CNL Lab Manual Full

INDEX
Sr. Page
No. Name of the Assignment No.
1 To learn & understand VB and WinSock Control. Develop a 1
client application using TCP & UDP protocols. Implement a
“Quote of the Day” Server
2 To learn & understand Internet Transfer Control in Visual 11
Basic.
To develop internet update program using Inet Control.
3 To learn & understand MAPI control. To develop a simple 20
Email application using MAPI control.
4 To learn & understand the basic concepts of web page 28
designing. To design web page using different types of tags.
5 To learn & understand XML DTD, XML Schema & XSLT. 31
To create XML DTD, XML document & XML Schema for an
application Use XSLT for formatting of XML document.
6 Learn & understand IIS/PWS/Apache server. To install and 51
configure IIS/PWS/Apache server. Study and use various
facilities/commands and features of IIS/PWS/Apache Server.
7 Develop a simple Web based application for joining report to 58
the new class. Use ASP to store the same information in
database & display the contents as per user request.
8 To learn & understand client side validation of web page. 72
9 Write a PHP Script that computes total cost of the ordered 77
items from assignment 4, after adding sales tax. The script will
show exactly what items have been ordered.
10 Write an application that should read a SQL query from the 80
user based on some database in say MySQL, call a PHP script
to process the query and display the results.
11 Write a program in C/C++ to implement an ECHO server, 88
using Socket programming with both TCP and UDP protocols.
12 Assignment to learn and understand Linux and/or Novel 96
Netware Network configurations and commands.
13 To study any protocol analyzer software (eg. LanExplorer) and 108
to learn, use its important features, Study of network
monitoring software like ETHREAL software.
14 Study of existing LAN and understand the design and various 109
components. Set up a small network of 3 to 4 computers and
Hub/Switch as directed by the instructor. Use LAN Card, UTP
Cables and Connectors. Install LAN Cards and Crimp the
connectors. Assign unique IP addresses and share C drive on
each machine. Test the network by using PING command. Use
protocol analyzer Software.
15 To learn and understand Windows 2003 server and it’s 110
associated domain operations, to configure RAS and DHCP, to
add users and computers to a domain
Assignment No: 1
Title: “Quote of the Day” Server using VB Winsock Control
OBJECTIVE:
1. To learn & understand VB and WinSock Control.

2. Develop a client application using TCP & UDP protocols.
3. Implement a “Quote of the Day” Server
Theory:
A WinSock control allows you to connect to a remote machine and

exchange data using either the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) or the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Both protocols can be used to create
client and server applications. Like the Timer control, the WinSock control
doesn't have a visible interface at run time.
Possible Uses
• Create a client application that collects user information before

sending it to a central server.
• Create a server application that function as a central collection point
for data from several users.
• Create a "chat" application.
Selecting a Protocol
When using the WinSock control, the first consideration is whether to use
the TCP or the UDP protocol. The major difference between the two lies in
their connection state:
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• The TCP protocol control is a connection-based protocol, and is
analogous to a telephone — the user must establish a connection
before proceeding.
• The UDP protocol is a connectionless protocol, and the transaction
between two computers is like passing a note: a message is sent from
one computer to another, but there is no explicit connection between
the two. Additionally, the maximum data size of individual sends is
determined by the network.
The nature of the application you are creating will generally determine
which protocol you select. Here are a few questions that may help you select
the appropriate protocol:
1. Will the application require acknowledgment from the server or client

when data is sent or received? If so, the TCP protocol requires an
explicit connection before sending or receiving data.
2. Will the data be extremely large (such as image or sound files)? Once
a connection has been made, the TCP protocol maintains the
connection and ensures the integrity of the data. This connection,
however, uses more computing resources, making it more
"expensive."
3. Will the data be sent intermittently, or in one session? For example, if
you are creating an application that notifies specific computers when
certain tasks have completed, the UDP protocol may be more
appropriate. The UDP protocol is also more suited for sending small
amounts of data.
Setting the Protocol
To set the protocol that your application will use: at design-time, on the
Properties window, click Protocol and select either sckTCPProtocol, or
sckUDPProtocol. You can also set the Protocol property in code, as shown
below:
Winsock1.Protocol = sckTCPProtocol
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Determining the Name of Your Computer
To connect to a remote computer, you must know either its IP address or its
"friendly name." The IP address is a series of three digit numbers
separated by periods (xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx). In general, it's much easier to
remember the friendly name of a computer.
To find your computer's name
1. On the Taskbar of your computer, click Start.

2. On the Settings item, click the Control Panel.
3. Double-click the Network icon.
4. Click the Identification tab.
5. The name of your computer will be found in the Computer name

box.
Once you have found your computer's name, it can be used as a value for the
RemoteHost property.
TCP Connection Basics
When creating an application that uses the TCP protocol, you must first
decide if your application will be a server or a client. Creating a server
means that your application will "listen," on a designated port. When the
client makes a connection request, the server can then accept the request and
thereby complete the connection. Once the connection is complete, the client
and server can freely communicate with each other. The following steps
create a rudimentary server:
To create a TCP server
1. Create a new Standard EXE project.

2. Change the name of the default form to frmServer.
3. Change the caption of the form to "TCP Server."
4. Draw a Winsock control on the form and change its name to
tcpServer.
5. Add two TextBox controls to the form. Name the first txtSendData,
and the second txtOutput.
6. Add the code below to the form.
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Private Sub Form_Load()
' Set the LocalPort property to an integer. Then invoke the Listen method.
tcpServer.LocalPort = 1001
tcpServer.Listen
frmClient.Show ' Show the client form.
End Sub
Private Sub tcpServer_ConnectionRequest _(ByVal requestID As Long)
' Check if the control's State is closed. If not, close the connection before
‘ accepting the new connection.
If tcpServer.State <> sckClosed Then _
tcpServer.Close
' Accept the request with the requestID parameter.
tcpServer.Accept requestID
End Sub
Private Sub txtSendData_Change()
' The TextBox control named txtSendData contains the data to be sent.
‘ Whenever the user types into the textbox, the string is sent using the
‘ SendData method.
tcpServer.SendData txtSendData.Text
End Sub
Private Sub tcpServer_DataArrival _(ByVal bytesTotal As Long)
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' Declare a variable for the incoming data.
' Invoke the GetData method and set the Text property of a TextBox named
‘ txtOutput to the data.
Dim strData As String
tcpServer.GetData strData
txtOutput.Text = strData
End Sub
The procedures above create a simple server application. However, to

complete the scenario, you must also create a client application.
To create a TCP client
1. Add a new form to the project, and name it frmClient.

2. Change the caption of the form to TCP Client.
3. Add a Winsock control to the form and name it tcpClient.
4. Add two TextBox controls to frmClient. Name the first txtSend, and
the second txtOutput.
5. Draw a CommandButton control on the form and name it
cmdConnect.
6. Change the caption of the CommandButton control to Connect.
Important Be sure to change the value of the RemoteHost property to the

friendly name of your computer.
' The name of the Winsock control is tcpClient.
' Note: to specify a remote host, you can use either the IP address (ex:
"121.111.1.1") or ' the computer's "friendly" name, as shown here.
tcpClient.RemoteHost = "RemoteComputerName"
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tcpClient.RemotePort = 1001
End Sub
Private Sub cmdConnect_Click()
' Invoke the Connect method to initiate a connection.
tcpClient.Connect
End Sub
Private Sub txtSend_Change()
tcpClient.SendData txtSend.Text
End Sub
Private Sub tcpClient_DataArrival _(ByVal bytesTotal As Long)
tcpClient.GetData strData
End Sub
The code above creates a simple client-server application. To try the two
together, run the project, and click Connect. Then type text into the
txtSendData TextBox on either form, and the same text will appear in the
txtOutput TextBox on the other form.
Accepting More than One Connection Request
The basic server outlined above accepts only one connection request.
However, it is possible to accept several connection requests using the same
control by creating a control array. In that case, you do not need to close the
connection, but simply create a new instance of the control (by setting its
Index property), and invoking the Accept method on the new instance.
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The code below assumes there is a Winsock control on a form named
sckServer, and that its Index property has been set to 0; thus the control is
part of a control array. In the Declarations section, a module-level variable
intMax is declared. In the form's Load event, intMax is set to 0, and the
LocalPort property for the first control in the array is set to 1001. Then the
Listen method is invoked on the control, making it the "listening control. As
each connection request arrives, the code tests to see if the Index is 0 (the
value of the "listening" control). If so, the listening control increments
intMax, and uses that number to create a new control instance. The new
control instance is then used to accept the connection request.
Private intMax As Long
intMax = 0
sckServer(0).LocalPort = 1001
sckServer(0).Listen
End Sub
Private Sub sckServer_ConnectionRequest _(Index As Integer, ByVal

requestID As Long)
If Index = 0 Then
intMax = intMax + 1
Load sckServer(intMax)
sckServer(intMax).LocalPort = 0
sckServer(intMax).Accept requestID
Load txtData(intMax)
End If
End Sub
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UDP Basics
Creating a UDP application is even simpler than creating a TCP application

because the UDP protocol doesn't require an explicit connection. In the TCP
application above, one Winsock control must explicitly be set to "listen,"
while the other must initiate a connection with the Connect method.
In contrast, the UDP protocol doesn't require an explicit connection. To send

data between two controls, three steps must be completed (on both sides of
the connection):
1. Set the RemoteHost property to the name of the other computer.

2. Set the RemotePort property to the LocalPort property of the second
control.
3. Invoke the Bind method specifying the LocalPort to be used. (This
method is discussed in greater detail below.)
Because both computers can be considered "equal" in the relationship, it

could be called a peer-to-peer application. To demonstrate this, the code
below creates a "chat" application that allows two people to "talk" in real
time to each other:
To create a UDP Peer

2. Change the name of the default form to frmPeerA.
3. Change the caption of the form to "Peer A."
4. Draw a Winsock control on the form and name it udpPeerA.
5. On the Properties page, click Protocol and change the protocol to
UDPProtocol.
6. Add two TextBox controls to the form. Name the first txtSend, and
the second txtOutput.
' The control's name is udpPeerA
With udpPeerA
' IMPORTANT: be sure to change the RemoteHost value to the name of
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‘ your computer.
.RemoteHost= "PeerB"
.RemotePort = 1001 ' Port to connect to.
.Bind 1002 ' Bind to the local port.
End With
frmPeerB.Show ' Show the second form.
End Sub
' Send text as soon as it's typed.
udpPeerA.SendData txtSend.Text
End Sub
Private Sub udpPeerA_DataArrival _(ByVal bytesTotal As Long)
udpPeerA.GetData strData
End Sub
To create a second UDP Peer
1. Add a standard form to the project.

2. Change the name of the form to frmPeerB.
3. Change the caption of the form to "Peer B."
4. Draw a Winsock control on the form and name it udpPeerB.
5. On the Properties page, click Protocol and change the protocol to
UDPProtocol.
6. Add two TextBox controls to the form. Name the TextBox txtSend,
and the second txtOutput.
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' The control's name is udpPeerB.
With udpPeerB
' IMPORTANT: be sure to change the RemoteHost
' value to the name of your computer.
.RemoteHost= "PeerA"
.RemotePort = 1002 ' Port to connect to.
.Bind 1001 ' Bind to the local port.
End With
End Sub
' Send text as soon as it's typed.
udpPeerB.SendData txtSend.Text
End Sub
Private Sub udpPeerB_DataArrival _(ByVal bytesTotal As Long)
udpPeerB.GetData strData
End Sub
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To try the example, press F5 to run the project, and type into the txtSend
TextBox on either form. The text you type will appear in the txtOutput
TextBox on the other form.
About the Bind Method
As shown in the code above, you must invoke the Bind method when
creating a UDP application. The Bind method "reserves" a local port for use
by the control. For example, when you bind the control to port number 1001,
no other application can use that port to "listen" on. This may come in useful
if you wish to prevent another application from using that port.
The Bind method also features an optional second argument. If there is more
than one network adapter present on the machine, the LocalIP argument
allows you to specify which adapter to use. If you omit the argument, the
control uses the first network adapter listed in the Network control panel
dialog box of the computer's Control Panel Settings.
When using the UDP protocol, you can freely switch the RemoteHost and
RemotePort properties while remaining bound to the same LocalPort.
However, with the TCP protocol, you must close the connection before
changing the RemoteHost and RemotePort properties.
Useful Winsock Functions:
• Winsock1.Listen: This function makes your Winsock control listen on

the LocalPort specified either with the function below or in the
properties for this control.
• Winsock1.LocalPort: This is the port where all incoming data arrives,
including connection requests
• Winsock1.Connect [HostIP], [RemotePort]: This will attempt to
connect to the HostIP on the RemotePort of that computer, which
should be what that computer is listening on. Both parameters are
optional.
• Winsock1.Accept [requestID]: This is how you accept a connection in
the Winsock_ConnectionRequest Event. You must put
Winsock1.Accept requestID.
• Winsock1.SendData [Data]: This is what you use to send data with
Winsock, you can send any time, but we recommend Strings with a
special Function to Process it. The only 2 logical data types to send
would be a Byte Array or a String.
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• Winsock1.GetData [Data], [Type], [MaxLen]: This is how you
receive all data from the Winsock control, Data = a variable, and Type
= vbString, vbInteger etc. MaxLen is optional. This can only be used
if data is sitting in the buffer, for instance using it in the
Winsock_DataArrival event is a very practical use.
• Winsock1.RemoteHostIP [IPAddress]: Use this to specify an IP
address to connect to ahead of time.
Procedure:
To create a TCP/UDP server
2. Draw two Winsock controls on the form, one for TCP & one for UDP.
3. Accept Client’s request.
4. If the request is for TCP, establish connection with Client.
5. According the client’s request, send the quote of the day.
6. If the request is UDP, send the quote of the day.
To create a TCP/UDP Client

2. Add a Winsock control to the form.
3. Allow client to select TCP or UDP Option.
4. Provide the name of the Server and the Port Number.
5. If Client selects “TCP” option, send connection request to server.
6. When the user clicks a button “Get the Quote”, the client will receive
the quote from the server.
7. If Client selects “UDP” option, &clicks a button “Get the Quote”, the
client will receive the quote from the server.
APPLICATIONS
1. Used to design the client server applications.
FAQS
1. What is difference between TCP & UDP protocol ?
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2. How to use “Winsock Control “?
Assignment No: 2
Title: “ Internet Update” program using Internet Transfer Control
OBJECTIVES:
1. To learn & understand Internet Transfer Control in Visual
Basic.
2. To develop internet update program using Inet Control.
Theory:
The Internet Transfer control implements two widely-used Internet

protocols: the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and the File Transfer
Protocol (FTP). Using the Internet Transfer control, you can connect to any
site that uses one of these protocols, and retrieve files using either the
OpenURL or Execute method.
Possible Uses
• To add an FTP browser to any application.

• To create an application that automatically downloads files from a
public FTP site.
• To parse a World Wide Web site for graphics references and
download the graphics only.
• To present a custom display of dynamic data retrieved from a Web
page.
Basic Operation
The functionality of the Internet Transfer control depends on the protocol

you wish to use. Because the two supported protocols work differently, the
operations you can perform depend on which protocol you are using. For
example, the GetHeader method only works with HTTP (HTML
documents).
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However, there are a few procedures that are common to both protocols.
Basically, in order to use either protocol, you must:
1. Set the AccessType property to a valid proxy server.

2. Invoke the OpenURL method with a valid URL.
3. Invoke the Execute method with a valid URL and command
appropriate to the protocol.
4. Use the GetChunk method to retrieve data from the buffer.
Setting the AccessType Property: Using a Proxy Server
In order to make any kind of connection to the Internet, you must determine
how your computer is connected to the Internet. If you are on an intranet,
you will probably be connected to the Internet via a proxy server.
In short, a proxy server is an intermediary between your computer and the

Internet. All computers on an intranet that need to connect to the Internet
must do so through a proxy server. Thus the proxy functions as a firewall
between the intranet and the Internet, discarding invalid end-user and
external requests, thereby protecting the intranet from hostile actions.
To find the proxy settings on your computer
Note The following steps apply only to Windows 95, Windows NT 4.0, or
later systems.
1. On the Taskbar of your computer, click Start.

2. On the Settings item, click the Control Panel.
3. Double-click the Internet icon.
4. On the Internet Properties dialog box, click Connection.
5. Under Proxy Server, confirm that the Connect Through a Proxy
Server check box is selected.
6. If it is selected, click Settings. The name of proxy servers you use for
various protocols will be found in the dialog box. If no proxy is
defined, contact your system administrator for available proxy servers.
If you intend to use a proxy other than that named in the dialog box, set the
AccessType property to icNamedProxy (2). Then set the Proxy property to
the name of the proxy, as shown in the code below:
Inet1.Proxy = "myProxyName"
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Inet1.AccessType = icNamedProxy
On the other hand, if you are content to use the default proxy (as determined
by your computer's registry), ignore the Proxy property, and simply set the
AccessType to icUseDefault (0).
The settings for AccessType are shown in the following table:
Constant Value Description

icUseDefault 0 (Default) Use Defaults. The control uses default
settings found in the registry to access the Internet.
icDirect 1 Direct to Internet. The control has a direct
connection to the Internet.
icNamedProxy 2 Named Proxy. Instructs the control to use the proxy
server specified in the Proxy property.
Invoke the OpenURL Method
After you set the AccessType property, the most basic operation is to use the
OpenURL method with a valid URL. When you use the OpenURL method,
the result will depend on the target URL. For example, the following URL
will return the HTML document found at www.microsoft.com:
' A TextBox control named Text1 contains the
' result of the method. The Internet Transfer
' control is named Inet1.
Text1.Text = Inet1.OpenURL("http://www.microsoft.com")
As a result, the TextBox control is filled with the HTML source, which may
resemble the figure below:
In this case, the default action was to return the HTML document located at
the URL. However, if the URL is modified to target a specific text file, the
actual file would be retrieved. For example, the following code:
Text1.Text = Inet1.OpenURL ("ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/disclaimer.txt")
would result in the actual text of the file, as shown below:
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Tip When you use either the OpenURL or Execute method, you need not
set the Protocol property. The Internet Transfer control will automatically set
itself to the correct protocol, as determined by the protocol portion of the
URL.
Finally, you can use the OpenURL method with a URL that includes
appended data. For example, many Web sites offer the ability to search a
database. To search, send a URL that includes the search criteria. For
example, the following code would use a search engine named "search.exe"
with the criteria "find=Maui."
Dim strURL As String
strURL = "http://www.megaphone43.com/cgi-bin/search.exe?find=maui
Text1.Text = Inet1.OpenURL (strURL)
If the search engine finds a match for the criteria, an HTML document
would be assembled and returned with the appropriate information.
Saving to a File Using the OpenURL Method
If you wish to save the data retrieved through the OpenURL method to a file,
use the Open, Put, and Close statements, as shown in the code below. This
example streams a binary file into a Byte array before saving the data to
disk:
Dim strURL As String
Dim bData() As Byte ' Data variable
Dim intFile As Integer ' FreeFile variable
strURL = "ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/Softlib.exe"
intFile = FreeFile() ' Set intFile to an unused file.
' The result of the OpenURL method goes into the Byte array, and the Byte
array is
‘ then saved to disk.
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bData() = Inet1.OpenURL(strURL, icByteArray)
Open "C:\Temp\Softlib.exe" For Binary Access Write As #intFile
Put #intFile, , bData()
Close #intFile
A similar procedure can be used to write a text file to disk, except no Byte
array is needed; the data is saved directly to the file:
Dim strURL As String ' URL string
Dim intFile As Integer ' FreeFile variable
IntFile = FreeFile()
strURL = "http://www.microsoft.com"
Open "c:\temp\MSsource.txt" For Output _
As #IntFile
Write #IntFile, Inet1.OpenURL(strURL)
Close #IntFile
Synchronous and Asynchronous Transmission
The OpenURL method results in a synchronous transmission of data. In this

context, synchronous means that the transfer operation occurs before any
other procedures are executed. Thus the data transfer must be completed
before any other code can be executed.
On the other hand, the Execute method results in an asynchronous

transmission. When the Execute method is invoked, the transfer operation
occurs independently of other procedures. Thus, after invoking the Execute
method, other code can execute while data is received in the background.
What does this mean for the user of the Internet Transfer control? In short,
using the OpenURL method results in a direct stream of data that you can
save to disk (as shown above), or view directly in a TextBox control (if the
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data was text). On the other hand, if you use the Execute method to retrieve
data, you must monitor the control's connection state using the StateChanged
event. When the appropriate state is reached, invoke the GetChunk method
to retrieve data from the control's buffer. This operation is discussed in
greater detail below.
Using the Execute Method with the FTP Protocol
The Execute method has four arguments: url, operation, data, and
requestHeaders. FTP operations take only the operation argument and the
url argument, which is optional. For example, to get a file from a remote
computer, you could use the following code:
Inet1.Execute "FTP://ftp.microsoft.com", "GET disclaimer.txt

C:\Temp\Disclaimer.txt"
If you are used to using FTP to retrieve files from anonymous FTP servers,
you will be familiar with certain commands used to navigate through server
trees, and to retrieve files to a local hard disk. For example, to change
directory with the FTP protocol, you would use the command "CD" with the
path of the directory you wish to change to.
For the most common operations, such as putting a file on a server and
retrieving a file from a server, the Internet Transfer control uses the same or
a similar command with the Execute method. For example, the following
code uses the "CD" command as an argument of the Execute method to
change directory:
' The txtURL textbox contains the path to open. The txtRemotePath textbox
contains
‘ the path to change to.
Inet1.Execute txtURL.Text, "CD " & txtRemotePath.Text
Note When using the Execute method with FTP commands, the data and
requestHeaders arguments are not used. Instead, all of the operations and
their parameters are passed as a single string in the operation argument;
parameters are separated by a space. In the descriptions below, do not
confuse the terms "file1" and "file2" with the data and requestHeaders
arguments.
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The syntax for FTP operations is:
operationName file1 file2
For example, to get a file, the following code includes the operation name
("GET"), and the two file names required by the operation:
' Get the file named Disclaimer.txt and copy it to the location
C:\Temp\Disclaimer.txt
Inet1.Execute, "GET Disclaimer.txt C:\Temp\Disclaimer.txt"
The following table lists the supported FTP commands of the control:
Operation Description Example

CD file1 Change Directory. Changes Execute , "CD docs\mydocs"
to the directory specified in
file1.
CDUP Change to Parent. Same as Execute , "CDUP"
"CD .."
DELETE file1 Deletes the file specified in Execute , "DELETE
file1. discard.txt"
DIR [ file1 ] Searches the directory Execute , "DIR /mydocs"
specified in file1. If file1
isn't supplied, the current
working directory is
searched. Use the GetChunk
method to return the data.
GET file1 file2 Retrieves the remote file Execute , _
specified in file1, and creates
a new local file specified in "GET getme.txt C:\gotme.txt"
file2.
MKDIR file1 Creates a directory as Execute , "MKDIR /myDir"
specified in file1. Success is
dependent on user privileges
on the remote host.
PUT file1 file2 Copies a local file specified Execute , _
in file1 to the remote host
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specified in file2.
"PUT C:\putme.txt /putme.txt"
PWD Print Working Directory. Execute , "PWD"
Returns the current directory
name. Use the GetChunk
method to return the data.
QUIT Terminate current Execute , "QUIT"
connection
RECV file1 file2 Same as GET. Execute , _
"RECV getme.txt C:\gotme.txt"

RENAME file1 Renames a file. Success is Execute ,
file2 dependent on user privileges
on the remote host. "RENAME old.txt new.txt"
RMDIR file1 Remove directory. Success Execute , "RMDIR oldDir"
is dependent on user
privileges on the remote
host.
SEND file1 Copies a file to the FTP site. Execute , _
(same as PUT.)
"SEND C:\putme.txt
/putme.txt"
SIZE file1 Returns the size of the file Execute "SIZE /largefile.txt"
specified in file1.
Important If your proxy server is a CERN proxy server, direct FTP

connections (using the Execute method) are disallowed. In that case, to get a
file, use the OpenURL method with the Open, Put, and Close statements, as
shown earlier in "Saving to a File Using the OpenURL Method." You can
also use the OpenURL method to get a directory listing by invoking the
method and specifying the target directory as the URL.
Using the Execute Method with the HTTP Protocol
The HTTP protocol allows client machines to request data from the server
using the GET, HEAD, POST, and PUT commands. These operations are
shown in the following table:
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Operation Description Example
GET Retrieves the file Execute "http://www.microsoft.com" & _
named in url.
"/default.htm", "GET"
HEAD Retrieves only the Execute , "HEAD"
headers of the file
named in the URL
property.
POST Provides Execute , "POST", strFormData
additional data to
support a request
to the remote host.
PUT Replaces data at Execute , "PUT", "replace.htm"
the specified URL.
The Common Gateway Interface and the Execute Method
Many World Wide Web sites offer the ability to search a database. This is
accomplished by using the HTTP protocol's ability to send queries using the
Common Gateway Interface (CGI).
It is not in the scope of this topic to explain the CGI; however, if you are
familiar with the CGI, you can use the Execute method to construct an
application that simulates the behavior of World Wide Web sites. For
example, the code below shows a typical CGI query string:
http://www.findThis2490.com/cgi-bin/find.exe?find=Hangzhou
This same query could be sent using the Execute method as shown below:
Dim strURL As String, strFormData As String
strURL = "//www.findThis2490.com/cgi-bin/find.exe"
strFormData = "find=Hangzhou"
Inet1.Execute strURL, "POST", strFormData
If you are expecting a result back from a server (as in the example above),
you must use the GetChunk method to retrieve the resulting HTML
document.
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Using the State Event with the GetChunk Method
When you are downloading data from a remote computer, an asynchronous

connection will be made. For example, using the Execute method with the
operation "GET", will cause the server to retrieve the requested file. When
the entire file has been retrieved, the State argument will return
icResponseCompleted (12). At that point, you can use the GetChunk method
to retrieve the data from the buffer. This is shown in the example below:
Private Sub Inet1_StateChanged(ByVal State As Integer)
Dim vtData As Variant ' Data variable.
Select Case State
' ... Other cases not shown.
Case icResponseCompleted ' 12
' Open a file to write to.
Open txtOperation For Binary Access _
Write As #intFile
' Get the first chunk. NOTE: specify a Byte
' array (icByteArray) to retrieve a binary file.
vtData = Inet1.GetChunk(1024, icString)
Do While LenB(vtData) > 0
Put #intFile, , vtData
' Get next chunk.
vtData = Inet1.GetChunk(1024, icString)
Loop
Put #intFile, , vtData
23
Close #intFile
End Select
End Sub
Logging on to FTP Servers
FTP servers come in two flavors: public and private. Public servers, as
suggested by the name, are open to anyone. Private servers, on the other
hand, won't let you log on unless you are a bona fide user of the server. In
either case, the FTP protocol demands that you supply a user name and a
password. The two are used to authenticate a user and allow (or disallow)
subsequent actions.
To log on to public servers the common practice is to log in as

"anonymous," (UserName = "anonymous") and send your e-mail name as
the password. However this process is simplified even further with the
Internet Transfer control. By default, if you do not supply UserName and
Password property values, the control sends "anonymous" as your
UserName, and your e-mail name for the Password.
If you are logging on to a private server, simply set the UserName,

Password, and URL properties as appropriate, and invoke the Execute
method, as shown in the example below:
With Inet1
.URL = "ftp://ftp.someFTPSite1020.com"
.UserName = "John Smith"
.Password = "mAuI&9$6"
.Execute ,"DIR" ' Returns the directory.
.Execute ,"CLOSE" ' Close the connection.
End With
After you have invoked the Execute method, the FTP connection will remain
open. You can then continue to use the Execute method to perform other
24
FTP operations such as CD and GET. When you have completed the
session, close the connection using the Execute method with the CLOSE
operation. You can also close the connection automatically by changing the
URL property, and invoking either the OpenURL or Execute method; such
action will close the current FTP connection, and open the new URL.
Procedure:

2. Add an Inet control to the form.
3. Send ftp request with anonymous FTP login.
4. Get the files from ftp server.
5. Check for new version of existing files.
6. If it is available then update the files.
APPLICATIONS
1. Used to develop applications related to file transfer.
FAQS
1. What are the different methods & properties of Inet control ?
2. Can we use Winsock Control instead of Inet control for Internet

Update ?
3. How to use Inet control for file transfer ?
25
Assignment No: 3
Title: Email Application
OBJECTIVES:
1. To learn & understand MAPI control.

2. To develop a simple Email application using MAPI control.
Theory:
The messaging application program interface (MAPI) controls allow you to

create mail-enabled Visual Basic applications. MAPI is a set of core system
components that seamlessly connect any mail-enabled or workgroup
application to MAPI-compliant information services. For example, the
Microsoft Exchange messaging system can be connected to most private or
public e-mail systems through the use of MAPI drivers.
In Visual Basic, the MAPI controls are used to interact with the underlying
message subsystem. To use these controls, you must first install a MAPI-
compliant e-mail system like Microsoft Exchange. The underlying
messaging services are provided by the workgroup environment — the
Microsoft Exchange Server running under Windows 95 (or later) or
Windows NT, for instance.
Using the MAPI controls involves two steps: establishing a MAPI session
and then using various properties and methods to access and manage an
individual Inbox. For example, create and send a message, include a file
attachment, verify the recipient's address against the e-mail system's address
book, etc.
The MAPISession control signs on and establishes a MAPI session. It is also

used to sign off from a MAPI session. The MAPIMessages control contains
all the properties and methods needed to perform the messaging system
functions described above.
The MAPI controls are invisible at run time. In addition, there are no events
for the controls. To use them you must set the appropriate properties or
specify the appropriate methods.
26
Note If you attempt to run a program that uses the MAPI controls, make
sure that you have the 32-bit MAPI DLLs installed properly or you may not
be able to perform MAPI functions such as SignOn. For example, on
Windows 95 or later, you must install Exchange during the operating system
setup, or install it separately from the control panel to correctly use MAPI
functions.
Possible Uses
• To add messaging functionality to your application.

• To create a full-featured electronic mail application.
Using the MAPISession control
The MAPISession control is used to sign in and out of a MAPI session.

Assuming that MAPI services are present, logging in with the MAPISession
control is merely a matter of providing a registered user name and password.
The MAPISession control will determine the electronic mail settings
specified in the operating system and invoke the underlying message
subsystem (the mail server).
The MAPISession control
Setting MAPISession Properties
You can set the MAPISession properties at design time using the
MAPISession Property Pages. Right-click the MAPISession control and
click Properties to display the Property Pages dialog box.
Setting the MAPISession properties at design time
The UserName and Password properties are used to provide a valid sign-on
to the underlying messaging system. You can either set these properties at
design time or prompt the user at run time. Setting the LogonUI property to
True will provide the user with the sign-on dialog box of the underlying mail
system. If such a dialog box does not exist, this property will be ignored.
You can create a custom dialog box to prompt the user for this information.
The NewSession property specifies whether a new mail session should be

established. If a valid session is already established, setting the NewSession
property will allow two sessions to run concurrently.
27
The DownloadMail property specifies whether the user's mail will be
downloaded at the beginning of the current session automatically. Setting
this value to True will download all the user's mail to their Inbox. Depending
upon the mail system and the amount of incoming mail, this can be a
processing-intensive operation. By setting this property to False, the user can
choose to download mail at a later time or set the interval at which mail is
automatically downloaded.
The SignOn and SignOff Methods
Once the UserName and Password properties have been set, use the SignOn
method at run time to begin the MAPI session.
For example:
mpsSession.SignOn
When the session is established, the session handle is stored in the

SessionID property. Depending upon the value of the NewSession property,
the session handle may refer to a newly created session or an existing
session.
To end the session uses the SignOff method.
Note The Action property can also be used to sign in and out of a MAPI
session. It is recommended, however, that you use the SignOn and SignOff
methods instead. The Action property is included for compatibility with
earlier versions of Visual Basic.
The SessionID Property
When the SignOn method is used to successfully establish a messaging

session, the SessionID property will return a unique messaging session
handle. The SessionID value will be used by the MAPIMessages control to
create an association with a valid messaging session. By default, this value is
0.
28
Using the MAPIMessages Control
Once you've logged into a messaging session using the MAPISession

control, you use the MAPIMessages control to receive, send, or read
messages from the Inbox, which was specified at sign-on time.
The MAPIMessages control provides you with properties and methods to

perform basic electronic mail tasks. For example, composing a message,
addressing it to a recipient, verifying that the recipient's address is valid, or
attaching a file.
The MAPIMessages control
In most cases, the MAPIMessage control is used to provide e-mail

capabilities to certain functions within an application. For example, you may
want to send a notification message to a workgroup alias after your
application has automatically created a report. In other words, you can add
e-mail capabilities to your application, without creating full-fledged e-mail
applications.
You can, however, use the MAPI controls to create very powerful mail-
enabled and workgroup applications.
Associating SessionID Properties
The SessionID property of the MAPIMessages control contains the

messaging session handle returned by the SessionID property of the
MAPISession control. To associate the MAPIMessages control with a valid
messaging session, set this property to the SessionID of a MAPISession
control that was successfully signed on. For example:
mpmMessage.SessionID = mpsSession.SessionID
This association to a valid MAPI session must be made before you can
access messages and begin working with the MAPIMessages control.
Accessing Messages
Successfully logging into a MAPI session accesses the Inbox of the

registered user specified by the UserName and Password properties of the
29
MAPISession control. The Inbox is the message store. When the Inbox is
opened two buffers are created: the compose buffer and the read buffer.
The read buffer is made up of an indexed set of messages fetched from the
user's Inbox. The MsgIndex property is used to access individual messages
within this set, starting with a value of 0 for the first message and
incrementing by one for each message through the end of the set.
The message set is built using the Fetch method. The set includes all
messages of type FetchMsgType and is sorted as specified by the
FetchSorted property. The value of the FetchMsgType property is controlled
by the underlying message system. The FetchSorted property can be set to
add messages to the message set (read buffer) in the order they are received
or in the order specified by the user's Inbox. Previously read messages can
be included or left out of the message set with the FetchUnreadOnly
property.
Messages in the read buffer can't be altered by the user, but can be copied to
the compose buffer for alteration.
Messages are created or edited in the compose buffer. The compose buffer is
active when the MsgIndex property is set to –1. Many of the messaging
actions are valid only within the compose buffer, such as sending messages,
saving messages, or deleting recipients and attachments.
30
Composing and Managing Messages
Method Description
Compose Composes a new message
Copy Copies the currently indexed message to the compose
buffer
Delete Deletes a message, recipient, or attachment
Fetch Creates a message set from selected messages in the
Inbox
Forward Forwards a message
Reply Replies to a message
ReplyAll Replies to all message recipients
Save Saves the message currently in the compose buffer
Send Sends a message
Managing messages is the primary function of the MAPIMessages control.
Composing, sending, receiving, and deleting messages are performed by
using methods that correspond to these basic functions (compose, copy,
delete, etc.). The following table lists the MAPIMessages methods that
specifically apply to messages:
To perform an action on an individual message, it must first be selected

using the MsgIndex property. The message identified by the MsgIndex
property is called the currently indexed message.
None of the other message properties can be set until a message is selected
with the MsgIndex property. The index number can range from –1 to
MsgCount –1 (the MsgCount property returns the total number of messages
in the message set.) When a new message is created, the value of the
MsgIndex property is set to –1.
Composing a Message
Use the Compose method to create a new message. When the Compose
method is used, the compose buffer is cleared and the MsgIndex property is
set to –1.
'Compose new message
31
mpmMessage.Compose
Completing a message involves several steps: determining the recipient of

the message, choosing a subject title, and writing the message.
Addressing the Message
To set the recipient's name and address, use the RecipDisplayName and the
RecipAddress properties. The RecipDisplayName is the proper name of the
recipient, for example, "Richard Tull". The RecipAddress property contains
the recipient's e-mail address: "richtull", for example.
'Address message
mpmMessage.RecipDisplayName = "Richard Tull"
mpmMessage.RecipAddress = "richtull"
Addresses for recipients outside the local workgroup (a message sent to

someone at another company via the Internet, for example) require a
complete Internet e-mail address: "richtull@littlemag.com".
Verifying the Recipient's Name
The recipient's name is verified when the message is sent by checking it

against the list of registered users in the e-mail system, using the
ResolveName method. Name verification for recipients outside the local
workgroup is handled in various ways by the underlying message system.
The following example resolves the recipient's valid e-mail name by

invoking the ResolveName method and setting the AddressResolveUI
property to True.
' Resolve recipient name
mpmMessage.AddressResolveUI = True
mpmMessage.ResolveName
The AddressResolveUI property can be set to either display a details dialog

box (True) or generate an error (False) when an ambiguous or invalid
32
recipient address is encountered when the message is sent. The details dialog
box will offer you an alternative address if a close match is found.
The Message Subject and Text
The MsgSubject property specifies the subject line for the message. You
may enter up to 64 characters, including the Null character.
The body of the message is contained in the MsgNoteText property. For

inbound messages, each paragraph is terminated with a carriage return-line
feed pair (vbCrLf). Outbound messages can be delimited with a carriage
return (vbCr), line feed (vbLf), or a carriage return-line feed pair.
'Create the message
mpmMessage.MsgSubject = "Status Report"
mpmMessage.MsgNoteText = "Build successful!"
Sending the Message Managing Messages
Many of the remaining properties and methods of the MAPIMessages

control can be used to manage messages just as you would in a full-featured
e-mail application.
By accessing messages in the read buffer you can sort, delete, or forward
one or a number of messages. The following table lists the properties you
can use to manage messages:
Property Description
MsgConversationID Specifies the conversation thread identification value
for the currently indexed message.
MsgCount Returns the total number of messages present in the
message set during the current messaging session.
33
MsgDateReceived Returns the date on which the currently indexed
message was received.
MsgID Returns the string identifier of the currently indexed
message.
MsgIndex Specifies the index number of the currently indexed
message.
MsgOrigAddress Returns the mail address of the originator of the
currently indexed message.
MsgOrigDisplayName Returns the originator's name for the currently
indexed message.
MsgRead Returns a Boolean _expression indicating whether
the message has already been read.
MsgReceiptRequested Specifies whether a return receipt is requested for
the currently indexed message.
MsgSent Specifies whether the currently indexed message has
already been sent to the mail server for distribution.
MsgType Specifies the type of the currently indexed message.
To send the message, use the Send Method. The Send method allows you to
send a message with or without user interaction. Setting the value to True
will display the compose message dialog box of the underlying e-mail
system (Microsoft Exchange, for example). Setting it to False will send the
message without displaying the compose message dialog. The following
example sends the message without prompting for user interaction:
'Send the message
mpmMessage.Send False
APPLICATIONS
2. Used to develop messaging applications.
FAQS
1. What are the different methods & properties of MAPI control ?
34
Assignment No: 4
Title: HTML Page
OBJECTIVES:
1. To learn & understand the basic concepts of web page

designing.
2. To design web page using different types of tags.
Theory:
What is an HTML File?
• HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

• An HTML file is a text file containing small markup tags
• The markup tags tell the Web browser how to display the page
• An HTML file must have an htm or html file extension
• An HTML file can be created using a simple text editor
HTML Tags
• HTML tags are used to mark-up HTML elements

• HTML tags are surrounded by the two characters < and >
• The surrounding characters are called angle brackets
• HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
• The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
• The text between the start and end tags is the element content
• HTML tags are not case sensitive, <b> means the same as <B>
HTML Text Formatting
HTML defines a lot of elements for formatting output, like bold or italic
text.
Text Formatting Tags

Tag Description
<b> Defines bold text
35
<big> Defines big text
<em> Defines emphasized text
<i> Defines italic text
<small> Defines small text
<strong> Defines strong text
<sub> Defines subscripted text
<sup> Defines superscripted text
<ins> Defines inserted text
<del> Defines deleted text
<s> Deprecated. Use <del> instead
<strike> Deprecated. Use <del> instead
<u> Deprecated. Use styles instead
HTML Tables :
Tables are defined with the <table> tag. A table is divided into rows (with
the <tr> tag), and each row is divided into data cells (with the <td> tag). The
letters td stands for "table data," which is the content of a data cell. A data
cell can contain text, images, lists, paragraphs, forms, horizontal rules,
tables, etc.
Table Tags
Tag Description
<table> Defines a table
<th> Defines a table header
<tr> Defines a table row
<td> Defines a table cell
<caption> Defines a table caption
<colgroup> Defines groups of table columns
<col> Defines the attribute values for one or more columns in a table
<thead> Defines a table head
<tbody> Defines a table body
<tfoot> Defines a table footer
36
With HTML you can display images in a document.
Image Tags
Tag Description
<img> Defines an image
<map> Defines an image map
<area> Defines a clickable area inside an image map
HTML Forms and Input
HTML Forms are used to select different kinds of user input.
Forms
A form is an area that can contain form elements.
Form elements are elements that allow the user to enter information (like
text fields, textarea fields, drop-down menus, radio buttons, checkboxes,
etc.) in a form.
Form Tags
Tag Description
<form> Defines a form for user input
<input> Defines an input field
<textarea> Defines a text-area (a multi-line text input control)
<label> Defines a label to a control
<fieldset> Defines a fieldset
<legend> Defines a caption for a fieldset
<select> Defines a selectable list (a drop-down box)
<optgroup> Defines an option group
<option> Defines an option in the drop-down box
<button> Defines a push button
<isindex> Deprecated. Use <input> instead
Procedure:
Design said form using required tags.
37
APPLICATIONS
1.Used to design the web pages for web-based applications.
FAQS
1. What are the different types of tags supported by HTML ?

2. What are the different issues used to design a web page ?
3. Whether the components of a web page affects the speed of
access? How ?
Assignment No: 5
Title: XML DTD & XML Schema
OBJECTIVES:
1. To learn & understand XML DTD, XML Schema & XSLT.
2. To create XML DTD, XML document & XML Schema for

an application.
3. Use XSLT for formatting of XML document.
Theory:
38
XML was designed to describe data and to focus on what data is. HTML
was designed to display data and to focus on how data looks.
What is XML?
• XML stands for EXtensible Markup Language

• XML is a markup language much like HTML
• XML was designed to describe data
• XML tags are not predefined. You must define your own tags
• XML uses a Document Type Definition (DTD) or an XML Schema
to describe the data
• XML with a DTD or XML Schema is designed to be self-descriptive
• XML is a W3C Recommendation
How can XML be Used?
XML was designed to store, carry, and exchange data. XML was not
designed to display data.
XML can Separate Data from HTML
XML is used to Exchange Data
XML can be used to Share Data
XML can be used to Store Data

XML can make your Data more Useful
XML can be used to Create new Languages
XML Syntax
The syntax rules of XML are very simple and very strict. The rules are very
easy to learn, and very easy to use.
Because of this, creating software that can read and manipulate XML is very
easy.
An example XML document
XML documents use a self-describing and simple syntax.
<?xml versionfiltered="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
39
<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<XBODY>DON'T p weekend!<xbody>< this me forget>
</note>
The first line in the document - the XML declaration - defines the XML
version and the character encoding used in the document. In this case the
document conforms to the 1.0 specification of XML and uses the ISO-8859-
1 (Latin-1/West European) character set.
The next line describes the root element of the document (like it was saying:
"this document is a note"):
<note>
The next 4 lines describe 4 child elements of the root (to, from, heading, and
body):
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
And finally the last line defines the end of the root element:
</note>
Can you detect from this example that the XML document contains a Note
to Tove from Jani? Don't you agree that XML is pretty self-descriptive?
40
XML Elements
XML Elements are extensible and they have relationships.
XML Elements have simple naming rules.
XML Elements are Extensible
XML documents can be extended to carry more information.
Look at the following XML NOTE example:
<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
</note>
How to write an XML Document?
All XML elements must have a closing tag.
XML tags are case sensitive.
All XML elements must be properly nested.
41
All XML documents must have a root element.
Attribute values must always be quoted.
With XML, white space is preserved.
With XML, CR / LF is converted to LF.
XML documents are Extensible.
XML Elements have Relationships
Elements are related as parents and children.
Elements have Content
Elements can have different content types.
An XML element is everything from (including) the element's start tag to

(including) the element's end tag.
An element can have element content, mixed content, simple content, or

empty content. An element can also have attributes.
In the example above, book has element content, because it contains other
elements. Chapter has mixed content because it contains both text and other
elements. Para has simple content (or text content) because it contains only
text. Prod has empty content, because it carries no information.
XML Attributes
XML elements can have attributes in the start tag, just like HTML.
Attributes are used to provide additional information about elements.
Element Naming
XML elements must follow these naming rules:
• Names can contain letters, numbers, and other characters

• Names must not start with a number or punctuation character
• Names must not start with the letters xml (or XML or Xml.)
• Names cannot contain spaces
XML DTD
A DTD defines the legal elements of an XML document.
42
The purpose of a DTD is to define the legal building blocks of an XML
document. It defines the document structure with a list of legal elements
The purpose of a Document Type Definition is to define the legal building

blocks of an XML document. It defines the document structure with a list of
legal elements.
A DTD can be declared inline in your XML document, or as an external

reference.
Internal DOCTYPE declaration
If the DTD is included in your XML source file, it should be wrapped in a

DOCTYPE definition with the following syntax:
<!DOCTYPE root-element [element-declarations]>
Example XML document with a DTD:
<?xml versionfiltered="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE note [
<!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>
<!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)>
]>
<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
43
<XBODY>DON'T p this me forget weekend<xbody><>
</note>
The DTD above is interpreted like this:
!DOCTYPE note (in line 2) defines that this is a document of the type
note.
!ELEMENT note (in line 3) defines the note element as having four
elements: "to,from,heading,body".
!ELEMENT to (in line 4) defines the to element to be of the type
"#PCDATA".
!ELEMENT from (in line 5) defines the from element to be of the type
"#PCDATA"
and so on.....
External DOCTYPE declaration
If the DTD is external to your XML source file, it should be wrapped in a

DOCTYPE definition with the following syntax:
<!DOCTYPE root-element SYSTEM "filename">
This is the same XML document as above, but with an external DTD
<!DOCTYPE note SYSTEM "note.dtd">
<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
44
</note>
And this is a copy of the file "note.dtd" containing the DTD:

Why use a DTD?
With DTD, each of your XML files can carry a description of its own format
with it.
With a DTD, independent groups of people can agree to use a common DTD
for interchanging data.
Your application can use a standard DTD to verify that the data you receive
from the outside world is valid.
You can also use a DTD to verify your own data.
DTD - XML building blocks
The main building blocks of both XML and HTML documents are tags like
<XBODY>....<XBODY>.< p>
The building blocks of XML documents
Seen from a DTD point of view, all XML documents (and HTML
documents) are made up by the following simple building blocks:
• Elements
• Tags
45
• Attributes
• Entities
• PCDATA
• CDATA
The following is a brief explanation of each of the building blocks:
Elements
Elements are the main building blocks of both XML and HTML
documents.
Examples of HTML elements are "body" and "table". Examples of XML

elements could be "note" and "message". Elements can contain text, other
elements, or be empty. Examples of empty HTML elements are "hr", "br"
and "img".
Tags
Tags are used to markup elements.
A starting tag like <element_name> marks up the beginning of an element,

and an ending tag like </element_name> marks up the end of an element.
Examples:
body element marked up with body tags:
<XBODY>BODY p between<xbody>.< in text>
message element marked up with message tags:
<message>some message in between</message>

Attributes
Attributes provide extra information about elements.
Attributes are always placed inside the starting tag of an element. Attributes
always come in name/value pairs. The following "img" element has
additional information about a source file:
46
<img src=http://mail.yahoo.com/config/login?/"computer.gif" />
The name of the element is "img". The name of the attribute is "src". The
value of the attribute is "computer.gif". Since the element itself is empty it is
closed by a " /".
Entities
Entities are variables used to define common text. Entity references are
references to entities.
Most of you will know the HTML entity reference: " ". This "no-
breaking-space" entity is used in HTML to insert an extra space in a
document. Entities are expanded when an XML parser parses a document.
The following entities are predefined in XML:
Entity References Character

< <
> >
& &
" "
' '
PCDATA
PCDATA means parsed character data.
Think of character data as the text found between the start tag and the end
tag of an XML element.
PCDATA is text that will be parsed by a parser. Tags inside the text will
be treated as markup and entities will be expanded.
CDATA
CDATA also means character data.
47
CDATA is text that will NOT be parsed by a parser. Tags inside the text
will NOT be treated as markup and entities will not be expanded
DTD – Elements
In a DTD, XML elements are declared with a DTD element declaration.
Declaring an Element
In the DTD, XML elements are declared with an element declaration. An

element declaration has the following syntax:
<!ELEMENT element-name category>
or
<!ELEMENT element-name (element-content)>

Empty elements
Empty elements are declared with the category keyword EMPTY:
<!ELEMENT element-name EMPTY>
example:
<!ELEMENT br EMPTY>
XML example:
<br />
Elements with only character data
Elements with only character data are declared with #PCDATA inside
parentheses:
<!ELEMENT element-name (#PCDATA)>
example:
48
Elements with any contents
Elements declared with the category keyword ANY, can contain any
combination of parsable data:
<!ELEMENT element-name ANY>
example:
<!ELEMENT note ANY>

Elements with children (sequences)
Elements with one or more children are defined with the name of the
children elements inside parentheses:
<!ELEMENT element-name
(child-element-name)>
or
<!ELEMENT element-name
(child-element-name,child-element-name,.....)>
example:
When children are declared in a sequence separated by commas, the children

must appear in the same sequence in the document. In a full declaration, the
children must also be declared, and the children can also have children. The
full declaration of the "note" element will be:
49

DTD - Attributes
In a DTD, Attributes are declared with an ATTLIST declaration.
Declaring Attributes
An attribute declaration has the following syntax:
<!ATTLIST element-name attribute-name
attribute-type default-value>
example:
DTD example:
<!ATTLIST payment type CDATA "check">
XML example:
<payment type="check" />
The attribute-type can have the following values:
Value Explanation
CDATA The value is character data
(en1|en2|..) The value must be one from an enumerated list
ID The value is a unique id
IDREF The value is the id of another element
IDREFS The value is a list of other ids
NMTOKEN The value is a valid XML name
NMTOKENS The value is a list of valid XML names
ENTITY The value is an entity
ENTITIES The value is a list of entities
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NOTATION The value is a name of a notation
xml: The value is a predefined xml value
The default-value can have the following values:
Value Explanation
value The default value of the attribute
#REQUIRED The attribute value must be included in the element
#IMPLIED The attribute does not have to be included
#FIXED value The attribute value is fixed
Enumerated attribute values
Syntax:
<!ATTLIST element-name
attribute-name (en1|en2|..) default-value>
DTD example:
<!ATTLIST payment type (check|cash) "cash">
XML example:
<payment type="check" />
or
<payment type="cash" />
Use enumerated attribute values when you want the attribute values to be
one of a fixed set of legal values
XML Schema
XML Schema is an XML based alternative to DTD.
W3C supports an alternative to DTD called XML Schema. .
XML Schema is an XML based alternative to DTD.
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An XML schema describes the structure of an XML document.
The XML Schema language is also referred to as XML Schema Definition

(XSD).
What is an XML Schema?
The purpose of an XML Schema is to define the legal building blocks of an

XML document, just like a DTD.
An XML Schema:
• defines elements that can appear in a document

• defines attributes that can appear in a document
• defines which elements are child elements
• defines the order of child elements
• defines the number of child elements
• defines whether an element is empty or can include text
• defines data types for elements and attributes
• defines default and fixed values for elements and attributes
XML Schemas - Why?
There are a number of reasons why XML Schema is better than DTD.
XML Schema has Support for Data Types
XML Schemas use XML Syntax
XML Schemas Secure Data Communication
XML Schemas are Extensible
Well-Formed is not Enough
XSD How To
XML documents can have a reference to a DTD or an XML Schema.
A Simple XML Document
Look at this simple XML document called "note.xml":
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<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
</note>
A Simple DTD
This is a simple DTD file called "note.dtd" that defines the elements of the
XML document above ("note.xml"):
<!ELEMENT note (to, from, heading, body)>
Line 1 defines the note element to have four elements: "to, from, heading,
body". Line 2-5 defines the to element to be of the type "#PCDATA", the
from element to be of the type "#PCDATA", and so on...
A Simple XML Schema
This is a simple XML Schema file called "note.xsd" that defines the
elements of the XML document above ("note.xml"):
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
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targetNamespace="http://www.w3schools.com"
xmlns="http://www.w3schools.com"
elementFormDefault="qualified">
<xs:element name="note">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="to" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="from" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="heading" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="body" type="xs:string"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
</xs:schema>
The note element is said to be of a complex type because it contains other

elements. The other elements (to, from, heading, body) are said to be simple
types because they do not contain other elements.
XSD - The <schema> Element
The <schema> element is the root element of every XML Schema!
The <schema> Element
The <schema> element is the root element of every XML Schema:
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<xs:schema>
...
...
</xs:schema>
The <schema> element may contain some attributes
XSD Elements
1. Simple Elements
XML Schemas define the elements of your XML files.A simple element is
an XML element that can contain only text. It cannot contain any other
elements or attributes.
How to Define a Simple Element
The syntax for defining a simple element is:
<xs:element name="xxx" type="yyy"/>
where xxx is the name of the element and yyy is the data type of the
element.
Here are some XML elements:
<lastname>Refsnes</lastname>
<age>34</age>
<dateborn>1968-03-27</dateborn>
And here are the corresponding simple element definitions:
55
<xs:element name="lastname" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="age" type="xs:integer"/>
<xs:element name="dateborn" type="xs:date"/>

2. Complex Elements
A complex element contains other elements and/or attributes.
What is a Complex Element?
A complex element is an XML element that contains other elements and/or

attributes.
There are four kinds of complex elements:
• empty elements
• elements that contain only other elements
• elements that contain only text
• elements that contain both other elements and text
Note: Each of these elements may contain attributes as well!
Examples of Complex XML Elements
A complex XML element, "product", which is empty:
<product pid="1345"/>
A complex XML element, "employee", which contains only other elements:
<employee>
<firstname>John</firstname>
<lastname>Smith</lastname>
</employee>
A complex XML element, "food", which contains only text:
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<food type="dessert">Ice cream</food>
A complex XML element, "description", which contains both elements and

text:
<description>
It happened on <date lang="norwegian">03.03.99</date> ....
</description>
How to Define a Complex Element
Look at this complex XML element, "employee", which contains only other
elements:
<employee>
<firstname>John</firstname>
<lastname>Smith</lastname>
</employee>
We can define a complex element in an XML Schema in different ways:.
1. The "employee" element can be declared directly by naming the element,

like this:
<xs:element name="employee">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="firstname" type="xs:string"/>
</xs:sequence>
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</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
If you use the method described above, only the "employee" element can use
the specified complex type. Notice that the child elements, "firstname" and
"lastname", are surrounded by the <sequence> indicator. This means that the
child elements must appear in the same order as they are declared;
"firstname" first and "lastname" second.
2. The "employee" element can have a type attribute that refers to the name
of the complex type to use:
<xs:element name="employee" type="personinfo"/>
<xs:complexType name="personinfo">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="firstname" type="xs:string"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
XSD Attributes
All attributes are declared as simple types.
Only complex elements can have attributes!
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What is an Attribute?
Simple elements cannot have attributes. If an element has attributes, it is

considered to be of complex type. But the attribute itself is always declared
as a simple type. This means that an element with attributes always has a
complex type definition.
How to Define an Attribute
The syntax for defining an attribute is:
<xs:attribute name="xxx" type="yyy"/>
where xxx is the name of the attribute and yyy is the data type of the
attribute.
Here is an XML element with an attribute:
<lastname lang="EN">Smith</lastname>
And here is a corresponding simple attribute definition:
<xs:attribute name="lang" type="xs:string"/>
Common XML Schema Data Types
XML Schema has a lot of built-in data types. Here is a list of the most
common types:
• xs:string
• xs:decimal
• xs:integer
• xs:boolean
• xs:date
• xs:time
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Procedure :
1. Identify the appropriate elements for the given problem

statement & write a DTD.
2. Write an XML document for the same.

3. Check the XML document for Well- Formed Documentation.
4. Validate the XML document against a DTD, against a schema
& apply CSS.
5. See the XML output in a browser.
APPLICATIONS
1. Used to develop web based applications.
FAQS
1. What is the different between XML & HTML ?

2. How XML is used to develop web applications?
3. Which is better XML DTD or XML schema for web
development?
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Assignment No: 6
Title: Installation of IIS/PWS/Apache server
OBJECTIVES:
Learn & understand IIS/PWS/Apache server. To install and configure

IIS/PWS/ Apache server. Study and use various facilities/commands and
features of IIS/PWS/Apache Server.
Theory:
Installing Personal Web Server
This section concerns installing Microsoft's Personal Web Server (PWS) 4.0
on Windows 98 SE, since that's the system I had available to install and test
on. PWS is also available for Windows 95 and NT.
Note: If you are running Windows 2000 or Windows XP Professional you

should install IIS instead of PWS.
PWS is best described as a poor mans web server - it is not intended to be

used in a production environment. However, it is perfect for use on your
own computer, where it allows you to test your scripts before uploading to
your production server or Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Starting the Installation
There are two places you can get PWS, both of which are free. The
Windows 98 CD includes it, and you can download it from the Microsoft
web site.
Warning 1: Microsoft does not recommend installing PWS on Windows

Me, although they admit it can if you are an "advanced user who regularly
tests unsupported software configurations".
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Warning 2: There is a fairly rare problem with MTS that may cause you
problems later.
Downloading from Microsoft.com
If you don't have the Windows 98 CD, you can download the NT4 Option
Pack which, believe it or not, contains Personal Web Server for Windows 95
and 98.
Be aware that the download is 34mb, which will take nearly 3 hours to
download with a 28.8 modem.
To start the download, follow these steps:

1. Go to the microsoft.com web site. (clicking here opens a new window, so
you can continue to read this tutorial)
2. Follow the instructions on the web site, choosing Windows 95 as the
operating system even if you're running on Windows 98.
3. After the download, the installation starts - skip to step 5 below.
Installing from Windows 98 CD
The Windows 98 CD includes PWS, but you need to run a separate setup
program to fully install and configure it. Microsoft recommends that you
have at least a 90 MHz Pentium processor with 20-32 MB RAM, 40MB free
disk space and a Super VGA monitor
To start the installation, follow these steps:

1. Insert your Windows 98 CD in its drive.
2. Click Start and then click Run.
3. In the Run dialog box, type x:\add-ons\pws\setup.exe
4. Substitute the letter of your CD drive for x, and click OK.
5. The following screen will appear.
Since we're installing PWS specifically for running ASP applications, we

need to override Microsoft's recommendations, and go for the Custom
button.
The Typical installation doesn't include the excellent ASP documentation, so

we'll ask the Setup to install it.
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The custom installation has all the Typical components selected, so all we
need to do is find the checkbox for the ASP documentation, and check it! It's
3 levels down…
Highlight "Personal Web Server (PWS)", being careful not to uncheck the
box, then choose "Show Subcomponents…"
Second level down now, getting closer.
Highlight "Documentation", again without unchecking the checkbox, then

choose "Show Subcomponents
Finally we arrive at the relevant page.
Check the checkbox next to "Active Server Pages", then choose OK.
Choose OK once more, and then Next to continue with the next step of the
installation.
Accept the default path, or change it - it's up to you! I recommend using the
default.
After waiting for the installation to complete, you'll be asked to restart your
computer (but wait just a minute).
When you do, you'll see something new in your system tray on the taskbar,
which shows that your PWS is now up and running. Congratulations!
A quick way to test it is to go to the following URL - write this down, and
bookmark it in your browser later - http://localhost/iishelp. This brings up
the excellent help that covers PWS and has a handy ASP reference too.
Note: On some systems that URL has been reported as not working, so use
the longhand version instead:
http://localhost/iishelp/pws/misc/default.asp
How to run ASP on Windows 98
1. An Inetpub folder will be created on your harddrive. Open it and find

the wwwroot folder.
2. Create a new folder, like "MyWeb", under wwwroot.
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3. Use a text editor to write some ASP code, save the file as "test1.asp"
in the "MyWeb" folder.
4. Make sure your Web server is running - The installation program has
added a new icon on your task bar (this is the PWS symbol). Click on
the icon and press the Start button in the window that appears.
Open your browser and type in "http://localhost/MyWeb/test1.asp", to

view your first ASP page
Installing Internet Information Services
A few words before we start the guide. Windows 2000 Professional is a

good operating system to run a webserver for several reasons.
1. Windows 2000 Professional is a very stable operating system. You

can leave the server unattended for months at a time and not worry
about system crashes and failures.
2. It's not as expensive as Windows 2000 Server or Advanced Server. A
very important consideration!
3. IIS 5.0 can handle web, FTP, and email services nicely. The only
drawback is that you are limited to 10 concurrent connections to your
website which shouldn't be a problem for most people.
4. The webserver software is included with OS and is easy to setup.
Okay, enough with the sales pitch, let's install this baby.
Start -> Settings -> Control Panel -> Add/Remove Programs ->
Add/Remove Windows Components
Select "Internet Information Services (IIS)" then click on "Details".
Some of the components you do not need, but for this example, we'll install
the whole IIS package since we want the webserver, FTP server, and mail
capabilities
Click on "Next” The dialog box will show files being copied to your hard
disk.
After a few moments, you'll get this dialog box that ask you to insert the
Windows 2000 CD into your CD-ROM drive. Put in the CD then click
"OK".
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The files will continue to be copied. This could take a while. When
everything is done, you'll see this screen. Click on "Finish".
Then all the windows close and you're left staring at your blank desktop
again. In order to go configure your website, you need to go:
Start -> Settings -> Control Panel -> Administrative Tools -> Internet
Service Manager
It would be smart to create a shortcut to "Internet Service Manager" on your

desktop since this is where most of the configuration of your website takes
place.
The other way to manage your website is through the "Personal Web
Manager".
This is a scaled back version of the "Internet Service Manager" and it cannot
control your FTP or mail services, so I do not recommend using it.
However, it does have a cool bar graph showing how many people and
connections you have to your website so that is pretty interesting.
Personal Web Manager includes a nice Product Tour.
The "Advanced Options" here is also much thinner than the Internet Service
Manager.
Double click on "Internet Service Manager" and let's get started. Click on
the name of your computer to see the summary of what's going on with your
computer. In my case, my computer is called "Brian" so the name I see and
click on is "*brian".
Since we chose to install all the IIS components, you will see the Web, FTP,
and SMTP mail server all running. You can disable a particular service
(Web, FTP, or SMTP) by right clicking on the service and choosing "pause"
or "stop".
You'll notice under "IP Address" it says "All Unassigned” This means that
all requests to your server will be answered by your computer. If for some
reason your server has several IP addresses, you will want to specify the
exact IP address that the Internet Services is supposed to respond to.
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If your computer only has 1 IP address, we can leave the IP address as "All
Unassigned".
Let's take a look at the Web Service. Right click on "Default Web Site" then
select "Properties".
As you explore the different tabs, you'll notice that there are several boxes
and options that are grayed out. These options are only available in the
Server Editions like Windows 2000 Server and Advanced Server.
Since there are so many options I'll just hit the major points.
Tab: Web Site

Description - Can be changed to your liking
IP Address - Can leave as "All unassigned" or the specific IP address of your
computer.
TCP Port - 80 is the standard and should remain that way unless you have a
good reason to change it.
Connections - Since we're using Windows 2000 Professional and not the
Server Editions, we are limited to 10 concurrent web connections.
Each visitor creates 2-3 connections so this means your webserver using this
software is limited to 3-4 concurrent visitors which should not be a problem
for a small website
Tab: Performance
Tab: ISAPI Filters
Tab: Home Directory

Local Path - This is where your files for your website reside. You can
change this directory to whatever directory you like.
Write - Unless you want your visitors to actually change your website, you
must leave this unchecked.
Directory Browsing - If you check this box, When a visitor comes to a
directory that does not have a default document, the visitor will see an error
message stating that they are not authorized to view the contents of that
directory. If you uncheck this box, they will get a complete list of what files
you have in the directory. It is best to leave the box unchecked
66
Tab: Documents
There is a list of default documents that the webserver will look for when a
visitor accesses a directory. The starting point of your website must be
listed here. You can either rename your first page of your website to
Default.htm or another defualt document type that you specify.
Traditionally, the first page of most websites is "index.html" so you can add
that to the list and promote it to the top using the up arrow on the left side.
Tab: Directory Security
Tab: HTTP Headers
Tab: Custom Errors
Tab: Server Extensions
We can now check to see if your web service is working correctly. From
your web browser from the same machine, type in the name of your
computer or the IP number of your computer.
This is what you should see.
How run ASP on Windows 2000
1. An Inetpub folder will be created on your harddrive

2. Open the Inetpub folder, and find a folder named wwwroot
3. Create a new folder, like "MyWeb", under wwwroot.
4. Use a text editor to write some ASP code, save the file as "test1.asp"
in the "MyWeb" folder
5. Make sure your Web server is running - The installation program has
added a new icon on your task bar (this is the IIS symbol). Click on
the icon and press the Start button in the window that appears.
6. Open your browser and type in "http://localhost/MyWeb/test1.asp",
to view your first ASP page
Install Apache
1.Run apache_2.0.55-win32-x86-no_ssl.msi.
2.Choose "I accept the terms in the license agreement", and then click Next
>.
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3.Click Next >.
4.Fill in the appropriate information. Select "for All Users, on Port 80, as a
Service", and then click Next >. If you do not know what to enter, you can
put in "localhost" for the network domain and server name.
5.Choose "Typical", and then click Next >.
6.Click Next >.
7. Click Install.
8. Click Finish
9. If you have Windows Firewall enabled, select Unblock on the

Windows Security Alert. For other firewalls, make sure port 80 is
open.
Test:
1.Open http://localhost/ in a web browser. If you see something like the

following, you’ve successfully installed Apache!
2. You'll also notice a new icon in your system tray. If you single left-click,
you'll get a menu that allows you to start, stop, or restart the Apache HTTPD
service.
Apache stores it's configuration settings in a file called httpd.conf. This file
is located at C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache2\conf. The file is well
documented so feel free to snoop around. You can learn a lot just by looking
through it.
Although for this tutorial I left it alone, I usually change the default
document root. This is where all of your website's files are stored. To change
the document root
1. Change line 228. Notice that for Windows, you convert the
backslashes to regular slashes. i.e. \ to /.
1. DocumentRoot "C:/Path to website files"
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2. Change line 253 to match the same path as before.
1. <Directory "C:/Path to website files">
APPLICATIONS
1.Used to develop the client server applications using different

technologies.
FAQS
1. What is difference IIS / PWS & Apache Server?
2. How to run Apache on Windows Operating System?
3. Which is better server for web development?
cc
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Assignment No: 8
Title: Client side Scripting
OBJECTIVES:
1. To learn & understand client side validation of web page.
Theory:
What is JavaScript?
• JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages

• JavaScript is a scripting language (a scripting language is a
lightweight programming language)
• A JavaScript consists of lines of executable computer code
• A JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages
• JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute
without preliminary compilation)
• Everyone can use JavaScript without purchasing a license
What can a JavaScript Do?
• JavaScript gives HTML designers a programming tool - HTML

authors are normally not programmers, but JavaScript is a scripting
language with a very simple syntax! Almost anyone can put small
"snippets" of code into their HTML pages
• JavaScript can put dynamic text into an HTML page - A
JavaScript statement like this: document.write("<h1>" + name +
"</h1>") can write a variable text into an HTML page
• JavaScript can react to events - A JavaScript can be set to execute
when something happens, like when a page has finished loading or
when a user clicks on an HTML element
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• JavaScript can read and write HTML elements - A JavaScript can
read and change the content of an HTML element
• JavaScript can be used to validate data - A JavaScript can be used
to validate form data before it is submitted to a server, this will save
the server from extra processing
• JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser - A
JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser, and - depending
on the browser - load another page specifically designed for that
browser
JavaScript can be used to create cookies - A JavaScript can be used to

store and retrieve information on the visitor's computer
JavaScript Functions
To keep the browser from executing a script as soon as the page is loaded,
you can write your script as a function.
A function contains some code that will be executed only by an event or by a

call to that function.
You may call a function from anywhere within the page (or even from other
pages if the function is embedded in an external .js file).
Functions are defined at the beginning of a page, in the <head> section.
Example
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function displaymessage()
{
alert("Hello World!")
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click me!"
onclick="displaymessage()" >
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</form>
</body>
</html>
If the line: alert("Hello world!!"), in the example above had not been written
within a function, it would have been executed as soon as the line was
loaded. Now, the script is not executed before the user hits the button. We
have added an onClick event to the button that will execute the function
displaymessage() when the button is clicked.
How to Define a Function
The syntax for creating a function is:
function functionname(var1,var2,...,varX)
{
some code
}
var1, var2, etc are variables or values passed into the function. The { and the
} defines the start and end of the function.
Note: A function with no parameters must include the parentheses () after

the function name:
function functionname()
{
some code
}
Note: Do not forget about the importance of capitals in JavaScript! The

word function must be written in lowercase letters, otherwise a JavaScript
error occurs! Also note that you must call a function with the exact same
capitals as in the function name.
The return Statement
The return statement is used to specify the value that is returned from the
function.
So, functions that are going to return a value must use the return statement.
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Example
The function below should return the product of two numbers (a and b):
function total(a,b)
{
x=a*b
return x
}
When you call the function above, you must pass along two parameters:
product=total(2,3)
The returned value from the total() function is 6, and it will be stored in
the variable called product.
Events
By using JavaScript, we have the ability to create dynamic web pages.

Events are actions that can be detected by JavaScript.
Every element on a web page has certain events which can trigger JavaScript
functions. For example, we can use the onClick event of a button element to
indicate that a function will run when a user clicks on the button. We define
the events in the HTML tags.
Examples of events:
• A mouse click
• A web page or an image loading
• Mousing over a hot spot on the web page
• Selecting an input box in an HTML form
• Submitting an HTML form
• A keystroke
The following table lists the events recognized by JavaScript:
Note: Events are normally used in combination with functions, and the
function will not be executed before the event occurs!
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onload and onUnload
The onload and onUnload events are triggered when the user enters or leaves
the page.
The onload event is often used to check the visitor's browser type and
browser version, and load the proper version of the web page based on the
information.
Both the onload and onUnload events are also often used to deal with
cookies that should be set when a user enters or leaves a page. For example,
you could have a popup asking for the user's name upon his first arrival to
your page. The name is then stored in a cookie. Next time the visitor arrives
at your page, you could have another popup saying something like:
"Welcome John Doe!".
onFocus, onBlur and onChange
The onFocus, onBlur and onChange events are often used in combination
with validation of form fields.
Below is an example of how to use the onChange event. The checkEmail()

function will be called whenever the user changes the content of the field:
<input type="text" size="30"

id="email" onchange="checkEmail()">;
onSubmit
The onSubmit event is used to validate ALL form fields before submitting it.
Below is an example of how to use the onSubmit event. The checkForm()

function will be called when the user clicks the submit button in the form. If
the field values are not accepted, the submit should be cancelled. The
function checkForm() returns either true or false. If it returns true the form
will be submitted, otherwise the submit will be cancelled:
<form method="post" action="xxx.htm"

onsubmit="return checkForm()">
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onMouseOver and onMouseOut
onMouseOver and onMouseOut are often used to create "animated" buttons.
Below is an example of an onMouseOver event. An alert box appears when

an onMouseOver event is detected:
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com"
onmouseover="alert('An onMouseOver event');return false">
<img src="w3schools.gif" width="100" height="30">
</a>
Procedure :
1.Create an HTML form for joining report to the new class.

1. Identify the different events & write down the script with different
functions.
2. Call the required functions using suitable events in the form for
validation.
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Assignment No: 9
Title: PHP Script.
Problem Statement:
Write a PHP Script that computes total cost of the ordered items from
assignment 4, after adding sales tax. The script will show exactly what items
have been ordered.
Theory:
PHP is a powerful tool for making dynamic and interactive Web pages.
What is PHP?
• PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor

• PHP is a server-side scripting language, like ASP
• PHP scripts are executed on the server
• PHP supports many databases (MySQL, Informix, Oracle, Sybase,
Solid, PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC, etc.)
• PHP is an open source software (OSS)
• PHP is free to download and use
What is a PHP File?
• PHP files may contain text, HTML tags and scripts

• PHP files are returned to the browser as plain HTML
• PHP files have a file extension of ".php", ".php3", or ".phtml"
Why PHP?
• PHP runs on different platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, etc.)
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• PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today (Apache, IIS,
etc.)
• PHP is FREE to download from the official PHP resource:
www.php.net
• PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server side
Where to Start?
• Install an Apache server on a Windows or Linux machine

• Install PHP on a Windows or Linux machine
Basic PHP Syntax
A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, just like an HTML file, and some
PHP scripting code.
Below, we have an example of a simple PHP script which sends the text
"Hello World" to the browser:
<html>
<body>
<?php echo "Hello World"; ?>
</body>
</html>
A PHP scripting block always starts with <?php and ends with ?>. A PHP
scripting block can be placed anywhere in the document.
Each code line in PHP must end with a semicolon. The semicolon is a
separator and is used to distinguish one set of instructions from another.
There are two basic statements to output text with PHP: echo and print. In
the example above we have used the echo statement to output the text "Hello
World".
PHP Form Handling
The most important thing to notice when dealing with HTML forms and
PHP is that any form element in an HTML page will automatically be
available to your PHP scripts.
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Look at the following example of an HTML form:
<html>
<body>
<form action="welcome.php" method="POST">
Enter your name: <input type="text" name="name" />
Enter your age: <input type="text" name="age" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
The example HTML page above contains two input fields and a submit
button. When the user fills in this form and hits the submit button, the
"welcome.php" file is called.
The "welcome.php" file looks like this:
<html>
<body>
Welcome <?php echo $_POST["name"]; ?>.<br />
You are <?php echo $_POST["age"]; ?> years old!
</body>
</html>
A sample output of the above script may be:
Welcome John.
You are 28 years old!
Here is how it works: The $_POST["name"] and $_POST["age"] variables

are automatically set for you by PHP. The $_POST contains all POST data.
Note: If the method attribute of the form is GET, then the form information
will be set in $_GET instead of $_POST.
Procedure :
1. Write a PHP script to access the form information.
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FAQ:
What is PHP?
Assignment No: 10
Title: PHP MYSQL/Oracle.
Problem Statement:
Write an application that should read a SQL query from the user based on
some database in say MySQL, call a PHP script to process the query and
display the results.
Theory:
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ODBC is an Application Programming Interface (API) that allows you to
connect to a data source (e.g. an MS Access database).
Create an ODBC Connection
With an ODBC connection, you can connect to any database, on any

computer in your network, as long as an ODBC connection is available.
Here is how to create an ODBC connection to a MS Access Database:
1. Open the Administrative Tools icon in your Control Panel.

2. Double-click on the Data Sources (ODBC) icon inside.
3. Choose the System DSN tab.
4. Click on Add in the System DSN tab.
5. Select the Microsoft Access Driver. Click Finish.
6. In the next screen, click Select to locate the database.
7. Give the database a Data Source Name (DSN).
8. Click OK.
Note that this configuration has to be done on the computer where your web
site is located. If you are running Internet Information Server (IIS) on your
own computer, the instructions above will work, but if your web site is
located on a remote server, you have to have physical access to that server,
or ask your web host to to set up a DSN for you to use.
Connecting to an ODBC
The odbc_connect() function is used to connect to an ODBC data source.

The function takes four parameters: the data source name, username,
password, and an optional cursor type.
The odbc_exec() function is used to execute an SQL statement.
Example:
The following example creates a connection to a DSN called northwind,

with no username and no password. It then creates an SQL and executes it:
$conn=odbc_connect('northwind','','');
$sql="SELECT * FROM customers";
$rs=odbc_exec($conn,$sql);
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Retrieving Records
The odbc_fetch_rows() function is used to return records from the result-set.

This function returns true if it is able to return rows, otherwise false.
The function takes two parameters: the ODBC result identifier and an
optional row number:
odbc_fetch_row($rs)
Retrieving Fields from a Record
The odbc_result() function is used to read fields from a record. This function
takes two parameters: the ODBC result identifier and a field number or
name.
The code line below returns the value of the first field from the record:
$compname=odbc_result($rs,1);
The code line below returns the value of a field called "CompanyName":
$compname=odbc_result($rs,"CompanyName");
Closing an ODBC Connection
The odbc_close() function is used to close an ODBC connection.
odbc_close($conn);
An ODBC Example
The following example shows how to first create a database connection, then
a result-set, and then display the data in an HTML table.
<html>
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<body>
<?php
$conn=odbc_connect('northwind','','');
if (!$conn)
{exit("Connection Failed: " . $conn);}
$sql="SELECT * FROM customers";
$rs=odbc_exec($conn,$sql);
if (!$rs)
{exit("Error in SQL");}
echo "<table><tr>";
echo "<th>Companyname</th>";
echo "<th>Contactname</th></tr>";
while (odbc_fetch_row($rs))
{
$compname=odbc_result($rs,"CompanyName");
$conname=odbc_result($rs,"ContactName");
echo "<tr><td>$compname</td>";
echo "<td>$conname</td></tr>";
}
odbc_close($conn);
echo "</table>";
?>
</body>
</html>
What is MySQL?
• MySQL is a small database server

• MySQL is ideal for small and medium applications
• MySQL supports standard SQL
• MySQL compiles on a number of platforms
• MySQL is free to download and use
PHP + MySQL
• PHP combined with MySQL are cross-platform (means that you can
develop in Windows and serve on a Unix platform)
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Where to Start?
• Install an Apache server on a Windows or Linux machine

• Install PHP on a Windows or Linux machine
• Install MySQL on a Windows or Linux machine
PHP and MySQL Database

It is always a good practice to write the connection string for the database in
a separate file and call it from each page wherever the database is required
So lets first start creating a file by assigning values for the server, the
database, the user name and password to variables. Let us save this file as
'conn.php'.
<?php
$strServer="66.9.65.200"; // Server IP Address 'or' Name
$strDatabase="database name"; // Database Name
$strUser="root"; // User ID
$strPwd="pwd"; // Password
?>
Connecting to the Server
The 'mysql_connect' function is used for connecting PHP with MySQL

database. It takes three arguments namely - Hostname/Server, Database
username and password. This function returns a 'link identifier' when the
connection is made successfully with the server.
Syntax:
$strDB=mysql_connect("ServerIP Address","Username","Password");
Example:
$strDB=mysql_connect($strServer,$struser,$strPwd);
Opening & Closing a Database connection
The function ''mysql_select_db' is used for opening a database in PHP. It

takes two arguments - Database name and the 'link identifier' (Optional).
This function returns 'True' on success and 'False' in case of error. The
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function 'mysql_close' is used for closing a database connection which has
been opened. It takes the 'link identifier' as its argument and returns 'True' on
success and 'False' on Error.
Syntax:
mysql_select_db("Database Name",$strDB);
Example:
$database=mysql_select_db("strDatabase",$strDB);
Syntax:
mysql_close(Result Connection ID);
Example:
mysql_close($strDB);
PHP Sample Code
<?php
include("conn.php")
$strDB=mysql_connect($strServer,$struser,$strPwd);
$database=mysql_select_db("$strDatabase",$strDB);
// Code for database manipulation

mysql_close($strDB);
?>
'conn.php'
<?php
$strServer="66.9.65.200"; // Server IP Address 'or' Name
$strDatabase="database name"; // Database Name
$strUser="root"; // User ID
$strPwd="pwd"; // Password
?>
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That's it you've learnt how to connect MySQL Database from PHP.
Basic Query Commands in MySQL
• CREATE Command - is used to create a database/table.

• SELECT Command - is used to retrieve data from the database.
• DELETE Command - is used to delete data from the database.
• INSERT Command - is used to insert data into a database.
• UPDATE Command - is used to update the data in a table.
• DROP Command - is used to delete or drop the database/table.
Syntax for Query Commands

CREATE Command
The Create command is used to create a table by specifying the tablename,

fieldnames and constraints as shown below:
Syntax:
$createSQL=("CREATE TABLE tblName");
Example:
$createSQL=("CREATE TABLE tblstudent(fldstudid int(10) NOTNULL

AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,fldstudName VARCHAR(250)
NOTNULL,fldstudentmark int(4) DEFAULT '0' ");
SELECT Command
The Select command is used to select the records from a table using its field
names. To select all the fields in a table, '*' is used in the command. The
result is assigned to a variable name as shown below:
Syntax:
$selectSQL=("SELECT field_names FROM tablename");
Example:
$selectSQL=("SELECT * FROM tblstudent");
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DELETE Command
The Delete command is used to delete the records from a table using
conditions as shown below:
Syntax:
$deleteSQL=("DELETE * FROM tablename WHERE condition");
Example:
$deleteSQL=("DELETE * FROM tblstudent WHERE fldstudid=2");

INSERT Command
The Insert command is used to insert records into a table. The values are
assigned to the field names as shown below:
Syntax:
$insertSQL=("INSERT INTO tblname(fieldname1,fieldname2..)

VALUES(value1,value2,...) ");
Example
$insertSQL=("INSERT INTO
Tblstudent(fldstudName,fldstudmark)VALUES(Baskar,75) ");
UPDATE Command
The Update command is used to update the field values using conditions.
This is done using 'SET' and the fieldnames to assign new values to them.
Syntax:
$updateSQL=("UPDATE Tblname SET

(fieldname1=value1,fieldname2=value2,...) WHERE fldstudid=IdNumber");
Example:
$updateSQL=("UPDATE Tblstudent SET

(fldstudName=siva,fldstudmark=100) WHERE fldstudid=2");
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DROP Command
The Drop command is used to delete all the records in a table using the table
name as shown below:
Syntax:
$dropSQL=("DROP tblName");
Example
$dropSQL=("DROP tblstudent");
Procedure :
In database-driven applications, three different players produce the final

output of the web page you view with your client: the web server, the
scripting language (PHP), and the database back end (MySQL). When the
client browser requests a page from your web site, the following steps occur:
1. The web server receives the request via HTTP for a particular web
page and resolves and retrieves the requested file.
2. Depending on the nature of the file (i.e., if it ends in .php), it is pre-
processed using, in our case, the PHP engine.
3. The script's application and presentation logic executes, performing
database queries as necessary.
4. The PHP engine uses the results from the database in its application
logic to construct the HTML document, returning it to the web server
and, finally, the client.
We will focus on steps three and four in our discussions here. Looking at
those steps in more detail, we can summarize the process of accessing and
working with a database connection from within a PHP script in the
following steps. (The steps in parentheses are optional, depending on
circumstance.)
• Establish a connection to the database server.

• (Validate any user input.)
• Select the database on the server to use.
• Execute the desired query against the database.
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• (Retrieve and process the results.)
• Create HTML or perform actions based on results.
• (Close the database connection.)
FAQ:
1.What is ODBC?
Assignment No: 11
Title: Echo Server
Problem Statement:
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Write a program in C/C++ to implement an ECHO server, using Socket
programming with both TCP and UDP protocols.
Theory:
Network application software uses the socket interface.
Funded by ARPA, developed at Berkeley
Goal: transport TCP/IP software to Unix and develop an application-level

interface.
Result: Socket API in Berkeley Unix (BSD 4.2, 1983)
Used a combination of existing Unix system calls and some new ones
Integrated with Unix file system
Implemented within the Unix kernel
Eventually adapted as a standard by Unix vendors (SUN, HP, linux, etc.)

and non-Unix systems (Windows, Java)
Also developed early applications (telnet, ftp)
Client/server model
The interface is general enough to support a variety of protocols

("domains"), but on most systems, the only ones supported are:
Stream sockets (TCP)
Datagram sockets (UDP)
Unix domain sockets (for interprocess communication on a single Unix

system)
raw sockets (direct access to IP packets)
Once a socket connection is established, it supports symmetric, two-way

communication. Conceptually, the socket is the endpoint of a
communication link, similar to a telephone receiver:
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Each process has a socket.
Process 1 writes to its socket, process 2 reads from its socket
Process 2 writes to its socket, process 1 reads from its socket
Reading is sequential (stream)
At each end, the socket appears to be two byte streams, one for reading and
one for writing. It is represented by a Unix file descriptor, so normal file I/O
system calls (read, write) can be used.
The application designer can then design the application protocol,

considering issues such as
format of messages
meaning of messages
message sequences used to accomplish some goal (i.e., protocols)
On the other hand, establishing the connection is asymmetric. Client and

server have specific roles, and there are certain system calls specifically used
for client or server (but not both).
Establishing a connection:
A server initializes itself to listen for incoming requests for connection by

clients, then lies dormant until a client request arrives.
The client initiates communication by sending a message to the server

requesting connection, then waits for a reply.
The server accepts the connection, gets a file descriptor to represent the
server-side socket.
The client connection request returns, passing to the client a file descriptor to
represent the client-side socket.
Socket-related system calls socket
bind
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listen
accept
connect
socket: create a socket. (The created socket is not connected. This call just
makes an entry in a table in the kernel.)
bind: used by a server to bind a socket to an address
an address consists of (host IP address, port number)
common services use well-known port numbers, such as
http: 80
ftp: 21
telnet: 23
listen: used by servers to make a socket into a listening socket that will listen
for connection requests from clients.
accept: used by servers to wait for connection requests on a listening socket.
used only for sockets using a connection-oriented protocol
connect: used by clients to request a connection to a remote server
Note: A client must create a socket before calling connect, but does not need
to bind it to a local address. The client socket is assigned to an "ephemeral"
port number by the TCP/IP software.
So, setting up a connection works like this:
Server:
Client:
create socket
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bind to local address
convert to listening socket
loop
accept connection
get request
send response
close connection
end loop
create socket
request connection
get reply
send request
get response
close connection
Once the connection is established, the request-response dialogue may

continue repeatedly.
More detail on system calls:
int socket(int protofamily, // PF_INET or PF_UNIX
int type, // SOCK_STREAM or SOCK_DGRAM
int protocol); // IPPROTO_TCP or IPPROTO_UDP or 0 (use default)
Creates a socket data structure within the Unix kernel.
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Returns a file descriptor if successful, -1 if error. The file descriptor is used
to identify the socket in subsequent calls.
int connect(int socket, // file descriptor of a (local) socket
struct sockaddr * saddr, // pointer to a structure containing the address of a

remote socket
int saddrlen); // length (in bytes) of the sockaddr struct
Establishes a connection between a local socket and a remote socket.
Returns 0 if OK, -1 if error.
Possible errors:
time out
connection refused
already connected
bad file descriptor
not a socket descriptor
The sockaddr struct is very important. There is a generic version of the

struct, defined as follows:
struct sockaddr {
u_char sa_len; // length of the struct
u_char sa_family; // address family
char sa_data[14]; // actual address; format depends on address family
};
For internet addresses, use the address family AF_INET. A specialized

struct is defined for internet addresses:
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struct sockaddr_in {
u_char sin_len; // length of the struct
u_char sin_family; // address family (AF_INET)
u_short sin_port; // port number
struct in_addr sin_addr; // 32-bit binary IP address
char sin_zero[8]; // set to zero
};
Functions are supplied to generate IP addresses.
int bind(int sockfd, // file descriptor for a local socket
struct sockaddr * saddr, // socket address
int addrlen); // length of sockaddr struct
Binds a socket to an address.
Returns 0 if OK, -1 if error
saddr may be INADDR_ANY to bind to any local address
int listen(int sockfd, // file descriptor for a local socket
int backlog); // length of queue for waiting clients
Makes a socket into a listening socket, establishes a queue for incoming

connection requests.
Returns 0 if OK, -1 if error.
int accept(int sockfd, // file descriptor for a listening socket
struct sockaddr * saddr, // address of local variable to be filled in with

client's socket address
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int * addrlen); // address of local variable to be filled in with length of
client's socket address
Accept a connection request from a client.
Returns a file descriptor for data socket if OK, else -1.
Also of interest are the low-level Unix system calls for reading and writing
files (if you haven't seen these before):
int read(int fd, // file descriptor to read
char * buffer, // address of a local variable to be filled with incoming data
int len); // number of bytes to read
Read len bytes from fd to buffer.
Return value is the number of bytes actually read, or -1 if error.
int write(int fd, // file descriptor to write
char * buffer, // address of a local variable containing data to be written
int len); // number of bytes to write
Write len bytes from buffer to fd.
Return value is the number of bytes actually written, or -1 if error.
Several additional system calls are available which are designed specifically
for writing to and reading from sockets.
int send(int fd,
char * buffer,
int len,
int flags);
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Equivalent to a write operation with one additional parameter. The flags
parameter may be used to indicate "out-of-band" data.
int recv(int fd,
char * buffer,
int len,
int flags);
Equivalent to a write operation with one additional parameter. The flags

parameter may be used to indicate "out-of-band" data or a "peek" operation
which reads data from the socket but does not consume it. The data is
available to read by subsequent recv calls.
Procedure:
Procedure for UDP for client :
1. Create a socket on client side.

2. Assign destination address & port to sockaddr_in structure.
3. Client sends the string using Sentto function.
4. Receive reply from echo server.
5. Close the socket.
Procedure for UDP for server :

2. Assign destination address & port to “sockaddr_in “structure.
3. Server binds to the source address & port.
4. Server receives request from client usibg recevprompt function.
5. Sends reply to client using Send to function.
Procedure for TCP for client :
Assign destination address & port to “sockaddr_in “structure.
2. Client connects to the server using “connect” function.

3. It sends message to server using ” write” function.
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6. Receive reply from echo server using “read” function..
7. Close the socket.
Procedure for TCP for server :

7. Assign destination address & port to “sockaddr_in “structure.
8. Server binds to the source address & port.
9. Server listens client’s request using “listen” function.
10.Server will accept request from the client using “accept” function & it
will create new socket for further communication between client &
server.
11.Server will read the message sent by client using “read” function.
12.Sends reply to the Client using “write” function.
Assignment No: 12
Title: Linux configurations and commands.
Problem Statement:
Assignment to learn and understand Linux and/or Novel Netware Network

configurations and commands.
Theory:
Details of Configuring Linux
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TIP 1. When you need to find a particular file/directory then use the 'locate'
command (on Fedora slocate works well too) to find things on your server.
Like, typing: locate xinetd
TIP 2. If you did not know this already, all of the web server html files for
Fedora are placed under: /var/www/html
Step 1. Which Processes are Running On Your Server?

If you don't know, then you need to find out asap! Use the command:
/sbin/chkconfig --list
The output would look something

like:
…
httpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off
5:off 6:off
telnet: off
…
The above command will give you a long list of processes with info beside
them like "off". Any process with the word "off" next to it can be assumed
disabled by default during startup. You should look for your processes that
are usually needed for running a webserver like httpd, telnet, wu-ftp,
mysqld. All of these should be "on" by default.
Step 2. Get Processes Started

Starting up your webserver (httpd), mysql (mysqld), sendmail, etc. is easy so
long as you follow the directions from the steps below.
For your webserver and mysql, you can enable these things right away for
use during this session.
Change to the initialization (aka init) directory:

cd /etc/rc.d/init.d/
This directory (when listed) shows all processes you can start like httpd and
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mysqld. For now let's start our web server with the command :
./httpd start
You should then see:

Starting httpd: [ OK ]
Now enable your webserver (httpd) for ALL future STARTUPS!
1. Edit the config files as applied to the "rc" directory of your choice.
Remember that all resource files activated at different run times are in
different rc.d directories. For instance, when your server is loaded at runtime
level 5 (usual) then all the resources under rc5.d are activated. Change
directory to:
/etc/rc.d/rc5.d
Remember that the rc5.d is a resource directory (under /etc) for run level 5...
etc.
You edit files in these directories to control what occurs at different run
levels. Files with a prefix of K are NOT installed to run at startup. Files with
S are ready to run at startup. Example names: K74ypserv or S14nfslock.
You can always use something like the command:

/sbin/chkconfig --add httpd
to add the web server to the future startups. However, I prefer doing my
change manually.
2. You can manually force this by simply using a command like:

mv K15httpd S15httpd
Summary for those needing one... You now should have your webserver
started and ready as default for all future starts with:
• ./httpd start
• mv k15httpd s15httpd
Step 3. What About telnet and ftp?

Ok, you're smart enough to have noticed that following the steps above you
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can not get telnet or ftp started. That's because they are not part of the
initd process, but rather the xinetd process. The xinetd process handles the
startup of all of your network related protocols etc.
1st Start telnet first by changing directories to xinetd:

cd /etc/xinetd.d/
Next type ls to list all of the processes that can be configured. You'll notice
for instance the file telnet.
2nd Edit the telnet file and change two lines:
# default: on
...
disabled = no
These lines are not adjacent, but usually the first and last lines of the
configuration file (in our case telnet). You need to edit all configuration
files that apply to things you're trying to start. Many processes come by
default turned off and disabled = yes. You can edit files like telnet, wu-ftp,
etc.
3rd Once you have edited and saved the files with the default on and
disabled = no, you can force an automatic restart of the xinetd to load
without rebooting:
/etc/rc.d/init.d/xinetd restart
Finally, you should see:

Stopping xinetd: [ OK ] Starting xinetd: [ OK ]
Believe it or not, following all of this you should now have running:
• httpd (webserver)
• telnet
Now check to see what processes you have running again by using:
/sbin/chkconfig –list
or use the long "process" ps command like: ps -e | grep http.
You can use these same steps above to get mysql and ftp running. Replace
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httpd with mysql, and telnet with wu-ftpd. Always remember there is a
difference between configuration and startup files under initd and xinetd.
Hopes this helps you get going! Special thanks to John for his inspiration
and to Tom for catching a typo that could have mislead readers!
All of these commands should work from your command prompt (regardless
which shell you're using). Just in case some folks were not aware, you
MUST press enter to invoke the command and the EX: stands for example
and is not part of the command. Commands are denoted in courier type font.
And of course, if they don't work or help you, we appologize!
Basic Linux Commands NOTE:

All of these commands should work from your command prompt (regardless
which shell you're using).
Command Summary Use

Type cd followed by the name of a directory to
access that directory.
Keep in mind that you are always in a directory and
allowed access to any directories hierarchically
above or below. Ex:
cd games
Use cd to change
If the directory games is not located hierarchically
directories
below the current directory, then the complete path
must be written out. Ex:
cd /usr/games
To move up one directory, use the shortcut
command. Ex:
cd ..
Typing finger allows you to see who else is on the
system or get detailed information about a person
who has access to the system.
Use finger to see who's Type finger followed by the name of a user's
on the system account to get information about that user. Or, type
finger and press enter to see who's on the system
and what they are doing. Ex:
finger johndoe
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Yep, you guessed it, typing logout will log your
account out of the system.
Type logout at the prompt to disconnect from your
Linux machine or to logout a particular user session
Use logout to quit from the system. Keep in mind that although
using the system rudimentary, leaving your critical account logged
on may be a security concern. We always
recommend promptly using logout when you are
finished using your root account! Ex:
logout
Type ls to see a list of the files and directories
located in the current directory. If you’re in the
directory named games and you type ls, a list will
appear that contains files in the games directory and
sub-directories in the games directory. Examples:
ls Mail
ls /usr/bin
Type ls -alt to see a list of all files (including .rc
files) and all directories located in the current
directory. The listing will include detailed, often
Use ls to list files and
useful information. Examples:
directories
ls -alt
ls -alt /usr/bin
If the screen flies by and you miss seeing a number
of files, try using the |more at the end like:
ls -alt |more
* In Bash (Linux shell) often the abbreviated

command L is available. To get a verbose listing of
files and directories you could therefore simply
type: l
Type man followed by a command to get detailed
information about how to use the command. Ex:
Use man to pull up man ls
information about a Type man -k followed by a word to list all of the
Linux command commands and descriptions that contain the word
you specified. Ex:
man -k finger
Use more to read the Type more followed by the name of a text file to
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read the file’s contents. Why do we exmphasize
using this on a "text" file? Because most other types
contents of a file
of files will look like garbage! Ex:
more testfile.txt
Type passwd and press enter. You'll see the
message Changing password for yourname.
At the Old password: prompt, type in your old
password .
Then, at the Enter new password: prompt, type in
your new password .
The system double checks your new password.
Use passwd to change Beside the Verify: prompt, type the new password
your current password and press again.
Create a secure password that combines parts of

words and numbers. For instance, your dog's name
may be Rufus. He may have been born in 1999.
Create a password that uses parts of both the name
and date of birth, such as 99rufu. This is a fairly
secure password and easy to remember.
Type print filename . Be sure to replace the word
filename with a name of a text file. Printing the file
doesn’t take very long, so run over to the printer
and see if it worked.
Some alternative options:

Want to print to a lan printer? You’ll have to refer
Use print to print a to the network configuration section to make sure
file. your Linux is ready for printing across the network.
Of course, you could try and see what happens by
holding shift and pressing Print Screen when
viewing a file to see if it works.
Want to print out on your own personal printer?

Using the printscreen key or a screen capture
command is most convenient.
Use pwd to list the Type pwd and hit enter. You'll see the full name of
name of your current the directory you are currently in. This is your
directory directory path and is very handy. This is especially
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handy when you forget which directory you’ve
changed to and are trying to run other commands.
Manipulating Files
Command Summary Use

chmod The chmod command allows you to alter access rights to files
and directories. All files and directories have security
permissions that grant the user particular groups’ or all other
users’ access.
To view your files' settings, at the shell prompt type: ls -alt
You should see some files with the following in front of them
(an example follows):
total 4
drwxrwsr-x 7 reallyli reallyli 1024 Apr 6 14:30 .
drwxr-s--x 22 reallyli reallyli 1024 Mar 30 18:20 ..
d-wx-wx-wx 3 reallyli reallyli 1024 Apr 6 14:30 content
drwxr-xr-x 2 reallyli reallyli 1024 Mar 25 20:43 files
What do the letters mean in front of the files/directories mean?

r indicates that it is readable (someone can view the file’s
contents)
w indicates that it is writable (someone can edit the file’s
contents)
x indicates that it is executable (someone can run the file, if
executable)
- indicates that no permission to manipulate has been assigned
When listing your files, the first character lets you know
whether you’re looking at a file or a directory. It’s not part of
the security settings. The next three characters indicate Your
access restrictions. The next three indicate your group's
permissions, and finally other users' permissions.
Use chmod followed by the permission you are changing. In
104
very simple form this would be:
chmod 755 filename
The example above will grant you full rights, group rights to
execute and read, and all others access to execute the file.
# Permission
7 full
6 read and write
read and
5
execute
4 read only
write and
3
execute
2 write only
1 execute only
0 none
Still confused? Use the table above to define the settings for the
three "users." In the command, the first number refers to your
permissions, the second refers to group, and the third refers to
general users.
Typing the command: chmod 751 filename
gives you full access, the group read and execute, and all others
execute only permission.
cp Type cp followed by the name of an existing file and the name

of the new file.
Ex:
cp newfile newerfile
To copy a file to a different directory (without changing th
e file’s name), specify the directory instead of the new
filename. Ex:
cp newfile testdir
To copy a file to a different directory and create a new file
105
name, you need to specify a directory/a new file name. Ex:
cp newfile testdir/newerfile
cp newfile ../newerfile
The .. represents one directory up in the hierarchy.
file Type file followed by the name of an existing file in the

directory.
Ex:
file emergency3_demo.exe
OUTPUT: MS-DOS executable (EXE)
This command allows you to figure out what the file type is and
how to use it. For instance the command will tell you whether it
is an executable, a compressed file and which type, or
something unusual.
This command is simplistic, but often can allow you to

determine why a file does not respond the way you expect.
mv Type mv followed by the current name of a file and the new

name of the file.
Ex:
mv oldfile newfile
Type mv followed by the name of a file and the new directory

where you'd like to place the file. Ex:
mv newfile testdir
This moves the file named newfile to an existing directory
named testdir. Be certain you’re specifying a directory
name or the mv command alters the name of the file instead of
moving it.
rm Type rm followed by the name of a file to remove the file.
Ex:
rm newfile
Use the wildcard character to remove several files at once. Ex:
106
rm n*
This command removes all files beginning with n.
Type rm -i followed by a filename if you’d like to be prompted
before the file is actually removed. Ex:
rm -i newfile
rm -i n*
By using this option, you have a chance to verify the removal of
each file. The -i option is very handy when removing
a number of files using the wildcard character *.
Directory Related Commands
Command Summary Use

cd Use cd to change directories. Type cd followed by the name of a
directory to access that directory. Keep in mind that you are
always in a directory and can navigate to directories
hierarchically above or below. Ex:
cd games
If the directory games is not located hierarchically below the
current directory, then the complete path must be
written out. Ex:
cd /usr/games
To move up one directory, use the shortcut command. Ex:
cd ..
Use cp -r to copy a directory and all of its contents

Type cp -r followed by the name of an existing directory and the
name of the new directory. Ex:
cp -r testing newdir
You must include the -r or you’ll see the following message:
cp: testing is a directory and -r not specified.
This command saves you time if you need to make a mirror
image of a directory packed with files.
mkdir Use mkdir to make/create a brand new directory

Type mkdir followed by the name of a directory. Ex:
mkdir testdir
mv Use mv to change the name of a directory
107
Type mv followed by the current name of a directory and the
new name of the directory. Ex:
mv testdir newnamedir
Trying to find out where on your Linux server you currently are
located? The pwd (print working directory) command will show
pwd you the full path to the directory you are currently in. This is
very handy to use, especially when performing some of the
other commands on this page!
rmdir Use rmdir to remove an existing directory (assuming you have

permissions set to allow this).
Type rmdir followed by a directory's name to remove it. Ex:
rmdir testdir
You CAN'T remove a directory that contains files with this

command. A more useful command is rm -r that removes
directories and files within the directories. You can read more
about this in Commands for Beginning Admins
The rmdir command is used mostly to remove empty directories.

If you have a desire to use this command then you'll need to
delete or move the files before attempting to remove a full
directory. For more help please read the mv command and also
File Related Commands.
Some More commands
Command Summary Use

The du command prints a summary of the amount of
information you have stored in your directories on
the mounted disks.
syntax: du [options] path
du ex: du -a /News
Options:
-s print the sum of bytes in your directories
-a print a line for each file in your directory
108
The grep command searches text files for a
particular word or string of words. Very helpful
when trying to find that needle in a haystack, like a
grep
particular line in a large log file.
syntax: grep textstring filename(s)
ex: grep century history.text.doc
head: prints the beginning of a text file
tail: prints the end of a text file
Head These commands allow you to view parts of a text
file.
Tail ex: tail -5 textfile.txt
The example above will print the last 5 lines of the
file textfile.txt.
Trying to find out where on your Linux server a
particular file resides? Having a real nasty time
doing it? If you have the Bash shell you can try
using the locate command to identify where it is on
your mounted drives.
locate
Type: locate filename and press enter. Replace
filename with the name of the file you are looking
for. This is a real time saving command as you start
navigating your Linux server!
If locate does not work for you try using which.
Nice: runs programs/commands at a lower system
priority
Nohup: runs nice programs even when you’re
logged off the system
Nice By using the two commands simultaneously, your
large processes can continue to run, even when you
Nohup have logged off the system and are relaxing.
Ex: nice nohup c program.c .
This command will allow the c compiler to compile
program.c even when you have logged off the
system.
ps The ps command displays all of the existing
processes. This command is also directly linked to
related to "stopped issues with stopped processes (also known as
jobs" "stopped jobs").
Occasionally, you may see the message There are
109
Stopped Jobs.
If you log off the system without properly stopping
your jobs, some jobs/processes may remain in
memory tying up the system and drawing
unnecessary processing bandwidth.
Type ps and hit enter. This will list all of your

current processes running, or stopped.
PID TT STAT TIME COMMAND

23036 pl S 0:00 -csh
23070 pl R 0:00 vi
The number under PID is the process identification

number. To kill a process that is stopped, type: kill
pid. Replace pid with the exact number of the
process.
Ex: While in Vi, you accidentally press the wrong
keys. Vi's operation is stopped and you are kicked
back to the prompt. To kill the stopped Vi command,
you may type: kill 23070.
The stty command allows you to view a listing of
your current terminal options. By using this
command, you can also remap keyboard keys,
tailoring to your needs.
Ex: stty and hit enter. This lists your terminal
settings.
stty
Ex: stty erase\^h . This remaps your erase key
(backspace) to the Ctrl and h keys. From now on,
holding down Ctrl and pressing h will cause a
backspace. So you're scratching your head asking
why is this handy? You'll see at some point how stty
is also used for a number of other useful settings.
talk In order to contact someone who is on the system, at
the prompt you type: talk accountname . Replace
accountname with the full account name of the
person. If you don’t want anyone to disturb you
using the talk command, at the prompt
type: mesg n. This prevents others from using talk to
110
reach you.
You're bound to come across files that are g-zipped
and tarred. Okay, now what? These are methods of
compressing and storing directories and files in a
single "file." Most new Linux programs come off the
web as something like coolnew-game.4-4-01.gz.
This file is likely a tar file that has then been gzipped
for compression. The way to handle these files is
simple, but requires that you put the file into an
tar appropriate directory. In other words, don't plop the
file in your root or /bin unless it belongs there.
also related to gzip
Now you can do a one fell swoop un-gzip it and
untar it into its original form (usually multiple files
in many sub directories) by typing: tar -xvzf *.gz
This will programmatically un-gzip and then untar

all files in the current directory into their full
original form including sub-directories etc. Please be
careful where and how you run this!
This command allows you to list all users’ and their
processes who are currently logged in to the Linux
server, or a particular user’s processes. Type: w to
view all users’ processes. Type: w jsmith to view
jsmith’s processes. We use this all the time from a
w
system admin standpoint. Please also see more
commands to get user information on this page. You
need to know who logs on to your system! Okay, so
you have a stand alone Linux box and no one else
uses it? Try this command just to be sure. ;)
!! Don’t waste time and energy retyping commands at
the prompt. Instead, use the ! option. To
automatically re-display the last command you typed
at the prompt, type: !! and press enter. Press again to
invoke the command. You can also automatically re-
display a command you typed earlier by using the !
and the first few letters of the command.
Ex: At the Linux prompt you had typed the
command clear, followed by the command pico,
111
followed by the command ftp. In order to re-display
the clear command you type: !cl and press enter. In
order to re-display the last command you typed,
simply type: !! . Try it out. You’ll find this a time
saver when dealing with long commands. Especially
commands like tar!
112
Assignment No: 13
Title: LAN Explorer & ETHREAL software

Objective: To study any protocol analyzer software (eg. LanExplorer) and
to learn , use its important features, Study of network monitoring software
like ETHREAL software.
Theory:
Please refer the separate manual on LAN Explorer & ETHREAL software.
113
Assignment No: 14
Title: LAN Setup
Objective: Study of existing LAN and understand the design and various
components. Set up a small network of 3 to 4 computers and Hub/Switch as
directed by the instructor. Use LAN Card, UTP Cables and Connectors.
Install LAN Cards and Crimp the connectors. Assign unique IP addresses
and share C drive on each machine. Test the network by using PING
command. Use protocol analyzer Software.
Theory:
Please refer the separate manual on LAN Setup
114
Assignment No: 15
Title: Windows 2000/2003 server
Objective: To learn and understand Windows 2003 server and it’s

associated domain operations, to configure RAS and DHCP, to add users
and computers to a domain
Theory:
Adding a computer to Active Directory
Preface:
Earlier, I showed you how to add users to your Active Directory domain.
This tutorial will focus on how to add computers. This step is not "really"
necessary for workstation computers - at least, I was able to add a Windows
XP machine to my domain without adding the computer name first. This is
section is really for looking at which computers join, and allow other servers
to join as DC's, etc. I will show you how to add the computer using "Active
Directory Users and Computers", then in other tutorials, I will demonstrate
how to add a Windows 2000 computer and Windows XP computer to this
domain.
Update:
115
Brian Desmond (Windows Server MVP) emailed me with the following
information on why someone might want to add a computer to AD
manually:
"By default a computer will get dumped in the Computers container, unless
a Windows 2003 Native Mode Domain is inplace, and redircomp has been
run to change this. Precreating computer accounts in OUs will ensure that
when the unit is joined, it is in the correct OU, which guarantees policy
consistency, and other administrative things. One can also specify who can
reset the machine’s password. This will allow an admin to create an account
for a computer, and let a normal user join the machine with their
credentials."
Method:
1.Click Start, highlight "Administrative Tools" and select "Active Directory

Users and Computers"
2.Expand your domain name, and right-click "Computers", highlight "New"

then click "Computer”
3.In this dialog we have to type the name of the computer we want to add
4 In the next dialog just click "Next", then you will see a final report of what
will be added, and you can click "Finish".
Adding users to Active Directory
Method:
1.Click Start, highlight "Administrative Tools" and select "Active Directory

Users and Computers"
2. Now, expand your domain name on the left side, and go to the bottom
where it says "Users". Once you click on that, you will see all of the
automatically created users, you will also see all of the users you made
before you ran dcpromo - that's because they all stay through the promotion
to DC. Anyway, to add a user, you can either right click the "Users" folder
on the left side, or the blank area on the right side, and highlight "New" then
click "User"
116
3. In the next dialog we can set the user's First name, Last name and various
other pieces of information, including their log-on name, and domain to
which we want to add them.
4. After clicking "Next" you are presented with the password-settings

screen. You can set the user's password and then have them change it on
their first log-on by selecting "User must change password at next logon".
But in this tutorial, I will set it as their password, and not allow them to ever
change it without asking me (the administrator) to change it for them.
5.In the next dialog, we get a summary of the user to be created. Click
"Finish" and the user has been created
6. And we're finished! Now, you might want to check out the tutorial on
how to add a computer to Active Directory, that will help you get the full
benefits of AD.
APPLICATIONS:
Used as an advanced operating system.
FAQS
1. How to add users to active directory of windows 2003 Server?
2. How to add computers to active directory of windows 2003 Server
117

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INDEX

Title: “Quote of the Day” Server using VB Winsock Control

1. To learn & understand VB and WinSock Control.

A WinSock control allows you to connect to a remote machine and

• Create a client application that collects user information before

1. Will the application require acknowledgment from the server or client

Setting the Protocol

To find your computer's name

1. On the Taskbar of your computer, click Start.

4. Click the Identification tab.

5. The name of your computer will be found in the Computer name

TCP Connection Basics

To create a TCP server

1. Create a new Standard EXE project.

frmClient.Show ' Show the client form.

Private Sub tcpServer_ConnectionRequest _(ByVal requestID As Long)

‘ accepting the new connection.

If tcpServer.State <> sckClosed Then _

' Accept the request with the requestID parameter.

Private Sub txtSendData_Change()

Private Sub tcpServer_DataArrival _(ByVal bytesTotal As Long)

‘ txtOutput to the data.

Dim strData As String

The procedures above create a simple server application. However, to

To create a TCP client

1. Add a new form to the project, and name it frmClient.

Important Be sure to change the value of the RemoteHost property to the

Private Sub Form_Load()

' The name of the Winsock control is tcpClient.

"121.111.1.1") or ' the computer's "friendly" name, as shown here.

Private Sub cmdConnect_Click()

' Invoke the Connect method to initiate a connection.

Private Sub txtSend_Change()

Private Sub tcpClient_DataArrival _(ByVal bytesTotal As Long)

Dim strData As String

Accepting More than One Connection Request

Private intMax As Long

Private Sub Form_Load()

Private Sub sckServer_ConnectionRequest _(Index As Integer, ByVal

Creating a UDP application is even simpler than creating a TCP application

In contrast, the UDP protocol doesn't require an explicit connection. To send

1. Set the RemoteHost property to the name of the other computer.

Because both computers can be considered "equal" in the relationship, it

To create a UDP Peer

1. Create a new Standard EXE project.

Private Sub Form_Load()

' The control's name is udpPeerA

' IMPORTANT: be sure to change the RemoteHost value to the name of

.RemotePort = 1001 ' Port to connect to.

.Bind 1002 ' Bind to the local port.

frmPeerB.Show ' Show the second form.

Private Sub txtSend_Change()

' Send text as soon as it's typed.

Private Sub udpPeerA_DataArrival _(ByVal bytesTotal As Long)

Dim strData As String

To create a second UDP Peer

1. Add a standard form to the project.

Private Sub Form_Load()

' The control's name is udpPeerB.

' IMPORTANT: be sure to change the RemoteHost

' value to the name of your computer.

.RemotePort = 1002 ' Port to connect to.