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Author(s): J. Gonda
Source: Mnemosyne, Fourth Series, Vol. 10, Fasc. 2 (1957), pp. 97-102
Published by: BRILL
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4427968
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THE
OF
VALUE
ORIGINAL
GR.
-de
BY
J.
GONDA
and other
arise whether
Wackernagelx)
question
may
in
that
the
Greek
enclitic
are
postcontending
right
2)
to
and
which
names
of
-de,
places
persons
joined mainly
position
the idea of "motion
towards5'
in the accusative
helps to express
The
scholars
("changement
that direction"
de lieu5')
as having
arisen from *im-de. Since
or de eo, inde can be explained
"from
Mine means
"from there,
Lat. illim,
istim, istinc
since",
there", hinc (<*him + c) "from here, hence, from now", *im alone,
stem i- (Latin is, Skt. ayam, idam
from the pronominal
deriving
be right,
etc.), must have meant "from here" 5). If this conclusion
not a marker of direction.
-de probably
was an emphatic
particle,
the
Arm.
A similar sense is conveyed
-t, which can be derived
by
from
anti
*-?l,
"from
Lat.
endo
to contain
in adverbs
signifying
andust "from
a point
of issue or departure:
-do in
there"
etc. The element
there",
"in" 6) (endogredi
=ingredi),
the particle in the o grade,
or from) either:
this endo
may be considered
a direction
not indicate
which
does
to Hitt.
exactly
corresponds
(towards
"in
near"
and
anda
under,
"in,
between,
(postposition)
(adv.)
direction
however
sometimes
in
within,
position
expressing
(mostly
Vorlesungen ?ber Syntax II2, 209.
?) J. Wackernagel,
2) Cf. also P. Chantraine, Grammaire hom?rique, II (1953), 46: "particule
'lative' ".
3) P. Chantraine, Morphologie historique du grec2 (1947), ?24?
Lat. etym. Wtb., I, 692; cf. also Ernout4) See e.g. Walde-Hofmann,
Meillet, Diet. ?tym. de la langue latine2, I, 562.
5) See also F. Skutsch, Glotta 1, 316.
6) See F. Sommer, Handbuch der lat. Laut- und Formenlehre2, 145; WaldeHofmann, o.e., I, 694.
Mnemosyne, ?
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98
quamde
the
Umbrian
pane<
*pam-de2),
point in the
which
same
are
'stronger'
direction.
is generally
identified
with the
This
of
not
adverb
however
is
????de3).
syllable
only used in
o 492 . . . ????e???
connection
with
movement:
????d' ?????,
I have come hither",
....
but also with verbs of rest:
''wandering
Arist. V. 765 ????de a?t?? ?????. In contradistinction
to those who
last
to
seem
hold
meant
"hither",
maintained
that
and in Homer
primarily,
exclusively,
after
the
"here"
only
epics
4), it must be
in ? 296 ? ??? d' e??at?? ?st? pe??t??p???
???a?t?? /
that
????de
and
as "to what
further
d? marks
st?at??,
"this",
its original
demonstrative
force: Skt. sa "that";
Goth, sa
: *so etc. 5) : in its initial stage the phrase ? d? ???? may have
?) See also H. Pedersen, Hittitisch und die anderen IE. Sprachen (1938),
166. For other words which must not be compared, see J. Pokorny, Indogerm.
etym. Wtb., 182.
2) CD. Buck, A Grammar of Osean and Umbrian, 137.
o.e., I, 624; 628; Boisacq, Diet, etym.2, 253:
3) Schwyzer-Debrunner,
"????de ?????de d'apr?s les rapports ??t??: dde: ?".
o.e., II, 158: "????de und ??ta???? sind zun?chst
4) Schwyzer-Debrunner,
Richtungsadverbien".
5) For particulars see E. Schwyzer, Zur Auffassung der zusammengesetzten
extent,
"that"
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99
drew, in this
such as "this
conhere
interesting
parallel
hierdie man, lit. "here that man",
i.e. "this
is, in S. Afr. Dutch,
man". The Dutch pronoun deze "this" (mase, and fern.) 2) is usually
in a combination
as originating
of the pronominal
stem
explained
I.E. Ho-, Germ. *?a- (which is retained
in the definite
article de
die "that")
and the demonstrative
and a particle
which
pronoun
with the Goth, sai "see ! look!", and the OHGerm.
is mostly identified
se "ecce". The same origin was proposed
with regard to the German
dieser "this",
to the most probable
etc. 3). According
explication
of Lat. iste, this pronoun
is a Compound'
of the above
*inom.
of
and
and a fossilized
its Sanskrit
is, sg.
"this",
esa-
"this"
"this, that"
In favour
these
containing
same
stems
must
likewise
stem
*to-
synonym
have meant
4).
of the
above
the
explication
may also be adduced
???
??
"hunc"
with
an
??
which
t?
element
"hic",
has,
Arc.-Cypr.
with probability,
been identified
5) with Anc. Ind. nu "now, now
which is also used
actually,
just, at once, indeed, surely, certainly",
to lay stress upon a preceding
word 6) ; in Greek itself ?? is mostly
a particle of emphasis,
Lithuanian
relatives
that
been
also a synonym
which
of its German
the
idea
and
of "now";
express
{nu, nu)
nu means
and" etc. (Toch. Hitt.):
"however,
??? may originally
have meant
like "that
now,
something
in the Thess. d?e "this"
has
then". The element
ne, contained
in other
thus
sometimes
languages
compared
to Anc.
Ind.
n?n?
"variously,
differently",
which
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100
no doubt
stands
relative
nearer
"as" i).
The evidence
of the
element
on
ly)
of the Av.
na in yaQa-na
of "thus"
"(exactly)
; it may be a
as" beside yaQa
of the
above
words
the
and general relation
between
same
of
The
remark
course
applies
concepts
2).
-da in va?smdnda "homewards"
Avestan
(Yt. io, 86). The
is often clearly
or
of the) destination
expressed
reaching
in the context:
? 159 ?????de ??es?a? (a girl), "bring home
by itself expressing
verbal and nominal
to
na in the sense
particle.
also in
for a double
the
(actual
only
implied
Germ,
(as a bride)",
the
to
war".
"going
a vague
"heimf?hren",
? 448
e????e???
p??e???de,
course
The
direction.
a 88 ??????d'
d?de d????de
remarkableness
?se?e?s??a?
the
proleptic
loses
"in
binnenskamers
"privately";
in illustration
of a double occurrence
ondershands
quoted
inations'.
The
curious
room"
of 'adverbial
of -de and
may be
termforms ?
plural
?
is
ordinary
plurality3)
-de
if
did not belong to the category
perhaps
or local adverbs,
but conveyed
of prepositions
the sense mentioned
a plurbefore : an exact determination
of a place seldom concerns
T??asde
ality
more
and
incompatibility
do not refer to
the
???a?e
also more intelligible
of houses,
towns,
plains
persons,
in which
it
or less fixed phrases
etc.
the often
Compare
occurs:
p????de
actually
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???
?????de "home";
??d?sde "to earth";
??????de; ?????de;
a?ade; ???at??de; ????sde "to bed" (G 447 ?? one person, ? 294 of a
of people) ; f???de etc. In using one of these phrases the
plurality
speaker had a definite town, house, market, ship, bed etc. in view x).
"to town";
on those
in the related
particles
may be added
or
are
identified
with
the above
connected
usually
languages
Lat.
as
Greek particle. The
quando "when?, ever" may be considered
to Gr. p??- < *ku?m in
quam which appears to correspond
containing
? cf. *t?m in Gr.
t????a (i.e. t??-?-?a,
p????a "at what hour?",
cf. d-?a) "at that time, then" ? and *d?, which also occurs in
Some
words
which
donee "as long as, till, until (at last)" 2). There is however
no reason
this etymology,
to feel, with
distrust
Hofmann3),
concerning
because
quando does not mean "till when"
merely
("bis wann"),
for the use of the nearest
rest
has
place where or time when: this function
is
at
which
identical
with
Lat.
by
etymologically
ad. The Old Saxon to, te meant "to, towards, in, at etc." With regard
zu Paul5)
observed:
to the German
"es bezeichnet
urspr?nglich
been
it indicated
relatives
Dutch
taken
r?umliche
the
over
R?cksicht
auf die besondere
Lage oder Stelunter
usw.
charakteristisch
ist.
hinter,
vor,
?ber,
lung,
Als Pr?p. regiert zu den Dat., ohne R?cksicht
ob
es
sich
darauf,
oder Bewegung
In High German
um Ruhelage
handelt".
he latter
wie
N?he
ohne
sie f?r
which
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102
in Dutch
that
toe-slaan
end
reached:
cf.
also
in the
The form
*do is commonly
considered
the origin of O.Ch.Slav.
do,
which as a preposition
means
"up to, as far as, till", expressing
the limit unto which a process or an object extends,
often inclusive
? and as
of that limit, ? sometimes
the direction
itself is indicated
a prefix,
not
hand,
Indian
to
the
particle
obscure
author
how -de and the well-known
connective
present
d? ? the derivation
of which is usually considered
entirely
? could be identified
by Hofmann
7) without
any expla-
nation.
Utrecht,
van
Limburg
Stirumstraat
17.
Woordenboek
?) See also E. Verwijs-J.
Verdam, Middelnederlandsch
Vili
(1916), 106.
2) See also W. Vondr?k-O. Gr?nenthal, Vergi. Slavische Grammatik2 II
(1928), 301 f.; A. Vaillant, Manuel du vieux slave I (1948), 183.
Diet, ?tym.9 I, 295.
3) Cf. e.g. Ernout-Meillet,
4) See J. D. Denniston, The Greek Particles, 203 ff.
5) See e.g. Ernout-Meillet,
I, 326; Pokorny,
o.e., 974; Walde-Hofmann,
o.e., 182.
6) Cf. also T. Burrow, The Sanskrit Language (1955), 279.
7) J. B. Hofmann, Etym. Wtb. d. Griechischen (1950), 52.
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