Vocabulary For IELTS

Vocabulary for IELTS
Page 1
toward=towards [t'wdz]
They drove towards the German frontier
retreat [r'trit]
1) () 2)
country retreat in Ireland
straight [stret]
1) 2)
He stared straight ahead.
refurbishment [ri'fbmnt]
blend [blend]
a blend of coffee
ambience ['mbns]
; ,
the relaxed ambience of the cocktail lounge is

popular with guests
ambient ['mbnt]
the liquid is stored at below ambient

temperature
sophistication [sfst'ke()n]
1) , ,
2)
the technological sophistication of their

products
sophisticated [s'fstketd]
1) 2)
a sophisticated lifestyle
sophisticated wines
cater for ['ket]
1) 2)
the school caters for children
compulsory [km'pls()r]
1) 2)
compulsory education
compulsory insurance
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Page 2
arrangement ['renmnt]
1) 2)
the arrangement of the furniture in the room
the travel agents have an arrangement with

the hotel
arrange ['ren]
1) 2)
to arrange furniture
to arrange one's ideas
to arrange a trip
regarding [r'gd]
regarding your proposal
suddenly ['sd()nl]
suddenly I heard a loud scream
treat [trit]
Everyone was treated the same way
fruits should be similarly treated
.
c
to treat for
She was treated for asthma
to treat to
She treated me to tea
Let me treat you to dinner
injured ['nd]
1) 2)
in an injured voice
injured party
injury ['n()r]
serious / severe injury
covered ['kvd]
covered by government
guidelines ['gadlanz]
security guidelines for staff
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Page 3
maintain [men'ten]
to maintain one's health

to maintain roads
to maintain a family
to maintain security
maintenance ['ment()nns]
1) 2)
the maintenance of democratic government

car maintenance
premises ['premsz]
, ,
school premises
premises and facilities
you are advised
detain [d'ten]
1) 2)
They are now detained

to detain a person
on the grounds of
there are some grounds for optimism

they called for a retrial on the grounds of the
new evidence
to involve [n'vlv]
to involve smb. in a project

my job involves a lot of travelling
they may be involved
her husband had been very involved in his
work
-.

place of origin ['rn]
entertainment [ent'tenmnt]
everyone just sits in front of the television for

entertainment
rare breed [brid]
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Page 4
experimental crops area
grazing area
marsh [m]
marsh plants
almost all the year
hen and chickens
variety [v'rat]
a variety of breeds
fruit trees blossom
to affect ['fekt]
the countrys economy would be affected

your attitude will affect how successful you are
effect ['fekt]
to produce effect
to benefit ['benft]
benefit
, ,
agriculture would benefit
retirement benefit
cough up bits of skeleton
they collect the pellets
to set up a research programme
to set up a business
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Page 5
her tutors contacts
the aim of questionnaire
to limit responses
initial results
financial issues
current concerns
further research ['f]
the preferences of the public ['pref()r()ns]
they are misrepresented
unsuccessful reforms [nsk'sesf()l]
extra funding
statement ['stetmnt]
official statement
to participate in [p'tspet]
thousands participated in strike
I refused to answer
to change ones mind
undergraduate [nd'grut]
a group of Oxford undergraduates
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Page 6
a couple of countries ['kpl]
rationale [r'nl]
What is the rationale behind such a

decision?
to approach ['pru]
1) 2)
approach
I approached postgraduates
scientific approach
willing
She is willing to help
involved [n'vlvd]
tutors got involved too
at this stage
to focus on men
a separate investigation
rather ['r]
He is my sister's friend really, rather than

mine.
, .
as much variety as possible
to counteract [kaunt()'rkt]
1) 2)
to counteract global warming
to counteract the effects of this
participants tend to be more involved
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Page 7
to collate
1) 2)
I am collating the results
despite the fact that newspapers report
they continually report
in fact
it is mainly the third level
, ,
government proposed reforms
although their success is not guaranteed,
quite a lot of data
Certainly, I will need some information
she anticipated
to establish
the two countries established diplomatic

relations
to invest in
workers invest in private pension funds
investment
private investment in road-building
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few
fewer
little
less
the fewest
the least
Page 8
( )
( )
fewer people
fewer books
less sugar
less water
less information
less money
key medical units
to implement ['mplment]
implementation
to implement reforms
she was responsible for the implementation
of the plan
valuable stage
my time is valuable
put all your valuables in the hotel safe
to expect unwillingness
to take aback
he was taken aback by her directness
it didnt necessarily seem that way
to encounter problems [n'kaunt]
odd cases
It was odd of her to do that
odd shoe
odd jobs
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Page 9
to pull out
he was forced to pull out of the championship

because of an injury
he wanted reassurance
names will be traceable
overall picture
bizarre [b'z]
bizarre case
used to
I used to see him often.

There used to be a house here.
She used to have long hair.
.
.

appliance ['plan(t)s]
domestic electric appliances
occur ['k]
, ,
the accident occurred at about 3.30 p.m.
15.30
heating can occur
clearance ['klr()n(t)s]
1) 2)
you will be required to obtain customs

clearance
household ['haushuld]
to manage / run a household
(2)
household appliances
household goods
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Page 10
(!)
increase ['nkris]
slight increase
steady increase
to increase [n'kris]
to increase by 10%
10%
(!)
decrease ['dikris]
gradual decrease
sharp decrease
to decrease [di'kris]
the percentage decreased from 27 per cent to

9 per cent
(!)
import ['mpt]
they decided to stop cheap imports from

eastern Europe
import [m'pt]
supermarkets may no longer import cheap

jeans from Bulgaria
(!)
export ['ekspt]
wool and mohair were the principal exports
export [ks'pt]
they don't yet export to other countries
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Page 11
query ['kwr]
We have a number of queries regarding

delivery.
to query
many people queried whether any harm had

been done
eastern countries
western countries
northern countries
southern countries
range [ren]
the cost will be in the range of $1-5 a day
,
1-5
to range
prices range from a shilling to a pound
,
,
enquiry [n'kwar] = inquiry [n'kwar]
the police were making enquiries

official inquiry
use this line for any other enquiries
whenever [wen'ev]
you can ask for help whenever you need it

whenever we visit you at home, you will know
it is us

,
,
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Page 12
to handle ['hndl]
, ,
I had never handled an automatic shift gear.
I dont think I could handle it if they turned

me down
he was going too fast and couldnt handle the
car
she handles queries

.
,
, ,

read the following statements ['stetmnt]
expect [k'spekt]
We'll expect you for dinner on Thursday

Customers are expected to read their meters
throughout [ru'aut]
throughout the country

throughout her life
rather ['r]
1) 2)
I would rather play tennis than watch TV.
,
.
,
I don't know if I can handle the job
He is my sister's friend really, rather than

mine
It's rather cold.
It is cheaper to use gas rather than electricity
.
,
exceed [k'sid]
production costs have exceeded 60,000
60 000
cooking time should not be exceeded
frequently ['frikwntl]
they go abroad frequently

check the food frequently
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Page 13
casing ['kes]
a waterproof casing
essential ['sen()l]
essential detail
it is essential to keep up-to-date records
fibre is an essential ingredient of our diet
emit ['mt]
to emit smoke
steam is emitted
emission ['m()n]
1) 2)
gas emission
to stir
()
he stirred his tea and ate a biscuit
to take down
Id like to take down some details
estimate ['estmt]
preliminary estimate
to estimate ['estmet]
The builders estimate the cost of repairing the

roof at $600

600 .
amongst ['mst] = among
you are amongst our first visitors
fascinating exhibit [g'zbt]
rectangular shape [rek'tgjl]
square shape
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Page 14
round shape
to attract ['trkt]
they attract birds
He shouted to attract attention
,
.
although [l'u]
although the sun was shining it wasnt that

warm
he says he has the team shirt, although Ive

never seen him wear it
, ,
,
certain areas
The house has a certain charm
particular [p'tkjl]
they discriminate against a particular group

of companies
the cashier should exercise particular care
particular experiments
poultry ['pultr]
( )
poultry farm
nutritional needs
nutritional value
to preserve [pr'zv]
to preserve rare animals

preserved fruit
to broaden ['brdn]
to broaden one's outlook

The path broadened
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Page 15
gene [in]
dominant gene
gene pool
spectacular [spek'tkjl]
spectacular mountain scenery
goose - geese
Canada geese
orchard ['d]
apple orchard
cherry orchard
peach orchard
diversify [da'vsfa]
1) 2)
new plants will diversify the habitat

to diversify one's portfolio

(
)
to regulate ['regjlet]
1) 2)
quarantine service regulate all food brought to ,

Australia
obviously, they want to protect Australia
to prevent [pr'vent]
to prevent the spread of disease

to prevent crime
to be keen on
she is keen on music

we are pretty keen to make sure that
wipe someone out
1) 2)
the disease wiped out whole villages
devastating effect
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Page 16
to lose money
(lost, lost)
aware ['w]
to be aware of / to be aware that
, ,
They were aware of the difficulties.

Are you aware of danger?
.
?
pollination [pl'ne()n]
pollination of flower
sting [st]
to sting (stung, stung)
bee sting
if you are stung by a bee....
insect ['nsekt]
flying insects
indigestible [nd'estbl]
indigestible food
to examine [g'zmn]
1) 2) 3)
a doctor examined me
he examined the contents
whereabouts [wr'bauts]
1) 2)
Whereabouts does it stop in Milton?
He concealed his whereabouts.
Hang on!
1) ! 2) !
Ill hang on here until the others come
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Page 17
through [ru]
1) 2)
through the window
the road goes through the forest
through the years
to speak through the interpreter
to grab [grb]
, ,
she grabbed a child
he grabbed an opportunity
to grab power
Ill grab a coffee
retail chain
()
retail trade
wholesale trade
particularly [p'tkjll]
we travelled in Spain, particularly, in

mountains
considerably [kn'sd()rbl]
It was considerably colder in the mountains.
superb [s(j)u'pb]
superb facilities
a superb performance
occupied ['kjupad]
The bathroom is occupied.
He is occupied with data treatment
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Page 18
competition [kmp't()n]
1) , 2)
competition between banks
poster competition
beauty competition
all customers must be insured
the importance of individual
mould
1) 2) , ,
to break the moulds
to behave [b'hev]
behaviour [b'hevj]
he always behaved like a gentleman
each car behaves differently
asocial behaviour
inconsiderate behaviour
irrational behaviour
unruly behaviour
exposure [k'spu]
1) 2) ,
exposure to lead is dangerous
exposure to diversity helps encourage

creativity
scientific findings receive regular exposure in

the media
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Page 19
to encourage individuality
we were encouraged by the success of this

venture
to encourage new writing talent
to avoid tension
the elimination of neck tension can relieve

headaches
Instead, people often...
, ...
This will do instead.
walk to work instead of going by car
to convince
she convinced my father

I am not convinced
Roberts face obviously convinced her of his

innocence
, ,
incentive [n'sentv]
to have no incentive to work harder
give farmers an incentive to improve their

land
Some employers give monetary incentives to

motivate their employees
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Page 20
to recognize ['rekgnaz]
1) 2)
recognition [rekg'n()n]
1) 2)
I recognized an old friend in him.
to recognize officially
universal recognition
wide recognition
to win / receive recognition
it can easily burn or catch fire
(burn, burnt, burnt)

the cheapest property
overwhelming [uv'welm]
overwhelming wealth
overwhelming happiness
overwhelming temptation
overwhelming majority
this mistake can take decades to rectify
to commit [k'mt]
1) , 2)
he committed suicide
she didnt love him enough to commit herself ,

to him
to commit to prison
we are committed to the fundamental

principles of democracy
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Page 21
commitment
I cannot make such a commitment at the

moment
the companys commitment to quality
to rely [r'la]
I know I can rely on your discretion

The town relies on the seasonal tourist
industry for jobs.
,
.

.
to threaten ['ret()n]
threat
to threaten to murder smb.
-.
to be threatened with death
they threaten the future of a promising

business
direct / explicit threat
empty / idle threat
traffic restrictions tighten
to tighten one's belt
to tighten screws
to operate ['p()ret]
technologists operate
this law operates in politics
undertake [nd'tek]
to undertake a task
they undertake a range of functions
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Page 22
expertise [eksp'tiz]
1) 2)
technical expertise
application of technology
application of skills
familiarity [fml'rt]
familiarity with the theory of relativity
(-.),
(-.)

domain [du'men]
the domain of sport
technology domain
to exercise breadth of perspective
They exercise their right to free speech.
they carry wide-ranging responsibilities
stakeholder interaction

(, , )
to synthesize ['snsaz]
synthesis ['snss]
to synthesize overall approach
intellectual challenge
to take up a challenge
to keep / remain abreast of smb.
-., -.
to keep abreast of / with the times
to keep abreast of leading-edge developments

to keep abreast of scientific developments
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Page 23
capacity [k'pst]
1) 2)
capacity for analysis
capacity for making friends
storage capacity
capacity for heat
emerging technologies
to contribute [kn'trbjut]
they contribute to the advancement of

technology
Fresh air and exercise contribute to good

health.
contribution of their work
broad system
broader solution
sustainable [s'stenbl]
sustainable economic growth
sustainable development
sustainable solutions
intimate ['ntmt]
to have an intimate understanding
intimate analysis
outcome ['autkm]
the outcome of the vote
economic outcomes
technology outcomes
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Page 24
statutory ['sttjt()r]
statutory restriction
statutory tariff
statutory requirements
to interact effectively
appropriate ['pruprt]
appropriate dress
book not appropriate for children
appropriate conduct
that sounds appropriate
quality assurance
suburbs ['sbbz]
to live in the suburbs
fashionable suburbs
to realize ['rlaz] = to realise
1) 2) !!
She finally realized her goal.
he realized his mistake at once
they realized that something was wrong
, -
to avoid ['vd]
avoid excessive exposure to the sun
book early to avoid disappointment
One could hardly avoid noticing him.
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Page 25
to tend
prices tend to be quite high
written language tends to be formal

the orbit tends to infinity
district
, ,
school district
shopping district
red-light district
impressive [m'presv]
an impressive view of the mountains
impressive achievements in science
opponents of the existing political system

existing concert hall
existing museums
existing process
exist [g'zst]
to exist on bread and water
Did unicorns ever exist?

We cannot exist without oxygen.
-
?

a dinner-party host [hust]
Innsbruck once played host to the Winter

Olympics
spotlight ['sptlat]
to direct / focus a spotlight on
in the spotlight
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Page 26
venue for the conference
venues for classical music
enormous ['nms]
enormous fortune
enormous sums of money
to prove [pruv]
1) , 2)
proof
the concept is difficult to prove
the scheme has proved a great success
his new performance proved to be a success
you will be asked to give proof of your identity
spectacular [spek'tkjl]
spectacular mountain scenery
proper ['prp]
shes never had a proper job
a proper meal
proper structure
reluctant [r'lkt()nt]
I was very reluctant to agree
they were reluctant to speak to me
suspicious [s'sps]
suspicious behaviour
people became less suspicious of foreigners
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Page 27
meaningful silence
meaningful work
meaningful contribution
meaningful information
indigenous [n'dns]
, ,
indigenous population
the indigenous peoples of Australia
to elect
elected positions
elections
they elected him leader
the youngest player was elected to the

committee
to interfere [nt'f]
1) ( with) 2)
(c in)
a holiday job would interfere with his studies

she tried not to interfere in her childrens
lives
deal
to deal
1) 2)
to make a deal
to sign a deal
to deal with complaints
I deal with finance
youll have to find a way of dealing with those

feelings
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Page 28
surprisingly [s'prazl]
, ;
Surprisingly little altered for fifteen years.

The profit margin in advertising is
surprisingly low
ignorance ['gnrns]
, ,
ignorant ['gnrnt]
to show ignorance
he acted in ignorance of basic procedures

I was ignorant of the cause.
to grasp smb. by the arm
-.
I readily grasped at his proposal.

I could not grasp the whole thing
to replicate ['replket]
it might be impractical to replicate Eastern

culture in the west
the virus replicated itself
to misguide [ms'gad]
a long survey that can only misguide the

general reader
to intend [n'tend]
We intended going to Rome
I do not intend to suggest that its easy
the company intends to cut 400 jobs

Paul originally intended
400
underlying [nd'la]
the underlying problem
the underlying causes of poverty
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Page 29
merely ['ml] = just = only
Gary, a silent boy, merely nodded
, ,
not merely duplicating
consistency [kn'sst()ns]
1) 2)
consistent
the consistency of measurement techniques
we need is consistency
()
the sauce has the consistency of butter
let
length of let
to consist of
complex consists of
my family consists of 2 people
A cricket team consists of eleven players.
The cake consisted of flour, butter, eggs and

sugar.
, , .
to decide [d'sad]
It's difficult to decide between these two

candidates.
,
.
she decided that she liked him
the judge will decide the case
to introduce
1) 2)
let me introduce my husband
to introduce new methods into an industry
introducing new business processes
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Page 30
repetition [rep't()n]
her comments are worthy of repetition
the tune is full of melodic repetition
repetition of success
alter ['lt] = change
our outward appearance alters as we get older
plans to alter the dining hall
details are sometimes altered by workers
inaccurate [n'kjrt]
accurate [n'kjrt]
It is inaccurate to say that she was dismissed.
, .
false or inaccurate descriptions of goods
information was inaccurate

to overlook [uv'luk]
disadvantages were overlooked
1) , 2)
she was more than ready to overlook his faults

,
he seems to have overlooked one important
fact

to overlook a beginner's mistakes
to impose new restrictions
A special tax is imposed on very high

incomes.
the decision was theirs and was not imposed

on them by others
a fine may be imposed
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Page 31
rigorous ['rg()rs]
rigorous measures
rigorous military training
rigorous winter in Saint Petersburg
advisory company [d'vaz()r]
engineering judgement ['mnt]
ongoing ['ngu]
ongoing research
ongoing support
he teachers task is to foster learning
appropriate praise helps a child foster a sense

of self-worth
to foster progress
to foster growth
to empower [m'pau]
it empowers our people
Computers empower students to become

intellectual explorers.
whilst = while
it encourages sustainability
economic sustainability
financial sustainability
seek, sought, sought
to seek satisfaction
applications are sought
to seek advice
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Page 32
iconic [a'knk]
iconic project
expansion of gases when heated
the rapid expansion of suburban London

()
storey ['str]
17 storey office
17-
multistorey building
enrol [n'rul]
, ,
to enrol in the youth club
he enrolled in drama school
students enrolled for this course
essential ['sen()l]
essential detail
it is essential to keep up-to-date records
fibre is an essential ingredient of our diet
procurement [pr'kjumnt]
procurement agency
procurement manager
comprehensive [kmpr'hen(t)sv]
comprehensive analysis
comprehensive insurance
comprehensive knowledge
comprehensive array of services
enquiry [n'kwar] = inquiry [n'kwar]
the police were making enquiries

official inquiry
use this line for any other enquiries
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Page 33
contract provisions
accuracy ['kjrs]
we have confidence in the accuracy of the

statistics
diagnostic accuracy
accuracy of 50 per cent
50%
to act as a mentor
to entitle [n'tatl]
visa entitles the bearer
the landlord is entitled to require references
employees are normally entitled to

redundancy pay
proficient [pr'f()nt]
he is proficient in art
proficient swimmer
to uphold [p'huld]
to uphold strong reputation
to uphold a decision
to conduct an investigation
to conduct an orchestra
to conduct duties
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Page 34
magnitude ['mgnt(j)ud]
great magnitude
the magnitude of the task
magnitude of a star
the brightest stars have the lowest

magnitudes
feasibility [fiz'blt]
feasibility of their enterprise
feasibility study
deviation [div'e()n]
slight deviation
sharp deviation
deviation from the norm
to identify deviations
asset ['set]
1) 2)
experience would be an asset
assets and liabilities
campus ['kmps]
, ,
college / university campus
campus life
derelict ['derlkt]
derelict buildings
derelict warehouse
warehouse = storehouse
a discount warehouse
storehouse workers
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Page 35
recreation [rekr'e()n]
sport and recreation facilities
site for recreation
recreation centre
a garden pond
a pond with swans
to sit on a bench
a park bench
shelter ['elt]
, ,
to find / take shelter
youre welcome to take shelter from the storm
dog shelter
This house sheltered him for twenty years
20
black swans come to the shelter
spot
to spot
favourite spot
make a spot
soft spot
to spot a mistake
to spot the symptoms of a disease
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Page 36
to assess ['ses]
assessment
The value of this property was assessed at

one million dollars.
the committee must assess the relative

importance of the issues
the damage was assessed at 5 billion
assessment of market value
ought to [t] = should
we ought to give some details
you ought to know this
You ought to take care of yourself.
they ought to respect the law
what ought I to do? = what should I do?
visual ['vul]
visual image
visual memory
use visuals
this jewellery is worth $1 million
the museums are worth a visit
it is worth it
it is worth checking
it is no worth
it is worth waiting
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Page 37
tutorial system
1) 2) ,
online tutorials and reference guides
a tutorial on English poetry
to enhance [n'hns] = increase
, ,
Their living expenses are constantly

enhancing.
to enhance their reputation
to enhance the flavour of food
aware ['w]
to be aware of / to be aware that
, ,
They were aware of the difficulties.

Are you aware of danger?
.
?
awareness ['wns]
we need to raise public awareness of the issue
tutorial [tju'trl]
there is a lack of awareness of the risks

occur ['k]= happen
, ,
the accident occurred at about 3.30 p.m.
15.30
heating can occur
problems occurred
naturally occurring taste
the presence of proteins
the presence of many people
He's usually quite polite in my presence
present
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Page 38
to spoil
spoilage ['spl]
, ,
it warns us of spoilage
spoilage microflora
spoilage in production
leisure ['le]
leisure centre
leisure time
at leisure
do it at your leisure
off-peak [f'pik]
off-peak electricity
,
( )

.
Take advantage of off-peak reductions for

package holidays.
BUT
rush hour
strain
to strain
1) 2) 3)
mental strain
nervous strain
shes under considerable strain
I stopped and listened, straining my ears
he strained her tolerance to the limit
to strain your budget
to strain the noodles
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Page 39
competitive [km'pettv]
competitive costs
competitive advantage
arise ['raz] arose arisen
whenever the need arises
A new difficulty has arisen.
A quarrel arose.
Doubts arose in his mind.
slight [slat]
slightly
a slight headache
a slight cough
a slight misunderstanding
a slight mistake
he lowered his voice slightly
fee is slightly higher
prices increased slightly
increment ['krmnt] = increase
increment in salary
increment of rent
billing increments
primarily [pra'mer()l]
1) 2)
he primarily intended
around 80 per cent of personal computers are

used primarily for word processing
80% , ,

keep the campsite clean and tidy ['tad]
a tidy person
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Page 40
dispose of litter
roadside litter
Please change the cat litter.
, , .
obstruct [b'strkt]
obstruction [b'strk()n]
to obstruct a road
a wall obstructs the view
she was obstructing the entrance
to remove an obstruction
obstacle ['bstkl]
, ,
artificial obstacle
natural obstacle
to put obstacles in smb.'s way
-.
to come across an obstacle
lead
1) 2) , 3)
take the lead

to follow the lead of smb.
-.
lead article

lead pipes

keep dogs on the lead

to tolerate ['tl()ret]
, ,
she could not tolerate such noise
disorderly behaviour will not be tolerated
there is plenty of room
plenty of jobs
to have plenty of time
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Page 41
admittance [d'mt()n(t)s]
, ,
to gain admittance to
to refuse admittance to
No admittance!
He was denied admittance to the concert.
some are actively engaged in crime
people are engaged in unpaid work
he was engaged as a copywriter
to specify ['spesfa]
the contract specifies
to specify diagnosis
the Act specifies the minimum rates of pay
provision [pr'v()n]
1) 2)
provision of public transport
the provision of services
there are special provisions in the contract
accommodation [km'de()n]
, ,
hotel accommodation
to book accommodation
they were living in temporary

accommodation
gross weight
( )
gross national product
gross value
gross pay
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Page 42
gratuity [gr'tjut]
, ,
an end-of-contract gratuity of 20% of the total

pay received
20%

fine for illegal parking
to impose / levy a fine on
to pay a fine
The driver was fined for dangerous driving.
Employers can be fined
unsolicited [ns'lstd]
unsolicited comments
unsolicited emails
urgent need ['()nt]
urgent subject
an urgent demand for more state funding
she needs urgent treatment
acknowledgement [k'nlmnt]
public acknowledgment
he received an award in acknowledgement of

his work

brief acknoledgement
rush work[r]
gold rush
there is no rush
rushed answer
many people rushed for the bus
I dont want to rush you into this
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Page 43
eventually ['venul]
, ;
eventually, after midnight, I arrived at the

hotel
the river eventually enters the sea
, ,
to extend [k'stend]
extensive [k'sten(t)sv]
extensively [k'sten(t)svl]
, ,
, ,
The border extends to the river.
The plateau extends for many miles.
We extended the fence to the edge of our

property.
an extensive garden
an extensive collection of silver
They were extensively used for transportation
erect
to erect
she stood erect with her arms by her sides
the guest house was erected in the eighteenth

century
18-
the police had erected roadblocks
bridge was erected
to grow grain
to store grain
grain of steel plate
cider ['sad]
a bottle of cider
apple cider
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Page 44
abundant ['bndnt]
abundance ['bndn(t)s]
the riverbanks were abundant in beautiful

wild plants
abundant supply of coal
to be abundant = to be in abundance
There is an abundant supply of cheap labour.
horn of abundance
Food was in abundance.
upstream [p'strim]
among the goods coming upstream were

sugar, tea, coffee
, ,

,
,
wharf [wf] - wharves
at / on a wharf
The ship was tied up at a wharf
crowd [kraud]
crowded ['kraudd]
a huge crowd gathered in the street outside
another face in the crowd
crowded streets
, ;
crowded bus
life crowded with great events
a lone motor cruiser rumbled upstream
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Page 45
patent ['pet()nt]
1) 2) ,
to patent
patent medicine
patent law
he got a patent
an invention is not your own until it is

patented
blast furnace ['fns]
coal furnace
gas furnace
I could hardly distinguish anything in the

morning mist.
we must distinguish between two kinds of

holiday
what distinguishes sport from games?
the child is perfectly capable of

distinguishing reality from fantasy
apprentice ['prents]
apprenticeship ['prentsp]
, , ()
an apprentice electrician
an apprentice barman
the company once offered apprenticeships
coke is derived from coal
coke furnace
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Page 46
delay [d'le]
to delay
they delayed no longer
the train was delayed
I set off without delay
a two-hour delay
to cast a shadow on smth. [kst]
-.
to cast a stone
to cast steel
to cast machine parts
remarkable [r'mkbl]
remarkably [r'mkbl]
It's remarkable to see such clean streets
a remarkable coincidence
remarkably, I finished ahead of schedule
they got on remarkably well
work on roads
he funded the bridge
the World Bank refused to fund the project
an oil painting
engraving machine
glass engraving
wild plants flourish on the banks of the lake
the organization has continued to flourish
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Page 47
pedestrian crossing
a pedestrian bridge
some people buy boats and cars to display their

wealth
the countrys mineral wealth
the tables and maps contain a wealth of

information
wealth of hair
wealth of experience
assume ['s(j)um]
1) 2)
let us assume that ...
, ...
The entire length of our route is assumed to

be about thirty-two miles.
topics which assume detailed knowledge of

local events
they were assumed to be foreign
he assumed full responsibility for all

organizational work
assumption ['smp()n]
false assumption
implicit assumption
reasonable assumption
to make an assumption
rough sketch
biographical sketch
a charcoal sketch
watercolor sketch
as they talked, Modigliani began to sketch her
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Page 48
the floor tilted slightly
he tilted his head to one side
shed, shed, shed
to shed new light
()
So much blood has been shed in this war.
numerous ['njum()rs]
numerous artists
she complained to the council on numerous

occasions
to contradict [kntr'dkt]
Your actions contradict your words.
he did not contradict her but just said nothing ,

the existing layout of the city contradicted the

logic of the new centre
the proposed new system suffers from a set of
internal contradictions
the paradox of using force to overcome force is

a real contradiction
,
-
the second sentence appears to be in flat

contradiction of the first
the experiment provides a contradiction of

the hypothesis
meanwhile [min'wal]
Jim went to answer the phone. Meanwhile

Pete started to prepare lunch.
,
.
The incomes of male professionals went up by

almost 80%. Meanwhile, women workers saw
their earnings fall.
80 %,
.
meanwhile, I will give you a prescription for

some pills
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Page 49
apparently ['pr()ntl]
the child nodded, apparently content with the

promise
sketch had apparently been torn from the

book
The artist depicted him strolling through a

garden.
They depicted the situation to us in great

detail.
these equations may be depicted on a graph
to tear, tore, torn [te]
to tear up a letter
he tore up the floorboards
attractive ['trktv]
the offer is very attractive to us
attractive girl
attractive smile
to presume [pr'zjum]
I presume, you've had a previous insurer?

the argument presumes that only one person
can do the work

?
,

presumably [pr'zjumbl]
, -
it was not yet ten oclock, so presumably the

boys were still at the pub
10, , ,

presumption [pr'zmp()n]
underlying presumptions about human

nature
the presumption of innocence
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Page 50
to claim [klem]
1) 2)
claim
1) 2) 3)
the Prime Minister claimed that he was

concerned about Third World debt
- ,

if no one claims the items, they will become

Crown property
to lay a claim to
the court had denied their claims to asylum
to take a bet
She made a bet that her team would win.
, .
Are you going to bet on the white horse?
shallow sea
shallow pan
being fairly shallow, the water was warm
a shallow analysis of contemporary society
the dome of St Pauls Cathedral
the dome of the sky
shaped like a dome
slope [slup]
, ,
he slithered helplessly down the slope
the winds blow down the slopes
the roof should have a slope sufficient for

proper drainage
fossil ['fs()l]
fossil plants
sites rich in fossils
a fossil fish
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Page 51
treaty ['trit]
the two Presidents signed a ten-year treaty
10
in 1959 the treaty was signed
1959
to strike (struck, struck)
to strike him a blow
He struck me by his knowledge.
to strike a match
he was struck by a car in Whitepark Road
sheer []
, ,
sheer folly
It was a sheer accident
she giggled with sheer delight
marvellous ['mv()ls]
It's marvellous to have a day off.
, !
you have done a marvellous job
to persuade [p'swed]
( -.)
He failed / didn't manage to persuade me
Try to persuade him to come.
I felt persuaded
it wasnt easy, but I persuaded him to do the

right thing
persuasive [p'swesv]
persuasive arguments
an informative and persuasive speech
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Page 52
underestimate [nd()r'estmet]
don't underestimate me!
he government has grossly underestimated

the extent of the problem
he had underestimated the new President
overestimate [uv()r'estmet]
Like most self-taught men he overestimated

the value of an education.
,
.
his influence cannot be overestimated
ape [ep]
to go ape
ape is a large primate that lacks a tail
ant [nt]
ant is a small insect typically having a sting
- ,
ant hill
whereas [we'rz]
you treat the matter lightly, whereas I myself

was never more serious
favour ['fev]
they favour one side
The wind favoured us.
natural selection has favoured bats
please favour me with an answer
he was accused of showing favour to one of the

players
Ive come to ask you a favour
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Page 53
drawback ['drbk]
it has benefits and drawbacks
the main drawback of this car is the cost
liaison [l'ez()n]
lack of liaison between the various

departments
to maintain liaison
to liaison with internal departments
he works in close liaison with the reception

office
initially ['n()l]
initially, he thought the new concept was

nonsense
initially employed for 3 month probation

period
computation [kmpju'te()n]
methods of computation
statistical computations
to envy ['env]
to feel envy
to envy a wealthy man
enviable ['envbl]
enviable record
the firm is in the enviable position
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Page 54
plumbing ['plm]
you may be able to get a grant to install proper

plumbing and bathrooms
, ,

the kitchen has a gas cooker point and

plumbing for an automatic washing machine
the work of installing and maintaining a
plumbing system:
the magazine gives a guide to the tools needed

for home plumbing
consent [kn'sent]
to consent
by mutual consent
your details will not be passed to the client

without your prior consent
no change may be made without the consent

of all the partners
She consented to marry him.
quotation [kw'te()n]
a quotation from Mark Twain
1) 2) ,
ensure you receive a written quotation

covering all aspects of the job
to prepare quotations
tertiary education = higher education
secondary education = high school education
primary education
special occasion
on numerous occasions
to have an occasion
to take an occasion
www.kuzina.me
Page 55
shrink, shrank, shrunk
, , ( )
the workforce shrank to a thousand
non-shrink jeans
she wore a sweater which had shrunk slightly
The facts are plain to see.
It's plain to everyone that she will never

return.
, .
plain home-cooked meals
everyone dined at a plain wooden table
a plain fabric
( )
stunning blow
stunning reproductions
she looked stunning
avid for reading
an avid climber
an avid hiker
rational nutrition
a guide to good nutrition
a feeding tube gives her nutrition and water
the team is unbeatable
bikes at unbeatable prices
views from the patio are unbeatable
www.kuzina.me
Page 56
to greet [grit]
some of the customers greeted the barman in

Gaelic
everyone greeted this idea warmly
Sam threw open the door and was greeted by

a cacophony of noise
cordial greetings
warm greetings
official greetings
to defer [d'f]
to defer payments
they deferred the decision until February
the judge deferred sentence
he has deferred a year of study
counselling
family counselling
academic counselling service
counsellor ['kaun(t)s()l]
marriage counsellor
to award ['wd]
, ,
he was awarded the Military Cross
a 3.5 per cent pay rise was awarded to staff
3,5%
the company was awarded a contract
the companys annual award for high-quality

service
the award of an honorary doctorate
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Page 57
legal advice
legal aid bureau
legal capacity
legal system
onward ['nwd]
onward movement
onward travel
the business moved onward and upward
standing ['stnd]
; ,
their standing in the community
a man of high social standing
standing among the voters
a lawyer of high standing
advanced standing
assignment ['sanmnt]
a homework assignment
individual assignment
difficult assignment
special assignment
replenish [r'plen]
he replenished Justins glass with mineral

water
all creatures need sleep to replenish their

energies
Allow me to replenish your glass with some

more wine.
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Page 58
muddle ['mdl]
to muddle
, ;
he finances were in a muddle
a bureaucratic muddle
to muddle water
to muddle cocktail
to muddle time
irritation [r'te()n]
to irritate
irritability [rt'blt]
to express irritation at smth.
-.
to feel irritation with smb.
-.
much to my irritation, Chris fell asleep
the minor irritations of life
his tone irritated her
symptoms include insomnia and irritability
significant [sg'nfknt]
, ,
a significant increase in sales
she gave him a significant look

significant achievement
significant changes
to play a significant part
their situation is significantly different from

ours
energy bills have increased significantly this

year
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Page 59
to disrupt [ds'rpt]
disruption [ds'rp()n]
, , ;
to disrupt radio communication
flooding disrupted rail services
sleep disruption
there had been no delays or disruptions to

flights
vulnerable ['vln()rbl]
we were in a vulnerable position
small fish are vulnerable to predators
they are vulnerable to infection
anxiety [(g)'zat]
, , ,
to feel anxiety about smth.
- -.
he felt a surge of anxiety
to relieve one's anxiety
-.
deep anxiety
My greatest anxiety was the development of

the new software.
sequence ['sikwn(t)s]
; ;
sequence of moves
in chronological sequence
in sequence
slumber ['slmb]
; ,
to slumber
dreamful slumber
deep slumber
Sleeping Beauty slumbered in her forest

castle
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Page 60
beneath [b'ni]
a 2.5-mile tunnel beneath the Alps
2,5
shes in love with a man who is rather beneath

her
his eyes moved beneath closed lids
to sit beneath a tree
beneath criticism
to consume [kn'sjum]
consumer
consumption [kn'sm(p)()n]
people consume a good deal of sugar in drinks

this process consumes enormous amounts of
energy
consumer demand
Scandinavians are the largest consumers of

rye
industrialised countries should reduce their

energy consumption
a daily consumption of 15 cigarettes
15
www.kuzina.me

Vocabulary For IELTS

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Vocabulary For IELTS

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Vocabulary for IELTS

They drove towards the German frontier

country retreat in Ireland

He stared straight ahead.

the relaxed ambience of the cocktail lounge is

the liquid is stored at below ambient

the technological sophistication of their

cater for ['ket]

the school caters for children