Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.
=1.5 x 105 m 2 /s
r
640 103
xcr
Ux
=
5 105 = cr = 3600 5
1.5 x 10
n
x cr = 0.042m
At 3000 m, air density r3000 = 0.83 kg/m3
kinematic viscosity n =
1.8 x 105
=
=2.17 x 105 m 2 /s
r
0.83
640 103
xcr
Uxcr
5
3600
5 10 = =
critical Reynolds number Re x ,cr =
n
2.17 x 105
xcr = 0.061 m
2. Water flows at U = 1 m/s past a flat plate with L = 1 m in the flow direction. The boundary
layer is tripped so it becomes turbulent at the leading edge. Evaluate the boundary layer
thickness, , displacement thickness, *, and wall shear
stress, w, at x = L. Assume a 1/6-power turbulent
velocity profile. Develop an algebraic expression for the
variation of wall shear stress with distance along the
surface. Integrate to obtain an algebraic expression for
the total skin friction drag on the surface. Evaluate the
drag for the given conditions.
Momentum thickness
=
u
u
(1 ) dy
U
U
1/6
u
y
Velocity profile
=
U
d
1
=Y
1
1
6
where Y =
= d Y 6 (1 Y 6 ) dY
0
8
76
Y
Y6
=d
7 / 6 8 / 6
0
3
=
28
d
3
d
28
d
dx
1
n 4
Empirical shear stress formula: t w = 0.0243rU
Ud
2
n 4
2 d
Combine: 0.0243rU 2
= rU
dx
Ud
Substitute :
3
d d
n
28
2
0.0243rU 2
= rU
dx
Ud
1
4
n 4
0.227 dx = d 4 d d
U
1
0.227
x
5
d4
n
x
=
5
U
0
4 0
1
4
n 5
d
=
0.365 x
U
At x=1 m, Re x =1m =
d
x
4
5
=
x
0.365
=
1
Ux 5
n
0.365
Re1/5
x
1 1
= 106
6
10
0.365
Re1/5
x
d = 0.023m
Displacement thickness=
d*
u
) dy
U
(1
6
Y
=d Y
7 / 6
0
1
6
= d (1 Y ) dY
0
At x=1m
d* =
1
d
7
1
0.023 = 0.0033m
7
1
n 4
Empirical shear stress formula: t w = 0.0243rU
Ud
2
106 4
At x=1 m, shear stress is t w x =1m = 0.0243 10 1
= 1.97 Pa
1 0.023
3
n
0.0329rU 2
2
=
At any x: t w = 0.0243rU
1
1/5
4
Ux
n 5 5
U 0.365 U x
n
1 n
Subst. shear stress: D f = b 0.031rU 2 dx
0. Ux
1/5
n
D f = b 0.031rU
U
1/5
Integrate :
1 4/5 1
x
0
4/5
1/5
106
Subst. limits : D f =1 0.031 10 1
1
3
D f = 2.45 N
3
1 4/5 4/5
(1 0 )
4/5
=2 r U 2 CDf dA y
2
where U= y
CDf =
1.328
1/2
1
2 1.328
2 3.142 3/2
) 1.328(1.5 105 )1/2 0.51/2 y 5/2 dy
60
0
3.6
= 1.2(200
3,6
y 7/2
= 0.418
=
y
dy
0.418
7 / 2
0
0
3.6
5/2
3.67/2
=
M=
31.7 Nm
3 0.418
7/2
Torque will be greater if boundary layer was turbulent
2 3.142
At tip, y=3.6 m. y=200
3.6 =
74.88m/s
60
U 74.88 0.5
=
=
= 2.56 106 which is greater than critical value
Re
5
n
1.5 10
Thus boundary layer is laminar at hub and turbulent at tip