Some models of anisotropic spheres in general relativity

M. Cosenza, L. Herrera, M. Esculpi, and L. Witten

Citation: J. Math. Phys. 22, 118 (1981); doi: 10.1063/1.524742
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.524742
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JMAPA,801200801212

Some models of anisotropic spheres in general relativity

M. Cosenza and L. Herrera a)
Departamento de Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

M. Esculpi
Departamento de Fisica Aplicada, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
Venezuela

L. Witten b)
Physics Department, University a/Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221
(Received 20 May 1980; accepted for publication 20 August 1980)
A heuristic procedure is developed to obtain interior solutions of Einstein's equations for
anisotropic matter from known solutions for isotropic matter. Five known solutions are
generalized to give solutions with anisotropic sources.
PACS numbers: 04.20.Cv
(3)

I. INTRODUCTION
The assumption of local isotropy is a common one in
astrophysical studies of massive objects. However, recent
theoretical work on more realistic stellar models suggests
that stellar matter may be anisotropic at least in certain density ranges. 1.2 Anisotropy could be introduced by the existence of a solid core, by the presence of type P superfiuid, or
by other physical phenomena. In this paper we do not discuss the mechanisms for inducing anisotropies. Rather, we
concentrate on the following two questions:
a) What is the extent to which isotropic models differ
from anisotropic ones?
b) How do we develop suitable models for anisotropic
matter in the context of general relativity?
Anisotropic matter has already been considered,3,4 and
it has already been shown that some properties of anisotropic spheres may drastically differ from the properties of isotropic spheres. This paper is organized as follows:
In Sec. II we give the general conventions and the field
equations. We describe the procedure for obtaining anisotropic models in Sec. III. In Sec. IV we give five examples. The
last section contains a discussion of the results.

with T~ = diag (p, - P" - Pl , - Pl ), whereP, andPl denote respectively the radial and tangential "pressure". Using
(1) and (2) (or the equivalent, the conservation condition
T ~;p. = 0) the equation for hydrostatic equilibrium is found:
dP,

dr

v'
-(p+P')T

2
-;(P-P,).

(4)

Integrating (3):
(5)

e-" = 1 - 2m(r)!r,

where
m(r) =

(6)

41Trp dr.

From (1) and (3):

v'
2

m(r)

+ 41TrP,

(7)

r(r- 2m)

Obviously in the isotropic case (p, = P) Eq. (4) becomes

the usual Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkov (TOV) equation
for hydrostatic equilibrium.
Before trying to find specific models, we write Eq. (4) in
a different form. Let

II. THE FIELD EQUATIONS

(8)

Let us consider a static distribution of matter which is

spherically symmetric but whose stress tensor may be locally
anisotropic.
In Schwarzschild-like coordinates the metric can be
written as:
ds2 = e dt 2 - fldr - rd0 2 - rsen2 0 d 2.
V

Denoting differentiation with respect to r by a dash,

letting (t,r,O,) = (0,1,2,3), the metric field equations read:
81TT: = -e-"[v'lr+ l/r]

+ l/r,

(1)

81TT~ = 81TT~

- e-" [~v"

-iA 'v' + lv,2 + (v' -A ')/2r],

(2)

a)Supported in part by CONICIT, Venezuela.

b)SUpported in part by N.S.F. under grant number INT-1825663.
118

J. Math. Phys. 22 (1), January 1981

where C is a parameter which measures the anisotropy; the

function/and the number n are to be specified for each
model. Taking in to account (8), Eqs. (4) becomes
dPJdr = - (p

+ P,)v'/2 + 2C/(p"r)(p + P,)r" -

I.

(9)

Equation (9) can be integrated ifp is a known function of

r and/(p"r) is specified. We keep the usual boundary condition P,(a) = 0, where a is the radius ofthe sphere.
III. THE PROCEDURE

The chief question is how to choose the function/(P, ,r).

One approach would be to consider (9) as defining this function for arbitrary p(r: and P,. However this might produce
models with strange pressure distributions and would usually not permit C = 0 as a subclass of a particular model. The
ideal approach, of course, would be to know the relation

00222488/81/010118-08$1.00

1981 American Institute of Physics

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118

between Pr and Pi on physical grounds. We shall propose a

heuristic method which allows us to find a family of nonisotropic models from any isotropic model; the family will depend continuously on C and permit the isotropic situation,
C = 0, as a special case.
The procedure is as follows:
1) Take a known exact interior solution of the Einstein
equations and assume the functional dependence ofP = p(r)
of the anisotropic model is the same as that of the isotropic
solution. In fact one does not expect that the presence of
stresses (at least for small values of C) will change the matter
distribution drastically.
2) Assume

f(Pr ,r),." - 1 = v'/2.

(10)

This relation is not assumed for any specific physical

reason but only because it transforms Eq. (9) into the simple
form:
dPr = _ h (p + Pr )v'/2,
(11)
dr
whereh = 1- 2C.
The next section is devoted to the integration ofEq. (11)
for different density distributionsp(r). Notice that for h = 1,
we recover the isotropic case. h = 0, because of the boundary
condition, implies Pr = O. Such a configuration corresponds
to a sphere sustained only by tangential stresses. It has been
considered in a different CO!ltext by Lemaitre. 5

dPr
=
dr

-~1T

(Po +Pr)(Po + 3Pr )

X (1 - (S1T131oor) - lr.

(15)

Equation (15) can be integrated to obtain the radial

pressure

P _
[ (1 - J1Trpo)hI2 - (1 - ~1Ta2po)h12 ]
r -Po 3(1 _ ~1Ta2po)hI2 _ (1 _ ~1Trpo)h12

(16)

or

P -Po

[(1 - 2mlr)h12 - (1 - 2M la)hl2 ]

,
3(1 _ 2M la)hl2 - (1 _ 2mlr)h/2

(16')

where M is the total mass.

It is worthwhile to recall some properties of this model.
For example, the critical value of the quantity 2M la for
which the central pressure tends to infinity is

2(M la)erit = 1 - (1/3)2/\

(17)

thus, the limiting case h = 0 (C = 1/2) yields (2M /a)erit = 1

and the horizon may be reached. We recall that in the isotropic case (h = 1) the critical value is:

(2M la)erit

=~.

The critical mass is

Merit

= (3/321Tpo)I12[1 - (1/3)2/h ]312.

(IS)

The ratio of the critical mass for the anisotropic case to

the corresponding value for the isotropic case is given by

IV. THE MODELS

Ma .

A. Schwarzschild-like model

The first model we discuss is a generalization of the

Schwarzschild interior solution. Such a generalization is already known,3 and we can examine how our method reproduces this known solution for anisotropic matter.
Following the procedure sketched in the last section we
imagine an anisotropic sphere whose density is independent
of the spacelike coordinates,

Po = const,
p= {
0,

where Eq. (7) has been used. Equation (11) takes the form

0 <r <a
r>a

(1/3)2Ih ]312.

(19)

This ratio is less than one for h > 1 (C <0) and greater
than one for h < 1 (C < 0).
Furthermore the expression (17) affects the redshift z at
the surface, given by
Z= (1 - 2M la)-I12 -1.
(20)
The critical value for the redshift is
(21)

(l3)

thus, in principle, anisotropy is capable of explaining redshifts larger than two.

It is easy to use (16') and (7) to obtain v
h.
eV = [ 3(1 - 2M la)h/2 - (1 - 2m/r)h12
(22)

(14)

and condition (10) reads:

f(r,P r),." - 1 = !v' = ~1Tr( Po + 3Pr)(1 - (S1T13)rpo) -

= i[1 -

(12)

Equation (6) gives

m(r) = ~1T~Po,

MZ erit

B. Tolman VI-like model

The next model we shall generalize is solution VI of Tolman. 6 We recall that the equation of state of this model, for large
p, approaches that for a highly compressed Fermi gas.
Using the procedure discussed above and the fact that the matter density is

S1TP

317r,

(23)

we get the following equation for Pr

dPr
..2
= - h (3/561Tr + Pr )(3/Sr + 71TrPr ).
dr
This equation can be integrated to obtain

(24)

119

J. Math. Phys., Vol. 22, No.1, January 1981

Cosenza et al.

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119

1_(rla)V(4-3h l
]
(25)
3h
+ 4V(4 - 3h)) - (8 - 3h - 4V(4 - 3h ))(rla)V(4- l
This solution restricts the values of h, h < 4/3, or equivalently, C> - 116. For the special case h = 4/3, the solution is

9h [
P(r)= - ,
56m,2 (8 - 3h

P (r)= _3_ [1- _ _2_ _ ]

,
5611'r
2 -In(rla) .

(26)

Of course for the case h = 1 we recover the Tolman VI solution. Also for h
central pressure to the central density is

PJpc = 3h I (8 - 3h

+ 4~ 4 -

= 0, P, = 0, as expected. The ratio of the

3h ).

(27)

In the case h = I, one gets the well-known result

PJpc =

For the limiting value h = 4/3, the ratio is

Pclpc = 1,
which in some sense represents a natural limiting value for the equation of state at the center of the sphere. The equation of
state for the radial pressure can be written as

I _ (3/5611')V(4 - 3h 112( P - 1/21a),,'(4 - 3h I

Pr(P) = 3h [
P (8 - 3h + 4v(4 - 3h )) - (8 - 3h - 4v(4 - 3h ))(3/5611')VI4 - 3h 112( P - Il2la)Vl4 - 3h I

(28)
'

which for large values of p, becomes

(8 - 3h

P-

+ 4V(4 3h

3h)) P
r

_3_ V14 - 3h )/2pl- V14- 3h)l2.

( 5611'a 2)

(29)

In the case h = 1, we recover the expected result

p - 3Pr = constpl12.

(30)

For the limiting value h = 4/3, the equation of state takes the form

4-ln(3~5611'pa2)]'

[1-

Pr(P)=

(31)

Now it is not difficult to find the metric function v. Feeding (25) back into (7) and using (23)
~ [ (8 -

e =
V

3h

+ 4V(4 -

3h )) - (8 - 3h - 4V(4 - 3h ))(rla)VI4 - 3h) ]llh (ar

8V(4 _ 3h )

)1 6 + VI4 -

3h 1)/18 - 3h + 4VI4 - 3h )1.

(32)

At the surface r = a

ev

I~
r

= 1 - 2M I a =

~,

which agrees with the expression for the exterior Schwarzschild metric.
For the limiting value h = 4/3, the metric function v takes the form

(33)

1[(rl20)(2 -In(rla))pI2.

Equation (24) has also been integrated numerically. Introduce the following dimensionless quantities

P=Pr M
z

(34)

(35)

= air,

where M is the total mass. Equation (24) becomes

dP = i hP Iz
dz

+ 711'h (14/3fp 2/z + (9/7 X 6411')(31 14)2hz,

(36)

where the fact that Mia = 3/14 has been used. Solutions of (36) for differents values of h are indicated in Fig. 1. It is
worthwhile to observe that negative values of h correspond to negative radial pressures. Such situations cannot be excluded a
priori since we are not considering perfect fluids.

C. Tolman IV-like model

Let us consider a generalization of the Tolman IV solution. We recall that the equation of state of this solution leads
to results similar to those which would be obtained from the
120

J. Math. Phys., Vol. 22, No.1, January 1981

equation of state for a Fermi gas in cases of intermediate

central densities. As in the preceding cases, the density is
assumed to have the same functional dependence as for the
isotropic case, thus
Cosenza et al.

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120

2
2
2
2
(R +A +r)+81TR p(A +2r)].
(R 2 _ r)(A 2 + r)

X [
7.420

For h>3, the integral is given by

(40)

P = 81TA 2Pr(r)

= (_h_R2_ 3-2h A2_3r)I~2(A2+2r). (41)

2 -h
2 -h
Unfortunately, this pressure is less than zero for all real
r and approaches - (3/2)A 2 as r-+oo. Hence the regime
h> 3 cannot correspond to a bounded distribution of matter.
We did not succeed in finding an analytical solution to
(40) other than (41), so that we integrated that equation numerically. In order to do that, we introduce the following
dimensionless quantities:

5.940

V"

4.460

2.980

1500

P= 81TA P"
P = 81TA 2p ,
Z= lI(y+ E),

0000 ~---------------=...,

~~~<f

y=rIA;

,~.

dP

,~

..~.

dz

~.

//

-2940

= h (1 - EZ) [~(1 + 3K) + 3K(1 - Ezf

2z
Z2 - 2(1 - EZ)2

//'

,/).
.. / .
/

/.//

-4.420

K=A2/R2.

Thus Eq. (40) becomes

~~

-1460

E=Mla,

11/

2z2[Z2 _ K(1 _ EZ)2]

-]
+P
[r + 2(1 _ EZ)2]2

EZ)2 + P [Z2 + 2(1 - EZ)2] ] . (42)

[Z2 _ K(I - EZ)2] [~ + (I - EZ)2]
In order to integrate this equation numerically we must
specify the values of E, K and h; also the boundary condition
P (zo) = 0, where Zo = zl r = a' requires that the value of
Yo = alA be given.
Now, from the condition
X [ z2(1

-5.900 U5.oLL..-.L.5--I
.. 0--3.L:;--I3'O,------2.L.5---:"2.0=-----c,7.5--,110::--'

FIG. I. ThefunctionP~P,MZ versusz~a/rfortheTolman VI-like model

and E = 3/14.
a)h = I
b) h = 1.333 -----------------c) h = - 3.1888 -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.d) h = - 2.7699 -.. -.. -.. -.. -.. -..

+ K) + K(1 -

e~J.llr=a)=1-2Mla

(43)

we get
8~ = _1_ (1

A2

+ 3A 21R 2 + 3r1R 2)
(1 + 2r1A 2)

(1 - rlR 2)
A2 A (1 + 2r1A 2)2
2

E = Mia = Y~(I

'

where A 2 and R 2 are constants which in the isotropic case are

related in a specific way through the central density and
central pressure.
We calculate the function m(r) and obtain

(38)

Hence
f(r,Pr),-n~

!v'r[(R 2 +A 2 + r) + 81TR 2Pr

x(A 2 + 2r)1/2(R 2 _ rItA 2 + r)

and the equilibrium equation becomes

dPr

e"- = R 2(A 2 + 2r)/(R 2 _ r)(A 2 + r)

has been used.
For the isotropic case (h = I) we have the analytic
solution

PlY) = (I - K - 3Ky2)/(1

+ 2y2)

(45)

and thus the boundary condition, in this case, leads to

Y~ = (1 - K)l3K.

(46)

Feeding (46) back into (44) we obtain

(39)

= 1 - 3E.

(47)

Also, because of (44)

Yo= [4E-I-K+V((~+Kf-8E+ 16c)

81T-- =
dr

(44)

where the relation

(37)

m(r) = ,-"3(R 2 + A 2 + r)l2R 2(A 2 + 2r).

+ K + Y~)/2(1 + 2Y~),

r\
(48)

thus, fixing E, one gets uniquely the values of Yo and K.

121

J. Math. Phys., Vol. 22, No.1, January 1981

Cosenza et a/.

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121

.482300 ~-""'-'-''''''''--'-----r---.---r-------'---'

.......

.434070

The results of integration are displayed in Figs. 2 and 3.

The accuracy of the numerical analysis was checked against
the exact solution (for the case h = 1) with excellent results.

",

385840

D. Tolman V-like model

Though the Tolman V solution does not represent any

interesting physical situation, we have generalized this model in order to obtain more information about the difference
between the isotropic and the anisotropic case .
Following the established procedure,

\
\

\
\

. 337610

,,
,
,
'\ \
.
\. ,
\.
\

.289380

_._._._._."

.2411 50

(SO)

m = (3/14)r + r

(51)

lO/3

/2R

713,

e - A= 4/7 _ (riR )713,

(52)

where R is a constant.
The condition (10) reads

"

81Tp = 317r + (10/3R 2)(r1R )113,

".
192920

.144690

1.8737 0 _ _ _ _

"'\ \

\
\

1.68633

\
\. \

096460

~-_,______,---,--_,_---,

,,

\I

1. 49896

\1

048230

1.31159

.000000

LL--'---'-----'-_---'-_-L_-'---_"-----______ILJ
9.9

8.9

19

6.9

5.9

4.9

4.1

3.1

2.1

1: 12422

FIG. 2. ThefunctionP s=81rA 2p, versusz = (l/(rIA)

like model, with E = 0.1 and
a)h= I
k = 0.70
b) h = 1.33

0.93685

k = 0.88
c) h = 0.67
k=l.04

\
\
\
\

0.74948

In the nonisotropic case (h =1= 1) we do not have an analytic solution like (45) and so the values of K and Yo cannot be
obtained from E. In order to pick values of K and Yo which
would not lead to unphysical situations, we shall integrate
for values of h not very far from 1, and for K we shall take

K(h ) = K(h = 1)[ 1 + 11 - h IIh ].

J. Math. Phys., Vol. 22, No.1, January 1981

0.56211

\
\\

._._.-..........

".
0,37474

'\

\\

(49)

Fortunately Eq. (42) is "stable" with respect to a perturbation of the coefficients such as (49). Specifically we have
integrated for the following cases:
1) E = 0.1:
i)
h = 1,
K=0.7,
Zo = 2.09,
ii)
h = .67,
K = 1.04,
Zo = 2.29,
iii)
h = 1.33,
K = 0.88,
Zo = 2.20,
2) E = 0.3:
i)
h = 1,
K=O.l,
Zo = 0.49,
ii)
h = 0.67,
K=0.15,
Zo = 0.56,
iii)
h = 1.33,
K=O.13,
Zo = 0.53.
122

\
\

+ E)intheTolmanIV-

\\

0.18737

~1

o 00000

L L --'Z.5---'-Z.0-_,L.---'-LO--.L...1L..J
3O

O5

FIG. 3. The same function as in Fig. 2, with

h=l
k=O.l
h = 1.33

= 0.3 and

k = 0.13
h = 0.67
k=O.IS
Cosenza et sl.

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122

\
91.437

- (dZ)10/3j
[ ~(E/Z)
7

80.672

dP

(~/)-

dz

+ h [ ~ + l{(dZ)7/3j P
+ h [ /g(Z/E)2 + H(dz)1/3 + i(dz)8/3j.

= h (E/Z)2P2/2

63.907

The sUlface of the star is defined by the value

la; furthermore, the ratio R /a can be expressed
through E using Eq. (51)

Zo

47.143

(55)

= ER

!i =

[ 2(E -

30 378

(56)

In the isotropic case (h = 1)

R /a = (14)317

"

13613

1\)] - 3/7.

and

'" "-

0.000
-3.1 ~2

E=a
We have integrated for E = 1/4; h = 1.33, h = 1,
h = - 2.77, h = - 3.188 and forE = 0.3; h = 1.33,
h = - 3.188, h = - 2.77.
The solutions are shown in Figs. 4 and 5.

'~

-19.916

103 627
-36.681

88.009
-53.446
1

48

I I !

3.8

4.3

33

28

23

1.8

1.3

0.8

FIG. 4. The function P"",,81TR 2p, versus z==.ER /r in the Tolman V-like
model, with E = 0.25, and
h=1
h = 1.33
-----------------h = - 2.77
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.h = - 3.188 -.. -.. -.. -.. -.. -.. -

72.391

56.773

41 155

!(r,PrV'-1
= lv' =

(3R 7/3

+ 7r7/3 + 561TP,R 7/3 r

)/2r(4R 7/3 - 7r7/3 )

(53)

25.537

9.919

so that the equilibrium equation becomes

dPr
81T_ = - h [3/7r + 1f(r/R )1/3 + 81TP,j
dr
X [(3R 7/3 + 7r7/3 + 561TP,R 7/3 r )/2r(4R 7/3 _ 7r7/3 )].

..---.

o.ooof-----------------=,..,~

~~.

-5.699

~.

~.

~.

~.

(54)
We could not find an analytic solution for (54), so we
carried out a numerical integration. To do so, we introduce
the new dimensionless variables
-

P= 81TR Pr,
p = 81TR 2p ,
z=ERlr,
with E = Mia. In terms of the new variables, Eq. (54) reads
123

J. Math. Phys., Vol. 22, No.1, January 1981

~.

"/'

-21.317

//-"/'
.
..y'

'l'
-36.935

5.0

45

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

1.5

2.0

ID

FIG. 5. Same function as before but E = 0,3 and

h = 1.33
h = - 2.77
h = - 3.188

------------------.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-

Cosenza et al.

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123

--"""

dPr
81T-dr
= _ hr [ 4 Y(3r
(a + 3(3r)5/3

,,

3y

(a

+ 3(3r)2/3

+ 81TP

+ 3(3rf/3 - y ] .
(a + 3(3rf/3 + yr
In the isotropic case (h = 1), the solution is

X [ 81TPr (a

,,
,,

'\

81TPr

4 (3/(a

(61)

+ (3r)

+ rIa + 5 (3r)/(a + (3r)(a + 3(3r)2/3

\

(62)

(some errors in Adler's paper have been taken into account)

and

+(3rf

e = (a
\

(63)

Using the boundary conditions

\

Pr(a) = 0,

ei;;.A(r~a) = e~;~a) =

when E = Mia, we find

\
\

10

1 - 2E,

\
\

,,
,

a = (1 - 5/2E)/(1 - 2E) 112,

(3 = d2a 2(1 - 2E) \12,

(65)

y= -2E(I-E) 2/3 Ia 2(1_2E)1I3.

(66)

(64)

Hence, for the isotropic case, the radial pressure can be

written as
P = (d41Ta 2)[ 1 - 2Ey2( 1 - E)2/3( 1 - ~ + y2) - 2/3]

\
\

X(1 -

+ !Ey2) -

1 _

(1 _ E)2/3(1 _

+ y2) - 2/3,

(67)
with

FIG. 6. The function 104 xP ==104 81TP,lyversusz==(rp I - '12in the Adlerlike model, with = 0.35, and
h=!
a = 0.23
0= - 3.28
h = 1.33
a =0.29
6 = - 1.85

y= ria.
Equation (61) was integrated numerically for different
values of h. To this end, we introduce the following variables:

P=
p=
Z2

E. Adler-like model

+ 3(3r)5/3 -

3y/(a

+ 3(3r)2I1,

(57)

where y, (3 and a are constants. In addition,

+ 3(3r)2I3,
1 + yr/(a + 3(3r)2I3,

m = - yr' /2(a
A

e- =

(58)

.!.... [ 81TPr (a + 3(3r)2I3 - y ]

(a + 3(3rf/3 + yr
2
and the equilibrium equation reads
124

J. Math. Phys., Vol. 22, No.1, January 1981

(69)

lI(3r,

(70)

+ 3z- 2)z3
h8(3a + 5z- 2)
-----~--~--~----~~
[(a+3z- 2f /3 +&-2](a+3z- 2)5/3 '

(71)

where
fj =

yl(3.

In order to assign to the constants a and 8 values which

do not lead to unphysical results, we shall integrate Eq. (71)
for values of h close to one and assume

(59)

v'
2
=

81Tply,

M(a + 3z - 2)2/3
- 2
----'---'---- P
~[(a + 3z- 2)2/3 +Z-2]
h8(a + 2z- 2)
[(a + 3z - 2)2/3 + & - 2](a

dz

81Tp = 4y(3r/(a

(68)

dP

Lastly, we shall apply our procedure to a solution found

by Adler. 7 This solution is adiabatically stable, does not exhibit singularities and in principle could be used in astrophysical considerations.
The density is given by

81TPJy,

a(h) = a(h = 1)[1

+ 11 -

8(h) =8(h = 1)11

h I/h],

(72)

11-h I/h I

(73)

Also for Zo = z(r = a) we get, using (67)

E

(60)

= 8/~(a

+ 3zo- 2)2/3.

Figure 6 shows the solutions for h = 1, h = 1.33, with

E

= 0.35.
Cosenza et a/.

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124

v. CONCLUSIONS
We have presented a heuristic method to obtain anisotropic models in the context of general relativity.
The main virtue of the method is its simplicity and the
fact that the models obtained are continuously connected
with the isotropic case h = 1, which allows comparison with
this case. Of course, whether or not these models represent
physically plausible situations will depend ultimately on the
agreement between relation (10) and a reasonable equation of
state for the tangential pressure.

125

J. Math. Phys., Vol. 22, No.1, January 1981

1M. Ruderman, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 10,427 (1972).

2V. Canuto, Neutron Stars: General Review (Solvay Conference on Astrophysics and Gravitation, Brussels, 1973).
3R. Bowers, and E. Liang, Astrophys. J. 188, 657 (1974).
4L. Herrera, G. Ruggeri, and L. Witten, Astrophys. J. 234, 1094 (1979).
'G. Lemaitre, Ann. Soc. Sci., Bruxelles, A 53, 97 (1933).
6R. Tolman, Phys. Rev. 55, 364 (1939).
7R. Adler, J. Math. Phys. 15,727 (1974).

Cosenza et sl.

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125