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Textbook
Power Electronics
--Converters, Applications, and Design
Third Edition
Mohan / Undeland / Robbins
02-23657999 02-3651662
Midterm: 50%
Final: 50%
Outlines
Power Electronic Systems
Overview of Power Semiconductor Switches
Switch-Mode DC/DC Converters
Switch-Mode DC/AC Inverters
Resonant Converters
Switching DC Power Supplies
Power Conditioners and Uninterruptible Power Supplies
Practical Converter Design Considerations
Chapter 1
Power Electronic Systems
Transistor as a switch
High Efficiency
High-Frequency Transformer
Basic Principle of
Switch-Mode Synthesis
Application
in Adjustable Speed Drives
Power Processor as a
Combination of Converters
AC Motor Drive
Matrix Converter
Interdisciplinary Nature of
Power Electronics
Chapter 2 Overview of
Power Semiconductor Devices
Diodes
Diode Turn-Off
Thyristors
Semi-controlled device
Latches ON by a gate-current pulse if forward biased
Turns-off if current tries to reverse
Switching Characteristics
(linearized)
MOSFETs
GTO Turn-Off
MOS-Controlled Thyristor
(MCT)
Chapter 3
Review of Basic Electrical and
Magnetic Circuit Concepts
P
PF = = cos
S
Three-Phase Circuit
Fourier Analysis
1
f(t) = F0 + f h (t) = a0 + {a h cos(h t) + bh sin(h t)}
2
h =1
h =1
I s1
P I s1
PF = =
cos 1 =
DPF =
S
Is
Is
Voltage
1
1 + THD i2
DPF
is assumed to be sinusoidal
Phasor Representation
Response of L and C
di L
vL = L
dt
dv c
ic = C
dt
Amperes Law
H dl = i
B = H
Definition of permeability
1 + 2 + 3 = 0
d
di
e= N
= L
dt
dt
Inductance L
Analysis of a Transformer
N1 2
Ll2' = (
) Ll2
N2
N1 2
R2' = (
) R2
N2
Chapter 4
Computer Simulation
System to be Simulated
Closed-Loop Operation:
Large Disturbances
di L
dt
dv c
dt
rL
- L
= 1
1
L
1
CR
-
1
iL
+ L v oi
0
vc
PSpice-based Simulation
Simulation results
Chapter 5
Diode Rectifiers
A Simple Circuit
Resistive load
A Simple Circuit
(Load has a dc back-emf)
Current begins to flow when the input voltage exceeds the dc back-emf
Current continues to flows for a while even after the input voltage has
gone below the dc back-emf
Current Commutation
Current Commutation
Current Commutation
in Full-Bridge Rectifier
Current Commutation
Line-Voltage Distortion
Line-Voltage Distortion
Commonly used
Chapter 6
Thyristor Converters
Chapter 6
Thyristor Converters
Thyristor Converters
Two-quadrant conversion
Thyristor Triggering
2 I d = 0.9I d P = 0.9cos
Thyristor Converter
Thyristor Converters:
Inverter Mode
Thyristor Converters:
Inverter Mode
Thyristor Converters:
Inverter Mode
Thyristor Converters:
Inverter Mode
Chapter 7
DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters
Pulse-Width Modulation in
DC-DC Converters
ton
TsVd
1
I LB = I L, peak =
(Vd - Vo ) =
D(1 - D) = 4I LB,max D(1 - D)
2
2L
2L
Critical current below which inductor current becomes
discontinuous
Vo
D2
=
Io
1
Vd
D2 + (
)
4 I LB, max
Vo =
Q
C
I LTs
8C
Vd Ton = ( Vo Vd )Toff
Vo
1
=
>1
Vd
1 D
ton
TsVo
1
I LB = I L,peak = Vd =
D(1- D) = 4ILB,maxD(1- D)
2
2L
2L
TsVo
2 27
I oB = (1 - D)I LB =
D(1 - D) =
D(1 - D)2 I oB,max
2L
4
Discont. Conduction
Io
4 Vo Vo
D=
( - 1)
27 Vd Vd
IoB,max
D=
I
4 Vo Vo
( - 1) o : DCM
27 Vd Vd
IoB,max
Output Ripple
I o ton Vo DTs
Vo =
=
C
R C
V d T on = V o T off
Vo
D
=
Vd
1 D
ton
TsVo
1
I LB = I L, peak =
Vd =
(1 - D) = I LB,max (1 - D)
2
2L
2L
TsVo
I oB = (1 - D)I LB =
(1 - D)2 = I oB,max (1 - D)2
2L
Vo
Io
D=
Vd IoB,max
V
Io
D= o
: DCM
Vd IoB,max
I o ton Vo DTs
Vo =
=
C
R C
Converter Waveforms
Switch Utilization
in DC-DC Converters
Chapter 8
Switch-Mode DC-AC Inverters
ma =
V control
^
V tri
fs
mf =
f1
Half-Bridge Inverter
DC-Side Current
DC-Side Current
in a Single-Phase Inverter
Push-Pull Inverter
Three-Phase Inverter
DC-Side Current
in a Three-Phase Inverter
Results in nonlinearity
Fixed-Frequency Operation
Chapter 9
Zero-Voltage or Zero-Current Switchings
Switching Trajectories
Vd
di L
+ vc = V d
dt
dv c
Cr
= iL
dt
Lr
i L (t) = I Lo cos o (t - t o ) +
V d - V co
sin o ( t t o )
Zo
Series-Resonant Circuit
with Capacitor-Parallel Load
di L
+ vc = Vd
dt
dv c
ic = C r
= iL - I o
dt
Lr
i L (t) = I o + (I Lo - I o )cos o (t - t o ) +
V d - V co
sin o ( t t o )
Zo
Q =
o Lr
R
Z
1
= o
oC r R
R
dv c
= Id
dt
di L
vc = Lr
dt
iL + C r
V co
sin o ( t t o )
i L (t) = I d + (I Lo - I d )cos o (t - t o ) +
Zo
v c (t) = Z o (I d - I Lo )sin o (t - t o ) + V c o cos o ( t t o )
Q = o RC r =
R
R
=
o Lr
Zo
Thyristors
used
used
ZVS, ZCS
ZCS
1
o
2
1
o < s < o
2
No turn - on losses
ZVS
Parallel-Resonant
Current-Source Converter
Resistive
Induction Coil
Capacitive
Parallel-Resonant
Current-Source Converter
Class-E Converters
Used for high - frequency
electronic ballasts
Sin-wave Current
Single-switch
ZCS Turn-on
No switching losses
ZVS Turn-off
Class-E Converters
Accelerating diode
ZCS Turn-off
ZCS Turn-on
ZVS Turn-off
ZVS Turn-on
ZVS Turn-on
Commonly used
ZVS Turn-on
High-Frequency-Link Inverter
High-Frequency-Link Inverter
High-Frequency-Link Inverter
Chapter 10
Switching DC Power Supplies
Transformer Analysis
Flyback Converter
Flyback Converter
Flyback Converter
Forward Converter
Forward Converter:
Other Possible Topologies
Push-Pull Inverter
Half-Bridge Converter
Full-Bridge Converter
Current-Source Converter
x = A2 x + B2vd , (1 d)Ts
vo = C1x , dTs
vo = C2 x , (1 d)Ts
x = [ A1d + A2 (1 d)]x +[B1d + B2 (1 d)]vd
vo = [C1d + C2 (1 d)]x
~ ~
+[ A1D + A2 (1 D)]x+ ( A1 A2 ) d x
X = 0 = AX + BVd
~
~ ~
Vo + vo CX +[(C1 C2 ) X ] d + C x
Vo = CX
vo = C x+[(C1 C2 ) X ] d
X = 0 = AX + BVd
and Vo = CX
Steady-state
Vo
1
= CA B
Vd
DC voltage transfer ratio
~
vo = C x+[(C1 C2 ) X ] d
Tp (s) =
vo (s)
~
d (s)
Vd + L x1 + rL x1 + R(x1 C x2 ) = 0
x2 + Crc x2 + R(x1 C x2 ) = 0
A1 =A2
L(R + rc )
L(R + rc ) 1
x1 =
+ L Vd
1 x2
R
x
0
2
C(R + rc )
C(R + rc )
B1
B2=0
C1=C2
Rrc
vo = R(x1 C x2 ) =
R + rc
A = A1
, B = B1D
R x1
R + rc x2
, C = C1
1 C = C1 = C2 [rc 1]
rc + rL
L
L
R >> (rC + rL ) A = A1 = A2
1
1 B = B D = 1/ LD
1
0
CR
C
1
1
Vo
R + rc
LC
1
CR
L
=D
D
A =
1
Vd
R + (rc + rL )
rc + rL
1+ (rc + rL ) / R
L
C
~
Tp (s) =
vo (s)
~
d (s)
1+ srcC
o2
s + z
Vd
= Vd
2
z s2 + 2os + o2
LC{s + s[1/ CR+ (rc + rL ) / L] +1/ LC}
Forward Converter:
Transfer Function Plots
o2
s + z
Tp (s) = Vd
z s2 + 2os + o2
Flyback Converter:
Transfer Function Plots
(1+ s / z1)(1 s / z 2 )
Tp (s) = Vd f (D)
as2 + bos + c
Tm (s) =
d (s)
~
1
^
vc (s) Vr
Feedback-Loop Stabilization
Feedback-Loop Stabilization
Fp
Fco
K =
=
Fz
Fco
Feedback-Loop Stabilization
K =
total
lag
1
K
Fp
Fco
=
Fz
Fco
Vo
5V
Io(nom)
10A
Io(min)
1A
Switching frequency
100kHz
Minimum output ripple 50mVP-P
3V o T 3 5 10 10 6
Lo =
=
= 15 H
I on
10
Co = 65 10 6
Fo =
dI
2
= 65 10 6
= 2600 F
Vor
0.05
1
= 806 Hz
2 L o C o
Fesr =
1
1
=
= 2 . 5 kHz
6
2 R esr C o 2 65 10
0 .5 (V sp 1)
3
0 . 5 (11 1)
= + 4 . 5 dB
3
G m + G s = 4 . 5 + 20 log(
2 .5
) = 4 .5 6 = 1 .5 dB
5
1
Fs = 20 kHz
5
Fco
20 k
=
= 8 lag = 97
Fesr
2 .5 k
Fco 20
1
=
= 5 kHz C 1 =
= 318 pF
Fz =
K
4
2 (100 k )( 5 k )
1
= 20 pF
F p = K Fco = 4 20 = 80 kHz C 2 =
2 (100 k )( 80 k )
Voltage Feed-Forward
Current Limiting
Input Filter
Chapter 11
Power Conditioners and
Uninterruptible Power Supplies
UPS: Control
Chapter 16
Residential and Industrial Applications
Induction Cooking
Welding Application
Switch-Mode Welders
Chapter 17
Electric Utility Applications
HVDC Transmission
Photovoltaic Interface
Chapter 18
Utility Interface
Diode-Rectifier Bridge
Power-Factor-Correction (PFC)
Circuit Control
Switching Waveforms
Conducted EMI
Various Standards
Turn-off Snubber
D
D F
Io
R s
C s
Iotfi
Cs=2V ,
d
Io
Df
V
D s
S
Turn-off
snubber
Io -i
i
C s
ton>2.3RsCs, Vd/Rs<0.2Io
sw
Cs
sw
Turn-on Snubber
isw
+
D
R
Snubber
circuit
Ls
Ls
D
Io
+
Ls
D
V
Ls
Io
Without
With
snubber snubber
Ls
di
Ls sw
dt
Ls
Sw
LsIo
vsw= t
ri
toff>2.3Ls/Rs
v
sw
Sw
V
d
Pr=1/2LsIo^2fs
EMC Requirements
Those required by governmental agencies
Those imposed by the product manufacturer
Frequency Range of
EMC Requirements
Federal Communications
Commission (FCC)
Class A for use in a commercial, industrial
or business environment
Antennas
Quasi-Peak
Detector
Average
Detector
announcement schedule
y Insuring that the product will satisfy
Resistors
Capacitors
Inductors
1.2H Inductor
Common-Mode Choke
Common-Mode Choke
Ferrite Beads
The key parameters that contribute to the highfrequency spectral content of the waveform are the
rise-time and fall-time of the pulse.
Spectrum Analyzer
E D , max
|
| = Kf
ID
E C , max
|
|= Kf L
IC
Susceptibility Models
V L , wo
L
IL = 20 log 10 (
) = 20 log 10 (
)
RS + RL
V L ,w
Common-Mode Choke
I Total = I C I
Construction of Transformers
Crosstalk
The unintended EM coupling between wires and
PCB lands that are in close proximity.
Three-Conductor Transmission
Line illustrating Crosstalk
NE
^
VS
= j(
R NE
Lm
R NE R FE
RLC m
+
)
R NE + R FE R S + R L R NE + R FE R S + R L
IND
CAP
= j ( M NE
+ M NE
)
^
FE
VS
= j(
R FE
Lm
R NE R FE
RLC m
+
)
R NE + R FE R S + R L R NE + R FE R S + R L
IND
CAP
= j ( M FE
+ M FE
)
Common-impedance Coupling
V NE
^
IND
CAP
CI
= j ( M NE
+ M NE
) + M NE
VS
^
V FE
^
VS
IND
CAP
CI
= j ( M FE
+ M FE
) + M FE
^ CAP
NE
^ CAP
= V FE
R NE R FE
C RS C GS
VG DC
R NE + R FE C RS + C GS
^ IND
NE
^
R NE
R SH
=
j LGR I G
R NE + R FE
R SH + j L SH
SF =
R SH
R SH
+ j LSH
Twisted Wires
The Inductive-Capacitive
Coupling Model
A Coupling Model
for the Balanced Termination
Purposes of a Shield
To prevent the emissions of the electronics
of the product from radiating outside the
boundaries of the product
To prevent radiated emissions external to
the product from coupling to the products
electronics
Degradation of Shielding
Effectiveness
Shielding Effectiveness
y
R represents
the reflection loss
A represents
the absorption loss
M represents
the additional effects
of multiple reflections
SE dB = R dB + AdB + M dB
/ transmissions
Reflection Loss
R dB
y
)
r o
By referring to
copper,
R dB
y
1
o
20 log 10 ( ) 20 log 10 (
4
4
r
= 168 + 10 log 10 (
)
r f
Absorption Loss
AdB = 20 log 10 e
t/
= 131 .4 t
f r r
Shielding Effectiveness
Shielding Effectiveness
y Reflection loss is the primary contributor to
Effects of Apertures
ESD Events
y
Hardware Immunity
y Secondary arc discharges
y Direct conduction
y Electric field (Capacitive) coupling
y Magnetic field (Inductive) coupling
Single-point Ground
Software Immunity
y Watchdog routines that periodically check
whether program flow is correct
y The use of parity bits, checksums and errorcorrecting codes can prevent the recording of
ESD-corrupted data
y Unused module inputs should be tied to ground
or +5V to prevent false triggering by an ESD
event
Packaging Consideration
Common-impedance Coupling
Segregation of Grounds
Interconnection and
Number of PCBs
Decoupling Subsystems
y
The 100th harmonic of the 2MHz signal (200MHz) and the 101st
harmonic of the 1.981MHz signal (200.081MHz) will be within
81kHz of each other and will add in the bandwidth of the receiver
Component Placement
Component Placement