List of mathematical symbols

Other non-letter symbols: Symbols that do not fall

in any of the other categories.

This list is incomplete; you can help by

expanding it.

Letter-based symbols: Many mathematical symbols are based on, or closely resemble, a letter in
some alphabet. This section includes such symbols,
including symbols that resemble upside-down letters. Many letters have conventional meanings in
various branches of mathematics and physics. These
are not listed here. The See also section, below, has
several lists of such usages.

This is a list of symbols found within all branches of

mathematics to express a formula or to represent a
constant.
When reading the list, it is important to recognize that
a mathematical concept is independent of the symbol
chosen to represent it. For many of the symbols below,
the symbol is usually synonymous with the corresponding
concept (ultimately an arbitrary choice made as a result
of the cumulative history of mathematics), but in some
situations a dierent convention may be used. For example, depending on context, the triple bar "" may represent congruence or a denition. Further, in mathematical logic, numerical equality is sometimes represented by
"" instead of "=", with the latter representing equality
of well-formed formulas. In short, convention dictates
the meaning.

Letter modiers: Symbols that can be placed

on or next to any letter to modify the letters
meaning.
Symbols based on Latin letters, including
those symbols that resemble or contain an X
Symbols based on Hebrew or Greek letters
e.g. , , , , , , , , . Note: symbols resembling are grouped with V under Latin
letters.

Each symbol is shown both in HTML, whose display depends on the browsers access to an appropriate font installed on the particular device, and in TeX, as an image.

Guide

Variations: Usage in languages written right-to-left

This list is organized by symbol type and is intended to

facilitate nding an unfamiliar symbol by its visual appearance. For a related list organized by mathematical
topic, see List of mathematical symbols by subject. That
list also includes LaTeX and HTML markup and Unicode
code points for each symbol.

2 Basic symbols
3 Symbols based on equality sign

Basic symbols: Symbols widely used in mathematics, roughly through rst-year calculus. More advanced meanings are included with some symbols
listed here.

4 Symbols that point left or right

5 Brackets

Symbols based on equality "=": Symbols derived

from or similar to the equal sign, including doubleheaded arrows. Not surprisingly these symbols are
often associated with an equivalence relation.

6 Other non-letter symbols

Symbols that point left or right: Symbols, such as

< and >, that appear to point to one side or another.

7 Letter-based symbols

Brackets: Symbols that are placed on either side of

a variable or expression, such as |x|.
Includes upside-down letters.
1

11

7.1

Letter modiers

7.2

Symbols based on Latin letters

7.3

Symbols based on Hebrew or Greek

letters

Variations

In mathematics written in Arabic, some symbols may

be reversed to make right-to-left writing and reading
easier.[13]

See also
Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering
ISO 31-11 (Mathematical signs and symbols for use
in physical sciences and technology)
Latin letters used in mathematics
List of mathematical abbreviations
List of mathematical symbols by subject
Mathematical alphanumeric symbols
Mathematical constants and functions
Mathematical notation
Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode

EXTERNAL LINKS

[4] Copi, Irving M.; Cohen, Carl (1990) [1953], Chapter

8.3: Conditional Statements and Material Implication,
Introduction to Logic (8th ed.), New York: Macmillan
Publishers (United States), pp. 268269, ISBN 0-02325035-6, LCCN 89037742
[5] Goldrei, Derek (1996), Classic Set Theory, London:
Chapman and Hall, p. 4, ISBN 0-412-60610-0
[6] Nielsen, Michael A; Chuang, Isaac L (2000), Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, New York:
Cambridge University Press, p. 66, ISBN 0-521-635039, OCLC 43641333
[7] Goldrei, Derek (1996), Classic Set Theory, London:
Chapman and Hall, p. 3, ISBN 0-412-60610-0
[8] Nielsen, Michael A; Chuang, Isaac L (2000), Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, New York:
Cambridge University Press, p. 62, ISBN 0-521-635039, OCLC 43641333
[9] Berman, Kenneth A; Paul, Jerome L. (2005), Algorithms:
Sequential, Parallel, and Distributed, Boston: Course
Technology, p. 822, ISBN 0-534-42057-5
[10] Goldrei, Derek (1996), Classic Set Theory, London:
Chapman and Hall, p. 5, ISBN 0-412-60610-0
[11] Nielsen, Michael A; Chuang, Isaac L (2000), Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, New York:
Cambridge University Press, pp. 6970, ISBN 0-52163503-9, OCLC 43641333
[12] Nielsen, Michael A; Chuang, Isaac L (2000), Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, New York:
Cambridge University Press, pp. 7172, ISBN 0-52163503-9, OCLC 43641333
[13] M. Benatia, A. Lazrik, and K. Sami, "Arabic mathematical symbols in Unicode", 27th Internationalization and
Unicode Conference, 2005.

Notation in probability and statistics

Physical constants
Table of logic symbols

11 External links

Table of mathematical symbols by introduction date

The complete set of mathematics Unicode characters

Typographical conventions in mathematical formulae

Je Miller: Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical

Symbols
Numericana: Scientic Symbols and Icons

10

References

[1] http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/symbols.html.
Missing or empty |title= (help)
[2] Rnyai, Lajos (1998), Algoritmusok(Algorithms), TYPOTEX, ISBN 963-9132-16-0
[3] Deb, K.; Pratap, A.; Agarwal, S.; Meyarivan, T. (2002).
A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm:
NSGA-II. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 6 (2): 182. doi:10.1109/4235.996017.

GIF and PNG Images for Math Symbols

Mathematical Symbols in Unicode
Using Greek and special characters from Symbol
font in HTML
Unicode Math Symbols - a quick form for using unicode math symbols.
DeTeXify handwritten symbol recognition doodle a symbol in the box, and the program will tell
you what its name is

3
Some Unicode charts of mathematical operators:
Index of Unicode symbols
Range 2100214F: Unicode Letterlike Symbols
Range 219021FF: Unicode Arrows
Range 220022FF: Unicode Mathematical Operators
Range 27C027EF: Unicode Miscellaneous Mathematical SymbolsA
Range 298029FF: Unicode Miscellaneous Mathematical SymbolsB
Range 2A002AFF: Unicode Supplementary Mathematical Operators
Some Unicode cross-references:
Short list of commonly used LaTeX symbols and
Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List
MathML Characters - sorts out Unicode, HTML
and MathML/TeX names on one page
Unicode values and MathML names
Unicode values and Postscript names from the
source code for Ghostscript

12

12
12.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

List of mathematical symbols Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mathematical%20symbols?oldid=651640327 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Bryan Derksen, Zundark, Eclecticology, Toby Bartels, Rade Kutil, David spector, Camembert, Stevertigo, Ubiquity,
Patrick, Boud, Michael Hardy, Tim Starling, JakeVortex, Dominus, Elano, Darkwind, LittleDan, AugPi, BenKovitz, BAxelrod, Nikola
Smolenski, Ideyal, Charles Matthews, Berteun, Dysprosia, WhisperToMe, Markhurd, Furrykef, David Shay, Zero0000, Secretlondon, Phil
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Snobot, Ancheta Wis, Giftlite, Mikez, BenFrantzDale, Tom harrison, Monedula, Moyogo, Markus Kuhn, Jason Quinn, Daniel Brockman,
Estel, Karol Langner, MFNickster, Corti, Skal, Noisy, Vincom2, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, TedPavlic, Kevinb, Pak21, Mecanismo,
ArnoldReinhold, Sam Derbyshire, Paul August, ESkog, Sunborn, Zaslav, CanisRufus, Spoon!, BrokenSegue, PWilkinson, Pschemp, Sam
Korn, LutzL, Lexw, JohnyDog, Jezmck, Sl, ABCD, Hoary, Sligocki, Thezulu, Mysdaao, Bart133, Tauwasser, Dirac1933, H2g2bob, Oleg
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Srleer, Kri, Lguero, Chobot, YurikBot, Wavelength, Agent Foxtrot, Wigie, Kauner, Mathaxiom, Anomalocaris, Trovatore, Nutiketaiel,
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LakeHMM, Tyomitch, Efnar, Capitalist, Btipling, Erik Postma, Teo64x, Itub, Jbalint, SmackBot, RDBury, Tom Lougheed, InverseHypercube, Melchoir, Kaimbridge, Nerd42, BiT, Commander Keane bot, Gilliam, IMacWin95, Psiphiorg, Bluebot, SMP, Jprg1966, PrimeHunter, MovGP0, Colonies Chris, Tekhnoend, Timothy Clemans, Nima Baghaei, Voyajer, Decltype, DRLB, G716, Jbergquist, Vinaiwbot, Joc, RNLion, Lambiam, OliverTwist, DA3N, Kuru, FrozenMan, Michael miceli, Jim.belk, Syrcatbot, Rev-san, Dicklyon, Mets501,
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II, Vanish2, Strange but untrue, JanGB, Hekerui, EagleFan, Mfhall, Hbent, Momojeng, MartinBot, Ulf Karlsson, Church of emacs, Xantolus, R'n'B, Thr4wn, Maurice Carbonaro, 12jbooher, Aqwis, IdLoveOne, Mikael Hggstrm, Belovedfreak, Kraftlos, Fylwind, Squids
and Chips, VolkovBot, Pasixxxx, Bwholm, JohnBlackburne, LokiClock, DoorsAjar, TXiKiBoT, Red Act, Anonymous Dissident, Simonleyton, PaulTanenbaum, Greswik, Redacteur, Pfoifry, Sue Rangell, Nosferattr, Saom, Tresiden, Yonideworst, Triwbe, Jadony, Flyer22,
Paolo.dL, MiNombreDeGuerra, Thehotelambush, Quief, MagicalPhats, Capitalismojo, Mygerardromance, Denisarona, Francvs, Iceera88,
Loren.wilton, ClueBot, Rumping, Justin W Smith, Alksentrs, Jan1nad, Hult041956, P0mbal, ColinHelvensteijn, Niceguyedc, Psource,
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Gmalaven1008, Pototanon 2015, Bilbo44tothe9 and Anonymous: 459

12.2

Images

12.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0