Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dept. EE, Army Public College of Management & Sciences (APCOMS), Pakistan
Dept. EE, Military College of Signals, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Pakistan
I.
INTRODUCTION
4G takes on a number of definitions depending on the context
in which it is being talked about. According to some people it
is the next generation of wireless networks that will replace
3G networks sometimes in future, and to some, 4G is simply
an initiative by academic R&D labs to move beyond the
limitations and problems of 3G which are having trouble
getting deployed and are not letting 3G in meeting the
promised performance and throughput.
It sounds strange that research is being done for 4G systems
without fully deploying 3G systems. Some of the reasons for
this migration are that the performance of 3G is not sufficient
to meet needs of the future high- performance applications like
multi-media, wireless teleconferencing, full-motion video etc.
Also there are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult to
roam and interoperate across networks while global mobility
and service portability are needed
Hybrid networks are needed that utilize both wireless LAN
(hot spot) concept and cell or base-station wide area network
design. We need all digital packet networks that utilize IP in
its fullest form with converged voice and data capability
A. Objectives of 4G
The number of mobile subscribers in the world is increasing
rapidly. There are over six billion mobile subscriptions
worldwide. 75% of the world has now access to mobile
phones. According to infonetics research mobile subscribers
are forecast to total 7 billion worldwide by 2016
4G
Major
Requirement
Driving
Architecture
Predominantly
Converged data and
voice driven - data
voice over IP
was always add on
Network
Architecture
Hybrid - Integration
of Wireless LAN
(WiFi, Bluetooth)
and wide area
Speeds
384 Kbps to 2
Mbps
20 to 100 Mbps in
mobile mode
Frequency Band
Dependent on
Higher frequency
country or continent
bands (2-8 GHz)
(1800-2400 MHz)
Bandwidth
5-20 MHz
Switching Design
Basis
Access
Technologies
Forward Error
Correction
Convolutional rate
1/2, 1/3
Component
Design
Smarter Antennas,
Optimized antenna
software multiband
design, multi-band
and wideband
adapters
radios
IP
A number of air
link protocols,
including IP 5.0
II.
Concatenated
coding scheme
All IP (IP6.0)
a) Advantages of OFDMA
The spectrum inefficiency in frequency division multiple
access (FDMA) is removed by OFDMA by using overlapping
orthogonal sub carriers transmitted in parallel. The frequency
separation among the sub carriers is minimal thus enabling
efficient spectrum use.
B. MC CDMA
The combination of OFDM and CDMA techniques is used in
multicarrier CDMA (or OFDM-CDMA). Such a technique is
considered as a very likely candidate for future wireless
systems because it marries the best of the OFDM and CDMA
worlds [8].
.
Fig. 4. MC CDMA Transmitter
a) Advantages of MC CDMA
MC-CDMA provides better performance than DS-CDMA for
downlink communication in a highly selective channel with
multiple resolvable paths. The ability to provide better
performance stems from the capability of the MC-CDMA
scheme to mitigate degradation of transmission quality due to
severe Multi-Path Interference (MPI) in a broadband channel.
MC-CDMA systems achieve this by using multiple low
symbol rate sub-carriers, and make maximum use of
frequency diversity by using spread and coded signals over
parallel sub-carriers.
a) Advantages of IDMA
IDMA provides many desired features for modern
communication systems, like, robustness against interference
along with high power efficiency and spectral efficiency.
IDMA is also very flexible, allowing low-cost iterative
detection in various channel conditions
Besides being power and bandwidth efficient, IDMA offers a
number of nice features [9]:
Rate/power adaptation: The multi-code technique can be
used for a rate/power adaptation. A large variety of data rates
can be supported. As opposed to conventional adaptive
modulation/channel coding techniques, the modulation
scheme is fixed (and even binary) and the same channel code
is used for all layers. Power adaptation/savings are particularly
useful for the uplink.
MIMO: Since each layer is assigned a different
interleaver, an arbitrary number of transmit antennas can be
used. No orthogonal or arithmetic space-time code design is
necessary. According to Shannon, typical sequences are
generated and superimposed.
Fast fading: In conjunction with a superimposed pilot
layer, fast fading channels can easily be tracked
Frequency-selective fading: Rake-like reception is
straightforward.
b) Disadvantages of IDMA
A disadvantage of IDMA is that its receiver complexity still
increases linearly with the number of paths, which can be a
concern for very wideband systems.
Interleaver design is also an issue in IDMA, like for random
interleavers, the entire interleaver matrix has to be transmitted
to the receiver, which can be very costly, however work is
being done in this regard to improve the design issues of
interleavers.
No spectrum expansion
CONCLUSIONS
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]