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ABSTRACT

The subject of the paper is now-a-days a priority on international level, because it provides
alternatives to major problems resulting from the use of fossil resources: the limitative
character and the pollution.

The paper presents researches in the field of increasing the efficiency of the solar energy
conversion by using tracking systems whose aim is to change the position of the solar panel
correlated to the sun position for maximizing the radiation degree of use.

The output power produced by high concentration solar thermal and photovoltaic systems is
directly related to the amount of solar energy acquired by the system, it is therefore necessary
to track sun's position with a high degree of accuracy. The use of tracking technology
allowing solar modules to follow the course of the sun can increase electricity production by
30% to 40 %.

The project will focus on three main categories, the categories being electronics,
programming and mechanical design.

A major part of the project is to carry out literature survey on the components used in project
particularly the electronic component, the mechanical system used to track the sun's path.

Electronic part will mainly consist of the light detection circuit, controlling circuit and
driving circuit. The light detection circuit involving sensors to sense the direction of
maximum intensity of incident radiation. The controlling circuit consisting of PIC based
microcontroller will analyze the inputs from sensors and will feed inputs to the driving
circuit. The driving circuit will control the movement of the stepper motor to achieve the
required position. Programming part involves programming of the PIC based
microcontroller.

Mechanical section consists of the mechanical system used. The mechanical system mainly
consists of the stepper motor and the mechanical structure. The stepper motor and the gear
system will perform the movement of the panel. The mechanical structure will provide the
support and the necessary mechanical strength for installing the system.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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We take this opportunity to convey our sincere thanks to management of M/s YOGIRAJ
ELECTRICALS for allowing us to undergo project at their plant.

We express our deep appreciation and gratitude to Mrs. Prasana Date (External Guide-
Yogiraj Electricals), for providing us with valuable guidance during the project in spite of
severe time pressure and, for being a constant source of inspiration to us throughout the
training. We are also thankful to all the staff of the organization that helped us practically in
their own ways during our project period.

We are also thankful to R.G. Nene (Proprietor- Yogiraj Electricals) for allowing us to
complete project at YOGIRAJ ELECTRICALS.

This acknowledgment will remain incomplete without our sincere thanks to Mrs. Divya
(Internal Guide –Fr.C.R.I.T.) for guiding u in the project for all guidance , support and
encouragement rendered to us during the project.

Thanking you.

PREFACE

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To make the reader familiar with the contents of the report brief description of the chapters
are given .This report has been divided into 6 chapters. The report is described various
examples and diagrams. Chapter wise description is given below:

Chapter 1 deals with the introductory part of the project.

Chapter 2 informs us about the solar panel and its specifications.

Chapter 3 tells us about gears used for the providing movement to solar panel.

Chapter 4 is related to the mathematical calculations for finding the torque requirements. and
stepper motor selection.

Chapter 5 introduces the stepper motor .

Chapter 6 provides the circuit for power supply used to energize the system.

LIST OF CONTENTS

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ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEGEMNT ii
PREFACE iii
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT 1

CHAPTER 2

SOLAR PANEL 4

2.1 Types of Solar Panels 4

2.1.1 Monocrystalline Solar Panels 4

2.1.2 Polycrystalline Solar Panels 4

2.1.3 Amorphous Solar Panels 5

2.2 Solar Panel Specification Table 5

CHAPTER 3
GEARS SYSTEM 6

3.1 FORMULAS FOR DETERMINING GEAR DIMENSIO 7

CHAPTER 4

STEPPRR MOTOR SELECTION AND TORQUE CALCULATION 8


4.1 Torque calculation 8
4.1.1 Obtaining the load torque 8
4.1.2 Obtain load inertia 9
4.1.3 Calculating Load 10

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4.2 Frictional and Rotational Acceleration Consideration 10

4.3 Accelerate and Decelerate Time 10

4.4 Torque v/s Speed Characteristics 11


4.4.1 Holding torque 11
4.4.2 Pull-In Curve 11
4.4.3 Maximum Start Rate 11
4.4.4 Pull-Out Curve 11
4.4.5 Maximum Slew Rate 11

CHAPTER 5
STEPPER MOTOR 12

5.1 Type of stepper motor 12


5.2 Permanent-magnet (PM) Stepper Motors 13
CHAPTER 6
POWER SUPPLY 16

6.1 Circuit Diagram


6.2 Circuit Description 16

REFERENCES 17

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLE


Fig1. 1 Variation of the movement of the sun on annual 2
Fig1. 2 General block diagram of the project. 2
Fig 2. 1 Monocrystalline solar panel 4
Fig 2. 2 Polycrystalline solar panel 4
Fig 2. 3 Amorphous solar panel 5
Fig 3. 1 Bevel gear 6

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Fig 3. 2 Spiral bevel gear 6

Fig 3. 3 Gear system 6


Fig 4. 1 Action of torque 8
Fig 4. 2 System torque
9
Fig 4. 3 System inertia
9
Fig 4. 4 Torque v/s Speed characteristic 11
Fig 5. 1 Components of stepper motor (a) rotor, (b) stator 14
Fig 5. 2 PM stepper motor (a) 90 step (b) 45 step 15

fig 5. 3 Thin-disk rotor PM motor 15


fig 6. 1 Circuit dig. 16
Table 2.2 Specification of solar panel 5
Table 3. 1 Gear parameter calculation 7

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