RC Crack Width Calculator

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
Overflow Shaft - Results
255664
BLC
ARM
Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Design
May - 2010
RD
Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1200
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
Sustained load factor
K2
0.80
Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete
/oC
8.0
If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC
Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
Tensile strength at cracking
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)
Tensile strain capacity
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)
ctu(lt)
123
ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]
25
T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature
Section details and material properties

Section thickness
Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

K1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; K1 = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including
creep to EN1992-1-1)
Early age concrete properties
ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]
Long term concrete properties
Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
Autogenous shrinkage
ca(ea)
22
EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)
Free contraction
free(ea)
222
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.50
Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data
Restrained early-age strain and risk of

cracking
Restraint
Early-age restrained contraction

Risk of early age cracking
R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
Early-age crack-inducing strain
cr(ea)
Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)
ca(lt)
Long term strain (excluding early-age

strain)
72
1.05
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

Low risk of early age cracking if r(ea)/ctu < 1.
29
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)
Long term temperature change
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168
T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

sections acting integrally are subject to external restraint.
free(lt)
315
free(lt) = ca + T2 c + cd
Long term free contraction
Restrained long term strain

Restraint to long term thermal strains
R2
0.40
Restraint to drying shrinkage
R3
0.40
Long term restrained strain
free(lt)
82
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
Increase in tensile strain capacity
ctu
37
ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)
Long term crack-inducing strain
cr(lt)
45
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu
Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term
Total strain (early-age + long term)

Free contraction
r(total)
537
free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)
Restrained contraction
r(total)
154
r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)
Crack-inducing strain
cr(total)
74
cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)
Bar diameter
mm
20
Bar spacing
mm
110
Reinforcement details
Cover
mm
50
Area of steel per face per m
As
mm2
2856
Cracking initiated at early age strain

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Steel ratio for early age cracking
Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

k = 1.0 for h 300mm; k = 0.65 for h 800mm; intermediate values are
interpolated
For pure tension kc = 1
Surface zone used in calculating As,min
hs,min
mm
390
hs,min = k kc h/2
Minimum area of steel per face per m
As,min
mm2
1637
As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min
Surface zone defining the effective area of

concrete in tension, Ac,eff
he,ef
mm
150
he,ef = 2.5 (c + /2) [NOTE: hs,min and he,ef are not the same]
Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing
p,eff
0.01904
k1
0.8
EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

good bond cannot be guaranteed. Hence k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14
Crack spacing and width
Coefficient for bond characteristics
p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)
Sr,max
mm
527
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
Early age crack width
wk
mm
0.02
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
Long term crack width
wk
mm
0.04
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing
Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Steel ratio for late-life cracking
fctm/fyk
Minimum area of steel per face
As,min
0.0070
mm2
2737
fctm / fyk = crit

Highlighted if As < As,min
Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
51

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
430
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.50
140
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)
2.04

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
97
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.40
R3
0.40
free(lt)
82
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
45

Free contraction
r(total)
745
r(total)
222
cr(total)
142
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.05
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.08
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
20

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
182
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.50

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
59
0.86
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

16
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.40
R3
0.40
free(lt)
82
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
45

Free contraction
r(total)
497
r(total)
141
cr(total)
61
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.01
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.03
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
20

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
182
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.55

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
65
0.95
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

22
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.44
R3
0.44
free(lt)
90
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
53

Free contraction
r(total)
497
r(total)
155
cr(total)
75
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.01
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.04
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
20

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
182
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.60

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
71
1.04
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

28
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.48
R3
0.48
free(lt)
98
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
61

Free contraction
r(total)
497
r(total)
169
cr(total)
89
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.02
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.05
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
20

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
182
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.65

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
77
1.12
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

34
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.52
R3
0.52
free(lt)
106
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
69

Free contraction
r(total)
497
r(total)
183
cr(total)
104
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.02
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.06
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
20

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
182
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.70

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
83
1.21
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

40
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.56
R3
0.56
free(lt)
115
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
78

Free contraction
r(total)
497
r(total)
197
cr(total)
118
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.02
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.06
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
20

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
182
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.75

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
89
1.30
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

46
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.60
R3
0.60
free(lt)
123
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
86

Free contraction
r(total)
497
r(total)
212
cr(total)
132
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.03
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.07
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
20

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
182
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.80

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
95
1.38
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

52
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.64
R3
0.64
free(lt)
131
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
94

Free contraction
r(total)
497
r(total)
226
cr(total)
146
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.03
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.08
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
25

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
222
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.50

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
72
1.05
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

29
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.40
R3
0.40
free(lt)
82
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
45

Free contraction
r(total)
537
r(total)
154
cr(total)
74
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.02
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.04
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
25

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
222
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.55

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
79
1.16
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

37
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.44
R3
0.44
free(lt)
90
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
53

Free contraction
r(total)
537
r(total)
169
cr(total)
90
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.02
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.05
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
25

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
222
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.60

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
87
1.26
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

44
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.48
R3
0.48
free(lt)
98
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
61

Free contraction
r(total)
537
r(total)
185
cr(total)
105
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.02
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.06
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
25

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
222
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.65

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
94
1.37
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

51
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.52
R3
0.52
free(lt)
106
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
69

Free contraction
r(total)
537
r(total)
200
cr(total)
120
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.03
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.07
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
25

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
222
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.70
101
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)
1.48

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
58
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.56
R3
0.56
free(lt)
115
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
78

Free contraction
r(total)
537
r(total)
216
cr(total)
136
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.03
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.07
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
25

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
222
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.75
108
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)
1.58

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
65
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.60
R3
0.60
free(lt)
123
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
86

Free contraction
r(total)
537
r(total)
231
cr(total)
151
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.04
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.08
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
25

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
222
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.80
115
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)
1.69

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
73
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.64
R3
0.64
free(lt)
131
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
94

Free contraction
r(total)
537
r(total)
246
cr(total)
167
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.04
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.09
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
30

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
262
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.50

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
85
1.24
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

42
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.40
R3
0.40
free(lt)
82
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
45

Free contraction
r(total)
577
r(total)
167
cr(total)
87
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.02
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.05
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
30

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
262
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.55

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
94
1.37
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

51
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.44
R3
0.44
free(lt)
90
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
53

Free contraction
r(total)
577
r(total)
184
cr(total)
104
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.03
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.06
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
30

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
262
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.60
102
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)
1.49

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
59
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.48
R3
0.48
free(lt)
98
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
61

Free contraction
r(total)
577
r(total)
200
cr(total)
121
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.03
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.07
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
30

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
262
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.65
111
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)
1.62

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
68
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.52
R3
0.52
free(lt)
106
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
69

Free contraction
r(total)
577
r(total)
217
cr(total)
137
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.04
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.08
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
30

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
262
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.70
119
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)
1.74

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
76
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.56
R3
0.56
free(lt)
115
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
78

Free contraction
r(total)
577
r(total)
234
cr(total)
154
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.04
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.08
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
30

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
262
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.75
128
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)
1.87

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
85
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.60
R3
0.60
free(lt)
123
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
86

Free contraction
r(total)
577
r(total)
251
cr(total)
171
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.05
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.09
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit

Lee Tunnel
Client:
Location:
Thames Water
255664
BLC
ARM

Design
May - 2010
RD

Input parameters
Symbol
Unit
Value
mm
1500
Strength class
fck / fck,cube
MPa
C40/50
Age at cracking
tc
days
Creep factor
K1
0.65
K2
0.80
/oC
8.0
fyk
MPa
500
500 Mpa
fctm(tc)
MPa
2.10
Elastic modulus
Ecm(tc)
GPa
30.2
ctu(ea)
86
Tensile strength
fctm
MPa
3.51
Mean 28-day value
Elastic modulus
Ecm
GPa
35.2
Mean 28-day value
ctu(lt)
123
30

Section thickness

Early-age strain
Temperature drop
T1
ca(ea)
22
Free contraction
free(ea)
262
free(ea) = T1c+ ca
0.80
136
r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)
1.99

cracking
Restraint

R
r(ea)
r(ea)/ctu
cr(ea)
ca(lt)

strain)
93
c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu
27
T2
15
Drying shrinkage
cd
168

free(lt)
315

R2
0.64
R3
0.64
free(lt)
131
c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}
ctu
37
cr(lt)
94

Free contraction
r(total)
577
r(total)
267
cr(total)
187
Bar diameter
mm
25
Bar spacing
mm
140
Cover
mm
50
As
mm2
3506

Coefficient
Coefficient
fctm/fyk
0.00420
0.65
kc
fctm / fyk = crit

interpolated
hs,min
mm
488
hs,min = k kc h/2
As,min
mm2
2047

he,ef
mm
156.25
p,eff
0.02244
k1
0.8

Sr,max
mm
549
Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff
wk
mm
0.05
wk = c(ea) Sr,max
wk
mm
0.10
wk = c(total)Sr,max
Crack spacing

fctm/fyk
As,min
0.0070
mm2
3421
fctm / fyk = crit


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Lee Tunnel

Early Age Thermal Crack Control Reinforcement

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Sustained load factor

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

If aggregate is unknown use 12 / oC

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

Tensile strength at cracking

Mean value of tensile strength fctm(tc)

Mean value of elastic modulus Ecm(tc)

Tensile strain capacity

Mean 28-day value

Mean 28-day value

Tensile strain capacity (sustained loading)

ctu(lt) = [ fctm / Ecm ] x [K2 / K1]

T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature

Section details and material properties

Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available

Early age concrete properties

ctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [K2 / K1]

Long term concrete properties

EN1992-1-1 ca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)

Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data

Restrained early-age strain and risk of

Early-age restrained contraction

Early-age crack-inducing strain

Autogenous shrinkage (residual up to 28 days)

Long term strain (excluding early-age

r(ea) = R1 K1 (T1 c+ ca)

c(ea) = R1 K1 (T1c + ca) - 0.5 ctu

ca(lt) = ca(28) - ca(ea)

Long term temperature change

T2 and cd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the

Long term free contraction

Restrained long term strain

Restraint to drying shrinkage

Long term restrained strain

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)}

Increase in tensile strain capacity

ctu = ctu(28) - ctu(ea)

Long term crack-inducing strain

c(lt) = K1 {R2T2c + R3(ca + cd)} - ctu

Restraint will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term

Total strain (early-age + long term)

free(total) = free(ea) + free(lt)

r(total) = r(ea) + r(lt)

cr(total) = cr(ea) + cr(lt)

Area of steel per face per m

Cracking initiated at early age strain

fctm / fyk = crit

Surface zone used in calculating As,min

Minimum area of steel per face per m

As,min = (hs,min x 1000) (fctm / fyk) Highlighted if As < As,min

Surface zone defining the effective area of

Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing

EN1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where

Crack spacing and width

Coefficient for bond characteristics

p,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)

Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 /p,eff

Early age crack width

Long term crack width

Minimum reinforcement requirement for late-life cracking only

Minimum area of steel per face