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But tense is not the same as time. A verb in the present tense, for instance,
may be used in a statement about the future:
The bus leaves tomorrow at 7:30 A . M .
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Verbs: Tense form 22.2
The tenses of all but a few verbs are made from the four principal parts.
The principal parts of regular verbs are formed by the addition of -ing or -ed
to the bare form, as shown here:
Verbs with some principal parts formed in other ways are called irregular:
For the principal parts of other commonly used irregular verbs, see 22.11.
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22.2 form Verbs: Tense
For the past tense of commonly used irregular verbs, see 22.11.
FUTURE PERFECT She will have worked. She will have spoken.
PRESENT
PAST
FUTURE
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Verbs: Tense pres 22.3
Opposites attract.
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22.3 pres Verbs: Tense
In the first chapter of Far from the Madding Crowd, Gabriel sees the beautiful
Bathsheba, but she does not see him.
In his Fifth Symphony, Beethoven reveals the power and fury of his imagi-
nation.
b. To indicate a gradual process that need not be taking place at the exact
moment of the writing:
Suburban life is losing its appeal. Many young couples are moving out of the
suburbs and into the cities.
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Verbs: Tense past 22.5
a. To report a past action or state that touches in some way on the present:
I have just finished reading Gone with the Wind.
The words just and already are often used with the present perfect.
b. To report an action or state begun in the past but extending into the
present:
Engineers have begun to explore the possibility of harnessing the tides.
Since the invention of the automobile, traffic accidents have taken many
thousands of lives.
2. USE THE PROGRESSIVE FORM OF THE PRESENT PERFECT when you want to
emphasize both the continuity of an action from the past into the present
and the likelihood of its continuing into the future:
Some instrumental satellites have been traveling through space for years.
The cost of routine medical care has been growing at a staggering rate.
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22.6 perf Verbs: Tense
b. To state that one action was being performed when another occurred:
I was pouring a glass of water when the pitcher suddenly cracked.
b. To indicate that one past action or state was completed by the time
another occurred:
By the time Hitler sent reinforcements, the Allies had already taken much
of France.
2. USE THE PROGRESSIVE FORM OF THE PAST PERFECT to indicate that the first
of two past actions or states went on until the second occurred:
Before Gloria entered Mark’s life, he had been spending most of his time
with books.
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Verbs: Tense future 22.7
In the preceding examples, the auxiliary will is used. Years ago, will
generally went with you, they, he, she, it, and noun subjects, and shall was
used with I and we to express the simple future. When will was used with I
and we, it signified the speaker’s (or writer’s) determination: “We will stop
the enemy.” The use of shall with you, they, he, she, it, or a noun subject had
the same function: “You shall pay the tax.” But in current usage shall and
will mean about the same thing, and most writers use will with all subjects
to express the simple future. Some writers substitute shall, again with all
subjects, to express determination or certainty: “We shall overcome.”
In doing so, they will be helping to reduce our consumption of fuel and our
pollution of the air.
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22.9 misus Verbs: Tense
b. To say what the subject will be doing at a given time in the future:
Next semester I will be taking Sociology 101.
2. USE THE PROGRESSIVE FORM OF THE FUTURE PERFECT to say that an activ-
ity or state will continue until a specified time in the future:
By 2000 the Pioneer 10 probe will have been traveling through space for
more than twenty-five years.
No one will have been tracking its progress longer than Dr. Stellar.
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Verbs: Tense manag 22.10
2. USE THE PAST PERFECT—not the simple past—for action completed by
the time something else happened:
had
£ By the time the game ended, many of the spectators left.
^
3. USE THE PRESENT PERFECT—not the past—for action continuing into the
present:
has
£ Ever since the steel plant closed, the town suffered.
^
Participles and infinitives have two tenses: the present and the perfect:
PRESENT PERFECT
1. USE THE PRESENT TENSE when the action or state named by the partici-
ple or infinitive occurs at or after the time of the main verb:
We spend hours in conference with individual students, hours meeting
together and with counselors, trying to teach ourselves how to teach and
asking ourselves what we ought to be teaching.
—Adrienne Rich
2. USE THE PERFECT TENSE when the action or state named by the partici-
ple or infinitive occurred before the time of the main verb:
Having lost his cargo during the hurricane, the captain faced bankruptcy
when his vessel finally reached port.
Several reporters are sorry to have missed the president’s impromptu press
conference.
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22.11 form Verbs: Tense
†In this case the bare form (be) is not the same as the present (am, is, are).
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Verbs: Tense form 22.11
PRESENT PRESENT PAST
( BARE FORM ) PARTICIPLE PAST PARTICIPLE
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22.11 form Verbs: Tense
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22.11 form Verbs: Tense
Edison invented the phonograph in 1877. I was pouring water when the pitcher cracked.
The cost of a college education will increase. Next semester I will be taking Sociology 101.
Up to now, traffic accidents have taken many The cost of medical care has been growing.
lives.
I suddenly realized that I had left my keys at Before Gloria entered Mark's life, he had been
home. spending his time with books.
By the time we arrive, she will have gone. By June I will have been taking
courses for six quarters in
a row.
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