Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Physiology Review
I.
– Structure and function of connective tissue (8)
– Structure and function of membranes (4)
– Nervous System (9)
– Muscle System (6)
– Circulatory System (9)
_____________________________________
II.
– Respiratory System (6)
– Renal System (6)
– Digestive System / Nutrition (10)
– Endocrine System (8)
– Genetics (5)
PHYSIOLOGY I
Embryology
• Mesoderm
– Mesenchyme/Connective tissue: skeleton, muscle,
neurovascular, spleen
• In-between (endoderm and ectoderm)
• Endoderm
– Digestive tract, Liver, Pancreas (GI organs)
• Inside
• Ectoderm
– Skin, Neural crest derivatives (brain/head and neck nerves)
• Outside
Embryology
1. Morula 2. Blastula
3. Gastrula
Archenteron:
primitive gut
Establishment of 3 germ layers
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Soft tissue
• Hard tissue
The craniofacial bones differ from long
bones embryologically because most
craniofacial bones develop through
A. Endochondral ossification
B. Membranous ossification
C. Primary mineralization
D. Secondary mineralization
Which of the following proteins is LEAST
likely to be found in fully developed fibrous
connective tissue?
A. Fibronectin
B. Elastin
C. Osteonectin
D. Collagen
E. Vimentin
Which of the following proteins is LEAST
likely to be found in fully developed
mineralized hard tissue?
A. Osteopontin
B. Tuftelin
C. Osteonectin
D. Endothelin
E. Bone morphogenic protein (BMP)
Which of the following represent(s) a matrix
protein of enamel?
A. Amelogenin
B. Ameloblastin
C. Enamelin
D. Elastin
E. Tuftelin
Which of the following noncollagenous
protein components BEST characterizes
dentin matrix?
A. Laminin
B. Vimentin
C. Phosphophoryn
D. Osteonectin
E. Fibronectin
Which of the following is the major protein
component of cementum?
A. Elastin
B. Keratin
C. Collagen
D. Amelogenin
E. Fibrin
Which of the following proteins is LEAST
likely to be found in mucosal epithelium?
A. Filaggrin
B. Cytokeratin
C. Involucrin
D. Vimentin
E. Transglutaminase
Predominant tissue matrix proteins,
hardest to softest…
• Enamel
– Amelogenin, Ameloblastin, Enamelin, Tuftelin
• Bone
– Osteonectin, Osteopontin, Osteogenin, BMP, Collagen
• Cementum
– Collagen
• Dentin
– Collagen (type I), DMP, Phosphophoryn
• Fibrous connective tissue
– Collagen, Fibronectin, Elastin, Vimentin, Laminin
• Epithelium
– Keratin, Involucrin, Filaggrin, Transglutaminase, Melanin
• Vessels
– Endothelin, VWF, VEGF
MEMBRANES
The fluid mosaic model for membrane
structure proposes that
Phospholipid bilayer
The most abundant non-phospholipid
component of the cell membrane is
A. Cholesterol
B. Deoxycholate
C. Prostaglandin
D. Macroglobulin
E. Triacylglyceride
Each of the following lipid classes is
incorporated into membranes EXCEPT one.
Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A. Cholesterol
B. Ganglioside
C. Triglyceride
D. Sphingomyelin
E. Phosphatidylcholine
Which of the following is LEAST descriptive
of lipids?
A. Nonpolar
B. Carbon-containing
C. Hydrophobic
D. Hydrophilic
The largest amount of body water can be
found in which of the following?
A. Urine
B. Blood plasma
C. Intracellular fluid
D. Interstitial fluid
E. Stomach and intestines
Intracellular and interstitial body fluids have
similar
A. Respiration
B. Simple reflex
C. Temperature regulation
D. Coordinated muscle movement
Decreased response of sense organs when
exposed to a constant stimulus is called
A. Occlusion
B. Summation
C. Adaptation
D. Facilitation
E. Sensory deprivation
An action potential in a nerve fiber is
considered to be related to
A. The changed orientation of molecules in the
membrane giving rise to a static potential
difference
B. The entry of sodium ions followed by the exit of
potassium ions
C. A breakdown of metabolic products resulting in
different concentrations of potassium across
the membrane
D. The flow of electrons across the membrane
following change in membrane permeability
“All or nothing”
Absolute Relative
If an axonal membrane transiently becomes
very permeable to Na+ ions, then the
membrane potential of the cell wall will
approach
A. -70 mV
B. -60 mV
C. -50 mV
D. 0 mV
E. +60 mV
When are nerve fibers hypoexcitable?
A. Bone
B. Skin
C. Heart muscle
D. Nervous tissue
E. Connective tissue
Key neurotransmitters:
Catecholamine biosynthetic pathway
Tyrosine ! L-Dopa (dopamine) !
Norepinephrine ! Epinephrine
Degraded by enzymes:
– MAO
– COMT
MUSCLE SYSTEM
• Cardiac
• Skeletal
• Smooth
Which of the following represents a striated
muscle that contains transverse tubules, a
slow rate of calcium sequestration, and is
inhibited by acetylcholine?
A. Cardiac
B. Skeletal
C. Multi-unit smooth
D. Single-unit smooth
Calcium ions initiate contraction in skeletal
muscle when they
A. Bind to T tubules
B. Bind to troponin
C. Interact with actin
D. Interact with myosin
E. Bind to sarcoplasmic reticulum
During exercise, muscle tissue accumulates
lactic acid. As a result, erythrocytes passing
through capillaries in the muscle
A. Constriction of arterioles
B. Increased permeability of capillaries
C. Reduced blood pressure in the capillaries
D. A tissue oncotic pressure that is lower than
that of plasma
Lymph
Interstitial space/fluid
Artery
Interstitial space/fluid
Which of the following changes promotes
the formation of extracellular edema?
A. Vasoconstriction
B. Increased hematocrit
C. Increased stroke volume
D. Increased cardiac output
E. Decreased venous return
A marked fall in the oxygen tension in
arterial blood would stimulate the receptors
in the
A. Closure of AV valves
B. Closure of the aortic valve
C. Turbulent blood flow through the artery
D. Laminar blood flow through the occluded artery
The first heart sound is produced by
A. Cardiac shock
B. Heart failure
C. Anaphylactic shock
D. Decreased arterial blood compliance
E. Ventricular fibrillation
Decreased arterial blood pressure upon
standing is compensated by
A. Increases Increases
B. Increases Decreases
C. Decreases Increases
D. Decreases Decreases
A. Acetic acid
B. Bicarbonate
C. Carbonic acid
D. Carbaminohemoglobin
Hyperventilation alters acid-base balance of
arterial blood by
A. Increasing CO2 and increasing pH
B. Increasing CO2 and decreasing pH
C. Decreasing CO2 and decreasing pH
D. Decreasing CO2 and increasing pH
Tubule
A. Hyposalivation
B. Hypersalivation
C. Action of pepsin
D. Excessive fluoride intake
E. Solubility of hydroxyapatite in acid
Bulimia
Hyposalivation
Digestive System
Physiology / Biochemistry
– What happens to a bolus of food during
digestion? What do the components become?
– Use your knowledge of anatomy.
Gross metabolism:
• Proteins (-amino acids)
• Carbohydrates (-saccharides)
• Lipids (-fatty acids)
• Vitamins, Minerals
Each of the following segments of the GI tract
consists of smooth muscle under autonomic
nervous control EXCEPT one. Which one is the
exception?
A. Rectum
B. Internal anal sphincter
C. Antrum of the stomach
D. Upper esophagus
Pellagra, or niacin deficiency, can manifest
as all of the following EXCEPT?
A. Dermatitis
B. Diarrhea
C. Dementia
D. Death
E. Anemia
Vitamins
Fat-soluble:
D- made in skin, pathology=rickets/osteomalacia
A- made from β-carotene, pathology=night blindness
K- made in intestine by bacteria, pathology=bleeding
E- from tocopherols=antioxidant, pathology=rare
Water-soluble:
C- made from glucose=antioxidant, connective tissue formation
pathology=scurvy
B1-thiamine, coenzyme for acetyl-CoA production from pyruvic acid
pathology=Beriberi
B2-riboflavin, coenzyme FAD and FMN
pathology=vision problems, cheilosis, glossitis
B3-niacin, NAD+ constituent
pathology=pellagra
B5-pantothenic acid, coenzyme A function
pathology=loss of appetite, depression
B6-pyridoxine, functions in cellular metabolism
pathology=convulsions, pain, anemia
B12-DNA synthesis (requires Intrinsic Factor from stomach for absorption)
pathology=pernicious anemia
Folic acid-DNA synthesis with Vit. B12, RBC production
pathology=megaloblastic anemia
Biotin-urea derivative, coenzyme function in cellular metabolism
pathology=pallor, anorexia, fatigue, alopecia
Ingestion of which of the following MOST
markedly decreases gastric emptying?
A. Lipids
B. Water
C. Minerals
D. Proteins
E. Carbohydrates
Cellular Metabolism
Fats/Lipids…Function?
• Membranes, myelin, cholesterol, bile,
steroid hormones, prostaglandins,
transport other fats, energy storage,
energy 2°.
– Lipogenesis
• Anabolism of fats when ATP levels are adequate
or high, or when glucose is high.
– Lipolysis
• Catabolism of fats for fuel. When glucose is low,
ketogenesis occurs so the brain can use ketone
bodies for fuel, but this results in metabolic
ketoacidosis…
Excessive use of fats by the body as a source of
energy during starvation or disturbances in
carbohydrate metabolism may lead to any of the
following conditions EXCEPT
A. Ketosis
B. Acidosis
C. Ketonurea
D. Alkalosis
Cellular Metabolism
Proteins/Polypeptides…Function?
• Structural, enzymatic, hormonal.
– Proteogenesis
• DNA! RNA!Protein
• 10 essential amino acids, can’t be synthesized
– Without them you get PEM (kwashiorkor or marasmus),
edema (osmotics/oncotics and albumin) and wasting
(muscle breakdown)
– Proteolysis
• Catabolism of proteins as a final energy source
in cases of malnutrition (wasting, muscle loss
and herniation)
Kwashiorkor
⇓serum albumin ! edema signs
Marasmus
Cellular Metabolism
Carb’s/Sugars…Function?
• Energy/ATP from Glycolysis, Kreb’s, and
ETC!
– Gluconeogenesis or Glycogenesis
• Anabolism of glucose (when ATP low) or glycogen
(when ATP high) by liver from non-carbohydrate
sources, such as lactic acid from muscle waste –
such as Cori Cycle in Liver.
– Glycogenolysis
• Catabolism of glycogen to glucose for glycolysis by
glucose-6-phosphatase, an enzyme which is found
only in liver, kidney and intestinal cells. Occurs
when energy/ATP is needed.
A sustained, severe carbohydrate deficiency
will result in which of the following?
A. Ketoacidosis
B. Severe metabolic alkalosis
C. A deficiency in prostaglandin formation
D. An inability to synthesize ascorbic acid
The catabolism of which of the following results in
no energy production in the form of ATP?
A. Lipid
B. Protein
C. Nucleotide
D. Carbohydrate
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Prolonged medication with cortisol produces
atrophy of the adrenal cortex through
A. Inhibition of ACTH production
B. Inhibition of aldosterone secretion
C. Direct action on the synthesis of corticoids
D. None of the above
Hypothalamus !
+
Pituitary: FLAT PIG(s)!
+
Adrenals or other target organs - negative feedback
Androgens are produced in the testis and
A. Adrenal cortex
B. Thyroid
C. Adrenal medulla
D. Pituitary
E. Hypothalamus
Adrenal Gland
MEDULLA:
Catecholamines epinephrine/norepinephrine
Central dogma:
DNA ! RNA ! Proteins
A. Eastern
B. Southern
C. Northern
D. Western
↑RNA SNOW
←Protein DROP
↓DNA
Which of the following is a pyrimidine base
that is present in RNA but is NOT present in
DNA?
A. Uracil
B. Guanine
C. Thymine
D. Adenine
E. Cytosine
A. 22%
B. 28%
C. 44%
D. 56%
E. 78%
In the DNA molecule, guanine on one strand
is joined to cytosine on the complementary
strand by which of the following bonds?
A. Amide
B. 1 hydrogen
C. 2 hydrogen
D. 3 hydrogen