FACULTY : ENGINEERING

TECHNOLOGY
DEPAERTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: LEVELLING
(ESTABLISH TBM)

EDITION:
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT DATE:

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND GEOMATIC

ENGINEERING
LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS
COURSE CODE
EXPERIMENT NO.

MG02

EXPERIMENT TITLE

Levelling (Establish TBM)

DATE
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LECTURER/ INSTRUCTOR/ TUTOR

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2)

DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION

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LABORATORY REPORT

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INTRODUCTION:

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PROCEDURE:

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RESULTS & CALCULATIONS

/15%

ANALYSIS
DISCUSSIONS:
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS:
CONCLUSION:

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FACULTY : ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY
DEPAERTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: LEVELLING
(ESTABLISH TBM)

EDITION:
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT DATE:

STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to
not accept or provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in
it is true.

1) Group Leader
Name
:
Matrix No. :

__________________________________________(Signature)
__________________________________
__________________________________

2) Group Member 1
Name
:
Matrix No :

__________________________________________(Signature)
__________________________________
___________________________________

3) Group Member 2
Name
:
Matrix No. :

__________________________________________(Signature)
__________________________________
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FACULTY : ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY
DEPAERTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: LEVELLING
(ESTABLISH TBM)

EDITION:
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT DATE:

1.0 INTRODUCTION :
Vertical Control in the general terms applied to say of the various processes each elevation of
by points or differences in the elevation are determined. It is vital operation in producing
necessary data for mapping, engineering design, and construction.

2.0 AIM :
To fly reduced level from known point (Benchmark or Temporary Benchmark) to unknown
point.

3.0 EQUIPMENTS :

8.1 Level and Tripod (1 set)

8.2 Staff (2 sets)
8.3 Staff bubble (2 sets)

4.0 FIELD PROCEDURES :

9.1 Observation and Procedures
1

9.1.1 A series of measurements of level loop were considered as shown in figure 3.3
9.1.2 BM A was started first, so the first reading measurement from Setup 1 was a back
sight to BM A, and the second reading was a foresight to CP1 known as a change Point.
9.1.3 The levelling staff then remains at CP1, while the instruments were moved to Setup
2. The sight reading to CP1 and foresight reading to CP2 and so on were taken.
9.1.4 Eventually, a Setup 4, a back sight reading was made to CP3, and foresight reading
to A.
9.1.5 The traverse was then closed. This allows a check on the levels, since the sum of
total loop changes in level should be zero.

9.2
Booking Procedures
9.2.1 The Rise and Fall Method
Figure 3.3: A sample of leveling loop

The terms that

are commonly used in the Rise and Fall Method are:

BS = Back sight
FS = Foresight
IS == Intermediate Sight, and
RL = Reduced Level

9.3 Reduction (Calculation) Procedures

9.3.1 The surveys accuracy was checked and should be within tolerances given below or
suitable for the project. This check should be applied before one leaves the job.
9.3.2 The following check the arithmetic of ones level reductions and must be exact:
BS - FS = Rise - Fall
(BS) (FS) = RL (last BM) RL (start BM)
2

9.3.3 Misclosure should be:

(20K) mm, where K is the length of the traverse in km.
9.3.4 For example, misclosure is +30mm and the length of the loop is 0.7 km. Hence the
misclosure limit is 200.7 = 17 mm. Therefore, the misclosure of +30 mm is too big
(means that the levelling work is not accepted).

5.0 RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS

6.0

CALCULATION :

1.290
1.306
1.428

1.285

1.392

0.000

1.328

1.417

T=13.507

0.036

1.395

1.263

T=13.507

0.021

1.320

1.320

0.127

0.075

0.065

0.075

0.112

1.400

1.395

0.103

1.282

1.288

2.000

2.036

2.057

1.930

1.995

2.070

1.995

2.107

2.004

1.375

1.385

0.011

1.993

0.007

FALL

1.383

RISE

2.000

2.036

2.057

1.930

1.995

2.070

1.995

2.107

2.004

1.993

2.000

REDUCED
CORRECTION
RL ADJUSTED
LEVEL

1.386

FS
2.000

IS

1.376

BS

HoC

30

30

40

20

20

40

30

30

DIST

BM2=2.000

CP8

CP7

CP6

CP5

TBM2

CP4

CP3

CP2

CP1

BM2=2.000

REMARKS

Misclosure = (20

k )

0.254

= 20

= 10.07.
Total distance = 127 m
K

= Total distance 2
= 127 2
= 254 m.

Arithmetic checks ( necessary for checking the reduction )

(BS)

( FS )

(RISE)

= 13.507 km 13.507 km = 0 km

( FALL )

= 0.316 km 0.316 km = 0 km

LAST (RL) FIRST ( RL) = 2.000 m 2.000 m = 0 (ok)

7.0 DISCUSSION
During the process of levelling, precaution that needs to be considered while carrying out the
levelling includes,

The tripod must be in the stable state and the bubble at the level must be in the

centre.
While reading the measurements, make sure that the crosshair are visible.
Put a nail below the staff for more precise readings.
Put the level in its case before move to the next point.

The reading obtained did not contain any error. Therefore, the misclosure of the reading
is checked by calculating the limit of misclosure allowed.The formula of misclosure limit was

given by (20 D)mm , where D= length of traverse in km. The length of traverse of our set
up was 0.254km. The misclosure allowed is 10.07mm. The reading is acceptable.
The route we used for the levelling was from BM2 to TBM 2 and then back to BM 2. We had
marked down the spot we set up the levelling equipment and also the stuffs to make sure that the
reading obtained are more accurate.

8.0 CONCLUSION
The value of the misclosure that is 254 m indicates that our has been able to carry out the
levelling with a good accuracy and the value of

(BS)

( FS )

has been found as 0

km.

9.0 REFERENCES
http://www.levelling.uhi.ac.uk/tutorial1_9.html
W.SCHOFIELD , 2007 , Engineering Surveying ,

6th

Edition . Butterworth Heinemann :

Linacre House , Jordan Hill , Oxford OX 2 8DP , UK.