Project in Mathematics

Mathematics minibooklet

Submitted to:
Mrs. Jennife Rearte

GROUP MEMBERS

MACKYLAH YAUDER
GARRIDO

JAN PAULENE SAMORANOS

LEADER

MARC LOUISE DELLOSA

ILLEANA DELOSARIO

VAN DEVEN GALOS

DANIEL CARL GARL

ASSISTANT LEDER

GERIC PALENCIA

MHIKO ZUBIA

DANIELA ANN GOMEZ

GRACE MANIPON

ANGELIKA GREFIL

AHSLEY NICOLE LEOCADIO

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Unit 1:
Mathematical terms................... 3
Unit 2:
Great Mathematicians.................6
Unit 3:
Lesson 1-Whole Numbers.............8
Lesson 2-Whole Number
Operations.........................................9

Lesson 3-Decimal....................10
Lesson 4-Fraction....................11
Lesson 5-Geometry.....................11

ERICKA

Lesson 6-Integers......................13
Lesson 7-Algebra.........................14
Canceling In multiplication of fractions, when one
number is divided into both a numerator and a denominator.
Cartesian coordinates Ordered number pairs that are
assigned to points on a plane.
Chord A line segment that connects two points on a
circle.
Circle A set of points that are all the same distance from a
given point.
Circumference The distance measured around a circle.
Coefficient A number that is placed in front of a variable.
For example, in 6x, 6 is the coefficient.
Common denominator A number that can be divided
evenly by all denominators in the problem.
Complementary angles Two angles in which the sum of
their measurements equals 90.

Unit 1
Mathematical terms
Acute angle An angle which measures below 90.
Acute triangle A triangle containing only acute angles.
Additive inverse The opposite of a number or its
negative. A number plus its additive inverse equals 0.
Adjacent angles Angles with a common side and vertex.
Angle Created by two rays and containing an endpoint in
common.
Arc A set of points that lie on a circle and that are
positioned within a central angle.
Area The space contained within a shape.
Average The numerical result of dividing the sum of two
or more quantities by the number of quantities.
Binomial An expression in algebra that consists of two
terms.
Bisect To divide into two equal sections.

Complex fraction A fraction that contains a fraction or

fractions in the numerator and/or denominator.

Congruent Exactly the same. Identical in regard to size

and shape.
Coordinate graph Two perpendicular number lines, the x
axis and the y axis, which make a plane upon which each
point is assigned a pair of numbers.
Cube A solid with six sides, with the sides being equal
squares and the edges being equal. Also, the resulting
number when a number is multiplied by itself twice.
Cube root A number that when multiplied by itself twice
gives the original number. For example, 4 is the cube root
of 64.
Decimal fraction Fraction with a denominator of 10, 100,
1,000, etc., written using a decimal point.
Degree The measurement unit of an angle.
Denominator The bottom symbol or number of a fraction.
Diameter A line segment that contains the center and has
its endpoints on the circle. Also, the length of this segment.
Difference That which results from subtraction.

Equation A relationship between symbols and/or numbers

that is balanced.

Linear equation An equation where the solution set forms

a straight line when it is plotted on a coordinate graph.

Equilateral triangle A triangle that has three equal angles

and three sides the same length.

Lowest common denominator The smallest number that

can be divided evenly by all denominators in the problem.

Even number An integer which can be divided by 2, with

no remainder.

Mean The average of a number of items in a group (total

the items and divide by the number of items).

Expanded notation To point out the place value of a digit

by writing the number as the digit times its place value.

Median The middle item in an ordered group. If the group

has an even number of items, the median is the average of
the two middle terms.

Exponent A positive or negative number that expresses

the power to which the quantity is to be raised or lowered.
It is placed above and to the right of the number.

Mixed number A number containing both a whole

number and a fraction.

Exterior angle In a triangle, an exterior angle is equal to

the measures of the two interior angles added together.

Monomial An expression in algebra that consists of only

one term.

Factor As a noun, it is a number or symbol which divides

evenly into a larger number. As a verb, it means to find two
or more values whose product equals the original value.

Natural number A counting number.

F.O.I.L. Method A method used for multiplying binomials

in which the first terms, the outside terms, the inside terms,
and then the last terms are multiplied.

Nonlinear equation An equation where the solution set

does not form a straight line when it is plotted on a
coordinate graph.

Fraction A symbol which expresses part of a whole. It

contains a numerator and a denominator.

Number line A visual representation of the positive and

negative numbers and zero.

Greatest common factor The largest factor that is

common to two or more numbers.

Numerator The top symbol or number of a fraction.

Hypotenuse In a right triangle it is the side opposite from

the 90 angle.

Negative number A number less than zero.

Obtuse angle An angle which is larger than 90 but less

than 180.

Imaginary number The square root of a negative number.

Obtuse triangle A triangle which contains an obtuse

angle.

Improper fraction A fraction in which the numerator is

larger than the denominator.

Odd number An integer (whole number) that is not

divisible evenly by 2.

Integer A whole number. It may be positive, negative, or

zero.

Ordered pair Any pair of elements (x,y) where the first

element is x and the second element is y. These are used to
identify or plot points on coordinate graphs.

Interior angles Angles formed inside the shape or inside

two parallel lines.
Intersecting lines Lines that come together at a point.

Origin The intersection point of the two number lines of a

coordinate graph. The intersection point is represented by
the coordinates (0,0).

Interval The numbers that are contained within two

specific boundaries.

Parallel lines Two or more lines which are always the

same distance apart. They never meet.

Irrational number A number that is not rational (cannot be

written as a fraction x/y, with x a natural number and y an
integer).

Percentage A common fraction with 100 as its

denominator.

Isosceles triangle A triangle with two equal sides and two

equal angles across from them.
Least common multiple The smallest multiple that is
common to two or more numbers.

Perpendicular lines Two lines which intersect at right

angles.
Pi () A constant that is used for determining the
circumference or area of a circle. It is equal to
approximately 3.14.

Polynomial An expression in algebra that consists of two

or more terms.

Solution, or Solution set The entirety of answers that may

satisfy the equation.

Positive number A number greater than zero.

Square The resulting number when a number is

multiplied by itself. Also, a four-sided figure with equal
sides and four right angles. The opposite sides are parallel.

Power A product of equal factors. 3 x 3 x 3 = 33, read as

three to the third power or the third power of three.
Power and exponent can be used interchangeably.
Prime number A number that can be divided by only itself
and one.

Square root The number which when multiplied by itself

gives you the original number. For example, 6 is the square
root of 36.

Proper fraction A fraction in which the numerator is less

than the denominator.

Straight angle An angle which is equal to 180.

Proportion Written as two equal ratios. For example, 5 is

to 4 as 10 is to 8, or 5/4 = 10/8.

Straight line The shortest distance between two points. It

continues indefinitely in both directions.

Pythagorean theorem A theorem concerning right

triangles. It states that the sum of the squares of a right
triangles two legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuse
(a2 + b2 = c2).

Supplementary angles Two angles that when combined

the sum equals 180.
Term A literal or numerical expression that has its own
sign.

Quadrants The four divisions on a coordinate graph.

Quadratic equation An equation that may be expressed as
Ax2 + Bx + C = 0.
Radical sign A symbol that designates a square root.
Radius A line segment where the endpoints lie one at the
center of a circle and one on the circle. The term also refers
to the length of this segment.

Transversal A line which crosses two or more parallel or

nonparallel lines in a plane.
Triangle A three-sided closed figure. It contains three
angles that when combined the sum equals 180.
Trinomial An expression in algebra which consists of
three terms.
Unknown A symbol or letter whose value is unknown.

Ratio A comparison between two numbers or symbols.

May be written x:y, x/y, or x is to y.
Rational number An integer or fraction such as 7/7 or 9/4
or 5/1. Any number that can be written as a fraction x/y
with x a natural number and y an integer.
Reciprocal The multiplicative inverse of a number. For
example, 2/3 is the reciprocal of 3/2.
Reducing Changing a fraction into its lowest terms. For
example, 3/6 is reduced to .
Right angle An angle which measures 90.
Right triangle A triangle which contains a 90 angle.
Scalene triangle A triangle in which none of the sides or
angles are equal.
Scientific notation A number between 1 and 10 and
multiplied by a power of 10. Used for writing very large or
very small numbers.
Set A group of objects, numbers, etc.
Simplify To combine terms into fewer terms.

Variable A symbol that stands for a number.

Vertical angles The opposite angles that are formed by the
intersection of two lines. Vertical angles are equal.
Volume The amount which can be held, as measured in
cubic units. The volume of a rectangular prism = length
times width times height.
Whole number 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, etc.

Greek Mathematician Pythagoras is considered by

some to be one of the first great mathematicians.
Living around 570 to 495 BC, in modern day Greece,
he is known to have founded the Pythagorean cult,
who were noted by Aristotle to be one of the first
groups to actively study and advance mathematics.
He is also commonly credited with the Pythagorean
Theorem within trigonometry. However, some
sources doubt that is was him who constructed the
proof (Some attribute it to his students, or
Baudhayana, who lived some 300 years earlier in
India). Nonetheless, the effect of such, as with large
portions of fundamental mathematics, is commonly
felt today, with the theorem playing a large part in
modern measurements and technological equipment,
as well as being the base of a large portion of other
areas and theorems in mathematics. But, unlike most
ancient theories, it played a bearing on the
development of geometry, as well as opening the
door to the study of mathematics as a worthwhile
endeavor. Thus, he could be called the founding
father of modern mathematics.

Euclid

Unit 2
Great Mathematicians
Pythagoras of Samos

Living around 300BC, he is considered the Father of

Geometry and his magnum opus: Elements, is one the
greatest mathematical works in history, with its being
in use in education up until the 20th century.
Unfortunately, very little is known about his life, and
what exists was written long after his presumed
death. Nonetheless, Euclid is credited with the
instruction of the rigorous, logical proof for theorems
and conjectures. Such a framework is still used to this
day, and thus, arguably, he has had the greatest
influence of all mathematicians on this list. Alongside
his Elements were five other surviving works,
thought to have been written by him, all generally on
the topic of Geometry or Number theory. There are
also another five works that have, sadly, been lost
throughout history.

Leonhard Euler

Rene Descartes

If Gauss is the Prince, Euler is the King. Living from

1707 to 1783, he is regarded as the greatest
mathematician to have ever walked this planet. It is
said that all mathematical formulas are named after
the next person after Euler to discover them. In his
day he was ground breaking and on par with Einstein
in genius. His primary (if thats possible) contribution
to the field is with the introduction of mathematical
notation including the concept of a function (and how
it is written as f(x)), shorthand trigonometric
functions, the e for the base of the natural logarithm
(The Euler Constant), the Greek letter Sigma for
summation and the letter /i for imaginary units, as
well as the symbol pi for the ratio of a circles
circumference to its diameter. All of which play a
huge bearing on modern mathematics, from the
everyday to the incredibly complex. As well as this,
he also solved the Seven Bridges of Koenigsberg
problem in graph theory, found the Euler
Characteristic for connecting the number of vertices,
edges and faces of an object, and (dis)proved many
well known theories, too many to list. Furthermore,
he continued to develop calculus, topology, number
theory, analysis and graph theory as well as much,
much more and ultimately he paved the way for
modern mathematics and all its revelations. It is
probably no coincidence that industry and
technological developments rapidly increased around
this time.

French Philosopher, Physicist and Mathematician

Rene Descartes is best known for his Cogito Ergo
Sum philosophy. Despite this, the Frenchman, who
lived 1596 to 1650, made ground breaking
contributions to mathematics. Alongside Newton and
Leibniz, Descartes helped provide the foundations of
modern calculus (which Newton and Leibniz later
built upon), which in itself had great bearing on the
modern day field. Alongside this, and perhaps more
familiar to the reader, is his development of Cartesian
Geometry, known to most as the standard graph
(Square grid lines, x and y axis, etc.) and its use of
algebra to describe the various locations on such.
Before this most geometers used plain paper (or
another material or surface) to preform their art.
Previously, such distances had to be measured
literally, or scaled. With the introduction of Cartesian
Geometry this changed dramatically, points could
now be expressed as points on a graph, and as such,
graphs could be drawn to any scale, also these points
did not necessarily have to be numbers. The final
contribution to the field was his introduction of
superscripts within algebra to express powers. And
thus, like many others in this list, contributed to the
development of modern mathematical notation.

The natural numbers are a basis from which many

other number sets may be built by extension: the
integers, by including an unresolved negation
operation; the rational numbers, by including with the
integers an unresolved division operation; the real
numbers by including with the rationals the
termination of Cauchy sequences; the complex
numbers, by including with the real numbers the
unresolved square root of minus one; the hyperreal
numbers, by including with real numbers the
infinitesimal value epsilon; vectors, by including a
vector structure with reals; matrices, by having
vectors of vectors; the nonstandard integers; and so
on. Thereby the natural numbers are canonically
embedded (identification) in the other number
systems.
Properties of the natural numbers, such as divisibility
and the distribution of prime numbers, are studied in
number theory. Problems concerning counting and
ordering, such as partitioning and enumerations, are
studied in combinatorics.
There is no universal agreement about whether to
include zero in the set of natural numbers. Some
authors begin the natural numbers with 0,
corresponding to the non-negative integers 0, 1, 2,
3, ..., whereas others start with 1. Corresponding to
the positive integers 1, 2, 3.

Unit 3
Lesson 1:
Whole Numbers
In mathematics, the natural numbers (sometimes
called the whole numbers) are those used for
counting (as in "there are six coins on the table") and
ordering (as in "this is the third largest city in the
country"). In common language, words used for
counting are "cardinal numbers" and words used for
ordering are "ordinal numbers".
Another use of natural numbers is for what linguists
call nominal numbers, such as the model number of a
product, where the "natural number" is used only for
naming (as distinct from a serial number where the
order properties of the natural numbers distinguish
later uses from earlier uses) and generally lacks any
meaning of number as used in mathematics but rather
just shares the character set.

This distinction is of no fundamental concern for the

natural numbers (even when viewed via additional
axioms as semigroup with respect to addition and
monoid for multiplication). Including the number 0
just supplies an identity element for the former
(binary) operation to achieve a monoid structure for
both, and a (trivial) zero divisor for the
multiplication.
In common language, for example in grade school,
natural numbers may be called counting numbers to
distinguish them from the real numbers which are
used for measurement.

134
+937
Add the first column (starting on the right)
134
+937
1,071
Note the 10's digit put under the next column. Now
add the next column and the number underneath:

Finish it off with the other columns:

So the answer to 134 + 937 is 1071

Subtracting Whole numbers

Lesson 2: Whole Number

Operations
Rounding Whole Numbers
Rounding is the process of finding the closest number
to a specific value. You round a number up or down
based on the last digit you are interested in.
For example, rounding the number 245 to the nearest
tens place would round up to 250, while the number
324 rounded to the nearest tens place would be
rounded down to 320.
Following the same logic, one could round to the
nearest whole number. For example, 1.5 (pronounced
as "one point five" or "one and a half") would be
rounded up to 2, and 2.1 would be rounded down to
2.

To subtract numbers think of a basket of oranges. If

you have ten oranges in a basket and you remove
eight oranges you are left with two oranges. For
example:
If you have ten oranges in a basket and you remove
all ten then you will no longer have any oranges so
you are left with zero oranges. For example:
10
-10
0
To subtract large numbers use this method:
1. Arrange the number that is being subtracted from
on top of the number being subtracted from it.(ex.
2594-1673)
2594
-1674

Adding Whole Numbers

2. Subtract each column starting from the right and

going to the left

First, arrange the numbers in columns. For example,

134+937.

2594

-1 6 7 3
21
3. If you encounter a number that can't be subtracted
without becoming negative,"borrow" subtract(if
possible) 1 from the next digit over and add 10 to the
digit that can't be subtracted(if not possible continue
to borrow from the next digit).

What happens when the dividend cannot be evenly

split by the divisor? This leftover quantity is called
the remainder. It's usually separated from the main
part of the answer by a lowercase letter r.
13 / 5 = 2 r 3
Divisions are often represented as fractions. For
example,
68 / 43 = 68 divided by 43

1 15

Some tips:

XX94

Any number that ends in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 can be

divided by 2.

-1 6 7 3
________
921
4. continue until done
note: that 921+1673=2594.
Multiplying Whole Numbers
Single number times Single number producing a
Single number.
Take the first number as 1. Take the second number
as 2. Repeatedly add 1 for 2 times.
1=2
2=3
(1)x(2)= 2 x 3 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6
Dividing Whole Numbers
Dividing whole numbers is the process of
determining how many times one number, called the
dividend, contains another number, called the divisor.

12 / 3
In this example, 12 is the dividend and 3 is the
divisor. Performing a division gives a quotient.
8/4=2
In the above example, 4 goes into 8 twice; therefore,
the quotient would be 2.

Any number that ends in 0 or 5 can be divided by 5.

Factoring Whole Numbers
Factoring is the process of determining what prime
numbers (numbers that cannot be divided by any
number but 1 and itself; 2,3, and 5 are prime
numbers) when multiplied will give a specific
number. This process of factoring is very important in
reducing fractions, which is covered in the Fractions
chapter of this book. For example:
4=2x2
Or a more complicated example:
180 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 5

a fractional part that neither terminates nor has an

infinitely repeating pattern (e.g. 3.14159265...).
Decimal fractions have terminating decimal
representations, whereas irrational numbers have
infinite decimal representations.

Lesson 3: Decimal
The decimal numeral system (also called base ten or
occasionally denary) has ten as its base. It is the
numerical base most widely used by modern
civilizations.
Decimal notation often refers to a base-10 positional
notation such as the Hindu-Arabic numeral system or
rod calculus; however, it can also be used more
generally to refer to non-positional systems such as
Roman or Chinese numerals which are also based on
powers of ten.
A decimal number, or just decimal, refers to any
number written in decimal notation, although it is
more commonly used to refer to numbers that have a
fractional part separated from the integer part with a
decimal separator (e.g. 11.25).
A decimal may be a terminating decimal, which has a
finite fractional part (e.g. 15.600); a repeating
decimal, which has an infinite (non-terminating)
fractional part made up of a repeating sequence of
digits (e.g. 5.8144); or an infinite decimal, which has

Lesson 4: Fraction
A fraction (from Latin: fractus, "broken") represents a
part of a whole or, more generally, any number of
equal parts. When spoken in everyday English, a
fraction describes how many parts of a certain size
there are, for example, one-half, eight-fifths, threequarters. A common, vulgar, or simple fraction
(examples: 17/3) consists of an integer numerator,
displayed above a line (or before a slash), and a nonzero integer denominator, displayed below (or after)
that line. Numerators and denominators are also used
in fractions that are not common, including
compound fractions, complex fractions, and mixed
numerals.
The numerator represents a number of equal parts,
and the denominator, which cannot be zero, indicates
how many of those parts make up a unit or a whole.
For example, in the fraction 3/4, the numerator, 3,
tells us that the fraction represents 3 equal parts, and
the denominator, 4, tells us that 4 parts make up a
whole. The picture to the right illustrates or 3/4 of a
cake.

Fractional numbers can also be written without using

explicit numerators or denominators, by using
decimals, percent signs, or negative exponents (as in
0.01, 1%, and 102 respectively, all of which are
equivalent to 1/100). An integer such as the number 7
can be thought of as having an implicit denominator
of one: 7 equals 7/1.
Other uses for fractions are to represent ratios and to
represent division.Thus the fraction 3/4 is also used
to represent the ratio 3:4 (the ratio of the part to the
whole) and the division 3 4 (three divided by four).
In mathematics the set of all numbers which can be
expressed in the form a/b, where a and b are integers
and b is not zero, is called the set of rational numbers
and is represented by the symbol Q, which stands for
quotient. The test for a number being a rational
number is that it can be written in that form (i.e., as a
common fraction). However, the word fraction is also
used to describe mathematical expressions that are
not rational numbers, for example algebraic fractions
(quotients of algebraic expressions), and expressions
that contain irrational numbers, such as 2/2 (see
square root of 2) and /4 (see proof that is
irrational).

Lesson 5: Geometry
Geometry (from the Ancient Greek: geo- "earth",
-metron "measurement") is a branch of mathematics
concerned with questions of shape, size, relative
position of figures, and the properties of space. A
mathematician who works in the field of geometry is
called a geometer. Geometry arose independently in a
number of early cultures as a body of practical
knowledge concerning lengths, areas, and volumes,
with elements of formal mathematical science
emerging in the West as early as Thales (6th century
BC). By the 3rd century BC, geometry was put into
an axiomatic form by Euclid, whose treatment
Euclidean geometryset a standard for many
centuries to follow. Archimedes developed ingenious
techniques for calculating areas and volumes, in
many ways anticipating modern integral calculus.
The field of astronomy, especially as it relates to
mapping the positions of stars and planets on the
celestial sphere and describing the relationship
between movements of celestial bodies, served as an
important source of geometric problems during the
next one and a half millennia. In the classical world,
both geometry and astronomy were considered to be

part of the Quadrivium, a subset of the seven liberal

arts considered essential for a free citizen to master.
The introduction of coordinates by Ren Descartes
and the concurrent developments of algebra marked a
new stage for geometry, since geometric figures such
as plane curves could now be represented analytically
in the form of functions and equations. This played a
key role in the emergence of infinitesimal calculus in
the 17th century. Furthermore, the theory of
perspective showed that there is more to geometry
than just the metric properties of figures: perspective
is the origin of projective geometry. The subject of
geometry was further enriched by the study of the
intrinsic structure of geometric objects that originated
with Euler and Gauss and led to the creation of
topology and differential geometry.
In Euclid's time, there was no clear distinction
between physical and geometrical space. Since the
19th-century discovery of non-Euclidean geometry,
the concept of space has undergone a radical
transformation and raised the question of which
geometrical space best fits physical space. With the
rise of formal mathematics in the 20th century, 'space'
(whether 'point', 'line', or 'plane') lost its intuitive
contents, so today one has to distinguish between
physical space, geometrical spaces (in which 'space',
'point' etc. still have their intuitive meanings) and
abstract spaces. Contemporary geometry considers
manifolds, spaces that are considerably more abstract
than the familiar Euclidean space, which they only
approximately resemble at small scales. These spaces
may be endowed with additional structure which
allow one to speak about length. Modern geometry
has many ties to physics as is exemplified by the
links between pseudo-Riemannian geometry and
general relativity. One of the youngest physical
theories, string theory, is also very geometric in
flavour.
While the visual nature of geometry makes it initially
more accessible than other mathematical areas such
as algebra or number theory, geometric language is
also used in contexts far removed from its traditional,
Euclidean provenance (for example, in fractal
geometry and algebraic geometry).

Lesson 7: Algebra
Lesson 6: Integers
An integer (from the Latin integer meaning "whole")
[note 1] is a number that can be written without a
fractional component. For example, 21, 4, 0, and
2048 are integers, while 9.75, 5, and 2 are not.
The set of integers consists of zero (0), the natural
numbers (1, 2, 3, ...), also called whole numbers or
counting numbers, and their additive inverses (the
negative integers, i.e. 1, 2, 3, ...). This is often
denoted by a boldface Z ("Z") or blackboard bold
(Unicode U+2124 ) standing for the German word
Zahlen ([tsaln], "numbers"). is a subset of the
sets of rational and real numbers and, like the natural
numbers, is countably infinite.
The integers form the smallest group and the smallest
ring containing the natural numbers. In algebraic
number theory, the integers are sometimes called
rational integers to distinguish them from the more
general algebraic integers. In fact, the (rational)
integers are the algebraic integers that are also
rational numbers.

Algebra (from Arabic al-jebr meaning "reunion of

broken parts") is one of the broad parts of
mathematics, together with number theory, geometry
and analysis. In its most general form algebra is the
study of symbols and the rules for manipulating
symbols and is a unifying thread of almost all of
mathematics. As such, it includes everything from
elementary equation solving to the study of
abstractions such as groups, rings, and fields. The
more basic parts of algebra are called elementary
algebra, the more abstract parts are called abstract
algebra or modern algebra. Elementary algebra is
essential for any study of mathematics, science, or
engineering, as well as such applications as medicine
and economics. Abstract algebra is a major area in
advanced mathematics, studied primarily by
professional mathematicians. Much early work in
algebra, as the Arabic origin of its name suggests,
was done in the Near East, by such mathematicians
as Omar Khayyam (10481131).
Elementary algebra differs from arithmetic in the use
of abstractions, such as using letters to stand for
numbers that are either unknown or allowed to take
on many values. For example, in x + 2 = 5 the letter x
is unknown, but the law of inverses can be used to
discover its value: x=3. In E=mc^2, the letters E and

m are variables, and the letter c is a constant. Algebra

gives methods for solving equations and expressing
formulas that are much easier (for those who know
how to use them) than the older method of writing
everything out in words.
The word algebra is also used in certain specialized
ways. A special kind of mathematical object in
abstract algebra is called algebra", and the word is
used, for example, in the phrases linear algebra and
algebraic topology.

With a qualifier, there is the same distinction:

A mathematician who does research in algebra is

called an algebraist.

Different meanings of
"Algebra"
The word "algebra" has several related meanings in
mathematics, as a single word or with qualifiers.

As a single word without article, "algebra"

names a broad part of mathematics.

As a single word with article or in plural,

"algebra" denotes a specific mathematical
structure. See algebra (ring theory) and
algebra over a field. More generally, in
universal algebra, it can refer to any
structure.

Without article, it means a part of algebra,

such as linear algebra, elementary algebra
(the symbol-manipulation rules taught in
elementary courses of mathematics as part
of primary and secondary education), or
abstract algebra (the study of the algebraic
structures for themselves).
With an article, it means an instance of some
abstract structure, like a Lie algebra or an
associative algebra.
Frequently both meanings exist for the same
qualifier, as in the sentence: Commutative
algebra is the study of commutative rings,
which are commutative algebras over
the integers.