Welcome back.

Let's do some more linear circuits.

Last time we talked about this idea of
resistance and looking at individual
elements.
Now we're going to start putting them
together, and we're going to be
discussing Kirchhoff's Laws.
So we're going introduce Kirchhoff's
Current Law and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law,
and then we'll use it to solve a very
simple circuit.
So as I mentioned before in our previous
lesson we introduced Ohm's law.
We introduced this idea of resistance and
then we calculated it.
And then we found this way of relating
the voltages and currents within devices.
So now we're going to look at between
devices in a system perspective.
After we've covered this, were going to
then be able to start talking about
resistors as actual devices that are
intended to exhibit Ohm's Law.
So the objectives of this lesson are to
first of all have you be able what
Kirchoff's current law and Voltage law
are, and describe this voltage
relationship parallel elements.
And current relationship of series
elements as well as to use Kirhhoff's Law
to find unknown values in a simple
circut.
Kirchoff's Voltage Law basically states
it is, that you make your way around any
closed path in a circuit summing up your
voltages.
Now the sum has to be zero.
And this is because if you start in one
place [INAUDIBLE] And you take a trip
around and then you come back to where
you started.
You can't have gained or lost any, kind
of, electrical elevation.
So as an example, if I have this pathway
here, I can sum up all of my various
voltages.
VA, VG, VH and VD.
Because this makes a closed circuit and
then when I get back to the beginning.
The total sum of the voltage has to be
zero.
And you can go in any direction you want,
this one happens to be clockwise, but I
can also do it counterclockwise.
Or in this case just flip the signs
rather.
And so now instead of having the arrows
go from the pluses to the minuses; now
they go from the minuses to the pluses.

So if I sum up the a, the c, the f, the

h, and the e, they still all have to
equal 0.
And this would be equivalent to, if I
instead changed the direction.
The E, the H, the F, the C, and the A.
You see that these are 2 equivalent ways
of going around and looking at the
circle.
So if I look at parallel circuts.
And they make a nice little loop here.
If I do my Kirchhoff's law, I see that VA
minus VB has to be equal to 0.
And this is because general trend is
you're following the arrow.
You can either choose to use the first
sign that you see or the second sign that
you see.
So here I used the first sign.
So I used plus vA and minus vB.
When I do that, I could actually put the
vB on the other side, and I discover that
anytime you have two parallel elements,
Which is to say two elements that connect
the same two nodes that they have to have
the same voltage across them due to
Kirchhoff's current, or Kirchhoff's
voltage law.
For Kirchhoff's current law we're going
to be looking at the currents.
And Kirchhoff's current law states that
the sum of all the currents going into a
node must equal the sum of the currents
going out of the node.
And remember we've already kind of
discussed nodes as being the set of
interconnected wires.
So if I color the blue node here and I
give some ref instructions I get the
equation that ia plus ib must equal id
plus ie because ia and ib are going in id
and e are going out.
I'll look at another node this orange
node.
I see that IB plus IF, the two going out
must equal IC, the one going in.
Let's look at physical descriptions to
why Kirchhoff's Current Law is so
important.
What if I had this system, where I have a
one mili amp.
Current source and I have two nodes
separated by this one centimeter of
distance and I have current that's now
flowing through the system and Kirkov's
current law does not hold but that means
that I'm going to be building up charge
here as I'm pushing You know pulling
electrons, and pushing electrons through.
So this is going to get a charge at a

rate of ten to the negative third times T

cololms, so T being in seconds.
But on the other note, these, this charge
has to come from somewhere.
It's coming from Q 2.
So we get negative ten to the third times
T cololms.
And then I can use coulombs law,
remembering that KE is equal to this
8.987 times 10 to the ninth newton meters
squared per coulombs squared, and
plugging in these values, I discover that
the strength of the attractive force
between These two points is equal to
89.87 times t squared meganewtons.
And so let's see what's going on here.
In the first millisecond I have 20 pounds
of pressure, or attractive force, pulling
these two together.
After one second it's twenty million
pounds, and then two seconds, eighty
million pounds, or kilogram.
They're all listed over here.
So there's a tremendous amount of force
that's going to be pulling these things
together.
And it's this electromagnetic force that
motivates Kirchoff's law and why it's so
important.
If I place two devices in series in this
configuration, it's possible for us to
find another relation, similar to like we
did with the parallel circuits.
And when we say series, that means that
there's two devices connected to each
other, but there's nothing else
connecting in that middle area.
Because they're in series, the currents I
a must equal i b because of Kirchhoff's
Current Law.
The current flowing in to that center
node, here, has to be equal to the
current flowing out.
Now we're going to solve a simple
problem.
We have a few nodes and from the things
we have learned so far, we know that P is
equal to i times v.
We also have Kirchhoff's Current Law and
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law.
So let's find the unknown values.
First of all, at A, we have one amp of
current flowing through it, and we have
three watts.
The arrow goes from the plus to the
minus, which means that, because p equals
i times v, this must be 3 volts.
Now I can use Korkov's Voltage Law, and
make this big loop around the outside
here, so I get minus 3 volts plus vB plus

5 is equal to 0.
As long as the vB is minus 2 volts.
Using Kirchoff's current law we see that,
since we have 1 amp of current flowing
this way, and A and B are in series but
the arrows now point in opposite
directions.
This current must be minus one m.
D and C are two devices that are in
parallel with each other and so
Kirchoff's voltage law states that they
have to have the same voltage.
That's 5 volts.
We also know the power in c is five watts
the arrow goes from the plus to the minus
so p equals i times b.
That means that the current flowing
through here must be one ampere.
Because we have minus one ampere coming
here and one ampere going out here that
would be the same as having.
One ampere flowing this way.
And Kurcoff's current law states that the
sum of that, that, and that have to be
zero, which means that this current is
minus two amps.
So finally the two unknown powers pb Is
now equal two [UNKNOWN] plus to the
minus, so minus two plus minus one...two
watts...and Pd we have they are going
from the plus to the minus so that equals
I times V, 5 times -2 is -10 watts And if
I add all of these up, 3 plus 5, plus 2,
plus -10, is 0, which means we have
conservation of power, and that gives us
some confidence that our answer is
correct.
Finally remembering that if they're
positive powers, we say that they're
consuming power, and negative that
they're Generating.
This is a source, and the others are
consuming power.
And so we've been able to solve all of
the voltages, currents, and powers, for
this simple example.
So to summarize, we've covered Kirkov's
current law, voltage law.
We applied Kirkov's voltage law, to show
that parallel elements have the same
voltage.
And use Kirchhoff's Current Law to
identify that series elements have the
same currents.
We gave an interesting justification for
Kirchhoff's Current Law.
And then solved a simple circuit by using
Kirchhoff's Laws and, as well as, the
Power Law that we learned before.
In our next lesson we'll be introducing

resistors, that are devices that are

specifically intended.
To exhibit Ohm's Law and inhibit current
flow.
And then we'll apply Ohm's Law and
Kirchhoff's laws together to some
resistor circuits.
As always, if you've had any questions on
this material, go to the forums.
I look forward to seeing you there and
seeing you in our next lesson.
Until then.