be carried during the low tide hours.
Utmost care with proper use of bund walls and silt screens must be implemented to
minimize the impacts on the surrounding marine environment.
10.8.2 Mitigation Actions during the Operation

Several mitigation impacts have to be in place to avoid long-term impacts due to the
project. During the loading and unloading of the fuel or refilling of the fuel storage tanks,
the respective hazard signs must be used. The respective firefighting equipment and the
necessary gears must be made available at the premises. Regular training of staff and
exercise drills must be conducted in order to keep the staffs well aware of the hazards
and prevent accidents.
Bund walls around the storage tanks has to be in place so that the bund wall could retain
the oil without leaking should there be a leak from the storage tanks. Every effort should
be made to segregate the hazardous waste from the general waste. Arrangements or
agreements should be in place with either the island councils or the atoll councils to
dispose the waste oil and other waste generated. As to mitigate the atmospheric and
noise pollution, the standards set by the MEA has to be complied with. The walls of the
facility should be maintained so that noise levels are well attenuated to be within the
standard limits.
10.9 Monitoring and Maintenance of the System

Regular monitoring and maintenance is the key to sustainable provision of services to
any power facility. A monitoring plan has to be in place with indicators and timelines.
Some of the key indicators and frequency of monitoring which shall be included in the
monitoring plan are outlined below.
55
Table 10-6: Monitoring schedule

Indicator
Reason
Frequency
Ground water and sea water

(where cooling water is
disposed)
To maintain the same

baseline condition of
groundwater quality and
marine environment
Every 6 months
Noise levels
To maintain within the limit
Every 6 months
Emission from stack (PM, SO2,

CO2 NOx)
To maintain within the limit
Every 6 months
Surrounding vegetation
Check on impacts due to

heat and smoke on the
surrounding environment
Every 6 months
Fire alarm systems and water

system
To prevent fire related

accidents
Monthly
56
11 Financial and Economic Analysis

In a power production and provisions project, there are key elements which demines
the finance and economic feasibility. The initial investment cost, operation and
maintenance costs and the tariff of the usage are among the key drivers of the financial
and economic feasibility. This chapter carryout the financial and economic analysis of
this project. The analysis is carried for 21 years.
11.1 Initial Investment Budget

The following table 11-1 provides the estimated initial investment budget for the
project.
Table 11-1: Initial investment budget for the system (without solar pv).
Description
USD in millions
16 MW Power plant (4 x 4 MW)

Auxiliary Equipment
MV / LV SWG System
21
Seawater Cooling System

Fire Fighting System
Fuel Farm
Distribution Network
33 Nos Substations with Civil Works
6.5
3 Core / 185sqm Copper Cable laying with protective cover

SCADA / Automation / I & C / CCTV / Intercom
Workshop, Head office, Engineering Building, Boundary Walls, Work

Ways, Security, etc.
Total
29.5
It is estimated that an initial investment of USD 29.5 or MVR 454.89 (1USD @ MVR
15.42) would be needed for the construction of the central power plant. This is an
estimated cost based on the market value of the power systems, the labour costs and
transport as the major costs. This cost is without considering the inclusion of the solar
photo voltaic system. This results in approximately USD 1.84 per MW. A similar figure of
USD 1.82 was envisaged in the Male Fourth power generation project. The high cost is
due to the following facts
Design of the system to be used in saline and corrosive environment

High international transport cost
57
High local transport costs

High local and offshore labours due to unavailability of specific professionals
11.2 Operation Costs

The key factors which is considered in the operation are:
The production cost

Fuel and oil
Direct labour costs
Repair and maintenance
The fuel costs were calculated based on the world energy crude oil prices and it was
assumed that the diesel oil price is proportional to the rise and fall of world crude oil
prices. A base year data is considered as the average among all the years of the
production cost determined using the field data analysed
The Table 11- below shows the comparison of the production cost of the current existing
system and the proposed new system.
Table 11-2: Production of the existing and the new system.
Existing system
New system
Avg cost /
kWh (MVR)
6.47
35,159,819.65
Avg cost /
kWh (MVR)
4.95
Labour Cost
0.35
2,400,000.00
0.14
768,000.00
Service & Maintenance
2.30
2,000,000.00
0.41
1,464,900.00
Depreciation
0.24
2,067,500.00
1.84
6,526,430.99
Total Cost of Production
9.36
41,627,319.65
7.34
35,648,473.13
Production Cost
Fuel
Production cost /kWh
Base year
6.34
Base year
26,889,142.14
5.43
Fixed Cost
Communication Cost
0.01
50,000.00
0.01
50,000.00
Transport Cost
0.01
50,000.00
0.01
50,000.00
Admin Cost
0.01
50,000.00
0.01
50,000.00
Total Fixed costs
0.02
150,000.00
0.02
150,000.00
As mentioned in the previous chapters, the existing systems are too old and worn off
and difficult to get the spare parts attracting more frequent maintenance and servicing.
With the low efficiency of the current system the fuel consumption is too high. The adhoc nature of the individual power houses attracts unnecessary employment thus a
higher labour cost. It is estimated that a cost saving of more than MVR 5,978,846.52
could be made a year with the new system on the operational costs. Figure 1 shows the
projected cost of production for the existing system and the new system excluding the
fixed costs as the fixed costs are assumed to be same and fixed for both the systems. A
significant savings could be made with the new system after the 9th year.
58
Production costs (millions MVR)
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Existing system
New system
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 Y15 Y16 Y17 Y18 Y19 Y20 Y21
Year
Graph 11-1: Projected cost of production on both the systems (excluding fixed costs).
Analysis of the profit at the current tariff rates is shown in Graph 11-2. A positive net
profit (solid line) is obtained with the new system especially with a significant revenue
after the 10th year of investment.
100
Net profit (millions MVR)
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
Existing system
New system
Net profit by new system
Year
Graph 11-2: Projection of the profits by the systems. Solid line shows the net profit made by new system.
With the new system in place at the current tariff rates, an Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
of the investment is seen to be 1.18% with a payback period of 19 years.
59
11.3 Sensitivity to the Changes in Tariff

With a power system investment, all the revenues generated depends on the efficiency
of the system (efficiency of the generators, efficiency of the grid), operational costs and
the tariff rates. Once the system is in place tariff plays a central role in determining the
revenue and sustainability of the system financially. An analysis of the sensitivity to the
tariff of the new system was carried out on the financial feasibility. The existing tariff
was raised by 20% where the 20% is arbitrary and is subject to approval by the MEA
according to the rules and procedures of the tariff approval.
Table 11-3: The current tariff and the revised tariff used for the sensitivity analysis for the new system.
Current tariff (MVR)
Bands B (101 200)
Band C (201 300)
Residential
3.75
4.25
4.5
5.5

Bands B (101 200)
Band C (201 300)
4.5
5.1
5.4
6.6
Commercial
4.5
5.75
6.5
7.5
Government
4.75
5.75
6.7
7.75
Special
4.75
5.75
6.7
7.75
Revised tariff (MVR)

5.4
6.9
7.8
9
5.7
6.9
8.04
9.3
5.7
6.9
8.04
9.3
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
(5.00)
Current tariff
Revised tariff
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10Y11Y12Y13Y14Y15Y16Y17Y18Y19Y20Y21
Year
Graph 11-3: Net profit by the current and revised tariff.
The revenue and the net profit projected by the new system was calculated using the
revised tariff. Graph shows the comparison of the net profit by the two tariff systems.
With the increase in tariff, the IRR is 4.22% with a payback period of 15 years. A summary
of the IRR and NPV of the new system using the two tariffs are presented in Table 11-4.
60
Table 11-4: Summary of the IRR and NPV using the tariffs.
Tariff
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
Net Present Value (NPV)
Current
Revised
1.18
4.22
173,047,474.74
242,978,542.85
11.4 Use of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) with the New System

Solar power has been a proven technology in the Maldives with plenty of sunshine
throughout the year. Several grid fed solar PV systems has been established elsewhere
in the Maldives. The financial analysis of the new system to be used hybridizing with the
solar PV is presented here. In experience from the established systems, it is seen that
30% of the daily peak demand could be accommodated using solar PV. Therefore the
analysis is carried based on this and the targeted installation is 4.42 MW of solar PV. At
the current rate of USD 2000/kW, the investment for solar PV would cost MVR
136,467,000 bringing the total investment to MVR 591,357,000 with an NPV of MVR
164,707,036.34.
35
30
With PV system
New system
Net profit using PV
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
Year
Graph 11-4: Net profit made using the new system alone and hybridizing with solar PV.
Graph 11-4 shows the comparison of the net revenue generated using the central power
system and using the same system using solar power. Although the investment cost
becomes higher, it shows that a significant net savings using solar PV with the generator
sets could be made rather than using the generator themselves. However, with the
depreciation and investment cover, the actual savings are to be seen after the 8 th year
of the investment. An average saving of MVR 726,522 per year could be made with the
use of solar PV with the new system.
61
11.5 Avoidance of CO2

With the use of solar PV CO2 emission could be cut down. Graph 11-5 shows the solar
PV which would be installed during the investment. By the end of the investment a total
of 4.42 MW of solar could be installed and a CO 2 emission of 3.489 Kt of CO2 could be
avoided by the end of the investment as seen in Graph 11-5.
5
4.5
MW of solar PV
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Year
Graph 11-5: Solar PV installed
4000
Tonnes of CO2 avoided
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Year
Graph 11-6: CO2 Avoided with use of solar PV with the new system.
62
12 Risk Analysis
There are no significant technical risks associated with the project, which involves the
installation and operation of conventional generation and distribution equipment with
proven performance capabilities. Also, Maldivian working on the field are very familiar
with the technologies of this type of plant and equipment. The unlikely risk of the power
station equipment being damaged by freak wave or tidal conditions will be guarded
against by elevating the machinery floor by at least one meter above the ground level.
As indicated in financial chapter, the project generally is economically robust and can
withstand adverse changes to major parameters. Institutional risks are not considered
significant as the staff working in FENEKA Corporation has undergone similar training
and have extensive knowledge on power plant operation and maintenance.
63
13 Project Management and Procurement

Procuring and implementation of the project shall be on EPC model, Contractor shall do
the detail design, procuring and construction. Employer/Engineer shall prepare the
necessary documentation in order to invite, bid, execute and commissioning of the
project. The documents shall cover necessary conditions, technical requirement and
shall cover all contractual and legal aspect for smooth implementation of the project.
13.1 Scope of Bid

Employer, FENAKA Corporation shall state in Invitation to Bid the following
expression. The FENAKA Corporation (here in after referred to as Employer), wishes
to receive bids on turn-key basis for the design , manufacture, supply, erection, testing,
commissioning, handing over and training of operation and maintenance personal
including guarantee services during a eighteen (18) months guarantee period up to final
acceptance of:
Powerhouse and civil structures

Diesel Generators
Auxiliary equipment
11 kV Switch gear system
DC power and Safe AC
Fuel system
Cooling system
LV system and emergency power
Fire alarm and fire water system
Distribution system
SCADA and PLC system
Water desalination system
Intercom and CCTV system
13.2 Source of Fund

Employer shall give a brief description on how funds for the project has been arranged
and method of disbursement, under this heading. Terms and condition for applying,
approval and settling the payments as agreed by the funding agency, borrower and the
employer.
64
13.3 Eligible Bidders

Here Employer may describe the requirement for eligibility to bid for the project. Each
Bidder including all members of joint venture and all sub-contractors of a Bidder shall
be an eligible as per the conditions.
Bidders shall provide evidence of their continued eligibility satisfactory to the Employer
as the Employer shall reasonably request.
13.4
Submit a written power of attorney authorizing the signatory of the bid to

commit the Bidder.
Submit proposals regarding work methods, scheduling and resourcing which
shall be, provided in sufficient detail to confirm the Bidders capability to
complete the works in accordance with the specifications and the time for
completion.
Join ventures; the form of contract agreement shall be signed by all firms so
as to be legally binding on all partners. One of the partners shall be authorized
to be in charge; and this authorization shall be evidenced by submitting a
power of attorney signed by legally authorized signatories of all partners. One
of the partners shall be authorized to be in charge, the partner in charge shall
be authorized to incur liabilities, receive payments and receive instructions
for and on behalf of any or all partners of the joint venture and the entire
execution of the contract.
Instruction to Bidders
Employer shall cover the following subjects in the instruction to bidders:
Eligible materials, equipment and services

One bid per bidder
Cost of bidding
Site visit
Clarification of Bidding Documents
Amendment of bidding documents
Language of Bid
Documents comprising the bid
Bid form and price schedules
Bid Pricing model
Bid Currencies
Bid Validity
Bid Security
Alternative Proposal by the Bidders
Pre-Bid meetings
Format and signing of Bid
65
Submission of Bids
Deadline for submission of Bids
Late Bids
Modification and withdrawal of Bids
Bid opening
Process to be confidential
Clarification of Bids
Preliminary examination of bids and determination of responsiveness
Correction of error (arithmetic)
Evaluation and comparison of Bids
Award of Contract
Employers right to accept any bid and to reject any or all bids
Notification of Award
Signing of contract Agreement
Performance security
13.5 General Condition of the Contract

For General Conditions of the Contract, FIDIC Condition of Contract for Plant and DesignBuild Contract (Yellow Book) can be used. During the project execution, contractual and
technical issues can be dealt with under the relevant subject in the document to make
sure the parties involved has a fair ground to perform their responsibilities.
13.6
General Technical Requirement
General Technical Requirement shall cover project information, project site and physical
data. In addition document shall cover the following;
Technical standards and regulations

Technical documents and drawings
Distribution and submittal of documents
Approval procedure
Identification of plant items and drawings
Coordinate at site
Soil Investigation and Sea bed survey
Construction Regulations
Testing and commissioning
66
13.7 Civil Works

General specification shall cover the following subjects:
Climatic conditions
Standards and codes
Method statement and proposal for Approval
Surveying works
Soil Investigation and sea bed survey
Earth work and dewatering
Piling works
Reinforced concrete
Structural steel work
Masonry work and plastering
Roofing system
Metal works
Glazing
Tiling and flooring
Painting
Plumbing and sanitary installations
Drainage and Sewerage
Roads and Pavement
13.8 Mechanical Works

Climatic conditions
Standards and codes
Inspection and workshop test
Tests on site
Welding and heat treatment
Piping systems and pipe work
Pumps and valves
Pressure vessels and tanks
Thermal Insulation
Cranes, hoist and lifting devices
Stairs, ladders and platforms
Air conditioning and ventilation systems
Fire prevention and firefighting system
Lubricants, Chemicals and Fuels
Factory tests and site tests
67
13.9 Electrical Works

Climatic Conditions
Standards and Codes
Generator design and tests
Electric Motors design and tests
MV Switchgear design and tests
LV Panels design and tests
Auxiliary Transformers design and tests
Instrument transformers design and tests
Package substation and tests
Wiring and electrical connections
Protection Relays
Batteries and battery chargers
Safe AC and emergency Gen Sets
Lightings and small power
Earthing and lightening protection
Calculations and technical documents
Labels and marking of items
13.10 Instrumentation and Control (I&C)

General specification shall cover the following:
Climatic conditions and technical requirement

Standards and protection class
Pressure / temperature measuring
Valves / actuators
Level / Flow measuring
Speed and power measuring
Cabling / wiring
Human Machine Interface / SCADA
PLC for equipment and group control
Main PLCs for Plant Control
MV Switchgear control and protection
Alarms and Protection
Monitoring of Auxiliary systems
24V DC power and UPS system
110V DC and safe AC systems
Work stations at control room
Engineering station for diagnostic and programming
Drawings and documents
68
14 Proposed Organizational Structure for CPS
CPS - Head Office

CPS - Engineering Building
CPS - Fonadhoo Office (customer Service)
CPS - Gan Office (Customer Service)
14.1 Administrative Department
69
14.2 Finance and Accounts Department
14.3 Power Generation and Distribution Department
70
15 Staff Competency and Training Requirement

During tendering, evaluation and awarding of the Contract, staff of FENAKA Corporation
Limited shall engage to learn the procedure and stages of the Project. During
construction phase staff shall engage and observe the progress at site. Project
management and organizational structure shall have Employer, FENAKA Corporation
presence and the roles, Contractor and Subcontractors details, etc.
Technical staff engagement at site shall be agreed with the Contractor in order to ensure
that there will be no obstructions or delays on the progress of work at site due to their
presence. During testing and commissioning of the equipment relevant technical staff
shall engage to learn and witness the performance.
15.1 Site Training for Power Generation and Distribution Department

Staff
Power Plant Operation: Start up sequence, operation of auxiliary systems and

operation of diesel generators, synchronizing and load sharing. Operation
initiation at black start situation and partial black out situations. The plant restart
procedures shall be demonstrated and real black-out situation with auxiliary
power supply from Emergency Generator shall be witnessed. Station transformer
1 and 2 switching from incoming feeder Breakers and functional test of LV
breakers interlocks with emergency Gen Sets breaker.
Central Control Room/ SCADA: Training shall include operation of power plant via
SCADA system. Auxiliary operation, Generator operation, loading and unloading,
Switchgear monitoring, real time condition monitoring, historical data,
performance trends, access to database, printing, etc.
Power system operates on local level: Start auxiliary systems on LV local panels,
start and synchronize generator sets at local panel board. Load sharing features
at local panel and unloading procedure.
Training on Diesel Engine: Design Technology, Maintenance schedule, Preventive
maintenance and condition based maintenance, lube oil system, fuel oil systems,
charge air system, Combustion air system, turbo chargers, cooling water system,
starting air system, control air, evaluation of engine operating data, diesel engine
controls, protection system, charge air coolers, heat exchangers, etc.
Systems Training I: Fuel oil unloading, diesel storage tanks, fuel transfer pump
house, fuel feed system, cooling water treatment system, sea water intake and
outfall systems, sea water pumps and filters, power plant ventilation system, fire
pump house, fire cart, fire alarm system and fire water system, fresh water pumps
and pipe network, etc.
System Training II: Indoor and Outdoor lighting systems, power plant earthing
systems, Lightning protection systems, small power outlets, outdoor distribution
71
boxes, fresh air intake and vents, air conditioning systems, CCTV systems,
Intercom system, Telephone systems, access control, plant security, etc.
Training on RO desalination plant: Service and maintenance training, log keeping,
data evaluation, pre-treatment and post treatments, fresh water storage, etc.
Power distribution Training: 11kV outgoing feeders, package substation,
maintenance of oil type distribution transformers and Ring main unit,
maintenance procedure and safety precautions, etc.
Training on; Lube oil separator maintenance and service, air compressor
maintenance and service, ventilation room fans service, pumps and filter services
at sea water pump house, fuel booster unit, fuel transfer pump house, etc.
Identify maintenance spare parts and consumables for machinery and systems.
Mandatory spare parts, special tools for equipment, general tools requirement,
measuring instruments, electrical meters, testing equipment, etc.
Leak fuel and sludge handling, used oil and chemical handling and transport.
Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) policies implementation; knowledge
sharing.
15.2 Specific Training at Site for Electrical Unit Staff:
Training on engine control system, control of auxiliary systems, PLC training, 11kV
Switch gear maintenance and control, protection setting on SWG system, load
shedding procedures, training on SCADA, servers and engineering work station
and operators work stations.
Fire alarm panel and controls, fire calling points and fire detection systems.
LV switch board training, drawings, control design, interlocks, maintenance
method, etc. Sub panels in pump houses and engine room.
DC power supply systems: 24V dc system and batteries, 110Vdc battery charger
systems and Safe AC systems. Maintenance and service of DC systems.
Diesel Engine speed control and voltage control.
Sea water pumps; power supply and control.
Fuel feed systems and control.
Lighting and small power
Earthing and lightning protection
Distribution network; load flow and protection setting
15.3 Specific Training at Factory
Diesel engine factory training; 4 person / Class room and practical experience
(visa fee, air fare, transport, lodging, food, and travel allowance)
- Diesel engine design and maintenance procedure
- Lube oil separator design and maintenance
72
Turbo charger design and maintenance

Alternator design and maintenance
Special tools
Switch Gear system factory training; 4 person / Class room and practical
experience ( visa fee, air fare, transport, lodging, food and travel allowance )
- Switch gear design and maintenance procedure
- Gas filling procedure
- PLC programming
- Operation of special tools
- Control voltage supply
- Special tools
Package Substation factory training; 4 person / Class room and practical
experience (visa fee, air fare, transport, lodging, food and travel allowance)
- Transformer design and maintenance
- RMU design and maintenance
- LV switch board operations
- Internal arrangement and safety
- Access arrangement and operation
- Remote communication
15.4 Additional Training at Site
Basic firefighting course shall be arranged to all the staff by a local institute
Industrial firefighting training shall be arranged for 12 staff by a local institute
Basic First Aid course shall be arranged for all the staff by a local institute
73
16 Conclusion
To provide electricity for the growing demand of the Gan-Fonadhoo stretch and
considering the future requirement due to population growth, living condition,
widening of public and social activities, commercial and industrial activities; strategic
decisions need to be made on power generation and supply.
In Fonadhoo Island housing programs are underway, 185 house will be completed in one
year period. Additional 160 plots have been released for the housing purposes. South of
Fonadhoo will be released for tourism development in the coming years. Community
welcomes to bring commercial scale business to the island.
In Gan Island construction of an international training resort is ongoing at north of the
island aiming to cater students from the nation and abroad. Construction of 100 units
of housing will be completed next year. Extension of regional hospital will be a huge
program which is planned for the coming year. Construction of Maldives National
University campus is expected to start during the year 2015. Ice plants, workshops and
other medium size businesses are encouraged in the commercial area in Gan Island. Gan
community welcome investors and committed to support, to establish businesses for
mutual benefits.
Gan - Fonadhoo stretch can be considered potential area for economic activities having
land, roads, harbors, an airport and people. The communities are vibrant.
Energy will be the backbone of industrial operations and assuring the supply of energy
will attract more business and growth can be exponential. Construction of a central
power station will not only stabilize and guarantee the power supply, it will also improve
the fuel efficiency and distribution efficiency.
Replacement of the six existing powerhouses by a single medium speed new power
station will enable the rationalization of manpower by approximately 10% through
reorganizations. The transportation of fuel oil will become more efficient because of
single destination and mass delivery. The distribution loss will be improved to
approximately one-fourth of the present level.
It is also suggested to install solar PV up to 30% of the day time peak demand given the
fluctuating nature of the solar and to maintain stability. Inclusion of renewable energy
in the energy mix will bring saving on generation cost and it will reflect in emission
reduction of CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions. According to the calculations about 3.489 Kt
of CO2 could be avoided yearly.
Evidently, considering the the investment view IRR is positive i.e. 1.18 percent and the
investment return for the new system is 19 years with the current tariff rates. Hence, to
74
provide reliable 24 hour guaranteed electricity to the people living in the stretch it is
deemed necessary to construct central power station and implement the power
distribution network. Moreover, the proposed CPS would bring more social, economic
and environmental benefits to the communities of the Gan-Fonadhoo Islands. The
project would also lead to a significant stepping stone for investors to invest in the
region.
75
Potential Roofs for PV Installation
Airport Building-A
Airport Building-B
Airport Building-C
Airport Building-D
Airport Building-E
Airport Mosque
Atoll Council Office
Fonadhoo Council Office
Fonadhoo Education Centre-A
Fonadhoo Education Centre-B
Fonadhoo Education Centre-C
Fonadhoo Education Centre-D
Fonadhoo Education Centre-E
Fonadhoo Ijthimaaee Marukazu
Fonadhoo Preschool
Fonadhoo STO
Fonadhoo Mosque
Fonadhoo Sewer Treatment Plant
Fonadhoo Health Centre
Council Office - Gan
Council Office - Mukurimagu
Regional Hospital-A
Community Guest House - Mathimaradhoo
Regional Hospital-B
Ihahddoo School-Gan
Ijthimaaee Marukazu-Gan
Gan Preschool
Qattar School-A
Qattar School-B
Student Accommodation Mathimaradhoo
School - Mukurimagu
Mukurimagu Mosque
SCOPE OF SUPPLY AND SCOPE OF WORK
Power System Development Project-Phase 1, Gan-Fonadhoo: Technical Requirements
1 PHYSICAL DATA AT SITE
2 SOIL INVESTIGATION
3 DIESEL GENERATOR SET WITH AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT 4 SETS
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
6
6
7
7
8
9
FUEL OIL SYSTEM

LUBE OIL SYSTEM
COOLING WATER SYSTEM
COMBUSTION AIR INTAKE
EXHAUST GAS SYSTEM
STARTING AIR SYSTEM
4 FUEL OIL STORAGE TANKS
10
5 FUEL TRANSFER SYSTEM
11
6 WASTE OIL COLLECTING SYSTEM
12
7 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
13
8 CRANES AND HOIST
14
9 AIR CONDITIONING AND VENTILATION SYSTEM
15
9.1
9.2
15
15
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

VENTILATION SYSTEMS
10 POWERHOUSE VENTILATION SYSTEM
16
11 AIR INTAKE UNITS IN MECHANICAL ANNEX (POWERHOUSE)
17
12 SERVICE WATER SUPPLY
18
13 SEA WATER - COOLING SYSTEM
19
14 WATER DESALINATION SYSTEM
20
15 CIVIL WORKS TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
21
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
21
22
22
23
POWERHOUSE BUILDING
FUEL TRANSFER PUMP HOUSE
RCC FOUNDATIONS AND OIL RETAIN WALL FOR FUEL TANKS AND SLUDGE TANK
FOUNDATION FOR PACKAGE SUBSTATIONS
Power System Development Project- Phase I, Gan Fonadhoo: Technical Requirements
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
15.10
15.11
15.12
15.13
15.14
15.15
15.16
15.17
15.18
CONTROL ROOM AND LV ROOM BUILDING

11KV SWITCHGEAR BUILDING
SEA WATER PUMP HOUSE
SEA WATER INTAKE AND OUT FALL SYSTEM
SEA WATER INTAKE BASIN
FIRE PUMP HOUSE
SERVICE WATER PUMP HOUSE
CUSTOMER SERVICE STORE
DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT STORE
MAINTENANCE WORKSHOP
DESALINATION PLANT
VEHICLE PARKING SHEDS
ENGINEERING BUILDING
HEAD OFFICE BUILDING
23
23
24
24
25
25
26
26
27
27
28
29
29
30
16 ELECTRICAL WORKS
31
16.1 LOW VOLTAGE PANEL BOARD (AUXILIARY POWER PANELS)

16.2 BLACK START DIESEL GENERATOR SET
31
31
17 SCADA CONTROL SYSTEM
33
17.1 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

17.2 SIGNAL ACQUISITION
17.3 MAN MACHINE INTERFACE
33
34
34
18 CCTV SYSTEM
35
19 INTERCOM AND PAGING SYSTEM
35
20 BATTERY / CHARGER SYSTEM
36
21 DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION CONTROL AND MONITORING
36
22 AIR INSULATED MEDIUM VOLTAGE SWG PANEL BOARD
37
22.1 STANDARDS
37
23 SPECIFICATION FOR SUBSTATIONS
38
23.1 PACKAGE SUBSTATION, 500 KVA, 11KV/400V

38
40
42
24 AUXILIARY TRANSFORMERS
44
25 LIGHTING AND SMALL POWER
44
26 SWITCHES AND SOCKET OUTLETS
46
27 LIGHTNING PROTECTION AND EARTHING
47
1 Physical Data at Site

Climatic Conditions
Atmosphere
Altitude above sea level
Average annual rainfall
Average rain days / year
Mean maximum temperature
Mean minimum temperature
Sea water temperature
Isokeraunic level
Design wind speed
Earth quake risk
Tropical / Costal
Humid, highly saline, corrosive
1.6 meter from LWL
2000mm
153 days
34 deg c
26 deg c
28-30 c
40 thunder days per year
160 km / hour
Design shall consider earth quake zone 1
2 Soil Investigation
Contractor shall carry geo-technical investigation at site in accordance with the relevant
standards and established practices. The investigation and its report shall include
information of the region, procedure adopted for the investigation, field and laboratory
observations, data, records and recommendations on type of foundations for different
type of structures envisaged.
Contractor shall carry all necessary test to confirm the ground condition, before
designing of foundations and buildings. Contractor shall carry out bore-holes test at
selected sites to investigate the sub-soil conditions. The minimum depth of borings shall
be 20 meters below ground level. The drilling and sampling shall be performed in
accordance with BS 5930.
The report shall include electrical resistivity of sub-soil, interpretation of dynamic soil
properties, suitability of the sub soil for construction of different buildings and
protective measures need to be taken.
3 Diesel Generator Set with Auxiliary Equipment 4 Sets

Diesel generator sets shall comply with ISO 8528, shall be identical and shall have a
continuous rated output at site of approx. 4 MW each.
Each diesel generator set shall consist of a medium speed diesel engine (600 750 RPM),
four stroke, water cooled, turbo charged, with in-line or V cylinder configuration,
operated on MDO, direct coupled to 3-phase, 50Hz synchronous generator, both rigid
mounted on a common steel base frame. Each diesel generator set shall be mounted on
resilient mounting, spring type or air bellow type.
The diesel generator set shall be designed to meet following requirements:
The DG set shall achieved guaranteed output and consumption with high
availability under the prevailing local conditions and operation on MGO.
The DG set and their auxiliary equipment shall be completely identical and all
respective parts shall be completely interchangeable.
The DG sets shall operate stable in standalone and parallel operation with the
all load condition of the island, with base load and island mode operation
without any excessive mechanical vibrations, torque oscillations on engine
components and adjacent structures or electric load and voltage oscillations.
At rejection of 100 percent load, engine speed rise shall be below the tripping
value.
The emission level of NOx shall not exceed 5000mg/m3n related to 5% O2 at 60100% load.
The emission level of CO shall not exceed 200 mg/m 3n related to 5% O2 at 60100% load.
Piping and structures connected to DG set shall be fixed in such a way that they
do not exposed to noise vibration.
The engine start shall be possible only under the following conditions:
- Correct values of pressure, temperature on the following systems; fuel
system, lube oil circuit, fresh cooling water circuits, sea water circuit,
main bearings, control air,
- turning gear disengaged,
- mechanical over speed protection rearmed.
Diesel engine specific requirement
These requirements shall be adhered to strictly, except where the
technological development dictates improvement. The final choice of the main
components shall be subject to approval by employer / engineer.
Diesel engines, 4-stroke, medium speed, water cooled, turbo charged and air
cooled.
- Speed: 600 or 750 RPM suitable for 50Hz frequency power generation.
- Engine output in order to match 4 MW continuous output at site at the
alternator terminals.
- The diesel engine shall operate at 10 percent overload for 1 hour in 12
hours acc. to ISO 3046.
- The maximum effective pressure at cylinders shall not exceed 21 bar.
- The mean piston speed shall be less than 10m/sec.
- The specific fuel oil (MGO) consumption of each engine at site shall be
max. 200g/kWh (42700kJ/kg).
- The specific lube oil consumption of each engine shall be below 1.2
g/kWh when centrifugal filters, automatic filters and lube oil separators are
in operation.
- The diesel engine shall be suitable to run on all commercially available
diesel fuels with characteristic data similar to BS 2869-1988 class A1 and
B1.
Control, alarm and shut-down system
Each generator set and all related equipment under this contract shall be
provided with control, alarm, monitoring, data recording instrument and
instruments on the local control panel to ensure safe and reliable operation of
the equipment, to avoid damages to the engine and mechanical and electrical
equipment, to protect the operation and maintenance personal and to have
all relevant information at the local control panel and central control room.
3.1
Fuel Oil System
The fuel oil system shall comprise the supply of all equipment in every aspect which is
necessary to guarantee reliable, trouble free and economical long-term operation of the
diesel engine. Fuel system shall include 4 x fuel day tanks, horizontal cylindrical type acc.
to DIN 6616, for uninterrupted operation of each 4 MW generator set at MCR for 8
hours. Level switches shall be in cooperated for pump ON / OFF and valve operation and
low level and high level alarms and protections. Fuel level indicators with local and
remote monitoring shall be available. Over flow shall instruct pump stop and necessary
indications for CCR.
4 x day tanks with foundation and support structures. With necessary

protection of fuel spillage to the ground. Day tanks with level indicators,
vents, man holes, sensors and switches.
Booster pump / filter module, one for each engine, skid mounted, each module with;
3.2
2 x gear pumps with electric motor 400V, 50Hz, (one as stand-by), with
mechanical seal, coupling, safety valve and strainers. Pumps capacity,
sufficient for 110 percent engine load.
Electrical control panel
Lube Oil System
The lube oil system shall comprise the supply of all equipment in every aspect which is
necessary to guarantee reliable, trouble free and economical long-term operation of the
diesel engines. The system shall supply lube oil sufficient quantity, in clean condition
and at the correct temperature for the diesel engine.
A separator shall be incorporated with lube oil system for each engine to clean the
engine oil. The separator shall be self-cleaning and fully automatic, skid mounted on a
base frame with leak oil span, incorporated sludge tank, automatic draining device with
level switch and control functions for gear pump, sludge discharge to the waste oil tank.
The separator size shall be approximately; the oil volume shall be circulated 5 times per
day.
The lube oil system for each engine shall include;
1 x lube oil separator
1 x strainer
3.3
1 x transfer gear pump with 250um strainer and safety valve

1 x electric motor, 400V, 50Hz
1 x lube oil heater
Automatic filter
Lube oil cooler
Electrical and control panel
Cooling Water System
The design of the cooling water system shall be according to the specific needs of the
engine in order to ensure simple, reliable and economical operation of the diesel
engines. The heat exchangers/ coolers and related equipment shall be installed in such
a way that cleaning and disassembling is possible without dismantling neighboring
equipment and under the coolers shall be installed a collecting pan.
Supplied cooling water system shall include;
3.4
1 x maintenance water tank (common), for all the engine; volume can be
maximum cooling water volume of 2 engine plus expansion tanks and the
contents of the related water piping. Over flow, vent, filling and drain shall be
incorporated. The valve for filling the expansion tank shall be manually
operated. Expansion tank low level alarm shall be indicated in local panel and
central control room.
Electrically driven pump shall allow filling of complete cooling water circuit of
one engine in less than 20 minutes.
Plate heat exchangers shall be industrial type, material stainless steel 316 or
titanium or equivalent.
Necessary valves, vents, filling-pipes, support, pressure gauges, pressure
sensors and temperature sensors and temperature gauge shall be fitted.
Combustion Air Intake
The combustion intake air system shall comprise the supply of all equipment in every
aspect which is necessary to guarantee reliable, trouble free and economical long-term
operation of the diesel engines. The combustion intake air shall be from outside via
attenuators. Each diesel engine shall be equipped with separate mounted heavy duty
dry-type air filters and closed air duct to the turbochargers intake. The intake air filter
shall be mounted on the steel structure on reinforced concrete foundation.
The housing and filter element shall withstand the marine environment, salty and
humid. The filter units shall filter and prevent 98 percent of dust and salt in the air
intake. Back of the cartridge type filters a protective mesh shall be available in order to
prevent any large particles passing through the pipe to the turbo chargers. The pressure
drop from intake air to turbocharger inlet with cleaned filter conditions shall not exceed
25mbar. The system shall be designed to allow easy access for control and maintenance.
Supplied intake air system shall include;
3.5
1 x sound attenuator/silencer, delta 35 dB(A), for each combustion line

1 x heavy duty dry-type intake air filter for each combustion line with
differential pressure gauge and one differential pressure switch activating an
alarm on the CCR.
Exhaust Gas System
The exhaust gas system shall comprise the supply of all equipment in every respect
which is necessary to guarantee reliable, trouble free and economical long-term
operation of the diesel engine. The exhaust gas system should be suitable to withstand
the corrosive effect of the marine environment. Each diesel engine shall be equipped
with two heavy duty exhaust gas silencer of the absorption type with spark arrestor and
a minimum sound attenuating effect of 35 dB(A).
The exhaust gas silencer and steel structure and stack shall be designed in order to
withstand wind velocities up to 45m/sec. The stack shall have an outer steel pipe
construction with suspended, thermal insulated internal exhaust pipe made of stainless
steel AISI316L. The stack materials and paints shall be selected for high durability under
the extreme climatic conditions at site and to avoid any risk of corrosion. Each stack shall
be mounted on the vertical exhaust gas secondary silencer and supported by a steel
structure. The finished height of the exhaust stack shall be +20m from the ground level.
The exhaust gas piping shall be insulated and provided with stainless steel compensators
before and after the silencer to accommodate expansion movements and shall be
arranged so that vibrations from the engine are not transmitted to the structures and
building.
The supplied exhaust gas system for each engine shall include;
1 x primary silencer with minimum sound attenuation effect of 35dB (A),

including spark arrestor, suitable for mounting horizontal position.
1 x secondary silencer with sound attenuation effect of 35dB (A).
4 x stainless steel compensator, bellows for mounting before and after the
silencers.
1 x stack 20m height counting from ground level.
1 x set aircraft warning lights and lightning protection system.
1 x ladder and platform with safety measures.
3.6
Starting Air System
The two air compressors shall be provided with intermediate and final coolers, with
individual oil/condensate separator, automatic drain and pressure relief valve, safety
and non-return valve, frame mounted with elastic coupling and electric motor on
resilient mountings. Valves shall be provided for isolation for maintenance purpose.
The air compressor shall have adequate capacity to allow recharging within five (5)
minutes after engine cold starting sequence, with filling time of both 500 liters start air
receivers from atmospheric pressure to maximum pressure (30 bar) in 30 minutes. Start
and stop of the compressors shall be automatic by means of pressure switch. Selection
of primary compressor and secondary compressor shall be made by operating selector
switches. So at stage one compressor on primary should run and when the pressure
drops to second level, compressor two shall come in operation and when the system
pressure reaches to set value, both compressor shall stop.
Similarly service air systems shall be introduced with 7 bar pressure considering
redundancy and outlets and control air requirements. Necessary supply as control air
and outlets for maintenance purpose shall be available not less than 6 location at power
house. The compressor and associated equipment shall be designed for continuous
operation within the powerhouse building at an ambient temperature of max. 40 0C.
Contractor shall supply all piping, valves, gauges, drains, complete with supports.
The supplied air system shall include;
2 x air compressors, for 30 bar system, complete,

3 x compressed air bottle, 30 bar, 500 liters, with drains, filling valves, gauges
etc.,
1 x compressor, for 7 bar system, complete with drain, inlet, outlet, gauges,
safety, etc.,
1 x compressed air storage bottle, 7 bar, 250 liters, with drains, filling valves,
gauges etc.,
1 x set piping, valves, relief, alarms, pressure sensors, connection to necessary
equipment with valves. (Starting air, connection to lube oil separator,
connection for control switches and valves, etc.),
inter connection of two air systems, 30 bars / 7 bars, via valves and pressure
regulating valves,
Service air out lets inside powerhouse, for maintenance purpose (at least in 6
locations).
4 Fuel Oil Storage Tanks

The fuel storage tanks shall comprise the supply of all equipment in every aspect which
is necessary to guarantee reliable, trouble free and economical long-term operation of
the fuel system. The fuel farm equipment should be suitable to withstand the corrosive
effect of the marine environment. Contractor shall design, supply and erect 2 x diesel
storage tanks each with net capacity of 500 m3 in accordance with the API-Standard 650,
latest addition. The tanks shall be of ring type cylindrical welded steel construction with
approximate diameter of 9m. The tanks shall be place on top of ring type reinforced
concrete foundations or block type foundations.
Welding procedure and qualification shall follow as per API/ASME codes. Dimensions
tolerances shall be as per relevant clauses of the API code. Laying of bottom plates,
sump pit details, tank shell thickness and tank roof design shall be in accordance with
API 650. Nozzles, inlets, outlets, vents, manholes, etc. shall be introduced as per the
functional requirements and in accordance with the relevant standards. Necessary
measuring gauges, level sensors, access for manual sounding shall be arranged.
All steel items including shell, roof, bottom plates, structural members, vertical ladder
and all nozzles shall be cleaned and shop painted as per paint specification. The tanks
shall be painted from outside as well as from inside. Primer, intermediate coating and
finish coat shall be applied with epoxy base two component system or polyurethane
base paint system.
The supplied fuel storage facilities shall include:
2 x Diesel fuel storage tank, each 500 m2

2 x Reinforced Concrete foundation for diesel storage tanks
2 x Oil Retainer walls and floors made of Reinforced concrete
2 x Oil Water separator chambers made of RCC and necessary valves
2 x Rader type, with +/- 3mm accuracy, industrial grade level measuring
instruments and sensors
2 x Mechanical gauges for level measuring same as vertical height of the tank
2 x Level switches for remote indications
2 x Sets of fire water sprinkler systems for tank shell cooling
2 x Necessary earthing and lightning protections
2 x Sets of piping systems for unloading of fuel from barge
2 x Sets of piping system for outlet to fuel transfer pump house
2 x Sets of hand rails
10
5 Fuel Transfer System

The fuel transfer pump house shall be used to forward diesel oil from the 2 x 500m3
storage tanks to the day tanks of the generator sets. Two times 100 percent capacity
pumps shall be provided and each pump shall be selected as primary or standby in order
to change the selection on weekly basis, during operation.
Fuel transfer system shall deliver fuel that requires for 8 hours of operation of one
engine at 100 percent load; in 15 minutes. With pressure relief and all leakages at
transfer unit shall pass to the drain tank sitting at the basement of the transfer pump
house. Drum filling pump shall be manually operated to empty the drain tank.
Maintenance of one module, pump and filter unit shall carry out without effecting the
other unit and fuel transfer operation of the power plant. Necessary valves, flanges and
bypass shall be in cooperated in the system. When fuel level in any day tank drops to
set value, when call for fuel, solenoid valve for the day tank shall open and transfer
pump shall switch on automatically. System pressure, pump status and day tank level
shall indicate with gauges and on SCADA display at CCR.
The supplied fuel transfer system shall include;
2 x modules; pumps with electric motors, filter unit with necessary valves and
instruments. The pumps shall be of centrifugal type as per API regulations,
oil collecting and drain system with tank, capacity 0.5 m3 with level switches,
max level alarms, vent, etc.,
drum filling pump to empty the drain tank,
pipe lines, valves and fittings to supply for each day tank, with supports,
electrical and control panel,
lighting and small power,
fire smoke detectors, alarm system, calling points,
earthing and lightning protection,
intercom and CCTV.
11
6 Waste Oil Collecting System

During the operation of the diesel generators and auxiliary equipment, sludge and
leakage fuel oil shall be collected on following points of the plant;
sludge / water from separator module,

drip trays under fuel oil pumps and filters,
drip trays under lube pumps and filters,
manual discharge of waste.
All waste oil shall be pumped/drained into the common waste oil tank (sludge tank),
which will be located north-west of powerhouse, outside. The filling level of the tank
shall be visualized in the CCR on the same page as the fuel storage tank levels are
visualized. The contents of the waste oil tank shall be filled into drums by a drum filling
shed. The drum filling shed shall be designed with space for two drums, with bottom of
rough concrete, simple roof cover and ramp in order to collect waste oil leakages. The
filling shed shall be provided with one filling pump, galvanized piping from the waste oil
tank to the drum filling shed and one flexible hose with adapter to the piping
connection.
The supplied waste oil system shall include;
1 x common waste oil tank, horizontal cylindrical type, according to API 650.
capacity; 5 m3 with necessary gauges, vents, flanges, man holes, etc.,
1 x set level switch and necessary devises for remote fuel level indication in the
CCR,
connection for waste oil filling, suction to drum filing pump, drain/ emptying,
air vent,
1 x electric motor driven drum filling pump, 200l/min, flexible hose, piping,
flanges, valves,
pipe routing from each lube oil separator module to waste oil tank.
12
7 Fire Protection System

Scope shall cover all firefighting installations that fulfills the standard requirement set
by the power plant construction guidelines and considering the nature of the power
facilities and site condition.
The scope of supply comprise design, manufacturing, testing, delivery, erection and
commissioning as well as all required documentation for the equipment and systems as
specified and additionally such equipment as is deemed necessary for the safe and
reliable operation of the different systems. The design shall accomplished in accordance
with NFPA codes and standards.
Firefighting water shall be taken from the product water tanks, in which a minimum of
400m3 water will be available at any time for firefighting purposes only. The diesel
engine driven firefighting pump with horizontal split-case type with a capacity of
160m3/hour at 8 bars, shall take suction from the product water tank and supply to the
fire water circuit to the outdoor hydrants, indoor hydrants and water spray fixed
systems. Under normal stand-by conditions, the firefighting system shall be pressurized
by an electric motor driven jockey pump. The following remote indication shall be
displayed in the central control room; pump in stand-by condition, pump in operation
and pump failed discharge.
The operating pressure shall not be below 5 bars at the most remote outdoor hydrant
while the two outlets fully under operation. The jockey pump shall be sized to keep the
firefighting water systems pressurized under normal stand-by conditions. The pump
shall start and stop automatically at adjustable set points.
The supplied fire protection system shall include;
1 x fire booster pump (electric motor driven),

1 x fire diesel pump,
1 x set pipelines, valves, instruments, expansion tank, etc.,
1 x lot, fire lines, valves and hydrants,
10 x fire hose,
4 x sets nozzles, diffusers and accessories,
1 x portable fire pump, diesel,
1 x fire cart with equipment,
1 x set fire cloths, for 4 person,
1 x set portable form systems, for 18 months operations (standard),
1 x set sprinklers in mechanical annex of power plant with manual valve
operate,
1 x set sprinklers for fuel storage tanks shell cooling, with manual valve
operate,
13
1 x lot fire alarm systems,

1 x set fire calling points,
1 x fire control panel at CCR,
1 x set of fire extinguishers ( water, dry powder, CO2,) for all the buildings
and sites,
1 x set of instructions, necessary labels, markings and warnings,
1 x set of necessary power and control panels at fire pump house,
indoor and outdoor lighting, LED type for fire pump house,
fuel supply arrangement for diesel pump,
earthing and lightning protection for pump house,
CCTV and Intercom at pump house,
building ventilation (considering diesel pump operating condition).
8 Cranes and Hoist

The design, stress calculation, manufacturing, installation and testing of overhead
travelling crane shall be in accordance with the application DIN standards or similar
internationally recognized codes. The crane drive and trolley arrangement shall be
designed to require a minimum of space while optimizing the accessible working area.
Crane runway, wheels and bearing shall be made of high grade material with precisions
and assuring vibration free operations. Single-girder overhead travelling crane with boxsection girder and traveling hoist shall be designed to carry 10 ton load as safe working
load, SWL. For engine maintenance and overhaul purpose the bottom block with hook
can be a 5 ton unit.
With remote control, cable height adjustable control pendent suspended for separate
travel on the crane girder and with infinite variable speed control. Power supply to the
crab shall be by means of highly flexible cable with protective earth conductor. The
crane control system shall be fully magnetic type, complete with main circuit-breakers,
master switches, controls, resistors, current relays, reversing contactors, overload
relays, accelerating contactors, limit switches and all other accessories required for
speed and operation control. The civil structure shall include proper rails for the
overhead traveling crane. Fixing of rails, electric sensors for speed and stopping of the
crane, supply of power and control. The overhead traveling crane shall be used primarily
for unloading, installation, and future maintenance of the mechanical and electrical
equipment.
Overhead crane for powerhouse, SWL 10 tons; with block/ hook of 5 tons.
Hoist and rails for all the items heavier than 40 kilograms, machinery
maintenance.
14
9 Air Conditioning and Ventilation System

9.1
Air Conditioning Systems
In rooms with sensitive equipment the temperature and humidity of the air shall be kept
at suitable levels. The indoor fan units of split air-conditioners shall not be mounted
directly above electrical panels. The condensation water outlet conduits from all fan coil
or split units shall be laid with continuous slope into a properly sized water drain system
in the building or to the outside. For all equipment, electrical installation shall be
supplied according to the load and environment conditions, with necessary protections.
The supply scope shall include;
Split type air conditioning systems, invertor type,
Central control room (2 x 75 percent),

LV switch gear room (2 x 75 percent),
MV switch gear room (3 x 60 percent),
tools / spare parts room in workshop,
two floors of engineering building,
two floors of head office,
guard room,
one floor customer service store,
half floor cable and dist. equipment building,
desalination plant control room.
Suitable number of ceiling fans along with regulators in areas not covered by air
conditioning and ventilation system shall be provided. All office space and
accommodations shall have fans in additions to air conditioners. Fan motor shall be
totally enclosed type with copper winding. Regulator shall have minimum five steps,
electronic regulator with smooth control is preferred.
9.2
Ventilation Systems
Rooms with high heat dissipation from installed equipment like electric pumps, system
heating elements, engine pumps shall be equipped with appropriate ventilation fans.
Rooms that have equipment which generates fumes and smells shall also be fitted with
ventilation fans.
Ventilation system shall be designed with suitable noise attenuators. All equipment shall
be provided with suitably selected corrosion protection measures. As a standard
practice, all rooms shall be provided around 10 air-changes per hour. Ventilation unit
15
shall have necessary louvers, dampers and attenuators. Battery room shall be ventilated
with acid resist fans. For all equipment electrical installation shall be supplied according
to the load and environment conditions, with necessary protections.
Ventilators shall be used in the following rooms / sites;
Sea water pump house

fuel transfer pump house,
desalination plant machine hall,
battery rooms,
wash rooms,
toilets,
kitchens,
laboratories,
chemicals / oil storage rooms.
10 Powerhouse Ventilation System

The contractor shall design the ventilation system according to the specific needs of
generator sets and all related auxiliaries and its locations. The ventilation system shall
comprise the supply of all equipment in every aspect which is necessary to guarantee
reliable, trouble free and economical long-term operation of the system. System design
shall consider the safety of personal and equipment during maintenance and operation
of ventilation system.
A forced ventilation system with electric motor driven fans with the inlet directing to
the duct that shall carry fresh air to the machine hall shall be supplied at each air blower
room. The ventilator units shall be installed in the air blower room as shown in the
relevant drawings. The 4 units in the air blower rooms shall provide 100 percent capacity
requires to the powerhouse in hot climatic conditions. In selecting the size and flow,
decline in performance shall be considered due to long operating hours of the
equipment.
The ventilation equipment shall be capable of maintaining a temperature of not higher
than 60C above maximum ambient temperature when all the generator sets run on
MCR. Strict attention shall be paid to the sound attenuation of the system. The building
and air inlet attenuators and ducts shall guarantee that the noise level outside the
building shall be below 80 dB(A).The construction material of the ventilators, screens,
attenuators and filters shall be laid out of non-corrosive material, for salty air operation.
The system is designed such a way that each ventilation room can be switched off for
maintenance service when needed, without hindering the operation of the other room.
16
Appropriate damper or other mechanism shall be introduced to prevent back flow

during the maintenance of the each system.
The supplied ventilation system shall include;
1 x building with necessary arrangements for two separate rooms to install

ventilation fans,
2 x air blower fans, 2 nos in each system with proper insulation and protective
mesh and electrical isolators,
2 x sets of air intake louvers with standard mesh filters,
2 x sets of air cleaning filters, dry, cartridge type; capable to filtering 98 percent
of dust and salt,
concrete ducts and channels to distribute cool air evenly around the generator
sets to discharge the hot air in the powerhouse through the roof monitor. The
opening in the powerhouse shall be covered with galvanized steel gratings,
noise attenuators, industrial type vertical splitters, designed for harsh
environment,
industrial type lights, sockets and fittings,
CCTV camera and intercom on both room,
fire alarm system and fire extinguisher.
11 Air Intake Units in Mechanical Annex (Powerhouse)

On both end of mechanical annex a ventilator fan unit shall be installed. Each unit shall
deliver 15 percent of the total plant requirement. The unit shall be industrial grade
product, robust in design with all safety features in cooperated. Louvers and screen
mesh shall be in front with fine filters for dust and salt which shall be before noise
attenuators. From inside the powerhouse, access to fan shall only be possible after
removing the louvers and wire mesh.
Power for fan shall be provided via an isolator near the fan unit. The noise level shall not
be greater than 80 dB (A) at inlet of the ventilators.
The supplied air intake units for mechanical annex shall include;
2 x ventilator units, each that can deliver 15 percent of the powerhouse

requirement; that is design for extreme climatic conditions, salty, humid and
hot with necessary protections and proper insulations.
17
12 Service Water supply

Desalinated water should be stored in storage tanks. The fresh water system shall supply
water to the buildings and taps as per the layout drawing for service water.
The service water pump house shall accommodate 2 x centrifugal pumps with expansion
tank and power and control panel. The system shall include necessary valves and flanges
to carry out service of one pump without effecting the other nor interrupting the supply.
Primary and secondary selection shall be able to make via control panel. The system
shall have mechanical gauges, flow meters and instruments for measuring and remote
display.
The main service water pipelines shall be HDPE, DN50 and PN8. With flow meters and
valves in each feeder. Before entering to any building there shall be a flow meter
installed for evaluation, measuring purpose. As per the layout drawing necessary taps
shall be introduce including jetty area.
For lube oil separator operation a separate water tank (2 m 3) and a booster pump shall
be use.
Supply to maintenance water tank shall be introduced with valves. Service water shall
be used as engine coolant, firefighting, washing, cleaning, drinking, kitchen use, shower,
toilets, planting etc.
The supplied system shall include;
2 x high pressure, high flow electric pumps,

1 x expansion tank,
1 set necessary valves and fittings,
1 set flow meters and instruments,
pipelines with fittings and meters,
CCTV and intercom.
18
13 Sea Water - Cooling system

Heat transfer medium for plate heat exchangers of each engine will be sea water. Sea
water will be taken from intake basin by the pumps installed in the sea water pump
house.
These sea water pumps shall be constructed, mounted and tested according to the
relevant standards. For each engine two pumps, one on stand by and with duplex filter
unit for each system shall be provided with necessary valves and flanges. These pump
shall be electric motor driven centrifugal pumps, self-priming, that operates by auxiliary
control in normal operation. Power for these pumps shall be provided from individual
LV auxiliary panel board. During operation when pressure drops due to any reason,
change over happens and stand by pump comes into operation and build the flow
pressure. Each sea water pump shall be made of sea water resistant construction
materials, bronze, stainless steel or similar. Each pump shall provide 100 percent
requirement for one engine with an allowance for fouling of the pump. Each pump shall
have isolator breaker for maintenance safety.
The pumps shall deliver right flow through the piping system to the heat exchangers and
pass warm water to the sea water out fall system.
The supplied sea water system shall include;
2 x sea water pumps for each engine with accessories,

1 x duplex filter unit for each engine,
1 x set of suction and discharge pipelines with fittings and instruments for
each engine,
2 x chemical dosing system for intake systems,
2 x vacuum system for suction lines of two systems,
railing system for maintenance, lifting heavy equipment,
gauges and sensors,
wash basin, service water and drainage,
intercom and CCTV,
fire alarm system and calling points,
fire extinguishers.
19
14 Water Desalination System

Fully automated land based sea water desalination plant capable of making not less than
80m3/day shall be supplied and installed inside the desalination plant room. The room
shall be utilized in a way to allow future expansion programs.
The system shall include pre-treatment system, sea water desalination reverse osmosis
process system, post treatment system fully built on a powder coated welded aluminum
skid mount using good industrial practice.
The system shall be design to operate with the following specifications.
Salt water TDS < 45,000 ppm

Recovery: 30%
Rejection: 98%
Average water temperature: 28O C
Electrical characteristics: 400V ac, 50Hz, 3 Phase
The system shall include on-demand feed supply pump, spin down pre-filter, ion
exchange water softener, multimedia carbon pre-filter, sediment pre-filter, high
pressure plunger pump, sea water membrane elements, auto fresh water flush, ph
neutralizer alkaline post-filter, sub-micron ceramic post filter, ultra violet sterilization
light and gauges for measuring flow, temperature and pressure.
Safety features shall be in cooperated including low pressure sensor for fail safe, high
pressure diverter valves. All power terminal shall be covered and the installation shall
comply to IEC and enclosures with NEMA4X rating. The product water shall be
transferred to storage tanks via supply pump and necessary pipelines.
20
15 Civil Works Technical Requirements

The scope of services and work to be performed under the civil works shall be the
complete design of buildings and structures, supply, delivery, construction and erection
of all buildings and structures with all related civil, structural, architectural and sanitary,
sewage and drainage, pavements, utility and auxiliary works required and complete in
all aspects.
The scope of work includes all necessary civil works required for the electro-mechanical
equipment, building lighting, installation of all embedded materials, conduits, switches
and sockets, communication and data services, etc.
The design and construction of reinforced concrete structure shall confirm to the latest
edition of BS or DN. Design and testing shall include quality/strength of cement,
reinforcement, aggregate, and water ratio, concrete grades for different structures,
concrete over, bending of reinforcement, and preparation of mixing concrete and
transporting, curing of concrete, joint in concrete, quality control of concrete during work
progress. Similarly codes shall adhere in design and construction of concrete with special
properties, pre-cast concrete, using non-shrink grouts and doing masonry work.
Design of all steel structures, construction and erection shall be performed in accordance
with the latest edition of standards and codes of BS or DN.
15.1 Powerhouse Building

The scope includes civil, structural and architectural design as well as construction of
the building. Each bay shall be approximately 6m each. The building shall be of structural
steel construction with moment connection of columns at the base in transverse
direction. The column shall be supported on the concrete foundations. The building shall
have galvanized profiled sandwiched steel sheet cladding with paint system applied for
marine environment. It is essential that the design shall mitigate noise propagation
outside the building. Roof of the powerhouse shall be made of steel structure with steel
cladding roof with noise insulation. Roof shall include proper drainage and
waterproofing measures. Design and installation of overhead crane shall be in
cooperated in structural design. The building arrangement is show in the power house
layout drawings and on elevation drawing. Ventilation ducts, hot air discharge roof
monitor with noise attenuators shall be in cooperated.
The walls shall have necessary doors and tripled glazed fixed doors on higher elevation
for natural lighting. In front of central control room for viewing the powerhouse and for
communication purpose, tripled glazed fixed doors shall be introduced on east wall of
21
the powerhouse. Gratings for openings on the floors and hand rails for steps and ladders
shall be provided to prevent slips, falls and accidents. The building shall be complete
with all civil functional requirements.
Powerhouse foundation and floor slab shall be made of high strength reinforced
concrete and the design and construction of reinforced concrete structure shall confirm
to the latest edition of BS or DN. Generator set foundation shall be full block with RCC
and finish level shall be as same as powerhouse floor level. Basement of powerhouse
shall be access from doors on masonry walls on four sides of powerhouse. Basement of
mechanical annex shall be made of paved block.
15.2 Fuel Transfer Pump House

the building. The column shall be supported on the concrete foundations. The building
shall have galvanized profiled sandwiched steel sheet cladding with paint system applied
for marine environment. It is essential that the design shall mitigate noise propagation
outside the building. Roof of the building shall be made of steel structure with sand
witched profile steel panels with suitable drainage and water-proofing measures.
The building arrangement is shown in the fuel pump house layout drawings. The walls
shall have necessary doors and louvers for proper ventilation. Gratings for openings on
the floors and hand rail for steps shall be provided to prevent slips, falls and accidents.
Wooden or aluminum doors shall be provided to access the basement. The building shall
be complete with all civil functional requirements.
15.3 RCC Foundations and Oil Retain Wall for Fuel Tanks and Sludge
Tank
the reinforced concrete foundations and floor of fuel storage tanks, day tanks and
sludge tank. The design and construction work shall comply with the relevant BS
standards.
For storage tank yard, separation must be there between floor and tank foundation. In
all sites there must be appropriate method for collecting leak fuel. And oil-water
separators must be introduced at all sites. The material used for RCC work, grouting and
filling shall be most suitable for the application and climatic condition at site.
22
15.4 Foundation for Package Substations

The scope includes civil, structure and architectural designs as well as construction of
the reinforced concrete foundations up to floor finish level. Dimensional drawing for a
typical substations foundation is included in this document indicating elevations cable
entry routes and sizes. Necessary method and procedures shall be applied during
construction of these foundations. Appropriate steps shall be provided to climb up to
the floor level. Employer/Engineer shall handover the substation location, empty land
for construction purpose. Supply scope shall include treatment for foundation, earthing
system, lightning protection, outdoor light with photo sensors.
15.5 Control Room and LV Room Building

inside the building. Roof of the building shall be made of steel structure with sand
witched profile steel panels with suitable drainage and water-proofing measures. The
building arrangement is show in switch gear room control room and LV panel room
layout drawings in annex II. The walls shall have necessary doors and double glazed
windows for proper natural lighting. Gratings for openings on the floors and hand rail
for steps shall be provided to prevent slips, falls and accidents. Wooden or aluminum
doors shall be provided to access the basement. The building shall be complete with all
civil functional requirements.
15.6 11kV Switchgear Building

inside the building. Roof of the building shall be made of steel structure with sand
building arrangement is show in switch gear room control room and LV panel room
layout drawings in annex II. The walls shall have necessary doors and double glazed
windows for proper natural lighting. Gratings for openings on the floors and hand rail
for steps shall be provided to prevent slips, falls and accidents. Wooden or aluminum
23
15.7 Sea Water Pump House

for marine environment. Roof of the building shall be made of steel structure with sand
building arrangement is show in the sea water pump house layout drawings in annex II.
Design for pump foundations and filter support shall be in cooperated in the structure
design. The walls shall have necessary doors and louvers for proper ventilation and
double glazed windows for natural lighting. Gratings for openings on the floors and hand
rail for steps shall be provided to prevent slips, falls and accidents. Wooden or aluminum
15.8 Sea Water Intake and Out Fall System

Sea water intake pipes (2 Nos) shall be laid from sea to the sump, sea water basin inside
the power plant as per the drawing. Pipe material shall be HDPE, DN500, PN8 or
equivalent. And sea water out fall pipes (2 Nos) shall be laid from Pipe arrangement
inside the power plant to the lagoon area as per the drawing indicated. The outfall pipe
material shall be HDPE, DN400, PN6 or equivalent. With necessary adopters and flanges,
support, etc.
The layout of pipelines routing is tentative. The layout of pipe routing can be finalized
after the Bathymetry survey and seabed survey report is finalized. Adequate protective
measures have to be designed and implemented against aggressive weather condition
during westerly monsoon and corrosive effect of sea water. The concrete used for
anchor blocks shall have a characteristic strength of 30 N/mm2. In system design
allowance shall be made for fouling by marine growth.
Strainers, bolts, nuts and washers in the inlets and out lets shall be made of stainless
steel 316. For dosing purpose a small pipeline shall be install to the mouth of intake
pipes to remove biological growths.
24
15.9 Sea Water Intake Basin

Sea water intake basin shall be made of high grade reinforced concrete. The intake
basins arrangement is shown in drawing in annex II. The proposed design have
considered some of the challenges that may have during construction phase such as
deep excavation, dewatering and deep construction. Consideration also made on
operational issues such as availability, reliability and maintenance of the system.
Contractor shall carry out the required hydraulic calculations to confirm the system final
design and installation will meet the functional requirement of the power plant. Design
shall made and review the water flow rates, sand and mud settling and screening during
high tide and low tide conditions.
Based on the data of geo-technical investigation carried out for the project, the
contractor shall design the sea water intake system. A method statement shall be
prepared for the construction work of the basins. Contractor shall confirm the uplift
issue is address and considered in design.
The supply scope of the system shall include;
prepare design and method statement,

construction work of concrete basins,
grating on openings on floor,
inter-connection pipe for two chambers,
suction pipe installation for sea water pumps,
screen filters for intermediate walls, openings.
15.10 Fire Pump House

building arrangement is show in the fire pump house and service water pump house
layout drawings in annex II. Design for pump foundations and expansion tank shall be in
cooperated in the design. The walls shall have necessary doors and louvers for proper
ventilation. Gratings for openings on the floors and hand rail for steps shall be provided
to prevent slips, falls and accidents. Wooden or aluminum doors shall be provided to
access the basement. The building shall be complete with all civil functional
requirements.
25
15.11 Service Water Pump House

building arrangement is show in the fire pump house and water pump house layout
drawings in annex II. Design for pump foundations and expansion tank support shall be
in cooperated in the design. The walls shall have necessary doors and louvers for proper
ventilation. Gratings for openings on the floors and hand rail for steps shall be provided
to prevent slips, falls and accidents. Wooden or aluminum doors shall be provided to
access the basement. The building shall be complete with all civil functional
requirements. The house will accommodate sea water feed pumps, duplex filter units,
suction lines vacuum systems, chlorination system, etc.
15.12 Customer Service Store

walls shall have necessary doors and louvers for proper ventilation. The building shall
be complete with all civil functional requirements. The floor finish level of the building
is +0.5m with single floor. The building can have a small entrance area then the
remaining area divided in 4 sections. Appropriate for items segregations and keep stock
in order. Each building can have a toilet and hand wash area.
Lighting and small power (LED lights)

Air conditioning in 2 rooms
Ventilation fans in two rooms
Fire alarm and calling point
Fire extinguishers
CCTV and Intercom
26
15.13 Distribution Equipment Store

is +0.5m with single floor.
The building can have a small entrance area then the remaining area divided in 4
sections. Appropriate for items segregations and keep stock in order.
Each building can have a toilet and hand wash area.

Ventilation fans in two rooms
Fire extinguishers
CCTV and Intercom
15.14 Maintenance Workshop

The scope includes Civil, structural and architectural design as well as construction of
is +0.5m with single floor. The building can have two rooms, each with 20m 2 (Rooms for
tools and consumables) Building shall have 2 x toilets and wash area. Both toilets shall
have access from outside.

Ventilation fans in toilets
Gates, doors, windows
Service air compressors and lines
CCTV and intercom
27
Fire extinguishers
Wash area with service water and drainage and oil water separator
Bench for maintenance works, fuel pump service, injector service, etc.
15.15 Desalination Plant

is +0.5m with single floor.
The building shall have:
2 x two rooms, each with 20m2 (1 x room for tools and consumables, 1 x control
room),
1 x toilets and wash area,
Lighting and small power (LED lights),
Air conditioning in 2 rooms,
Ventilation fans in machine hall,
Gates, doors, windows,
Service air compressors and lines,
Earthing and lightning protection,
CCTV and Intercom,
Fire extinguishers,
Fire alarm and calling point,
Wash area with service water and drainage and oil water separator,
Bench for maintenance works, fuel pump service, injector service, etc.
28
15.16 Vehicle Parking Sheds

witched profile steel panels with suitable drainage and water-proofing measures. Walls
shall have partial cladding on top area to prevent rain water entering with cross wind.
Site layout indicates the location of sheds. The floor finish level are +0.3m from the
ground.
Shall have lights and small power
15.17 Engineering Building

the building. It shall be of RCC construction and brick cladding. Roof shall be sloping and
complete with drainage and waterproofing. The building shall be complete with all civil
functional requirements. Wooden doors and aluminum / glass windows shall be used.
Complete with floor tiling and paint works. The ground floor finish level of the building
is +0.5m.
Ground floor: spare parts store, admin area, 2x toilets, engineers office area with
meeting space.
First floor: pantry, kitchen, dining area, sitting area, 4 x rooms with attached toilet

Communication lines
Air conditioning units
Ventilation fan in kitchen
Intercom
CCTV
Fire extinguishers
29
15.18 Head Office Building

the building. It shall be of RCC construction and brick cladding. Roof shall be sloping and
complete with drainage and waterproofing. The building shall be complete with all civil
functional requirements. Wooden doors and aluminum / glass windows shall be used.
Complete with floor tiling and paint works. The ground floor finish level of the building
is +0.5m.
Ground floor:
Reception and waiting area, admin and customer service area, 2 x toilets,
building maintenance store.
Wing A; open space for office, 2 x office room, 1 x toilet
Wing B; open space for office, 2 x office room, 1 x toilet
First floor:
1 x common waiting area
Wing A: 1 x meeting and training hall, 1 x office space with two toilets, 2x Office
rooms.
Wing B: Accommodation for Executives / Visitors (1 x 4 room apartments)
- lighting and small power (LED lights)
- communication lines
- air conditioning units
- ventilation fan in kitchen and toilets
- earthing and lightning protection
- intercom
- CCTV
- fire extinguishers
- fire alarm and calling point
30
16 Electrical Works
All electrical installation including building wiring, distribution boxes, low voltage
distribution panels, 11kV switchgear panels and transformers shall comply with the IEC
standards. All cables and accessories shall have insulation levels able to with stand any
voltage surge, due to switching operation, sudden load variations, faults, etc. which can
normally expected to occur in the power system. Cables directly embedded in the soil
shall be of the armored type with necessary protection covers. All electrical conductors
shall be copper conductors. All cables and their accessories shall be designed in
accordance with the latest issues of IEC publications.
All electrical equipment and installation shall be entirely suitable for the site condition
as specified in the document, Physical Data. All installation at power plant will require
local authority, Maldives Energy Authoritys approval. All factory tests and site tests
shall be performed as required by the applicable IEC standards.
16.1 Low Voltage Panel Board (Auxiliary Power Panels)

A low voltage 400V panel system for generator auxiliaries and an AMF panel for black
start generator set, shall be designed and installed according to the relevant IEC
standards. The black start generator shall start in case of blackout and shall power up
the auxiliary panels. Conditional closing of low voltage side of two auxiliary transformers
and black start generator shall be allowed through suitable interlocking system.
Automatic changeover system between two auxiliary transformer panels shall be
implemented for essential power requirements such as lighting, battery chargers and
ventilators, etc.
All the pump and motor panels shall be fitted with soft starters and over load
protections. The panel boards shall be designed and manufactured according to
IEC61439. Surge protective devices shall be incorporated in low-voltage power
distribution systems and these devices shall meet IEC 61643 standard.
16.2 Black Start Diesel Generator Set

Containerized black start diesel generator unit shall be able to supply power to the
auxiliary panel board as shown in the line diagram 400V auxiliary power panels in annex
II. The generator set shall be rated of about 800 kVA.
The black start generator set shall be designed, constructed and tested according to ISO
3046 and ISO 8528, latest edition. The unit shall be capable to operate stable and
31
reliable power up to 100 percent load in parallel with the grid and independent from
the grid. The generator set shall be proven and reliable standard design, water cooled
with dry-type air filter, turbo charged, with LO and charge air coolers and radiator
cooled.
Design speed: 1500 rpm, fuel: diesel
Voltage: 400V, Frequency: 50 Hz
The enclosure shall be sound proofed, and designed for outdoor application. The
complete electrical and mechanical system shall be design for tropical climatic condition
at site. In case of black out situation the generator set shall start and as per the design
shall feed to the LV bus. Contractor shall provide all necessary monitoring and control
equipment for monitoring and control the generator set from CCR.
32
17 SCADA Control System

A SCADA control system shall be designed and programmed suitable for supervisory
control and data acquisition of the individual diesel generator sets, power plant auxiliary
panels, medium voltage panels, distribution substations, fuel system, desalination plant,
fire system and sea water system. Also this system shall be capable of performing tasks
such as synchronizing, load sharing, loading /unloading and load shedding of generators.
A distributed control system (DCS) shall be designed and implemented with redundant
control lines and PLCs to ensure the reliability of the system. The system shall offer the
possibility for extension with further units without major additional hardware changes.
The DCS shall be programmable, self-diagnostic digital process control system based on
the latest generation of microprocessors with 32 or 64 bit word length and proven
operation in power plant environment, at least during the last three years.
The system shall be easily expandable for future generator sets. This requirement
concerns the place for installation and also the capability of the system to receive and
handle further automation stations on the system data highway bus without remarkable
loss of transmission speed. The system shall still have 20% of spare after finishing the
commissioning as far as the, number of inputs and outputs, insertion place for I/O cards
and number of cores in the trunk cables are concerned.
The system shall be structured with independent stations for well-defined tasks, like
electrical systems and auxiliaries, groups of diesel generators, etc. The individual
stations shall have the following main components.
17.1
Analogue and binary input and output modules

Processing CPU modules
Communication and interface modules
Internal cubicle/rack bus system
Power supply modules
Design Requirements
As far as the system and the components are concerned internal safe design shall be
applied. It means that no failure of system elements, on-line change of cards/modules
or external influences (short-circuits, wire breaks, noises, etc.) will cause erroneous
operation or deterioration on any hardware or software system. The circuitry shall be
protected against interactions between cards and systems (galvanic isolation of
inputs/outputs by optical coupling devices). For control and protection circuits, if any,
fail-safe design shall be applied. Galvanic isolation is strictly required for all signals
connected with MV or LV electrical systems.
33
The system shall automatically recognize the type of card inserted and proceed with
automatically booting/reprogramming without manual interaction. In case of existence
of non-suitable card type, alarm shall be given. The system shall have a resolution of at
least 5ms for alarms and event monitoring.
Important measured analogue values of the plant shall be scanned periodically. The
period shall be 1s for flow, pressure and electrical values and 10s for temperatures. The
central processor unit of the process stations shall be redundant.
17.2 Signal Acquisition

Inputs/outputs and further signal processing, including the representation and provision
of control features on the central control room workstations shall be made available for;
signals from/to diesel generators,
signals from/to auxiliary equipments and panels,
signals from/to black start generator set,
signals from/to sea water pump house,
signals from/to fire fighting and alarm system,
signals from/to medium voltage panels,
signals from/to fuel farm and service tanks,
signals from/to distribution substations.
17.3 Man Machine Interface

Four workstations consisting of 21 high resolution LED monitors, keyboard and mouse
shall be located in the control room enabling the detailed supervision and overall control
of the plant. Similar workstation with control features disabled, shall be placed in
engineering office for monitoring purpose.
A system engineering / diagnostic workstation shall be placed in a separate desk near
PLC panels. A dot-matrix type printer shall be placed in control room for printing alarms
and events.
A laser printer shall be placed in the control room for printing log sheets, graphs and
protocols. Remote control by screen/keyboard operation shall be possible for all
remotely operated elements of the plant. Functions not admitted to the operator shall
be disabled by software, by implementing user level passwords. Graphical displays
associated with data values shall be designed for the whole system and individual
groups and individual units. The logged data shall be available on spread sheets, curves,
bar charts and diagrams.
34
18 CCTV System
Closed circuit television system shall be installed with high resolution, color cameras,
and recording facilities for at least 4 days and with 2 x 42 observation monitor, one in
central control room and one in guard room. A keyboard shall be provided at control
room to operated PTZ cameras. PTZ cameras shall be installed for monitoring the
boundary wall and the compound of the power station including the jetty area. Fixed
cameras can be used for the buildings. CCTV cameras and all the accessories used shall
be industrial type, designed for marine environment. Camera frame rate shall be at least
30 (HDTV 1080p) frames per second. Contractor shall provide necessary poles, mast
with foundation to install the cameras in order to achieve the desired coverage.
Cameras requirement are as follows;
powerhouse - 6 nos,
exhaust stack area - 2 nos,
fuel farm - 2 nos,
fuel transfer pump house - 1 nos,
sea water pump house 2 nos,
fire pump house 1 nos,
water storage tank area 1 nos,
desalination plant 2 nos,
LV room 1 nos,
11kV SWG room 2 nos,
engineering building store 2 nos,
customer service store 2 nos,
cable and dist. store 2 nos,
compound, PTZ, 4 nos,
boundary walls, PTZ, - 8 nos.
19 Intercom and Paging System

Industrial type Intercom system shall be installed with hand unit in the control Room.
An industrial paging system with calling points and sound system shall be installed
within the premises as listed below. All the equipment and wiring shall be suitable for
harsh and hazardous environment and shall meet the relevant international standards.
powerhouse 2 nos,
LV room 1 nos,
11kV SWG room 1nos,
ventilation room 2 nos,
workshop - 1 nos,
exhaust stack area 1 nos,
35
sea water pump house 1 nos,

fire pump house 1 nos,
fresh water pump house 1 nos,
desalination plant 1 nos,
fuel transfer pump house 1 nos,
jetty area 1 nos,
engineering building 2 nos,
guard room 1 nos,
cable and dist. store 1 nos,
head office 1 nos.
20 Battery / Charger System

110V DC battery system for switch gear control shall be installed with two battery
chargers. Redundant DC/DC converters shall installed to convert 110VDC to 24VDC for
control system power requirement. To provide safe AC power for the computerized
equipment, redundant UPS system shall be installed with battery backup of at least
three hours. The battery charging system shall be designed to meet relevant
international guide lines and standards such as ANSI/IEEE 1184-1994 and NFPA 111
1989. And the batteries shall meet BS EN 2570.
21 Distribution Substation Control and Monitoring

All the distribution substations shall be connected to the main control system via a fiberoptic cable network. A remote terminal unit with transceivers, PLCs and battery backup
system shall be installed in substations to remotely switch ON and OFF the VCBs and air
circuit breakers and to send electrical data and status signals to the front end unit in
control room. The front end terminal shall be connected to DCS system via high speed
Ethernet LAN. The RTUs shall have at least 10% of I/O connections for future use. The
substation automation and monitoring system shall meet IEC 61850 standard which
defines the communication between devices in the substation and related systems. It is
as an open standard which provides design flexibility and is future proof, IEC 61850
enables the integration of all protection, control, measurement, and monitoring
functions within a power system network at the field or process and station control
levels.
36
22 Air Insulated Medium Voltage SWG Panel Board

A medium voltage 11kV panel consisting the following main components shall be
designed and installed according to the relevant IEC standards.
4000A Single Busbar

4000A Bus coupler
630A, 11kV Generator Incoming Breakers (VCB) x 6 nos ( 3nos on each side of
bus coupler)
630A Outgoing Feeder Breakers (VCB) x 8 nos ( 4nos on each side of bus coupler)
630A Auxiliary Transformer Breakers (VCB) x 2 nos ( 1nos on each side of bus
coupler)
1250A, 11kV Generator Incoming Breakers (VCB) x 3 nos ( 2nos on one side of
bus coupler)
The switchgear shall meet internal Arc classification IAC A FLR, loss of service continuity
category LSC 2B and partition class PM.
General Specs: Operating voltage: 11 kV
Rated Busbar current: 4000 A
Short-time thermal current: 50 kA
Duration of short time current: 3 s
Rated peak withstand current: 130 kA
22.1 Standards
The switchgear shall comply with the relevant IEC standards and specifications
applicable at the time of implementation.
Switch Gear
Devices
Degree of protection
Insulation
Instrument transformers
Installation, erection
Circuit-breakers
Vacuum contactors
Disconnectors and earthing switches
Switch-disconnectors
Switch-disconnector/fuse combination
HV HRC fuses
Voltage detecting systems
Instrument transformers
Current transformers
Voltage transformers
IEC Standard
IEC 62271-1
IEC 62271-200
IEC 62271-100
IEC 62271-106
IEC 62271-102
IEC 62271-103
IEC 62271-105
IEC 60282-1
IEC 61243-5
IEC 60529
IEC 60071
IEC 61869-1
IEC 61869-2
IEC 61869-3
IEC 61936-1
37
23 Specification for Substations

23.1 Package Substation, 500 kVA, 11kV/400V
A. 11kV Switchgear
1 Set of 11kV, 21kA for 3 sec. Non-Extensible Compact switchgear (Type 2IS+1DC)
consisting of 2Nos of 630A Load Break Isolator + 1 Nos of motor operated 630A
vacuum circuit breaker in SF6 insulated stainless steel enclosure along with below
mentioned items. Interconnection between HV switchgear and transformer shall
be using Cu. armored XLPE cable.
Each VCB Feeder consists of following:

Motorized spring charging arrangement and both remote and manual close &
open push buttons with ON/OFF indication.
Self-powered O/C & E/F relay type CSDPR with single protection core cast resin
type CT with 1.2VA, CL-5P10.
Manually operated 630A load breaker switch with built-in earth switch having
full making capacity.
Mechanical position indicator. Switch ON/OFF/EARTHED.
Live cable indicator and fault passage indicators
Cable compartment cover interlocked with earth switch.
Cable termination bushings suitable for 3 no.1CX185mm 2 XLPE cable.
Cable termination cover boots (push on type)
Each Load Break Switch (IS) consists of:

Manually operated 630A load breaker switch with built-in earth switch
having full making capacity.
Live cable indication.
Cable termination bushings suitable for 3 no. lCX185mm2 XLPE cable.
Cable termination cover boots (Push on type)
Power Pack Unit
B. Transformer
Three phase, 50 Hz, 500kVA, 11KV/415V, DYn11, core type double wound with
copper conductor oil immersed ONAN cooled distribution transformer with
hermetically sealed corrugated tank arrangement having a no load voltage ratio
of 11KV/415V with top HT & LT bushings. Tapping +5% to -5% in steps of 2.5% shall
be provided at line end of HV winding. Changing of taps shall be carried out by
means off load tap changing. Losses are as NLL/FLL 1020W/7475W as per IEC Tol
and Impedance - 4.5% IEC Tol.
38
Oil temperature indicator with contacts.

Winding Temperature Indicator with contacts.
C. LV Switchgear
415V LV switchgear with 1200A copper busbars. Interconnection between
transformer and LV switchgear shall be using copper busbar.
415V LV Incomer: 800A, 4P, 50KA motorized fixed type air circuit breaker with
microprocessor based protection with S/C.O/C & E/F release.
O/G 1:2 numbers of 200A, 4P, 50KA manually operated fixed type MCCB with
thermal magnetic protection with shunt release
thermal magnetic protection shunt release
8 sets of earth leakage Relay and zero phase current transformer
D. Outdoor Enclosure
Outdoor type enclosure having modular construction of galvanized sheet steel
in corrugated type wall design for better heat dissipation and providing robust
construction. The enclosure shall have IP54 degree of protection for HV & LV
switchgear compartment and IP23 degree of protection for transformer
compartment.
The enclosure exterior shall be painted with epoxy based polyurethane paint
suitable for marine environment.
Each compartment will be provided with the door and pad locking arrangement.
Doors of transformer compartment are fitted with Arc reflectors from the inside
for providing better safety. The compartment illumination lamp with door operated
switch shall be provided for each compartment.
E. Electrical Control Box for Remote Switching
Control Compartment with necessary relays, switches, push buttons, connections
blocks for controlling the switchgear remotely.
F. Interconnection & Earthing
Interconnection between HV switchgear & transformer using Cu. armored XLPE
single core cable & interconnection between transformer & LV switchgear using
busbars. Internal earthing connections by 25 x 3mm CU strips.
39

A. 11kV Switchgear

Cable termination bushings suitable for 3 no.1CX185mm 2 XLPE cable.

Power Pack Unit
B. Transformer
40
C. LV Switchgear
O/G 2 numbers of 160A, 4P, 50KA manually operated fixed type MCCB with thermal
magnetic protection with shunt release
O/G 2 numbers of 200A, 4P, 50KA manually operated fixed type MCCB with thermal
magnetic protection shunt release
O/G 3 numbers of 250, 4P, 50KA manually operated fixed type MCCB with thermal
O/G 4 numbers of 400, 4P, 50KA manually operated fixed type MCCB with thermal
compartment.
E. Electrical Control Box for Remote Switching
F. Interconnection & Earthing
41

A. 11kV Switchgear

Cable termination bushings suitable for 3 no.1CX185mm2 XLPE cable.

Power Pack Unit
B. Transformer
42
C.
LV Switchgear
thermal magnetic protection with shunt release
thermal magnetic protection shunt release
compartment.
E.
Electrical Control Box for Remote Switching

F.
Interconnection & Earthing

43
24 Auxiliary Transformers
800kVA distribution transformers with outdoor enclosure
A. Transformer
B.
Outdoor Enclosure
compartment.
25 Lighting and Small Power

Scope shall include design, supply, Installation and commissioning of lighting fixtures,
distribution boards, lighting panels, receptacles, switchboards, cables and wires,
conduits, conduit fittings etc. complete with all accessories required for efficient and
trouble free operation of the illumination system. All equipment and material shall be
designed, manufactured and tested in accordance with the latest IEC standards.
The illumination system shall be designed based on best engineering practice and
installed in such a way to provide a uniform, reliable, aesthetically pleasing, glare free
illumination. The illumination system shall be design considering 40oC ambient
temperature.
44
All electrical lighting system shall be divided into the following;
Normal lighting system (NLS), fed via the lighting sub-distribution boards
Emergency lighting system (ELS) for the power plant central control room and
11kV SWG room, fed from the common plant safe AC system (about 30
percent of the NLS).
Security lighting system (SLS), consisting of self-contained fixtures with
batteries and chargers.
Only LED type, industrial grade lights shall be used under this contract. All outdoor light
fixtures and lights shall be designed for tropical climate, hot, humid and salty
environment; protection class IP65, flame retardant material with non-aging gaskets. All
indoor lights shall be with protection class IP54, for dusty or damp locations, including
battery rooms. Contractor may propose make and type of lights for different application
for Engineers approval. All luminaries and their accessories / components shall be of
the type readily available and all fixtures shall be of a reputed, proven make for
applications in such power plant environments.
Self-contained fixtures shall include batteries, chargers, inverter, supervisory and
control equipment preferably installed within the fixture enclosure or installed in
separate, fully insulated, wall mounted boxes. The main design requirements are:
The battery shall be of the gas tight NiCad type

The battery charger shall be automatically controlled for interval charging,
dependent on battery condition
The inverter shall automatically shut off in case of short circuit, open circuit
or DC under-voltage
Failures shall be indicated locally at the fixture/ control box with a remote
group alarm
The Contractor shall prepare and submit to the Engineer for approval the installation
drawings and illumination level calculations. The mean illumination levels shall be as
follows.
Power Plant operating floor level:

Central Control room:
Switch gear room and LV room:
Battery room:
Fuel transfer pump house:
Sea water pump house:
Workshop:
Power house basement/ other basements:
All gate areas and vehicle sheds:
Jetty Area:
Fuel farm area:
250 Lux
350 Lux
300 Lux
200 Lux
250 Lux
200 Lux
250 Lux
150 Lux
150 Lux
150 Lux
150 Lux
45
Sea water intake basin area:

Desalination plant:
Fire pump house/ Fresh water pump house:
All other buildings / floors:
Day tanks and exhaust stack area:
Power Station boundary wall and compound:
Fresh water storage tanks area:
Stairs and walk ways
150 Lux
200 Lux
200 Lux
250 Lux
200 Lux
150 Lux
150 Lux
200 Lux
The wiring of lighting and socket circuits in all clean rooms such as offices, control rooms,
floors and staircases shall be laid in flush mounted conduits. Wiring, switches and
outlets in technical rooms and outdoors may be surface mounted. Wiring shall be run in
conduits and in suspended ceilings, cables shall be laid on cable trays.
All outdoor lighting circuits shall be switched on and off automatically by photo cell. It
shall however be possible to by-pass this control system by manually operated push
buttons installed in the guard room or in central control room.
Contractor shall include necessary poles with foundations, fixtures, mounting
equipment of lights to the structures and walls of the building in order to achieve the
desired illuminations.
26 Switches and Socket Outlets

Three phase AC power socket outlets of 16A, 32A and 63A rating shall be installed as
required for maintenance of the units and associated plant. The minimum number of
power sockets outlets shall be two to four at each floor level of the power house as
applicable. Additional power socket stations consisting of individually protected three
phase sockets of each type required as well as one single phase and two safety voltage
sockets shall be provided for each gen set.
Switches and sockets shall be provided at approved locations of rooms and buildings as
required for the different applications. The number of sockets shall be defined as
required for the functions of the different rooms and places. Locations, ratings and
quantity shall be finalize during detail engineering stage.
Single phase 230V socket outlets shall be of switched wall socket type for 13A fused
plugs according to British Standard. Shrouded type plugs with matching sockets shall be
provided to prevent accidental contact with finger during plug insertion.
46
27 Lightning Protection and Earthing

The Contractor shall provide on the basis of relevant IEC standards and under
observance of the local safety regulations, all preventive equipment to minimize
subsequent damage caused by lightning for buildings, structures, tanks, equipment, etc.
Scope shall include design, supply, installation and commissioning of grounding
electrodes, under-ground and over-ground grounding conductors, surge arrestors,
cables and wires, air terminals, down conductors etc. complete with all accessories
required for efficient and trouble free operation of the grounding and lightning
protection system.
The lightening protection system shall consist of the outer protection system that is
early streamer, air terminals, down conductors, sub-soil earthing, etc. Inner protection
system shall include items require to prevent induced voltages and voltage differences
that may damage electrical and electronic equipment.
Lightning catching rods and down conductors shall be copper of 75 sqmm minimum
cross section. Each building roof, civil and mechanical structures shall have lightening
protection system composed of air terminal, down conductors connected to the main
earthing at below ground. Each exhaust chimney shall be protected with excellent
design and equipment that any strike hit must safely discharge to the ground without
any affect to the power system facilities. Each storage tank shall be connected to 3
earthing electrodes evenly distributed around the circumference as per the standards.
The inner lightening protection and transient over-voltage protection system, as
required to prevent equipment failure due to over-voltages caused by direct and
indirect lightning strokes as well switching of HV equipment shall be achieved by
adequate measures;
Earthing and shielding

Faradays cage by use of earthed reinforced bars of concrete walls, floors,
roofs
Cover for cable trays, if required,
Single point earthing of the entire I&C and electronic systems,
Selection of I&C cables regarding screening, twisting, etc.
Surge arresters, surge diverters and spark gaps, according to the standards,
regulations, practices applied for the final design,
The contractor shall provide complete earthing, potential gradient control and lightning
system for all the installation under the scope of supply. Drawing and calculations shall
be submitted for approval giving sufficient information on the earthing, lightning
protection, method of measuring the earth resistivity, the earthing voltage, the touch
47
and the step voltage. The Contractor shall provide a potential gradient control system
for all locations where dangerous surface voltage gradients may occur.
All interconnection of earthing grid to equipment and the connections between the
earthing grid and the earthing rods shall be made by the thermite welding process.
Those connections located in earthing pits and intended to be opened occasionally for
testing purposes may be the bolted type.
The Contractor shall provide complete earthing consisting of:
Cub-earthing system for foundations, structures, tanks, etc. being connected

to the subsoil earhting system as required,
All electrical equipment such as generator, switchgears, switchboards,
control boards, relay and auxiliary relay boards, other subsidiary electrical
equipment as well all metal parts of civil construction or mechanical
equipment such as pumps, pipes, steel structure, tanks, cable trays, etc. shall
be connected to the earthing as per the standards.
The cross sections of the various earth conductors shall be determined in accordance
with IEC or VDE. However the minimum copper conductors cross section shall be;
Diesel generators
MV and LV systems
Metal raceways and cable trays
Other metal parts
150 sqmm
150 sqmm
35 sqmm
10 sqmm
Sub soil earthing copper conductors shall have at least 95 sqmm cross section and shall
buried into the soil in the level of -1.0m to -0.6m.
48
TECHNICAL DRAWINGS
POWER SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
PHASE I

Laamu Gan-Fonadhoo Feasibility Study &amp; Technical Requirements Final 090315

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Laamu Gan-Fonadhoo Feasibility Study &amp; Technical Requirements Final 090315

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Copyright 2014

MALDIVES POWER SECTOR

2.1 ENERGY SECTOR INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

3.1 PROJECT LOCATION

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT OF THE PROJECT LOCATION

4.1 GAN ISLAND

EXISTING POWER SYSTEMS

POWER SYSTEM OF GAN

LOAD FORECAST AND AVAILABLE CAPACITY

DEMAND FOR ELECTRICAL ENERGY

7.1 ELECTRICITY DEMAND PATTERN

RENEWABLE ENERGY OPTIONS

8.1 WIND ENERGY

PROPOSED POWER SYSTEM FOR GAN FONADHOO

10.1 POWER PLANT LOCATION AND CLIMATE

11 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

INITIAL INVESTMENT BUDGET

13 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND PROCUREMENT

14 PROPOSED ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE FOR CPS

14.1 ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT

15 STAFF COMPETENCY AND TRAINING REQUIREMENT

SITE TRAINING FOR POWER GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION DEPARTMENT STAFF

Programmable Logic Controller

Maldives Energy Outlook for Inhabited Islands, 2013

Modelling of Renewable Energy Systems in the Maldives, 2004

2 Maldives Power Sector

2.1 Energy Sector Institutional Framework

Maldives Energy Outlook for Inhabited Islands 2013

2.2 Policy, Legal and Regulatory Context

2.2.1 Maldives National Energy Policy and Strategy 2010

Enhancing national energy security,

2.2.2 Legal and Regulatory Background

The Engineers Licensing Regulation which is designed to cover the following

2.2.3 Electricity Tariff Structure

Band A (below 100 units)

2.3 Energy Supply

Daily Peak Load

Maldives SREP Investment Plan, 2013-2017

3.1 Project Location

Population and Housing Census, Preliminary Results, 2014

Picture 3-1 Laamu Atoll

4 Socio-Economic Context of the Project Location

Picture 4-1 Kadhdhoo Airport and Course Way

Table 4-1 Statistics as of October 2014 (Gan-Fonadhoo, Laamu Atoll)

Foreigners (Appx. no)

Shops ( General goods )

Less than 6 Rooms

Fishing Boats ( Dhoni)

Fish Drying / Food products,

Horizon Fisheries Pvt Ltd

4.1 Gan Island

Picture 4-2 Gan Harbor

4.2 Fonadhoo Island

Picture 4-3 Fonadhoo Harbor

5 Existing Power Systems

5.1 Power System of Gan

5.2 Power System of Thundi

Picture 5-1 Thundi Powerhouse

5.3 Power System of Maahinna

Picture 5-2 Maahinna Powerhouse

5.4 Power System of Mathimaradhoo

Picture 5-3 Mathimaradhoo Powerhouse

5.5 Power System of Mukurimagu

Picture 5-4 Control Panels and Generator Room of Mukurimagu Powerhouse

Laamu Gan-Fonadhoo Feasibility Study & Technical Requirements Final 090315

Laamu Gan-Fonadhoo Feasibility Study & Technical Requirements Final 090315