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Bearing capacity
Slip line fields in the soil beneath a foundation
In each of the zones there are two-families of slip lines inclined to each other
at an angle of (/2 +) (or (/2 - )) .
f = c + n tan
If the soil strength is defined in terms of effective stress, in the form,
f = c + ( n u ) tan
The same analytical methods may be used to compute the effective
bearing capacity qf .
Plastic Theory
In plastic methods of analysis, soil is assumed to be an
ideal rigid plastic material.
(b) Lower bound solutions for smooth foundations on weightless frictional soil
Shallow foundations
1. Locate the site and the position of load. A rough
estimate of the foundation load(s) is usually
provided by the client.
2. Inspect the site physically for any geological or
other evidence that may indicate a potential
design problem that will have to be taken into
account in the design or to give a design
recommendation. Supplement this inspection
with any previously obtained soil data.
- protection against
-uplift
-overturning
-scour
-cavities created by insects
Mass concrete
R/fd concrete
R/fd concrete
R/fd concrete
Pad foundation
Strip foundation
Special footings
-Rectangular
-Trapezoidal
-Cantilever (Strap)
Combined footings
Mat/Raft foundations
Flat plate
Ring Foundations
Design of foundations
- On clayey soils -either bearing capacity or
settlement may govern the design
- the undrained shear strength is usually the controlling
factor as clays are of low permeability and undrained
conditions could prevail during loading.
- the bearing capacity will increase with time as the clay
is consolidated. At this stage, settlement could govern
the design.
- On granular soils
- high permeability will ensure drained conditions.
- applied load will increase both shear stresses and
shear strength.
- therefore, the allowable bearing stress in terms of
bearing capacity failure is very high.
- as a result, the allowable bearing pressure is determined
by consideration of settlements rather than strength.
(except in foundations of low width)
1
qult = cN c + qN q + BN
2
qult = cN c 1 + S c + d c ic bc gc
Example:
Evaluate the ultimate bearing capacity of a square footing of dimensions
2.6 m x 2.6 m placed at a depth of 1 m below the ground surface. Consolidated
undrained triaxial tests gave effective cohesion (c) of 10 kN/m2 and effective
angle of internal friction () of 24. Bulk unit weight = 16.5 kN/m3
1
qult = cN c S c d c + DN q S q d q + BN S d
2
N q = e tan tan 2 45 +
2
N c = (N q 1)cot
N = 1.5(N q 1) tan
d c = 1.0 + 0.4
S c = 1. 0 +
Nq B
Nc L
S q = 1.0 +
B
sin
L
S = 1 .0 0 .4
D
B
d = 1.00
D
B
B
L
D
A=BxL
q ult D
FOS against bearing capacity failure =
P D
A
D
A
1. Develop the exit point E for a footing. The angle of the exit is taken as
(45 - /2) since the slope line is a principal plane
3. Compute a reduced Nq based on the ratio of area ecfg (call it A0- footing on flat
ground) to the equivalent area Efg = A1 (footing on slope), or the alternative Efgh =
A1, to obtain the following:
= /2
Note that,
END of Part 1