4.

0
2.0
1.0
8
6

Glycerin
Castor oil

4
2
1 101
8
6

SAE 30W oil

SAE 10W-30 oil

2

, Dynamic viscosity, N s/m2

SAE 10W oil

2

1 10

8
6
4

Kerosene

2
Mercury
1 103
8
6

Octane

Carbon tetrachloride

Heptane

Water
2
1 104
8
6
4
2

Methane

Carbon dioxide

Air

Helium

1 105
8
6
20

Hydrogen
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Temperature, C

Figure B.1 Dynamic (absolute) viscosity of common fluids as a function of tempera-

ture. To convert to BG units of lb # s!ft2 multiply N # s!m2 by 2.089 ! 10 "2. (Curves from
R. W. Fox and A. T. McDonald, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 3rd Ed., Wiley, New York,
1985. Used by permission.)

737

Appendix B Physical Properties of Fluids

1 102
8
6
4

10

oil

SA

8
6

rin

W
30

1 10

e
yc
Gl

E
SA

2
3

oi
l
Helium

, Kinematic viscosity, m2/s

738

Hydrogen

1 104
8
6

SA

10

Methane

oil

Air

2
1 105
8
6

oxide
Carbon di

4
Kero
s

2
1 106
8
6

Wat

Octa

ne

ene

er

Heptane

4
Carbon te
trachlorid
e

2
Mercury
1 107
8
20

20

40

60

80

100

120

Temperature, C

Figure B.2 Kinematic viscosity of common fluids (at atmospheric pressure) as a

function of temperature. To convert to BG units of ft2 !s multiply m2 !s by 10.76. (Curves
from R. W. Fox and A. T. McDonald, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 3rd Ed., Wiley,
New York, 1985. Used by permission.)

Appendix B Physical Properties of Fluids

739

Table B.1
Physical Properties of Water (BG Units)a

Temperature
("F)

Density,
R
(slugs#ft3)

Specific
Weightb,
G
(lb#ft3)

32
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
212

1.940
1.940
1.940
1.938
1.936
1.934
1.931
1.927
1.918
1.908
1.896
1.883
1.869
1.860

62.42
62.43
62.41
62.37
62.30
62.22
62.11
62.00
61.71
61.38
61.00
60.58
60.12
59.83

Dynamic
Viscosity,
M
(lb!s#ft2)
3.732
3.228
2.730
2.344
2.037
1.791
1.500
1.423
1.164
9.743
8.315
7.207
6.342
5.886

E"5
E"5
E"5
E"5
E"5
E"5
E"5
E"5
E"5
E"6
E"6
E"6
E"6
E"6

Kinematic
Viscosity,
N
(ft2#s)
1.924
1.664
1.407
1.210
1.052
9.262
8.233
7.383
6.067
5.106
4.385
3.827
3.393
3.165

E"5
E"5
E"5
E"5
E"5
E"6
E"6
E"6
E"6
E"6
E"6
E"6
E"6
E"6

Surface
Tensionc,
S
(lb!ft)
5.18
5.13
5.09
5.03
4.97
4.91
4.86
4.79
4.67
4.53
4.40
4.26
4.12
4.04

E"3
E"3
E"3
E"3
E"3
E"3
E"3
E"3
E"3
E"3
E"3
E"3
E"3
E"3

Vapor
Pressure,
pv
[lb#in .2(abs)]
8.854
1.217
1.781
2.563
3.631
5.069
6.979
9.493
1.692
2.888
4.736
7.507
1.152
1.469

E"2
E"1
E"1
E"1
E"1
E"1
E"1
E"1
E!0
E!0
E!0
E!0
E!1
E!1

Speed of
Soundd,
c
(ft!s)
4603
4672
4748
4814
4871
4819
4960
4995
5049
5091
5101
5195
5089
5062

Based on data from Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th Ed., CRC Press, 1988. Where necessary, values obtained by interpolation.
Density and specific weight are related through the equation g $ rg. For this table, g $ 32.174 ft #s2.
c
In contact with air.
d
Based on data from R. D. Blevins, Applied Fluid Dynamics Handbook, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Inc., New York, 1984.
b

Table B.2
Physical Properties of Water (SI Units)a

Temperature
("C)

Density,
R
(kg#m3)

Specific
Weightb,
G
(kN#m3)

0
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

999.9
1000.0
999.7
998.2
995.7
992.2
988.1
983.2
977.8
971.8
965.3
958.4

9.806
9.807
9.804
9.789
9.765
9.731
9.690
9.642
9.589
9.530
9.467
9.399

Dynamic
Viscosity,
M
(N!s#m2)
1.787
1.519
1.307
1.002
7.975
6.529
5.468
4.665
4.042
3.547
3.147
2.818

E"3
E"3
E"3
E"3
E"4
E"4
E"4
E"4
E"4
E"4
E"4
E"4

Kinematic
Viscosity,
N
(m2#s)
1.787
1.519
1.307
1.004
8.009
6.580
5.534
4.745
4.134
3.650
3.260
2.940

E"6
E"6
E"6
E"6
E"7
E"7
E"7
E"7
E"7
E"7
E"7
E"7

Surface
Tensionc,
S
(N!m)
7.56
7.49
7.42
7.28
7.12
6.96
6.79
6.62
6.44
6.26
6.08
5.89

E"2
E"2
E"2
E"2
E"2
E"2
E"2
E"2
E"2
E"2
E"2
E"2

Vapor
Pressure,
pv
[N#m2(abs)]
6.105
8.722
1.228
2.338
4.243
7.376
1.233
1.992
3.116
4.734
7.010
1.013

E!2
E!2
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!5

Speed of
Soundd,
c
(m!s)
1403
1427
1447
1481
1507
1526
1541
1552
1555
1555
1550
1543

Based on data from Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th Ed., CRC Press, 1988.
Density and specific weight are related through the equation g $ rg. For this table, g $ 9.807 m#s2.
c
In contact with air.
d
Based on data from R. D. Blevins, Applied Fluid Dynamics Handbook, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Inc., New York, 1984.
b

740

Appendix B Physical Properties of Fluids

Table B.3
Physical Properties of Air at Standard Atmospheric Pressure (BG Units)a

Temperature
("F)
!40
!20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
300
400
500
750
1000
1500
a

Density,
R
(slugs"ft3)
2.939
2.805
2.683
2.626
2.571
2.519
2.469
2.420
2.373
2.329
2.286
2.244
2.204
2.128
2.057
1.990
1.928
1.870
1.624
1.435
1.285
1.020
8.445
6.291

E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!4
E!4

Specific
Weightb,
G
(lb"ft3)
9.456
9.026
8.633
8.449
8.273
8.104
7.942
7.786
7.636
7.492
7.353
7.219
7.090
6.846
6.617
6.404
6.204
6.016
5.224
4.616
4.135
3.280
2.717
2.024

E!2
E!2
E!2
E!2
E!2
E!2
E!2
E!2
E!2
E!2
E!2
E!2
E!2
E!2
E!2
E!2
E!2
E!2
E!2
E!2
E!2
E!2
E!2
E!2

Dynamic
Viscosity,
M
(lb!s"ft2)
3.29
3.34
3.38
3.44
3.50
3.58
3.60
3.68
3.75
3.82
3.86
3.90
3.94
4.02
4.13
4.22
4.34
4.49
4.97
5.24
5.80
6.81
7.85
9.50

E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7

Kinematic
Viscosity,
N
(ft2"s)
1.12
1.19
1.26
1.31
1.36
1.42
1.46
1.52
1.58
1.64
1.69
1.74
1.79
1.89
2.01
2.12
2.25
2.40
3.06
3.65
4.51
6.68
9.30
1.51

E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!3

Based on data from R. D. Blevins, Applied Fluid Dynamics Handbook, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Inc., New York, 1984.
Density and specific weight are related through the equation g # rg. For this table g # 32.174 ft"s2.

Specific
Heat
Ratio,
k
()

Speed
of
Sound,
c
(ft!s)

1.401
1.401
1.401
1.401
1.401
1.401
1.401
1.401
1.401
1.401
1.400
1.400
1.400
1.400
1.399
1.399
1.399
1.398
1.394
1.389
1.383
1.367
1.351
1.329

1004
1028
1051
1062
1074
1085
1096
1106
1117
1128
1138
1149
1159
1180
1200
1220
1239
1258
1348
1431
1509
1685
1839
2114

741

Appendix B Physical Properties of Fluids

Table B.4
Physical Properties of Air at Standard Atmospheric Pressure (SI Units)a

Temperature
("C)

Density,
R
(kg"m3)

Specific
Weightb,
G
(N"m3)

!40
!20
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
1000

1.514
1.395
1.292
1.269
1.247
1.225
1.204
1.184
1.165
1.127
1.109
1.060
1.029
0.9996
0.9721
0.9461
0.7461
0.6159
0.5243
0.4565
0.2772

14.85
13.68
12.67
12.45
12.23
12.01
11.81
11.61
11.43
11.05
10.88
10.40
10.09
9.803
9.533
9.278
7.317
6.040
5.142
4.477
2.719

Dynamic
Viscosity,
M
(N!s"m2)
1.57
1.63
1.71
1.73
1.76
1.80
1.82
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.95
1.97
2.03
2.07
2.14
2.17
2.53
2.98
3.32
3.64
5.04

E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5

Kinematic
Viscosity,
N
(m2"s)
1.04
1.17
1.32
1.36
1.41
1.47
1.51
1.56
1.60
1.66
1.76
1.86
1.97
2.07
2.20
2.29
3.39
4.84
6.34
7.97
1.82

E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!4

Specific
Heat
Ratio,
k
()

Speed
of
Sound,
c
(m!s)

1.401
1.401
1.401
1.401
1.401
1.401
1.401
1.401
1.400
1.400
1.400
1.399
1.399
1.399
1.398
1.397
1.390
1.379
1.368
1.357
1.321

306.2
319.1
331.4
334.4
337.4
340.4
343.3
346.3
349.1
354.7
360.3
365.7
371.2
376.6
381.7
386.9
434.5
476.3
514.1
548.8
694.8

Based on data from R. D. Blevins, Applied Fluid Dynamics Handbook, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Inc., New York, 1984.
Density and specific weight are related through the equation g # rg. For this table g # 9.807 m"s2.

Table C.1
Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere (BG Units)a

Altitude
(ft)

Temperature
("F)

Acceleration
of Gravity,
g (ft"s2)

!5,000
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000

76.84
59.00
41.17
23.36
5.55
!12.26
!30.05
!47.83
!65.61
!69.70
!69.70
!69.70
!69.70
!67.42
!61.98
!56.54
!51.10
19.40
!19.78
!88.77

32.189
32.174
32.159
32.143
32.128
32.112
32.097
32.082
32.066
32.051
32.036
32.020
31.990
31.959
31.929
31.897
31.868
31.717
31.566
31.415

Pressure, p
[lb"in.2(abs)]
17.554
14.696
12.228
10.108
8.297
6.759
5.461
4.373
3.468
2.730
2.149
1.692
1.049
0.651
0.406
0.255
0.162
0.020
0.003
0.000

Density,
R
(slugs"ft3)
2.745
2.377
2.048
1.756
1.496
1.267
1.066
8.907
7.382
5.873
4.623
3.639
2.256
1.392
8.571
5.610
3.318
3.658
5.328
6.458

E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!3
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!4
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!6
E!7
E!8

Data abridged from U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Dynamic
Viscosity,
M
(lb!s"ft2)
3.836
3.737
3.637
3.534
3.430
3.324
3.217
3.107
2.995
2.969
2.969
2.969
2.969
2.984
3.018
3.052
3.087
3.511
3.279
2.846

E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7
E!7

Appendix C Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere

Table C.2
Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere (SI Units)a

Altitude
(m)

Temperature
("C)

Acceleration
of Gravity,
g (m#s2)

!1,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000

21.50
15.00
8.50
2.00
!4.49
!10.98
!17.47
!23.96
!30.45
!36.94
!43.42
!49.90
!56.50
!56.50
!51.60
!46.64
!22.80
!2.50
!26.13
!53.57
!74.51

9.810
9.807
9.804
9.801
9.797
9.794
9.791
9.788
9.785
9.782
9.779
9.776
9.761
9.745
9.730
9.715
9.684
9.654
9.624
9.594
9.564

Pressure, p
[N#m2(abs)]
1.139
1.013
8.988
7.950
7.012
6.166
5.405
4.722
4.111
3.565
3.080
2.650
1.211
5.529
2.549
1.197
2.871
7.978
2.196
5.221
1.052

E"5
E"5
E"4
E"4
E"4
E"4
E"4
E"4
E"4
E"4
E"4
E"4
E"4
E"3
E"3
E"3
E"2
E"1
E"1
E"0
E"0

Density,
R
(kg #m3)
1.347
1.225
1.112
1.007
9.093
8.194
7.364
6.601
5.900
5.258
4.671
4.135
1.948
8.891
4.008
1.841
3.996
1.027
3.097
8.283
1.846

E"0
E"0
E"0
E"0
E!1
E!1
E!1
E!1
E!1
E!1
E!1
E!1
E!1
E!2
E!2
E!2
E!3
E!3
E!4
E!5
E!5

Data abridged from U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Dynamic
Viscosity,
M
(N!s#m2)
1.821
1.789
1.758
1.726
1.694
1.661
1.628
1.595
1.561
1.527
1.493
1.458
1.422
1.422
1.448
1.475
1.601
1.704
1.584
1.438
1.321

E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5
E!5

743

0.1
1.0

0.5

1.0

5.0

9.0

0.9

T
__
T0

0.8

p0

0.6

p
__

7.0

6.0

A
___

p0

T
__
T0

__

8.0

__
0

0.7

p
__

10.0
10.0

A*
A
___

0.5

5.0

0.4

4.0

0.3

3.0

0.2

2.0

0.1

1.0

0.0
0.1

0.5

1.0
Ma

5.0

Figure D.1 Isentropic flow of an ideal gas with k ! 1.4. (Graph provided by Dr. Bruce
A. Reichert.)

744

0.0
10.0

A*

Appendix D Compressible Flow Graphs for an Ideal Gas (k ! 1.4)

0.1
5.0

0.5

1.0

5.0

10.0
5.0

0
___

p0*

4.0

4.0

3.0

3.0

2.0

2.0

V
___
V*

1.0

1.0

f(l* l)
_______
D

p
__
p*

0.0
0.1

0.5

1.0
Ma

T
__
T*
5.0

0.0
10.0

Figure D.2 Fanno flow of an ideal gas with k ! 1.4. (Graph provided by Dr. Bruce
A. Reichert.)

745

746

Appendix D Compressible Flow Graphs for an Ideal Gas (k ! 1.4)

0.1
2.5

0.5

1.0

5.0

10.0
2.5

p0
____
p0,a

2.0

2.0

r
V
___
& Va

a
___

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

T0
____
T0,a

0.5

0.5

T
__
Ta

p
__
pa

0.0
0.1

0.5

1.0
Ma

5.0

0.0
10.0

Figure D.3 Rayleigh flow of an ideal gas with k ! 1.4. (Graph provided by Dr. Bruce
A. Reichert.)

747

Appendix D Compressible Flow Graphs for an Ideal Gas (k ! 1.4)

1.0
1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0
40.0

p0,y
____

0.8

p0,x

30.0

p0,y
____
px

May

p
px

y
___

0.6

T
Tx

y
___

p
px

May

y
___

p
p0, x

20.0

0, y
_____

y
___
x

V
Vy

x
___

0.4

p
px

0,y
____

10.0
0.2

___y

&

x
___

Vy
T

y
___

Tx
0.0
1.0

2.0

3.0
Max

4.0

0.0
5.0

Figure D.4 Normal shock flow of an ideal gas with k ! 1.4. (Graph provided by Dr. Bruce
A. Reichert.)