"CONTROLLED RECTIFIER SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE"

Control circuit by crossing with ramp, or a cosine.

Jesus Antonio Becerra Romero (1090554), Hery Jesus Caceres Toloza (1090105),
Meer Franklin Garca Acevedo (1090558)
Plan Electromechanical Engineering Studies
Faculty of Engineering
becerra.jesusantonio @ hotmail.com
jeket.caceres @ hotmail.com
cavasfes@hotmail.com

Abstract: The following report is the meeting of the knowledge acquired during the course of Power
Electronics I, reflected in the design of an alternative implementation of a single-phase rectifier, in which
there has been a full wave control through the cosine method, where it has taken into account the efficiency of
the system, then the parameters of design, planning and project implementation was observed.
Keywords: Shunt, Inverter, Pulse Width, comparator, control amp, power amp, Synchronizing, Load, Low
inductance.

I INTRODUCTION
T he AC / DC converters, also called rectifiers
produce a continuous output from an AC
input. Powered from an AC voltage single phase
or polyphase, allow current feeding the load
connected to its output.
Therefore, a rectifier is used whenever there is
need for continuous power while AC power is
available. Since electric power is usually
generated and distributed in alternating rectifiers
have a wide field of application.

OBJECTIVES II

Design and build a circuit for controlling the

conduction angle of the SCR, a single-phase fullwave rectifier bridge, the ramp-step (linear or
cosine) method. The load voltage must be
controlled with signal Vc varies between 0 and 10
V. a resistive-inductive load is used. To reduce the
risk of electric shock, a step-down transformer is
used 120/25V, 60 Hz for power circuit

III THEORETICAL

Principle of operation of single phase controlled

rectifier bridge.

Figure 1. (A) full-wave controlled rectifier bridge. (b) full-wave controlled rectifier with center tap transformer. (c) Check for a resistive load.

The average component of this waveform is

determined from:
A flexible method of controlling the output of a
full wave rectifier is replaced by diodes controlled
switches, such as SCR. The output is controlled
by adjusting the firing angle of each SCR,
resulting in an output voltage adjustable over a
limited range.

Equation 1

1
V o=

V m sin ( wt ) d ( wt ) =

2Vm
( cos )

In Figure 1, two controlled full wave rectifier

shown. The bridge rectifier, the Sl and S 2 SCRs
are polarized directly when the signal
generated dor is positive but not lead until the gate
signals
are
applied. Similarly, S3 and S4 be
polarized directly when the signal generator is
made negative, but not lead until they receive gate
signals.

Rectifier transformer with center tap is polarized

directly S1 when Vs is
positive and
S2 is
polarized directly when Vs is negative, but not
lead
until
they
receive
a
gate
signal. Similarly, S3 and S4 be polarized directly
when the signal generator is made negative, but
not lead until they receive gate signals.
Rectifier transformer with center tap is polarized
directly S1 when Vs is
positive and
S2 is
polarized directly when Vs is negative, but not
lead until they receive a gate signal. EI firing
angle . Is the angular interval between the
forward-biased SCR and the application of the
gate signal. If the firing angle is zero, rectifiers
behave exactly like uncontrolled diode rectifiers.

Therefore, the average output current is

Equation 2

I o=

Vo 2Vm
=
(cos )
R
R

The power delivered to the load is a function of

the input voltage, firing angle and load
components. To calculate the power in a resistive
load is used

P=(I rms )2 R , where

Equation 3

I
3( o)

1
I rms =

( I o )2 d (wt )

= + corriente discontinua

The effective current generator is equal to the

effective load current.

With Rl and a discontinuous load current is

required to make a different analysis.

For wt = 0 and zero load current, the T1 and T4

SCR bridge rectifier be directly polarized and T2
and
Figure 2. Discontinuos Current

T3 be polarized in reverse when the generator

voltage is made positive. T2 and T4 were
activated when they applied gate signals for wt =
. When T1 and T4 are turned on, the charging
voltage is equal to the voltage of the generator.For
this condition is identical to the circuit controlled
half-wave rectifier and the function of the current
will be
Equation 4

Vm
i o wt=
[sen ( wt )sen ( ) e
z
For

wt
w

wt

Where

Z = R 2+(wL)2
wL
=tan 1
R
L
=
R

( )

Analysis of the full-wave controlled rectifier in

the current discontinuous mode is identical to the
half-wave controlled rectifier, but the period of the
output current is radians instead of 2 radians.
Principle of operation of the control circuit, the
triggering of
SCR:

The function above current becomes zero at =

. If < + , the current will be zero until
= + at which gate signals to T2 and T3, that
will be biased directly and apply drive
start. Figure 4 illustrates this mode of operation,
called discontinuous stream:

a. Control circuit for cosine crossing

This circuit is called "cross firing circuit cosine"
and its block diagram can be represented by
Figure 3

Figure 3. Circuit Block diagram of cross firing cosine

V i ( wt )=V p cos ( wt )

Where Vm is the magnitude of the input signal

and Vp is the magnitude of the output signal of the
step-down transformer.
If the signal of equation (6) is reversed, then both
the "positive" signal and "negative" are
conditioned to have a direct offset voltage of the
same magnitude of the output signal of the
transformer, so the resulting output is above the
ground level, the signals are formed:
Equation 7

V 1 ( wt )=V p cos ( wt ) +V p

And
Equation 8

V 2 ( wt )=V p cos ( wt )+V p

And if the signal Vc control is made to vary only

in the range defined by 0 <Vc <Vp, so as to
ensure that by a circuit suitable comparison there
is always an intersection of these two signals and
Vc, then it can define that intersection through:
The principle of operation is to monitor the input
signal through a step-down transformer to obtain a
sample of the appropriate phase.
This shows the sinusoidal signal input:

Equation 9

V c =V p cos ( wt )+V p

Equation 5

V i ( wt )=V m sin ( wt )

And
Equation 10

Is derived for a cosine function. We now have to

exit out of date:
Equation 6

V c =V p cos ( wt ) +V p

So that if we only base equation (9), it follows that

if wt = a, which is the angle of activation of the
optocouplers, then we have the relationship of this
with Vc is given by:

V (t): cosine signal source or reduced

value synchronized ramp with the alternate source
of power.

Equation 11

=arcos

V c V p
Vp

Vc: variable DC signal control between 0 and 10

V, for driving theoretical angle varying between 0
and 180 degrees.
DESIGN
Then we will see step by step the circuit design.

If defined optocouplers turn triggering the SCR's,

and remember that the equation defining the
average value of the output signal of the converter
is:
Equation 12

cos
2V m
V cd =

Thus we can conclude that a circuit capable

of obtain required signals and detect the crossing
having cosine phase reference input signal,
provides a fully linear relationship of the output
voltage of a full-wave controlled rectifier, and a
voltage control signal.

a) Power.
For a transformer circuit used 120/25/12 5 V.
Operational amplifiers (LM 324) are to be fed
with 12 volts which requires a voltage divider is
made to ensure maximum excursion transformer
further comparison voltage will vary between 0
and 10 v.
b) Circuit for 90 phase shift
It requires that the cosine signal is therefore the
phase shift of 90 to the input through an RC
filter in slave mode is performed. The following
calculations were made:
Equation 13

V o ( wt ) =V i ( wt )

P LANNING
Equation 14
1

1. Starting proposed block diagram attached, was

asked to design a control circuit, using the
straight-line method or cosine, using discrete
analog components.

=2 tan ( 2 f o R3 C1 )
The value of C1 = 0.1 uF is assumed. Knowing
that fo = 60 Hz and
f = 90 , then:
Equation 15

tan
R3=

( 2 ) =26,53 k 27 k

V =Vin ( 1e )

2 f oC1

c) Adequacy of signal

Vc=Vin

If

It should have a signal excursion of 10 V, and Vc

varies between 0 and 10 V, therefore the
wavelength is halved and subtracted Vcc / 2 = 5 V,
which is made with a voltage divider .
As should have two pulses, one 180 out of phase
from the other, You must create a positive and a
negative signal, ie shifted 180 in the same
way. Therefore requires a inverter for the gap.

tg=10 S

If

1= 1e

But

e =1x

1=

d) Reference voltage
This continuous signal must vary between 0 and
10 V, so a 500K potentiometer used.

Then

=t=10 S

RC=10 S
e) Comparator
If

C=0.1 S

Two comparator circuits, one for the shot used in

wt = on comparing the output of the inverting
adder with the reference voltage and the other for
triggering in wt = p + a reference. The output
voltage is equal to Vcc during the time that V + is
higher than V-, so that a step signal is generated.
) Shunt
We must consider the design of this circuit for a
good pulse to be delivered to the SCR.
The capacitor leads until fully loaded, where open
and will not allow the passage of more current to
the resistance. It must:
Equation 16

=RC

R=100
g) Control Circuit
To isolate the control circuit used to power
MOC 3010 optocoupler. diodes between gate and
We placed cathode of SCR to protect it. Also
inserted a freewheeling diode in anti-parallel with
the load to reduce the negative peak discharge and
ensure the coil.

Two. Draw a block diagram that includes all

stages of the control circuit and power circuit.

Seal AC
reducida

Desfasador de
90

Sumadores
inversores y
no inversores

Comparador

Acople optico

Etapa de
potencia