LOGO

CONTEXTUAL EQUIVALENCE IN THE INDONESIAN ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF OBJECT

DESCRIPTION IN BOROBUDUR MUSEUM
A THESIS
Presented
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Completion of the Degree
In English Education

By:
SITI ISMAWATI SHOLIKHAH
NPM 06420468

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
xxxxxxx SEMARANG
2010
APPROVAL

This thesis entitled CONTEXTUAL EQUIVALENCE IN THE INDONESIAN ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF OBJECT
DESCRIPTION IN BOROBUDUR MUSEUM written by SITI ISMAWATI SHOLIKHAH, NPM 06420468 has been approved by
the advisors of the Faculty Language and Arts Education, XXXX Semarang.
Day

: Thursday

Date

: 12th

Semarang, August 12th, 2010

First Advisor

Second Advisor

Arso Setyaji, S.Pd, M.Hum

NPP.056901167

Jafar Sodiq, S.Pd, M.Pd

NPP.956701117

RATIFICATION

This thesis entitled CONTEXTUAL EQUIVALENCE IN THE INDONESIAN ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF OBJECT
DESCRIPTION IN BOROBUDUR MUSEUM has been ratified by the team examiner of English Department, Faculty of Language
and Arts Education, Institute language XXXXX Semarang on:
Day:
Date:

Team Examiners
Chairperson

Secretary

Dean of FPBS

Head of the Department

Dra. Sri Suciati, M.Hum.

Drs. A. Wiyaka, M.Pd

NIP. 196503161990032002

NIP. 196412261990031002
The Member of Team:

1. Arso Setyaji, S.Pd, M.Hum

(....................................)

NPP. 056901167
2. Jafar Sodiq, S.Pd, M.Pd
NPP. 956701117
3.

First Examiner
(....................................)
Second Examiner

Dyah Nugrahani, S.Pd, M.Hum

NPP.077201191

(....................................)
Third Examiner

MOTTO

Trust to Allah SWT with give all yours

Struggle for sake of Allah to get His ridho
People who never make mistake, usually never do nothing
Dream is the way of reach our future, life without dreams is like eating without salt, so do not be afraid to dream because by
dreaming we can change the world
Everyone has been change to be the winner. They will get the higher position. When and where, just believe in God.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to thank you Allah the Almighty for His blessing and inspiration leading my thesis completion. I
would like, furthermore, to express my sincere gratitude to:
1. Muhdi, S.H, M.Hum, the Rector of XXXXX Semarang
2. Sri Suciati, M.Hum, the Dean of Faculty of Language and Arts Education of XXXXX Semarang.
3. Drs. A. Wiyaka, M.Pd., the Head of English Department, XXXXX Semarang.
4. Arso Setyaji, S.Pd, M.Hum., as the first advisor who has given encouragements and directions dealing with the thesis.
5. Jafar Sodiq, S.Pd, M.Pd., as the second advisor who has given advices and directions in writing this thesis.
6. Dyah Nugrahani, S.Pd, M.Hum., as the third examiner
7. All the people who cannot be mentioned one by one.
One the other hand, the writer also realizes that there is still some lacking in her thesis because of her limitation of knowledge and
ability, the writer accepts criticism and suggestions.
Finally, the writer hopes that this thesis will be useful for writer and the readers.

Semarag, August 2010

The writer

DEDICATION

Dearest my Allah, the only God, Most Gracious, and Most Merciful: thank You very much for giving me a very strong heart to
face any conditions

The greatest man, Prophet Mohammed saw: the great man, that one century, is it not as if a spark had fallen, one spark, on a
world of what seemed black unnoticeable sand; but look, the sand proves explosive powder, blaze heaven from Delhi to
Grenada! The great man was always as lighting out of heaven; I miss you and wait for you like fuel, and then I too would
flame.
(Adapted from The Hero as Prophet by Thomas Carlyle)

The beloved father, the inspirer to love knowledge: thank you for being like the sun, lighting in my life

My beloved mother: your endless love, care, and pray makes me so hard to imagine living without you. If I could with hold you
to stay forever

ABSTRACT

Sholikhah, Siti Ismawati.2010. CONTEXTUAL EQUIVALENCE IN THE INDONESIAN ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF

OBJECT DESCRIPTION IN BOROBUDUR MUSEUM. S1-Thesis, English Education Department of XXXXX Semarang. The
advisor I: Arso Setyaji, S.Pd, M.Hum and Advisor II: Jafar Shodiq, S.Pd, M.Pd.
The objectives of the study are: to find out contextual equivalence achieved in the Indonesian-English translation object
description in Borobudur Museum and to find out the reasons the target language in Borobudur museum texts use such contextual
equivalence.

Methodology of investigation was descriptive qualitative research. In conducting this research, the writer collected the data by
documenting them from the museum. After the data were collected, the writer classifies the data into their classification of contextual
equivalent which is suggested by Mona baker. At last, the translation of the data was compiled to describe the contextual
equivalences found in the translation.
The result of the study revealed that there were 242 contextual equivalents found in the texts. However, from nine categories
of contextual equivalent consist of four elements of lexical meaning and five grammatical categories, the translator only used seven
categories or elements of contextual equivalent with the following percentage: (a) tense and aspect 90 (37,2%), (b) expressive
meaning 82 (33,9%), (c) voice 22 (9%), (d) presupposed meaning 21 (8,7%), (e) person 13 (5,4%), (f) number 8 (3,3%),and
proportional meaning 6 (2,5%). From the analysis, I also found that the translators feeling plays great role in the translation process.
There was more than one element of contextual equivalents applied by the translator. From the results above, it can be concluded that
the equivalent of tense and aspect and expressive meaning dominated the contextual equivalent elements used by the translator
among others. Many reasons discuss the target language use contextual equivalence. Some of them are: (1) The target language have
destination as introduction to language, (2) The situational features which lead to the same utterance conforms to the same general
pattern, (3) Feature of situation that will be clear to contextual meaning is what is most usually understood by meaning, (4) The
linguistic context is exclusively life in general to practical world contexts may be overlooked for time being.
Finally, the writer suggests that a translator should decide the right choice in applying contextual equivalent elements in order
to construct relevant meaning in translation. A translator must also be careful in using the contextual elements. If it is translated
incorrectly, the reader might lose the real message of the source language. Then, a reader must know what the destination of the
translations result from target language because a reader will read and understand the concept of the information which is provided
and conveyed in tourism objects. Furthermore, the writer must also concern her great role including the translation of description in
Borobudur Museum in this case
TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER.
APPROVAL.
RATIFICATION...

i
ii
iii

MOTTO.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
v
DEDICATION...
vi
ABSTRACT... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS... viii
CHAPTER I:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study...
1
1.2 Reasons for Choosing the Topic
5
1.3 Limitations of the Study
6
1.4 Statements of the Problem.
6
1.5 Objectives of the Study..
6
1.6 Significances of the Study.
7
1.7 Definition of Key Terms
7
CHAPTER II:
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Linguistic and Culture...
9
2.2. Theoretical Background 11
2.2.1 Translation.. 11
2.2.2 Equivalence. 16
2.2.2.1 Equivalence at Word Level.. 16
2.2.2.2 Equivalence above word level. 21
2.2.2.3 Grammatical equivalence 22
2.2.2.4 Textual Equivalence
23
2.2.25 Pragmatic equivalence.. 24
2.2.3 Contextual Equivalence.. 25
2.2.3.1 Lexical Meaning.. 28
2.2.3.2 Grammatical Categories across language 31
2.2.4 Text. 35
2.2.5 Description.. 36

CHAPTER III:

CHAPTER IV:

2.3 Theoretical Framework..

METHODOLOGY OF INVESTIGATION
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Source of Data...
3.3 Role of the Researcher...
3.4 Method of Collecting Data
3.5. Procedure of Analyzing Data
3.6 Framework of Analysis.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 General Findings
4.2 The Contextual equivalents used to translate the

37
38
39
39
40
41
43
44
42

Text......................................................................................
4.3 The reason the TL in Borobudur museum texts use
54
CHAPTER V:

such Contextual equivalence...

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusion.
5.2 Suggestion.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES

CHAPTER I

56
56
57

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

God creates the humans for socializing their relations as the same creatures God. To keep their relation would be fined
and the function of their relation always connected by one each other. Simply word which has created in communication way can
make another to understand what the mean, the destination, and how to explain something as material spoken which have many
simply words. From many simply word can be arranged become the sentences. The sentences which always used to interacting
others called communicate. Mostly people are talked to communicate with others by using a language. Catford (1964:1) states A
language is a type of patterned behavior. It is a way, perhaps the most important way in which human beings interact in social
situation. Hollander (1995:11) states If someone wants to be understood, so must reconcile their language with their
interlocutor. Nirmala (1988:8) states Generally each of these people was known as or is known as an effective communicator.
Nowadays in the future next year as modern life, we live in pluralistic society where different culture and language are
closely linked. Nirmala (1988:8-9) states We live in a culturally pluralistic society. Different cultures abound, such as various
American Indian, Black, French, Italian, Latin American, Polish and various cultures of different ethnic group in Indonesia. Of
almost equal importance is the culture of poverty, which binds together many individuals from diverse cultures. Now, more and

more frequently these different cultures come into contact one another. How we do understand what another language means for
understanding foreign language is important today to communicate to other different languages.
Finally, in the language is also still found kinds of language and type of another jargon language. Actually, those who have
business in tourism industry are less possible to receive and to manage the foreign visitors without proficiency of foreign
languages. Additionally, understanding foreign languages help us to gather information and knowledge in cosmopolite world.
Many sources of language in cosmopolite world are printed in English. Most of the world news is broadcasted in to English. In
Indonesia, English is the first foreign language. English has been considered to be important in the developing country. Because
of the importance of English, the Indonesia government has decided English as due subject from elementary school until senior
high school.
From related to form statements, so English is called Second Language after our own mother language. Many people think
to learn English very well because English is one of the international languages which are used by most people in the world as
their connecting language between languages or countries each other. Because of its, there are many to ways to do to convey the
intentions with the connecting language; one of them is by making translation of any source or knowledge source in certain
language in to English in order to be understood by people all over the world. Obviously, there must be some problems with it
particularly concerning with equivalence, but fortunately so far we have used the terms language and human language without

referring to any specific language are similar, such as English or Chinese. So there must be possibility to translate a certain
language into another. Nirmala (1988:5) states Although it is obvious that specific languages differ from each other on the
surface, if we look closer we find that human languages are surprisingly similar. For instance, all languages provide a means for
asking questions, making request, giving orders, making assertions, and so on. And there is nothing that can be expressed in one
language that cannot be expressed.
Obviously, one language may have terms not found in another language, but it is always possible to invent new terms to
express what we mean. Up till now, translation is defined by many ways with background of the theory and diverge approach.
Although it is not all represent definition which in the translation range. Catford in Machali (2000:5) states the replacement of
textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). Newmark in Machali (2000:5)
gives a similar statement, but more detail again: rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author
intended the text. Culler in Baker (1991:10) states
If language were simply a nomenclature for a set of universal concepts, it would be easy to translate from one language
to another. One would simply replace the French name for a concept with the English name. If language were like this the
task of learning a new language would also be much easier than it is. But anyone who has attempted either of these tasks
has acquired, alas, a vast amount of direct proof that languages are not nomenclatures, that the conceptsof one
language may differ radically from those of anotherEach language articulates or organizes the world differently.
Languages do not simply name existing categories, they articulate their own.

By translating languages from Indonesia into English or the other way is very important to Indonesian knows many
information from cosmopolite abroad and on the contrary to convey their thought to the significant concept to the foreigners.
From the discussion which has stated above, we can make conclusion that translation plays great role in international
communication. However, the translation scripts are sometimes difficult to be understood the concept, even hard to read because
of accuracy lack. Because of that, for making an excellent translation, translators are needed accurate strategies to make it. So that
the translation product explains the meaning and the content of the source text. By skillful translators are many translation
strategies; one of them is Contextual Equivalence (Machali in Hartono, 2009:27) which will be discussed in this study. Therefore,
this is purposed to describe the Contextual Equivalence found in the script texts of Borobudur Museum.
Based on those reasons, this thesis will be focused on CONTEXTUAL EQUIVALENCE IN THE INDONESIAN
ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF OBJECT DESCRIPTION IN BOROBUDUR MUSEUM.
1.2 Reason for Choosing the Topic
English has been taught and used as a medium of instruction in the elementary school, high school as well as the
university for long time. However, English is still considered the difficult subject in many Indonesia school. Many students force
many problems in speaking and writing. Considering that the result of the English instruction in our country is not satisfactory,
English teachers should not remain passive or give up all efforts to make improvements. There are many ways to do it, such as by

improving the teachers own mastery of English by understanding script texts are able to be translated of translator and the
method of teaching the language, one of the ways is study translation.
Furthermore, the writer has four reasons related to the topic are:
1. Translation is important to be learn as its function as a mean to the foreign language competence.
2. Translation takes role in foreign language teaching as the language comparison.
3. Little literature which discussing a translation studies is very interesting to be learned for giving an idea comprehension of
translating well.
4. Borobudur Archaeological Park is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. Including its museum is one of the
international tourist destinations where offers the information source should be translated into good English as the
international language.

1.3 Limitations of the Study

In order to give the same understanding between the writer and reader, here is the limitations of the study was found in
the title of thesis are
1. The contextual equivalence in the scripts Indonesia-English translation of object description in Borobudur Museum.

2. The texts find out in the scripts Indonesian-English translation of object description in Borobudur Museum.

1.4 Statements of the Problem

The statements of problem can be formulated as follows:
1. How is contextual equivalence achieved in the Indonesian-English translation object description in Borobudur Museum?
2. Why does the target language in Borobudur museum texts use such contextual equivalence?
1.5 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study can be stated briefly as follow:
1. To find out contextual equivalence achieved in the Indonesian-English translation object description in Borobudur Museum.
2. To find out the reasons the target language in Borobudur museum texts use such contextual equivalence.

1.6 Significances of the Study

There are some advantages of this study:
1. For the writer

The writer will get description information about contextual equivalence of languages which is used in script texts in
Borobudur Museum.
2. For the reader
The reader will get description information from the writer how to know importance of Contextual Equivalence Method in
observation translating. Then, the reader can make better translation by using this method.
3. For the institution
The institution can use this thesis for documentation and recourse about contextual equivalence of translation formation of
languages used in script texts in Borobudur museum.

1.7 Definitions of Key Terms

1. Analysis
Analysis is the examination of piece of literature as a means of understanding subject or structure (Hornby, 1989:13).
2. Contextual Equivalence

Contextual equivalence means context of situation, i.e. those elements of the extra-textual situation which are related to the
text as being linguistically relevant (Catford, 1965:31).
3. Text
It means as the mine set which is expressed in arranged one each other until forming semantic totality or the meaning is
expressed by connecting structure of sentence (Simatupang, 1999:110).

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

In this chase of this study needs information and ideas to support her notions. The information is taken from many references
textbooks which are related to this study and other resources presenting the report of linguistic and culture, the theoretical
background and the theoretical framework.
2.1 Linguistic and Culture
In additionally, by addressing the need for a systemic approach to the training of translators and provides an explicit
syllabus which reflects some of the main intricacies involved in rendering a text from one a language into another. It explores the
relevance of some of the key areas can guide and inform at least some of the decisions that translators have to make. It draws on
insights from current research in such areas as lexical studies, text linguistic, translation, and the social and cultural environment
in which both language and translation operate. Firth taken of Baker (1991) states

Do we really know how we translate or what we translate?...Are we to accept naked ideas as the means of crossing
from one language to another?...translators know they cross over but do not know by what sort bridge. They often re-cross by a
different bridge to check up again. Sometimes they fall over the parapet into limbo.
One of the Luther quotations taken from Simatupang (1999:3) is Interpreting is not everybodys art. In Luthers
quotation above, it can be captured that he agrees about interpreting is art. It means that just specific sort can make a good
translation. In example: one of the best translator is Michel Blond who is Frenchman whom worked in European Committing
Translate Service Centre which prestigious enough. He said that he was never intentionally educated become the translator. His
background study was philosophy, Latin language, and the title of his master was got in English Literature aspect. From the
statement above, Michel Blond has art in him because becoming the translator come just from his heart and his soul. Another
similar opinion with Luther is reconciled to Cary, Nida (1976) states that interpreting is art. Sort can appreciate Carys opinion
because he was not just his genius at literary works, but he also showed his esthetic creativity was very wonderful in his
translation work. Translation is satisfactory from an artistic literary works are very clear pursue capability of artistic in side of his
translator (taken from Hartono, 2005:157).

Another thing which is needed of translator the truth language is languages a part which cannot be separated from
descendant culture. So, it can be called descendant culture of language always giving effect the language and a language
grammatical rules organize thought of descendant culture way. Rycynga and Schwartz in Simatupang (1999:12) states It was
found out that the background linguistic system (in other words, the grammar) of each language is not merely a reproducing
instrument voicing ideas but rather is itself paper of ideas, the program and guide for the individuals mental activity, for his
analysis of his impression, for his synthesis of his mental stock in trade. Formulation of ideas is not an independent process,
strictly rational in the old sense, but is part of particular grammar and differs, from slightly too greatly, as between different
grammars. We dissect nature along lines laid down by native languages. The categories and types that we isolate from the world
of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a
kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by the linguistic systems in our minds.
By concerning that language is a modeling system which describes literature and art in general as secondary modeling
systems, as an indication of the fact that are derived from the primary modeling system of language. It declares as firmly as Sapir
or Whorf in Bassnett (1991:14) that
No language can exist unless it is steeped in the context of culture; and no culture can exist which doesnt have at its
center, the structure of natural language. 2 Language, then, is the heart within the body of culture, and it is the interaction

between the two that results in the continuation of life-energy. In the same way that the surgeon, operating on the heart,
cannot neglect the body that surrounds it, so the translator treats the text in isolation from the culture at his peril.
Language is formed of a system which has structured system, in the same manner as thing with another system. Basically,
the language pattern is used. In general characteristic of the grammatical system pattern is static; alteration is basic which seldom
to occur and if occurs its, it will process long enough. Because the language have many patterns, so that is a system, and because
of this system so the language can be compared, transferred, scrutinized, taught. One of the structure characteristic is the
language activity moved in the same direction and the substances which are belonging include it. It has been arranged in a series
is one of the substance followed another substance. Then, there is no equal to appear the substance. Languages can also a sound
system which has arbitrary characteristic. Then, appearing a word makes a specific meaning. Furthermore Nida (1975: 6) also
states
An illustration of a close tie between language and culture is provided by the two possessive systems in New
Caledonian. 1 These may be roughly distinguished as intimate and non-intimate possession. The first class includes
such nouns as those meaning mother, liver, and descendants, while the second class includes father, heart, liver, and
personal life. The apparently arbitrary character of the distinction can only be understood if one realizes that New
Caledonian society has been traditionally matrilineal, that the liver has been regarded as symbolic of the entire person
(the liver is used in sacrifices as symbolizing the victim and that ones descendants have more intimate, continuing
relationship to a person than even his own life.
2.2 Theoretical Background

In this case study I would like to talk about three main areas of studies: (1) Translation, (2) Equivalence, (3) Contextual
Equivalence, (4) Text, and (5) Description.
2.2.1 Translation
Here it will be discussed in more specific a way for interpreting. Translation is transferring the meaning of the
source language into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a
second language by way of semantic structure. It is meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant (Larson
taken from Hartono (2009:2)). Translation is concerned with the written conversion of a text from one language (source
language) into another (target language), while the source text in translation is usually written form, in some cases it can be
recorded material which needs to be translated into written form (Sofwan:2005). According to Weber (1984:3) giving
defines translation as the Trans -position of a text written in a source language into target language (Sofwan: 1993). The
translated version must be absolutely accurate in meaning, contains all nuances of the original and must be elegant
language that can easily be understood by the reader.
Taken from Hartono (1999:11) has little versions of representative interpretation to serve for the first of them is
Brislin (in Zuchridin Suryawinata, 1989:1-2) define interpretation as translation is the general term referring to the transfer

of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages are written or oral form;
whether the languages have such standardization or whether one or both languages are based on signs, as with sign
languages of the deaf. The second is Nida and Taber (in Soeryawinata, 1989:2) define interpretation at observe point of
view their process states translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language to the closest natural equivalent of
the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. If we look at the dictionary, the
definition of translation is the replacement from a form into other form, or the replacement a language to another language,
and the other way (The Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 1984) which is taken from Larson (1984).
Hewson and Martin (1991:5) have also different opinion to define of translation is an art or a craft that can only be
justified through practice and it is evident that for them practice does not call for justification, only reproduction. Still taken
from Hewson and Martin (1991:7) but in state of de Beaugrande (1978:14) define of translation is not an instrumental but a
comparative and adjustable process.
Bell (1991:6) also gives a similar definition of translation; Translation is the replacement of a representation of a
text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language. Meanwhile Tytler in Bell (1991:13)
has an alternative definition, given below, makes a second crucial point by distinguishing process from result:

The process or result of converting information from one language or language variety into another The aim is
to reproduce as accurately as possible all grammatical and lexical features of the source language original by
finding equivalents in the target language. At the same time all factual information contained in the original text
must be retained in the translation.
On the other hand, Bassnett (1991:58) gives her translation opinion;
Translation was by no means a secondary activity, but a primary one, exerting a shaping force on the intellectual
life of the age, and at times the figure of the translator appears almost as a revolutionary activist rather than the
servant of an original author or text.
According to Catford (1965) states Translation is an operation performed on languages; a process of substituting a
text in one language for a text in another. Catford also defines categories of translation in terms of extent, levels, and ranks
as stated below:
1. Full vs. partial translation. This distinction relates to the extent of source language which is submitted to the translation
process. In a full translation every part of source language text is replaced by target language text while in a partial
translation some parts of parts of the source language text are left untranslated; they are simply transferred and
incorporated in the target language text.
2. Total vs. Restricted translation. This distinction relates to the levels of language involved in translation. Total
translation is translation in which levels of the source language text are replaced by target language material.

3. Rank of translation relates to the rank of grammatical hierarchy at which translation equivalence is established. In
normal total translation the grammatical units between which translation equivalences are set up maybe at any rank and
in a long text the ranks at which translation equivalence. At one point, the equivalence is sentence to sentence, at
another, group to group, at another word to word, etc.
So that can be concluded that translation is a way to get understanding of the information of any source of different
languages. Translation can be conducted by commutating one language form into another language form and also
transferring its meaning, of course. By appreciating the facts in the extent, levels, and ranks of translation will help the
process of translation itself.
2.2.2 Equivalence
In this case study about translation always concerns with equivalence. Taken from Catford (1964:21) states The
central problem of translation practice is that finding TL translation equivalents. A central task of translation theory is that
of defining the nature and conditions of translation equivalence. In the same discussion, Mona Baker (1991) divides the
equivalence into five types. They are:
2.2.2.1 Equivalence at Word Level

The problem of the equivalence at word level arises when there is no word in target language which
expresses the same meaning as the source language:
If language were simply a nomenclature for a set of universal concepts, it would be easy to translate from
one language to another. One would simply replace the French name for a concept with the English name. If
language were like this the task of learning a new language would also be much easier than it is. But anyone
who has attempted either of these tasks has acquired, alas, a vast amount of direct proof that languages are
not nomenclatures, that the conceptsof one language may differ radically from those of anotherEach
language articulates or organizes the world differently. Languages do not simply name existing categories;
they articulate their own (Culler in Baker 1991:10).
Besides that, it also explained by Baker (1991:21) is the non equivalence at word level. Non equivalence at
word level means that the target language has no direct equivalent for a word which occurs in the source text. The
following are some common types of non-equivalence at word level, with examples from various languages:
1. Culture-Specific concepts
The source language word may express a concept which is totally unknown in target culture. The
concept in question may be abstract or concrete; it may relate to a religious belief, a social custom, or even a
type of food. Such concepts are often referred to as culture specific. An example of an abstract English

concept which is notoriously difficult to translate into other languages is that expressed by the word privacy. For
example: in Indonesian concept expressed by the word Batik has no equivalence in English.
2. The source language concept is not lexicalized in the target language
The source language may express a concept which is known in the target culture but simply not
lexicalized; there is no word of target language to express it. The word savoury has no equivalent in many
languages, although it expresses a concept which is easy to understand. The adjective standard (meaning
ordinary, not extra, as in standard range of products) also expresses a concept which is very accessible and
readily understood by most people, yet Arabic has no equivalence for it. Landslide has no ready equivalent in
many languages, although it simply means overwhelming majority.
3. The source language word is semantically complex
In other words, a single word which consists of a single morpheme can sometimes express a more
complex set of meanings than a whole sentence. Languages automatically develop very concise forms for
referring to complex concepts if the concepts become important enough to be talked about often.
4. The source and target languages make different distinctions in meaning

The target language may more or fewer distinctions in meaning than the source language. What one
language regards as an important distinction in meaning another language may not perceive as relevant. For
example: Indonesian makes a distinction between going out in the rain without the knowledge that it is raining
(kehujanan) and going out in the rain without the knowledge that it is raining (hujan-hujanan). English does not
make this distinction, with the result that if an English text referred to going out in the rain, the Indonesian
translator may find it difficult to choose the right equivalent, unless the context makes it clear whether or not the
person in question knew that it was raining.
5. The target language lacks a super ordinate
The target language may have specific words (hyponyms) but general word (super ordinate) to head the
semantic field.
6. The target language lacks a specific term
Since language makes only those distinctions meaning which seem relevant to its particular
environment. Languages tend to have general words but lack of specific words.
7. Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective

Physical perspective has to do with where things or people are in relation to one another or to a place, as
expressed in pairs of words such as comelgo, takelbring, arriveldepart, and so on. Perspective may also include
the relationship between participants in the discourse (tenor)
8. Differences in expressive meaning
There may be a target-language word which has the same proportional meaning as the source-language
word, but it may have a different expressive meaning. The difference may be considerable or it may be subtle
but important enough to pose a translation problem in a given context. Its usually easier to add expressive
meaning than to subtract it. In other words, if the target language equivalent is neutral compared to the source
language item, the translator can sometimes add the evaluative element by means of a modifier or adverb if
necessary, or by building it in somewhere else in the text.
9. Differences in form
There is often no equivalent in the target language for a particular form in the source text. Certain
suffixes and prefixes which convey proportional and other types of meaning in English often have no direct
equivalents into other languages.

10. Differences in frequency and purpose of using specific forms

Even when a particular form does have a ready equivalent in the target language, there may be a
difference in the frequency with which it is used or the purpose for which it is used. English, for instance, uses
the continuous-ing form for binding clauses much more frequently than other languages which have equivalents
for it, for example; German and Scandinavia languages. Consequently, rendering every-ing form in an English
source text with an equivalent-ing form in a German, Danish, or Swedish target text would result in stilted,
unnatural style.
11. The use of loan words in the source text
The use of loan words poses a special problem in translation because once a word or expression is
borrowed into a language, we cannot predict or control its development and additional meanings it might or
might not take on.
2.2.2.2 Equivalence above word level
In this previous, we discussed problems arising from non-equivalence at word level and explored a number
of attested strategies for dealing with such problem. Then, we will go one step further to consider what occurs when

words start combining with other words to form stretches of language. Baker (1991:46) states It goes without
saying that words rarely occur on their own; they almost always occur in the company of other words. But words
are not strung together at random in any language; there are always restrictions on the way they can be combined to
convey meaning. Restrictions on which admit no exceptions, and particularly those which apply to classes of
words rather than individual words, are usually written down in the form rules.
As well as taken Samuel Johnson in Baker (1991:46) states
The great pest of speech is frequency of translation. No book was ever turned from one language into
another, without imparting something of its native idiom; this is the most mischievous and comprehensive
innovation; single words may enter by thousands, and the fabric of the tongue continue the same, but new
phraseology changes much at once; it alters not the single stones of building, but the order of the columns. If
an academy should be established for the cultivation of our style, let them, instead of compiling grammars
and dictionaries, Endeavour, with all their influence, to stop the license of translators, whose idleness and
ignorance, if it be suffered to proceed, will reduce us to babble a dialect of France.
2.2.2.3 Grammatical equivalence
Grammar is the set of rules which determine the way in which units such words and phrases can be
combined in a language and the kind of information which has to be made regularly explicit in utterances. Even
the simplest, most basic requirement we make of translation cannot be met without difficulty: one cannot always
match the content of a massage in language A by an expression with exactly the same content in language B,

because what can be expressed and what must be expressed is a property of a specific language in much the same
way as how it can be expressed (Winter in Baker (1991:82). Every language makes a different selection from large
possible distinctions in term of notions such as time, gender, person, and so on. The choice of language can be
expressed grammatically or lexically depending on the type of range of linguistic resource; grammatical or lexical
categories. In grammatical categories, the choice made from closed system, eg; number system, pronoun system.
While in lexical categories the choice made from open-ended sets of items or expressions, eg; the order elements of
a clause.
2.2.2.4 Textual Equivalence
According to Baker, textual equivalence is divided into two terms. They are:
1. Thematic and information structure
A sentence is not autonomous; it does not exist for its own sake but as part of a situation and part of a
text. And one of the most important functions of information dynamics is precisely to link a sentence to its
environment in a manner. Which allows the information to flow through the text in the desired manner (Enkvist
in Baker (1991:119). Clause of a massage can be analyzed in 2 types of structure. They are: (1) thematic

structure: theme and rheme system, and (2) information structure (given and new in a message): feature of the
context.
2. Cohesion
It is the network of lexical, grammatical, and other relations which provide links between various parts
of a text. It connects together the actual words and expressions. Each language has its own patterns to convey
the interrelationships of person end events (Callow in Baker (1991:180). As the same statement of Newmark in
Baker (1991:180) is the topic of cohesionhas always appeared to me the most useful constituent of discourse
analysis or text linguistics applicable to translation.
2.2.2.5 Pragmatic equivalence
It concerns with the way utterances are used in communicative situation and the way of interpreting them in
context. It is conveyed and manipulated by the participants in communicative situation. The text cannot be
considered as a static specimen of language (an idea still dominant in practical translation classes), but essentially
as the verbalized expression of and an authors intension as understood by translator as reader who then recreates
this whole for another readership in another culture (Snell-Hornby in Baker (1991:217).

In addition Denison in Baker (1991:217) states On the question of what kind of contrastive studies we need
as a basis for the training of translator, I say: no linguistic contrastive system so far proposed will do. We need to
get away from the linguistic organization and look at reality, precisely because that reality is encoded in situations
and texts for the translator and not in languages. He is not concerned with what the language encoding is or ought
not to be. The fact that he thinks he is and makes mistakes thereby is another matter.
In word short, equivalence is the central problem of translation since every language has its own meaning;
source language text has source language meaning and target language text has target language meaning. The
linguistic has mapped the types of equivalence which make translation easier.
2.2.3 Contextual Equivalence
As above statements that equivalence is one of the requirements in translation. Hence, here is the discussion about
contextual equivalence means context of situation, i.e. those elements of the extra-textual situation which are related to
the text as being linguistically relevant (Catford, 1965:31). Textual translation equivalent, then, is any (target or portion of
text) which observer to be the equivalent of a given source language form. The portion of a target language text is changed
when and only when a given portion of the source language text is changed.

Related to contextual equivalence, then, Catford (1965) also discusses about contextual relations. It is the
relationship of grammatical or lexical items to linguistically relevant elements in the situations in which the items operate
as, or in, texts. Those situational elements which are contextually relevant to a given grammatical or lexical item are
discovered by commutation. Change an element in the situation and observe what textual change occur; change an item in
a text and observe what situational changes occur. Meaning must also be discussed when we are talking about translation.
Translation has often been defined with reference to meaning; a translation is said thathave the same meaning as the
original (Catford, 1965:35). Furthermore, Catford states that meaning I the total network of relations entered into by any
linguistic form. There are two kinds of relation entered into by the formal linguistic units of grammar and lexis. They are:
(1) formal relations means relations between one formal item and others in the same language, (2) contextual relations
means the relationship of grammatical or lexical items to linguistically relevant elements in the situations in which the
items operate as, or in, texts. It is the same that the contextual meaning of an item is the groupment of relevant situation
features with which is related. This groupment varies from one language to another. Although source language and target
language items rarely have the same meaning in the linguistic sense, but they can function in the same situation.
Situation itself is a series of concentric circles, or spheres, of relevance to the text. Hence, the contextual meaning of an

item is the groupment of relevant situational features with which is related. The target language must be relatable to at least
some of the situational features to which the source text; the greater the number of situational features common to the
contextual meanings of both source texts and target texts, the better the translation.
Related to the discussion above, below is the diagram of the relationship between the unit of grammar or lexis and
situational substance suggested by Catford:
Language

Medium

Phonic substance

Phonology

Grammar
Situational
(Substance)

Graphic substance

Graphology
yy

Lexis

(Catford, 1965:3)
From the diagram above, there are medium substance (consists of phonic and graphic substance), and situational
substance. The internal level of language are medium form consists of phonology. The formal levels, consists of grammar
and lexis, process the abstraction from phonic and graphic substance. In addition, context is the interlevel relating grammar
or lexis and situation which is relatable to particular grammatical or lexical form.
To follow up the explanation above, Baker distinguishes types of lexical meaning categories of grammatical
structure as below:
2.2.3.1 Lexical Meaning
We can distinguish four main types of meaning in words:
1. Propositional meaning
Propositional meaning of a word or an utterance arises from the relation between it and what it refers to or
describes in a real or imaginary world. It provides the basis on which we can judge an utterance as true or false. For
instance the propositional meaning for shirt is a piece of clothing worn in the upper part of the body.
2. Expressive meaning
It cannot be judge as true or false because it relates to the speakers feelings or attitude rather than to what
word and utterance refer to. For example, the difference between Dont complain and Dont whinge doesnt lie in their
propositional meaning but in the expressiveness of whinge suggest that the speaker find the action annoying. This is

also for utterance from different languages. The difference between famous in English and fameux in French doesnt
lie in the propositional meaning, both mean well known. It lies in the expressive meaning. Famous in neutral in
English, in other hand, fameux can be readily used in the context of derogatory way (for example, Une femme fameuse
means a woman of ill repute).
Expressive meaning also expresses the degree of forcefulness. For instance, unkind and cruel are inherently
expressive, cruel is stronger than unkind. Furthermore, words which contribute solely to expressive meaning can be
removed from an utterance without affecting its information content as in And entertaining you with a great music
system as well as simply masterful performance. The word simply has a totally expressive function. Removing it
would not alter the information content of the message but would tone the forcefulness down, of course.
3. Presupposed meaning
It arises from co-occurrence restriction on what other words or expressions we expect to see before or after
particular unit. There are two types of the restriction:
a. Selectional restrictions. These are a function of the propositional meaning of a word. We expect human object for
the adjective studious and an inanimate one for geometrical.
b. Collocational restrictions. These do not follow logically from the proportional meaning of a word. For example,
laws are broken in English, but in Arabic they are contradicted. Teeth are brushed in English, but in German and
Italian they are polished.

4. Evoked meaning
It arises from dialect and register variation. A dialect is a variety of language within a specific community or
group of speakers. It may be classified into (1) Geographical (e.g. American as opposed to British English), (2)
Temporal (e.g. words or utterance used by members of different age group within a community, or used at different
periods, e.g. verily and really), and Social (words or structures used by members of different social classes).
Register is a variety of language that a language user considers appropriate to specific situation. It arises from
variations of (1) Field of discourse or term what is going on, (2) Tenor of the term for the relationships between the
people taking part in the discourse, and (3) Mode of Discourse or the term for the role that language is playing
(speech, essay, lecture, instruction)and for its medium of transmission (spoken, written). Different groups within each
culture have different expectations about what kind of language is appropriate to particular situations.
2.2.3.2 Grammatical Categories across language
1. Number
The idea of accountability is probably universal in the sense that it is readily accessible to all human
beings and is expressed in the lexical structure of all languages. However, not all languages have a
grammatical category of number, and those that do not view accountability in the same term. English
recognizes a distinction between singular and plural expressed morphologically by adding a suffix to a noun or
by changing its form in some other way to indicate singular or plural: student/students, fox/foxes, man/men,

etc. Some languages, such as Japanese and Chinese prefer to express the same notion lexically or, more often,
not at all. My book and my books are both wode shu in Chinese.
A translator working from language which has number distinction into a language with no category of
number has two main options: (a) omit the relevant information on number, or (b) encode the information

2.

lexically.
For examples:
Source text:
Chinas Panda Reserves
Target text (back- translated from Chinese):
Chinas Panda Protection zone<s>
Another example:
Source text:
The head of the ministries created in 1869 were not directly responsible for
Target text (back-translated from Japanese)
The heads<s> of various ministry <ies> created in Meiji 2nd
Gender
Gender is a grammatical distinction according to which a noun or pronoun is classified as either
masculine or feminine in some languages. The distinction applies to animate beings as well as inanimate
objects. English nouns are not regularly inflected to distinguish between feminine and masculine. Nevertheless,
the gender distinction exists in some semantic areas and in the person system. Different nouns are sometimes
used to refer to female and male members of the same species: cow/bull, doe/stag. Nouns refer to professions:

actor/actress, host/hostess, and steward/stewardess. English also has a category of person which distinguishes
in the tird person singular between masculine, feminine, and inanimate (he/she/it). This distinction does not
3.

apply to the third-person plural (they).

Person
The category of person relates to the notion of participants roles. In most languages, participant roles
are systematically defined through a closed system of pronouns. The most common distinction is between first,
second, and third person. Indonesia language has a nine-term pronoun system where English has only seven:
(a) inclusive/exclusive dimension: English we has a choice between kami and kita in Indonesia language. (b)

4.

familiar/non (familiar which obliges to choose between aku and saya for English I.
Tense and Aspect
The form of the verb in languages which have these categories usually indicates two main types of
information: time relations and aspectual differences. The distinction of time relation is usually between past,

5.

present, and future. Aspectual differences have to do with the temporal distribution of event.
Voice
Voice is a grammatical category which defines the relationship between a verb and its subject. In active
clause, the subject is the agent responsible for performing the action. In passive clause, the subject is the
affected entity, and the agent may or may not be specified.
Active : Nigel Mansell opened the Mansell Hall in 1986.

Passive

: The Mansell Hall was opened in 1986. Or, The Mansell Hall was opened by Nigel Mansell in 1986.
Rendering passive structure by an active structure, or conversely an active structure by a passive

structure in translation can affect the amount of information given in the clause, the linear arrangement of
semantic elements such agent and affected entity, and the focus of the message.
The use of passive voice is extremely common in many varieties of written English and can pose
various problems in translation, depending on the availability of similar structures in each language. The main
function of the passive in English and in a number of other languages is to avoid the agent and to give an
impression of objectivity.
From the discussions above, we may conclude that contextual equivalence which means the context of
situation must be understood by the translators since language is always related to the situation where it takes
place. Different situations will appear different context and vice versa. The relevance of the context is the key
in this case.
2.2.4 Text
When we are talking Description (descriptive text), it would be important to talk about text because description is a
part of text or writing. The relation between the writer and the reader or speaker to hearer comes across the text. The writer
and the speaker deliver her massage, in the form of the utterance of his notions, opinion and feeling. While the reader and

the hearer capture and understand them. Anderson and Anderson (1997) statewe live in a world of words. When these
words are put together to communicate a meaning, a piece of text is created. When you speak or write to communicate a
massage, you are constructing a text. When you read, listen to, or view a piece of text, you are interpreting its meaning.
They also divide text into two main categories; literary and factual text.
Literary texts which are constructed to appeal to reader/listeners emotions and imagination include narrative,
poetry, and drama while factual texts that present information or ideas and aim to show, tell or persuade the audience have
recount, explanation, discussion, information report, exposition, procedure, and response. Bell (1991:163) states text is the
formal product of selections of options from theme systems of grammar; a unit which carries the semantic sense of the
proposition (the propositional content and locutionary force of the speech act) through sentence which are linked by means
of cohesion. Simatupang(1999:110) also gives definition about Text is the mine set which is expressed in arranged one
each other until forming semantic totality or the meaning is expressed by connecting structure of sentence.
2.2.5 Description
Description is a writing that describes a person a place, an idea, an organization, or an activity. It draws a picture in
words for the reader to see (Martin, et al, 1985:143). The social function of description is to describe a particular person,
place, or thing. Moreover, description usually focuses on the use of general and the specific details. It combines the general
and the specific. The text usually begins with the general impression with specific details. The aim of description itself is to

reveal characters, set the scenes, ad to establish the mood. It is similar to Meade, et al (1960:90) states the art of
descriptions resolves itself into three processes: catching vivid impression with specific selecting details which will give
the desired effect, and using exact language.
A good description, therefore, has a unifying idea, and everything the writer includes must support the idea. Here is
an example of description:
Prambanan was built around 850 CE by either Rakai Pikatan, king of the second Mataram dynasty, or Balitung
Maha Sambu, during the Sanjaya Dynasty. Not long after is construction, the temple was abandoned and began to
deteriorate. Reconstruction of the compound began in 1918. The main building was completed in around 1953. Much of
the original stones are available, and therefore only the foundation walls of most of the smaller shrines are now visible and
with no plans for their reconstruction.
(Taken from: http://jerz.setonhill.edu/writing/technical/mechanism.htm)
2.3 Theoretical Framework
Referring to the explanation above, it can conclude that translation takes great rules in the communication. Many people
get difficulties to get the knowledge from other language. It is because translation is not an easy matter; it is the skill that not
everyone has. A translator should have wide knowledge about the concept of languages and specific language also the knowledge
about the translation and all aspects related to it. Contextual equivalence in translation is one of the important aspects, that
translator should know, which is related to situational substance contains grammar and lexis.

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY OF INVESTIGATION

This chapter is divided into five points: research design, source of data, method of collecting data, and procedure to analyze
the data. Hopefully this type of description will give the inspiration to the beginner translators and the students to know how to make
good translation.
3.1 Research Design
To find out the answer of the problem of the study, qualitative research was used. Qualitative research defines by John W.
Creswell (Hamid Patilima, 2007:2) as a research process to understand social problem or human problem, based on creating of
holistic picture which is formed words, reporting view of informan in detailed, and arranged in a scientific background.
While in, according to Devy (1997:76)
Qualitative research studies are designed to obtain information concerning the current status of phenomena. They are
directed toward determining the nature of situation, as it exists at the time of the study. There is no administration or
control of a treatment as it is found in experimental testing. The aim is to describe what exists with respect to variables
or conditions or situations.
In other words, the administration is not testing a hypothesis, but seeking information to assist in decision making.

Qualitative research the data and research in the form of qualitative description. Analysis of this type is done with words
to describe the conclusion, so the qualitative study obtains the descriptive data either spoken or written.
3.2 Source of Data
The data that is used in this study are the object description texts of Indonesian-English translation which are taken from
the museums of Borobudur: Samudraraksa and Karmawibhangga Museum saves the artifacts and other archaeological objects
found around Borobudur complex.
This study also used types of equivalence which are suggested by Mona Baker and contextual equivalence suggested by
suggested by J.C Catford as an essential criterion in which we have to be referred to in describing the translation itself.
3.3 Role of the Researcher
In this study case, the writer has the following roles:
1. The data observer
In this study case, the writer has a role as an observer. I observed the data by observing all the texts in the Borobudur
Museum. As the preparation for observing the texts I broke the texts down into clauses in small columns. Further, will be
done classified the texts into their classification by giving a number/symbol in each clause.
2. The data collector
As a data collector, the writer collected the data required for the study. The first step was to get the license to access
the museum from PT. Taman Wisata Candi Borobudur, Prambanan, dan Ratu Boko. After that, taking the data by
photographing all the texts found in the museum.

3.

The data analyzer

The writer also became a data analyst of the collected data. The writer analyzed the data to get the answer of the
problem. Based on the several references will be begun by analyzing the text according to the relevant theories. More
specifically, the writer also used two main books; In other words written by Mona Baker (1992) and A linguistic Theory of

4.

Translation written by J.C. Catford (1965).

The data reporter
As a reporter, the writer reported the result of the data analysis. In this final step, was described the writers findings of
the analysis. Here, by answering the statement of the problem had been stated in Chapter I.

3.4 Method of Collecting Data

Arikunto (1996:150) says that there are five methods in collecting the data. They are questionnaire, interview,
observation, tests, and documentation methods. In this study just used two of the five methods. They are observation and
documentation. The document consists of the texts found in the Borobudur Museum. In collecting data, was conducted the
following steps:
1. The writer tried to get the data by documenting them from the museum under the license of PT. Taman Wisata Candi
2.
3.
4.

Borobudur, Prambanan, dan Ratu Boko.

The writer read the equivalence and contextual equivalence of translation suggested by Baker and Catford
To make the analysis easier by classifying the data into their classification this contains contextual equivalence.
The writer analyzed the texts what contextual equivalence covered by the texts.

3.5 Procedure of Analyzing Data

In identifying the contextual equivalence in the texts, the writer used sentence as the unit of data analysis. Further, by
using Lambert and Van Gorp,s scheme for the comparison of the source texts and target texts literary system and for the
description of the relations with them, as introduced by Munday (2009):
1. Preliminary data
The first step was finding the preliminary data: it was the sentences which contain contextual equivalence.
2. Systemic context
The Indonesian version was written side by side with the English translation in a table. The Indonesian was written in
the first column followed by the English in the second column. Then the data was compared and tabulated.
Table 1. The comparison between the Indonesian texts and the English texts.
Indonesian
.orang-orang China mulai

English
Chinese trading enganged

No.
2a

The number stated in the right column represents the Contextual Equivalence in the order as follows:
(1a) Propositional meaning
(1b) Expressive meaning
(1c) Presupposed meaning
(1d) Evoked meaning
(2a) Number
(2b) Gender
(2c) Person
(2d) Tense and aspect
(2e) Voice
Table 2. The categories of contextual equivalent in translating Indonesian into English

No.

Contextual equivalence used

Frequency
.

Percentage
.

3.6 Framework of Analysis

The object of analysis is to describe the contextual equivalence used in the Indonesian translation into English of object
description in the Borobudur Museum. In this research, qualitative approach is used. To identify the contextual equivalence in the
texts, I used sentence as the unit of data analysis.
In this study, I took two (the only two) of the major substance of contextual equivalence suggested by Catford (1965).
They are: (1) grammar and Lexis. I also referred to Lambert and Van Gorps scheme for the comparison of the source texts and
target texts as introduced by Munday (2009), analyzing the data. They are: preliminary data and systemic context.

CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter will be presented writers findings and discussions. Answer the statement of the problem that had been stated in
chapter I. Based on the data analysis, the results can be presented as follows.
4.1 General Findings
Firstly, the discussion is equivalent in general. In the object description text is found many sentences or phrases which
contain equivalent. In the original texts, equivalent is used to replace the SL elements by TL relevant elements. It could be lexical
element as in . (no.5.6). It also could be grammatical element like Condition of Borobudur Temple after having been
restored (no.25).
Secondly, the discussion is contextual equivalent, more specifically. As we know that we cannot replace SL contextual
units by equivalent TL contextual units without replacing SL grammatical or lexical units. There are four categories of lexical
element; (1) propositional meaning as inon top of each Stupa was stone parasol (no.1.14), (2) expressive meaning as the
restoration of the lower parts only done partially (no.7.8), (3) presupposed meaning, e.g. an inscription bearing the name of

Kahulunan (no.65), (4) evoked meaning. There are also five categories of grammatical element; (1) number as inChinese
trading engaged in South China Sea trade network (no.401.1), (2) gender, (3) person, e.g. he is Rake Warak Dyah Manara
(no.5.15), (4) tense and aspect as Borobudur Temple after having been restored (no.25), and (5) voice, e.g President Megawati
Soekarno Putri granted the name Samudraraksa (no.59.1).
There were 242 contextual equivalents found in the original text. The findings can be seen briefly on the table below:
Table 2. The categories of contextual equivalent and their sum.
No.

Category
Propositional meaning
Expressive meaning
Presupposed meaning
Evoked meaning
Number
Gender
Person

Frequency

Percentage
6
2,5%
82
33,9%
21
8,7%
0
0%
8
3,3%
0
0%
13
5,4%

Tense and aspect

90

37,2%

Voice

22

9,0%

242

100%

There were no grammatical equivalents of tense and aspect which dominated the analysis of the data (37.2%), and the
lexical equivalent of expressive meaning was the second 82 (33.9%), and the rests were in order: Voice 22 (9.0%); presupposed
meaning 21 (8.7%); person 13 (5.4%); number 8 (3.3%); prepositional meaning 6 (2.5%).
By believing that there so many problems the translator faced during translating the texts. However in general, which is
found the translator had tried to translate the texts as accurate and as natural as possible though still found some phrases that
were inaccurate. Overall, most of the texts target language. However in general, by finding the translator had tried to translate the
texts as accurate and as natural as possible though has still found some phrases that were inaccurate. Overall, most of the texts
target language was merely acceptable.

4.2 The Contextual equivalents used to translate the Text

The following discussion is about the contextual equivalent elements used to translate Indonesian into English texts.
From the nine categories, the translator only used seven elements to translate the object description text in Borobudur Museum.
4.2.1

Tense and Aspect

A great number of tense and aspect equivalents dominated the analysis. In using this equivalent, the translator
replaced the sentences and phrases according to time relation. Because Indonesian verb does not have specific category of
time for present, past, and future, translator replace the SL aspect of time by TL aspects which SL does not have.
These are some examples of tense and aspect equivalent used by the translator to translator to translate the texts:
1. Semula dipuncak tiap Stupa terdapat paying tiga (no.1.14)
Previously, on top of each Stupa was stone parasol.
2. Stupa tersebut dibangun antara abad ke(no.3.3)
The monument was built between the 3rd century
3. Gaway Haji memungkinkan para raja untuk mengerahkan(no.5.9)
Gaway Haji enabled rulers to mobilize
4. Gelar sang putri Sri Kahulunan dikaitkan dengan(no.6.12)
The title of the lady Sri Kahulunan has been associated with
5. Faktor cuaca dan lingkungan menyebabkan candi Borobudur rusak lagi (no.7.11)
The climated and environment factors had caused Borobudur damages.

6. Candi Borobudur setelah dipugar (no.25)

Borobudur temple after having been restored.
7. Keadaan dinding lorong I bidang f sisi utara setelah dipugar (no.26)
Condition of the first gallery section f of the north side after it having been restored.
8. Emas Hijau ini diperdagangkan sejak lebih dari 2000 tahun lalu (no.48.2)
This green gold has been traded for more than 2000 years ago.
9.

Ada tiga macam perlakuan pada pemugaran II (no.7.13)

There were three kind of measurement.
In the example 1 to 4, the reference to the past event of SL can be inferred from the context (semula,

antara abad ke and so on), so there was no need to signal the past overly in the TL. However, the writer also found
several tense and aspect equivalents which were translated somehow extremely. The translator added some tense aspect
to show the impression of an event as in example 5 to 9.
4.2.2

Expressive meaning

From 242 contextual equivalents found in the original text, there were 82 expressive meaning used in the text. It
was the second domination among other categories. The translators feeling plays great role in this translation. There are
some examples:
1. Sebagai perwujudan semesta maupun dari Sang Buddha (no.1.7)
The manifestation of the cosmos as well as the representation of Buddha.
2. Terdapat 4 wihara yang berisi patung-patung Buddha
..are four wiharas (hall) containing images of Buddha.
3. Stupa tersebut dibangun
The monument was built
4. Pada tingkat bawahnya hanya bagian-bagian tertentu yang dipugar (no.7.8)
The restoration of the lower parts done only partially.
There were a little bit difference in the sense of meaning between SL and TL. In example 11, patung means
statue was translated into image. In example 12, stupa was translated into monument which they have different

connotation. While in example 10 there was an additional meaning in the TL by adding representation, removing it
would not alter the information content of the message, of course.
4.2.3

Voice
Among 242 contextual equivalents found in the original text, there were 22 voice equivalents used. The translator
translated some positive phrases into negative phrases and conversely from active into passive. Below are some
examples:
1. Pada jumlah Vajraghant didapati empat wajah(no.8.4)
In a number of vajraghant we find the decoration of four faces
2. Pagoda Shwedagon terletak di bukit Singuttara (no.4.5)
The pagoda sits on Singuttara hill
3. Dengan digerak-gerakan agar(no.12.2)
By moving it around to have
4. Kapal Borobudur diberi nama Samudraraksa (59.1)
President Megawati Soekarno putri granted the name Samudraraksa

5.

Para awak kapal Samudraraksa mendapat Satya Lencana

Samudraraksa crews were granted Satya Lencana
In the examples above, the content of the message was translated fully although there were different forms of

voice between SL and TL. The translator translated them into very acceptable sense of TL. In example 14, we find
was more appropriate thanwas found. In example 15, sits was more acceptable than placed. While, in
example 16 there was no passive pattern equivalent of dengan digerak- gerakan. In English, by (SL: dengan) is not
followed by past participle, so it was translated into positive form. On the other hand, the example 17 was aimed to
show/impress the agent (President Megawati).
4.2.4

Presupposed meaning
There were 21 presupposed meaning equivalents used in the text. Almost all of these categories were collocation
restriction and only several were selection restriction. We can see it further from some examples below:
1. ...akan satu kejadian, perkembangan, dan runtuhnya seni(no.3.6)
the genesis, flowering, and dacy of Buddhist art
2. Suatu prasasti yang menyebut nama ri Kahulunan (no.6.5)

An inscription bearing the name of ri Kahulunan.

3. Pagoda Shwedagon terletak di bukit Singuttara (no.4.5)
The pagoda sits on Singuttara hill.
4.

yang dalam prasasti lain disebut sebagai Bumi Mataram (no.5.13)

which another inscription is known as the Great Land of Matarm.

5. agar mengeluarkan bunyi-bunyian tertentu (no.24)

to have certain sound.
6. Kegiatan penggalian penyelamatan di halaman
Archaeological on the west side
7. Bangunan monumental dan peribadatan agama Buddha (no.1.3)
A Buddhist memorial and scared building.
The example 19 to 23 was collocation restriction where there was different connotation of the meaning as in
flowering which refers to art and kingdom. Also bearing refers to the pagoda. In example 24 and 25 also found some
selection restrictions. Here, the adjective of Archaeological and Buddhist were expected to have inanimate subject.

4.2.5

Person
There were 13 equivalents of person system found in the text. Almost all of pronoun systems found in the text are
pronoun of inanimate things and only some of them are human. Below are some examples:
1. Pagoda tersebut selesai dibangun pada abad(no.4.30)
It was completed in
2. Daftar ini member gambaran nama penguasa(no.5.14)
This is gives some information concerning the rule
3. penguasa ini adalah Rake Warak Dyah Manara (no.5.15)
He is Rake Warak Dyah Manara
In example 26 and 27, they were pronouns of inanimate object, so there were no different in the sense of meaning.
While in example 28 there was different sense of politeness because he refers to a king. Otherwise, TL does not have the
system of degree of politeness.

4.2.6

Number

There were only 8 grammatical equivalents of number system in the translation of the text. SL phrases encoded
lexically because it does not have grammatical category of number. It was replaced by grammatical category of number
in TL. However, in some cases TL does not have categories of number for the equivalent of SL. Belows are some
examples:
1. memberikan kesempatan kepada para pengunjung (no.3.5)
for offering the visitors a chance.
2. kayu cendana untuk wangi-wangian(no.11)
sandal wood to get perfumery
3. orang-orang China mulai berkiprah(no.40.1)
chinese trading engaged
In SL, the category of number was encoded by lexis as in example 29 para pengunjung whichis translated
grammatically into the visitors in TL. While in example 31 TL does not have category of plurality for the noun with-ese
ending, so there was no *chineses or *bugineses.
4.2.7

Propositional meaning

There were only six phrases which used this equivalent. TL in this text has the words that SL does not. For example:
1. terdapat payung batu bersusun tiga (no.1.14)
was stone parasol
2. Dimusim hujan air keluar dari celah-celah batu (no.33)
Seepage water during rainy season
3. Stupa memiliki bagian yang berbentuk setengah bola(no.1.9)
a stupa is hemispherical
In this case of equivalent, Sl does not have word belongs to an object as parasol, or adjective as hemispherical, and
verb as seepage. While TL has the words conceived for the SL words/utterances.

4.3 The reason the target language in Borobudur museum texts use such contextual equivalence

There are many reason to explore in this case, some of them are:
1.

This investigating the source language can be distorted in the target language as long as not change the meaning of the
destinations function of translation. Based on the target language have destination as introduction to language beside that
our own mother language as source language (SL) then the target language (TL) in international language can be understood
every foreigner tourist who have been visited in our country by using contextual equivalence the foreigner tourist easy to
concept in the meaning such as context of situation.

2.

From the linguistic point of view, however, the important thing again is that, in each case, the situational features which lead
to the same utterance conforms to the same general pattern.
Example:
Stupa Borobudur sangat unik
Stupas of Borobudur are very unique

3.

Feature of situation that will be clear to contextual meaning is what is most usually understood by meaning. In this case
just one part of meaning, which also includes formal meaning which the way any item operates in the network of formal
relations. A translation is said to have same meaning as the original. Dostert defines translation as that branch of the

applied science of language which is transference of meaning from one set of patterned symbolsIt means that looking
translation from meaning which is same and using formal meaning but pattern symbols need too.
Example:
Prof. Dr. Soekmono mengharapkan Candi Borobudur akan bertahan lebih dari 1000 tahun lagi.
Prof. Dr. Soekmono (1&2) said that the restoration had done expected Borobudur temple (3) will exist more than 1000
years. ((1.1b), (2.2d), (3.2d)
4.

In terms of the linguistic context (i. e, the when, where, and how of the use of the semantic units). Of course there will
always be found a relationship between these contexts, presuming that is exclusively life in general to practical world
contexts may be overlooked for time being.
Example:
Saat kapal melintasi garis khatulistiwa, Neptunus yang diperankan oleh Muhammad berkunjung ke kapal.
When the ship was crossing the equator, Neptunus (role played by Muhammad) visited the ship.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

By concluding the findings and translations had been stated in chapter IV.
5.1 Conclusions
Based on the analysis in chapter four, some conclusions can be drawn as follows:
The analysis of contextual equivalent in the Indonesian-English translation of object description in Borobudur Museum
showed that many contextual elements were used to translate Indonesian into English text. The categories of those elements are
the ones suggested by Mona Baker (1992). They are lexical category: (a) propositional meaning; (b) expressive meaning; (c)
presupposed meaning; (d) evoked meaning, and grammatical category: (e) number; (f) gender; (g) person; (h) tense and aspect;
(i) voice. In translating 242 contextual equivalents found in the texts, the seven categories used by the translator with the
following percentage: (a) tense and aspect 90 (37.2%), (b) expressive meaning 82 (33.9%), (c) voice 22 (9%), (d) presupposed
meaning 21 (8.7%), (e) person 13 (5.4%), (f) number 8 (3.3%), and propositional meaning 6 (2.5%). And the reasonable who can
be achieved the translator in this study for many reasons which based on the seconds problem.

From the analysis, it also can be conclude that the translators feeling plays great role in translating the Indonesian text
into English. In translating the text, the translator sometimes went far beyond the real message of the SL message to make good
sense of TL.
The last thing that can be concluded from the analysis is that in certain phrase or sentence there were more than one
elements of contextual equivalent applied by the translator according to the relevancy of the message.

5.2 Suggestions
1.

Translator
A translator must decide the right choice in playing contextual equivalent in order to make relevant translation according to
the situation and the TL elements. A translator should also use his feeling of linguistic sense in order to reach an adequate
understanding of TL. A translator must be careful in using the contextual equivalents elements when translating a text. If it is
translated incorrectly, the reader might lose the real message of SL, or at least the reader will get vague message. For
beginner translators, using contextual equivalent in translating Indonesian into English will improve their ability to construct
the relevant and understandable translation, so the message is delivered in good sense.

2.

Readers of TL
A reader must know what the destination of the translations result from target language because a reader will read and
understand the concept of the information which is provided and conveyed in tourism objects. The information doesnt make
a reader misunderstanding and messages must be a good received by a reader. The communicative purpose must correct
depend on target language by using contextual equivalence in context of situation what happens with the information has
provided. From many pictures, a reader can observe the picture clearly that is used to explain any situation in context of the
text.

3.

The Writer
The writer must still hard learn and study more better again to description contextual equivalence in Borobudur Museum.
Many reference which have been had and read to improve her knowledge as basic to build her capability in understanding
the concept of translation and translating as refer to contextual equivalence that can be observed from situations function
itself. The writer must also concern her great role including the translation of description in Borobudur Museum in this case.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anderson, K. and M. Anderson. 1997. Text Type in English vol.2. Australia: Macmillan.
Arikunto, S.2006. Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu pendekatan Praktek. Edisi revisi VI. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta
Baker, M. 1992. In Other Words. London: Routledge.
Bell, R.T. 1991. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. London: Longman.
Bassnett, Susan. And McGuire. 1991. Translation Studies. Revised Edition. London: Routledge.

Nida, Eugene. A. 1975. Language Structure and Translation: Essay. California: Stanford University Press.
Catford, J.C. 1974. A linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press.
Hartono. 2003. Belajar Menerjemahkan: Teori dan Praktek. Malang: UMM Press.
Hartono, R. 2004. Translation: A Way to Get the Knowledge. Lingua: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra, 1/1; 63-71.
Hartono, R. 2009. Teory penerjemahan: A Handbook for translators. Semarang: Cipta Prima Nusantara.
Hewson, L. and J. Martin. 1991. Redefining Translation: The Variational Approach. London: Routledge.
Hollander, H.W. 1995. Penerjemahan Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: Eramus Taalcentrum.
Klokke, Marijke. J. Borobudur: A Mandala? A Contextual Approach to the Function and Meaning of Borobudur. Magelang: Balai
Dinas Konservasi Candi Borobudur.
Larson , Mildred. L. 1984. Meaning Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence. Boston: University Press of
America.
Larson, Mildred. L. 1989. Penerjemahan Berdasarkan Makna: Pedoman untuk Pemadanan Antarbahasa. Alih Bahasa: Taniran,
Kentjanawati. 1989. Jakarta: Arcan.
Machali, R. 2000. Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah. Jakarta: PT. Grasindo.
Martin, C. et al. 1985. Exploring American English. USA: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Munday, Jeremy. 2009. Introducing translation studies: Theory and applications. London: Routledge

PT. Taman Wisata Candi Borobur, Prambanan, dan Ratu Boko. 2008. Borobudur Archaeological Park. Unpublished.
Sakrie, A. 1985. Ikhwal Menerjemahkan. Bandung: ITB Bandung.
Sari, Nirmala. 1988. An Introduction to Linguistic. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Simatupang, D.S.M. 2000. Pengantar Teori Penerjemahan. Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.
Sofwan, A. 2005. Interpreting. Semarang: Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni UNNES.
Sofwan, A. 2003 interpreters/ Translators as a Proffession. Semarang: Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni UNNES.
Suharyono. 1989. Teknik Penerjemahan. Semarang: IKIP SEMARANG

Examples of the Original Text

No. 33

No. 21

The Original Text

No.
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.14
2.1
2.2
2.4

Source Language (SL)

monumental dan peribadatan

Bangunan
Buddha,
Yang terbesar didunia meliputi seluruh bukit,

Target Language (TL)

agama A (1) Buddhist (2) memorial and (3) sacred building.

Stupa adalah symbol yang syarat dengan makna,

Sebagai perwujudan semesta maupun dari Sang
Buddha.
Namun demikian secara umum suatu stupa memiliki
bagian yang berbentuk setengah bola atau serupa
lonceng (anda) dan tegak (yasti) diatasnya.
Stupa Borobudur sangat unik didunia
karena memiliki anda yang berlubang-lubang dan
berongga didalamnya sehingga patung Boddhishatwa
dapat ditempatkan didalamnya.
Semula dipuncak tiap stupa terdapat paying batu
bersusun tiga (cattra)
WAT PHRA PATHOM CHEDI
Adalah sebuah pagoda terbesar di Thailand dan di
dunia
Pagoda asli dibangun lebih dari 2000 tahun lalu
dengan bentuk bokor terbalik.

Covering the entire hilltop, this stupa is largest in the

world,
Stupa has multi symbolism,
As the manifestation of the cosmos as well as the
representation of Buddha.
However generally a stupa is (1) hemispherical or
bellshaped (2) mound (anda) (2) surmounted by (4)
spire (yasti).
Stupas of Borobudur are very unique.
Having performed surfaces and hollows inside to place
bodhisattva statues,

Category
1.d, (2) 1.b, (3)1.b
1.b
2.a
1.b
(1) 1.a, (2) 1.b, (3)
2.e, (4) 1.a
1.b
2.e

Previously, on top of each stupa (1) was stone (2) (1) 2.d, (2)1.a
parasol (cattra)
It is one of the largest pagodas in the Tailand and in 2.c
world

The original pagoda was constructed more than 2.000 2.d

years ago in the stupa design of upside down bowl
shape.
Pada 4 arah mata angin di sisi luar terdapat 4 Wihara At the four points of compass in outer courtyard are 1.b
yang berisi patung-patung Buddha dalam berbagai four Wihara (hall) containing images of Buddha in

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6

3.7
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
5.5
5.6
5.7

posisi.
STUPA TERMEGAH DARI SANCHI
Stupa Sanchi adalah stupa terbesar atau stupa nomer
satu yang berlokasi di Sanchi, india.
Stupa tersebut dibangun antara abad ke-3 sebelum
masehi dan abad 12 setelah masehi.
Bentuknya unik tidak hanya sebagai bangunan yang
paling sempurna dan terawat dengan baik
Tetapi juga memberikan kesempatan kepada para
pengunjung
untuk melihat dari dekat di satu lokasinakan satu
kejadian, perkembangan dan runtuhnya seni dan
arsitektur Buddha selama periode kira-kira pada tahun
1500
Stupa termegah ini terbentang sejauh 120 kaki (36,6
meter)
Pagoda tersebut selesai dibangun pada abad ke-5
sebelum Masehi
Dimana pada masa itu disebut abad kehidupan
Buddha.
Pagoda shwedagon terletak dibukit Singuttara,
Kira-kira kilometer dari Yangon.
Seorang raja dimasa kuno Jawa menyandang tiga hak
istimewa atas rakyatnya:
Mengambil sebagian hasil kerja mereka bagi
kepentingan kerajaan (drawya haji),
Memerintahkan mereka untuk bekerja bagi
kepentingan kerajaan (gawai haji),

various postures.
THE GREAT STUPA OF SANCHI
Stupa of Sanchi is the great or stupa number one
located in Sanchi, India.
The (1)monument (2)was built between the 3rd century
BC and the 12th century AD
It is unique, not only for having the most perfect and
well preserved stupas,
But also for offering the visitors a chance

1.b
1.b
2.c
2.c
2.a

to see, in one location, the genesis, the flowering and 1.c

decay of Buddhist art architecture during a period of
about 1500 years.
The great Stupa is 120 feet across (36,6 meters)

2.e

(1)It (2)was completed in the fifth century BC,

(1)2.e, (2) 1.c

Within a century of Buddhas life.

The pagoda (1&2) sits on Singuttara hill
About three kilometers from center of Yangon.
Privileges toward his subjects:

(1)2.e, (2)1.c
1.b
2.c

To take certain portion of their production (drawya 1.b

haji),
To order them to do works for royal benefit (gaway 1.b
haji)

5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.13
5.14
5.15
6.2
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.11
6.12

Dan membeikan anugrah pada mereka (anugrah)

Gawai haji memungkinkan para raja untuk
mengerahkan tenaga kerja dalam jumlah yang besar
dan keterampilan yang tinggi
untuk membangun bangunan dahsyat seperti
Borobudur.
Prasasti Wanua Tengah III memuat daftar paling
lengkap para raja yang memerintah negeri ini
Yang didalam prasasti lain disebut sebagai bumi
Mataram.
Daftar ini memberi gambaran nama penguasa pada
saat pembangunan Borobudur

And to confer gifts to them (anugraha).

1.b
Gawai haji (1&2) enabled (3) rulers to mobilize (1)1.c, (2) 2.d, (3)
(4)people in large number and of excellent skills
1.b, (4) 1.b, (5) 1.c
to construct enormous building as Borobudur.

(1)The inscription of Wanua Tengah III(3)gives the

most complete list of the rulers of the realm,
(4) Most probably which another inscription is known
as the great land of Mataram.
(5), (1) This is gives (2) some information (3)
concerning the rule (4)during the consruction of
Borobudur.
Sangat mungkin penguasa ini adalah Rake Warak He is Rake Warak Dyah Manara
Dyah Manara
Sungguhpun sangat terkemuka didunia
Although its world fame
Memiliki informasi tekstual yang sangat terbatas Has very limited textual information concerning its
berkenaan dengan pembangunan, tujuan dan latar builders, intension and context
belakangnya
Suatu prasasti yang menyebut nama Sri Kahulunan
An inscription bearing the name of Sri Kahulunan
yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 842 M
issued in 842 AD
menyebut
namanya
sebagai
tokoh
yag and context mentions her name as the figure
menganugrahkan tanahnya didesa Tri Tepusan
bestowing land in the village of Tri Tepusan
Bangunan berlapis sepuluh yang sangat tepat dengan A ten-level building which perfectly matches with the
jumlah teras-teras Borobudur
number of terrace of Borobudur
Gelar sang putrid Sri Kahulunan telah dkaitkan The title of the Lady Sri Kahulunan has been associated
dengan Dyah Pramodawardhani putri Rakai Warak with Dyah Pramodawardhani the daughter of Rake
Dyah Manara
Warak Dyah Manara

1.b
1.b
1.c
(1)2c, (2) 1b, (3)1b
2c
2c
1b
1c
1b
2a
2d

6.14
7.1
7.4
7.6
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12

7.13
7.16
7.17
7.18

Dengan demikian, sangat mungkin bahwa penguasa

ini adalah pembangun tempat asal muasal yang
disucikan Bhumisambhara
BOROBUDUR
Candi Borobudur dibangun kira-kira abad VII-IX
Dan pada tahun 1814 ditemukan kembali oleh Sir
Thomas Stamford Raffles
Tidak ada perhatian jika tidak dibersihkan dan dipugar
oleh Theodore Van Erp dalam tahun 1907-1911

It is possible, therefore, that is ruler was the founder of 2d

the holy place of origin Bhumisambhara
BOROBUDUR
Borobudur temple was built about VII-IX century
And in 1814 rebuilt by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles.

2d
1b

There is no interesting if that temple did not clean and 1c

restorated by Dutch Engeunere Theodere Van Erp in
1907-1911.
Pada tingkat bawahnya hanya bagian-bagian tertentu The restoration of the lower parts done only partially.
2e
yang dipugar
atau menata dinding-dinding lorong.
or just to make the gallery are planned.
2e
Didnding lorong dipugar tanpa melakukan The walls are restored without dismantling so that it 1b
pembongkaran sehingga tetap terjadi kemiringan.
seen still leaning.
Factor cuaca dan lingkungan menyebabkan candi The climate and environment factors had caused 2d
Borobudur rusak lagi
Borobudur damages.
Oleh karena itu sejak tahun 1973-1983 pemerintah RI So that (1)during 1973 to 1983 indonesian government (1)1b, (2) 1b, (3) 2d
dibantu Negara-negara luar dihimpun melalui (2)supported by UNESCO found (3)carried out the
UNESCO memugar secara total pada tingkat total restoration of the Rupadhatu
Rupadhatu
Ada 3 macam perlakuan pada pemugaran II
There were three kind of measurement
2d
Kedua
pembersihan
dan
perbaikan
batuan Cleaning the stones as well as its repairing and treated 1b
menggunakan bahan-bahan konsevan,
by chemical conservant,
Ketiga meletakkan kembali batu-batu tersebut And reconstructing to its place in the condition clean of 1b
ketematnya setelah dalam keadaan bersih dan bebas some organism.
dari organism.
Setelah selesai pemugaran II tahun 1983
In the inauguration of second restoration 1983,

7.19
8.1

8.2
8.3
8.4
9.5
10.1
10.3
10.4
11
12.1

Prof. Dr. Soekmono (alm) mengharapkan Candi Prof. Dr. Soekmono (1&2) said that the restoration had
Borobudur akan bertahan lebih dari 1000 tahun lagi.
done expected Borobudur temple (3) will exist more
than 1000 years.
VAJRAGHANTA
VAJRAGHANTA
Genta berkepala Vajra (Vajraghant) bersama Vajra tropped bell (vajraghant) along with visvavajra
Visvavajra seringkali dijumpai sebagai atribut khas (1)were (2)commonly found as unique attribute of
pendeta Budha
Buddhist priest
dalam upacara dan juga sebagai atribut Boddhisatva during a ritual as well as the attributes of
Vajrasattva
Boddhisatva.
Penggabungan kedua elemen ini difahami sebagai The combination of these two elements was intended to
penyatuan antara laki-laki (vajra) daan perempuan represent the unity of male (vajra) and female (bell)
(genta).
aspects of universe.
Pada sejumlah vajraghan didapati empat empat wajah In a number of vajraghant (1) we (2)find the
yang menghadap kesegala arah
(3)decoration of four faces looking at all directions
Visvajra atau vajra berujung ganda yang Visvajra or double vajra symbolizing total
melambangkan pencerahan sepenuhnya bisa dibawa enlightenment was commonly carried by a Buddhist
pendeta Budha pada saat upacara.
priest in a ritual.
KUNDIKA
KUNDIKA
Sebagai wadah / tempat air AMARTA,
As an Amarta water container
Setelah upacara selesai
After completing the ritual ceremony,
Air ini dipercikkan kepada peserta upacara untuk The water should be splashed toward the devout people
pemberkahan atau penyucian dosa.
in order to blessing or purification.
PADHUPAN
PADHUPAN
Tempat membakar kayu cendana untuk wangi- A place to burn the sandal wood to get perfumery
wangian dalam upacara ritual.
during the ceremony
KHAKKARA
KHAKKARA
Ciri khas untuk menunjukkan keberadaan seorang A peculiar sign to indicate the existence of the Buddhist
pendeta Buddhist,
priest

(1)1b, (2)2d,(3)2d
(1)2d, (2)1b

1b
2d
(1)2c, (2)2e, (3)1b
2d
1b
1b
1b
2a
1b

12.2

17.2
21
24
25
26
27
28
30
33
35.2
39.1
39.3
39.4

Dengan digerak-gerakkan agar mengeluarkan bunyibunyian tertentu untuk mengusir roh-roh / kekuatankekuatan jahat.
Yang diketemukan pada permukaan batu-batu candi
Guci asal komplek Candi Borobudur
KEGIATAN PENGGALIAN PENYELAMATAN
DIBAWAH HALAMAN BAWAH SISI BARAT
CANDI BOROBUDUR SETELAH DIPUGAR
(1983)
KEADAAN DINDING LORONG I BIDANG f SISI
UTARA SETELAH DIPUGAR
PENCUCIAN BATU-BATU CANDI BOROBUDUR
METODE KONSTRUKSI DAN PEMASANGAN
SALURAN AIR CANDI BOROBUDUR
SITUASI PEMASANGNAN KEMBALI BATUBATU CANDI BOROBUDUR
DIMUSIM HUJAN AIR KELUAR DARI CELAHCELAH BATU
Penggunaannya tersebar di kawasan Madagaskar dan
Asia Tenggara
KAPAL
BOROBUDUR
DALAM
PERKEMBANGAN BENTUK PERAHU INDOPASIFIK
Yang berlangusung sejak Jaman Prasejarah
Dari rakit bamboo sederhana untuk pelayaran sungai,

(1)by moving it around (2)to have a (3)certain sound (1)2e, (2) 1c, (3) 2a
in order to drive the evil away.
Which were found on the temple stones
(1)Fragments of The (2)Foreign Jugs which (3&4)
Were Found in the *Complek on the Borobudur Temple
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ON THE WEST SIDE OF THE
LOWER WORKING AREA
(1)CONDITION OF THE BOROBUDUR TEMPLE
AFTER
CONDITION OF THE FIRST GALLERY SECTION f
OF THE NORTH SIDE AFTER IT HAVING BEEN
RESTORED
CLEANING OF THE TEMPLE STONES
METHODE
OF
(1)RECONSTRUCTION
OF
BOROBUDUR (2)MONUMENT
OF
THE
RECONSTRUCTION
OF
THE
BOROBUDUR STONE SEEN FROM THE SOUTH
SIDE
SEEPAGE WATER DURING THE RAINY SEASON

2d
(1)1b, (2)1b, (3)2d,
(4)2e
1c

Mainly used in southeast Asia and Madagascar

1b

(1)1b, (2) 2d
2d
1b
(1)1b, (2)1b
2d
1a

BOROBUDUR SHIP IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF 1b

INDO-PACIFIC WATERCRAFT TECHNOLOGY
It had evolved since prehistoric time
2d
from a simple bamboo raft used (1)mainly for river (1)1b, (2)1b

39.5
40.1
40.2
41.1
41.2
42
43.1
43.2
44.1
44.2
44.3

Perahu nusantara berkembang hingga menjadi kapal

berlunas tunggal dan bercadik ganda yang dapat
mengarungi samudra luas,
Menjelang abad Masehi, orang-orang Cina mulai
berkiprah dalam perdagangan hingga ke Laut Cina
Selatan.
Keramik, sutera, dan manic-manik menjadi komoditas
utamanya
500 tahun sebelum masehi, para pedagang Nusantara
mulai berlayar hingga ke Cina Selatan.
Rempah-rempah, kapur barus, dan bulu burung
ditukar dengan benda perunggum,
Sekitar 3.300 tahun lalu, gerabah, obsidian, dan
perhiasan dari kerang sudah di pertukarkan dari
kepulauan Melanesia hingga Sabah dan Polinesia
500 tahun sebelum masehi Pedagang Nusantara mulai
berlayar hingga ke India, Asia Barat, bahkan pantai
Afrika Timur.
Rempah-rempah seperti pala dan cengkeh ditukar besi,
manic-manik, gelas dan karnelian sera kain
Awal abad masehi, pedagang Nusantara makin sering
berlayar
dan tinggal di India dan Afrika Timur.

(2)transportation
to become ocean-going single keel ship with double 1b
outrigger.
(1)Just before the beginning of the Christian Era,
(2)Chinese trading engaged in South China sea trade
network,
Ceramic (1)wares, silk and glass beads (2)were their
main commodity
500 BC, Indonesian sea traders began to sail to southern
China.
Spices, camphor, and birds feathers were exchanged
with bronze artefacts
Around 3.000 years ago, pottery, obsidian, and shell
ornaments were exchanged from Melanesia to Sabah
and Polynesia
500 BC, Indonesian sea-traders went to India, Western
Asia, and event to East Africa.

(1)1b, (2)2a
(1)1b, (2)2d
2d
2d
2d
2d

Cloves and Nutmeg were exchanged with iron, glass, 2d

and cornelian beads, and clothes
Early centuries AD, Indonesian sea-traders went more 2d
frequently to India and east Africa.
They (1) stayed (2) longer in India to learn and East (1)2d, (2)1b
Africa.
Budaya Hindu mulai masuk ke kepulauan Nusantara and brought it back home.
sejak abad ke-4,
the 4th century AD witnessed the raise of the first

Hindu kingdom in Indonesia.

44.5
44.6
45.1
45.2
46.1
46.5
46.7
46.8
47.2
47.3
48.3
48.3
48.4
49.1
49.2

Muncul kerajaan-kerajaan Hindu di Indonesia

Abad ke-8, Candi Borobudur didirikan.
Kapal Borobudur dan Perkembangan perdagangan
Global.
Sejak ribuan tahun lalu, kepulauan Nusantara telah
menjadi arena perdgangan jarak jauh.
Di dasar laut Cirebon, ditemukan kapal kayu kuno
Keragaman muatan kapal menunjukkan jauhnya
pelayaran yang telah ditempuh.
Kapal ini jadi bukti nyata,
Relief kapal di Candi Borobudur bukan sekedar
khayalan pemahatnya
Kulit kayunya dibawa oleh pedagang Nusantara
melalui laut hingga ke Asia Barat dan Afrika.
Pada jaman Mesir Kuno dipakai untuk pengawet
jenazah.
emas hijau: ini diperdagangkan sejak lebih dari 2000
tahun lalu.
Sejak awal masehi, para pejabat kerajaan Cina
menggunakannya sebagai penyedap bau mulut.
Di Eropa, dipakai sebagai bumbu pengawet makanan,
obat, dan aroma terapi.
Budaya bahari merupakan tradisi yang telah lama
berkembang di Nusantara.
Buktinya terlukis pada dinding-dinding gua prasejarah

In the 8th century, Borobudur temple (1) was (2) built.

Borobudur Ship in the Development of Ancient Global
Trade.
Since thousands years ago. The Indonesian archipelago
has become an arena for long distance trade.
On the seabed of Java sea, offshore of Cirebon (West
Jva), a shipwreck was discovered.
The great variety of cargo demonstrates a long trading
route sailed by the ship.
The shipwreck is hard evidence
For the existence of ocean going ship illustrated on the
Borobudur reliefs. It was not merely an imagination of
Borobudur reliefs.
Cinnamon (1) was (2) traded by Indonesian sea traders
to West Asia and Africa.
In Ancient Egypt, cinnamon was used to preserve dead
body.
This green gold has been traded for more than 2000
years ago.
In the beginning of the Christian Era, Chinese officials
(1&2) chewed cloves as mouth perfume.
(1)European (2) used cloves as food spices and
prervative, medicine, and aroma therapy.
Maritime culture has been a long tradition in the
Indonesian archipelago.
(1)This evident in the (2) occurrence of prehistoric rock

(1)2d, (2)1c
1b
2d
2d
1b
1b
2d
(1)2d, (2)1b
2d
2d
(1)2d, (2)1c
(1)1c, (2) 2d
2d
(1)2c, (2)1b

50.1
50.2
51.4
52.1
52.2
52.3
52.4
53.2
53.3
53.4
53.5
55.1
56.1
58.1

Benda-benda yang berhasil diangkat dari kapal kayu

nusantara yang tenggelam di perairan Cirebon oleh PT
Paradigma Putra Nusantara.
Keramik Cina berasal dari Dinasti Tang Akhiri (907960 M)
Meneruskan kehidupan bahari nenek moyang .
Industri Tripang di Australia Utara oleh orang-orang
Bugis
Sejak berabad lalu, para pelaut Bugis telah
mengarungi samudra hingga ke Australia Utara untuk
mencari tripang
dan mendirikan industry pengolahan tripang
didaerah itu.
Tripang atau mentimun laut menjadi komoditas bahari
yang sangat digemari pada masa itu dan
diperdagangkan hingga Cina
Laut adalah sahabat mereka
Tempat memperoleh kebutuhan hidup.
Menakhlukan ikan paus jadi tantangan hidup, tanpa
nafsu mempunahkan.
Mereka mewarisi kegagahan dan kearifan budaya
bahari bangsa ini.
Wangsa syailendra mendirikan Candi Borobudur,

arts.
Artifacts salvaged by Paradigma Putra Sejahtera Ltd.
from the wooden shipwreck lying on the Java seabed
near Cirebon.
The Chinese ceramics are dated to the Late Tang
Dynasty (907-906 AD)
(2)They continue their ancestors maritime way of life.
Buginese Trepang Industry in Northern Australia

1b
1c
2c
2a

For centuries, Buginese sailors have sailed to Northern 2d

Australia to collect sae-cucumber or trepang
(1)They (2) established (3) big trepan industries there.

(1)2c, (2)2.d, (3)1b

Trepang (1) was a popular commodity at the time and (1)2d, (2)1b
traded by Buginese (2) especially to China

The ocean has become their friend.

It is a place where they get their daily needs.
(1)To catch a whale (2) has been their challenge, (3) but
without desire to make them extinct.
They inherit the skills as well as the wisdom of this
nations maritime culture.
Syailendra Dynasty (1&2) built the Borobudur (3)
monument.
Philip Beale menghubungi Nick Burningham
Philip Beale contacted Nick Burningham, an Australian
maritime archaeologist,
Kapal Borobudur diresmikan oleh Menteri The Borobudur ship was inaugurated by Minister of

2d
2c
(1)1c, (2) 2d, (3) 1b
1b
(1)1c, (2) 2.d, (3) 1b
2d
2d

59.1
59.2
60
61
62

63.1
63.2
63.3
63.4
63.5
63.6
63.7
64
65
67

Kebudayaan dan Pariwasata I Gede Ardika di Benoa Culture and Tourism

(Bali)
I Gede Ardika in Benoa
Kapal Borobudur diberi nama Samudraraksa
President Megawati Soekarnoputri (1&2) granted the
name Smudraraksa, meaning the guardian of the
ocean, to the ship
Sekaligus diberangkatkan ke Madagaskar oleh And officially set off the ship to sail to Madagascar.
Presiden Megawati Soekarno Putri
Kapal Samudraraksa sampai ditujuan akhir dan Samudraraksa (1) arrived at its final destination and (2)
berlabuh di pelabuhan Tema, Accra, Gahana
anchored at the Harbour of Tema, Accra, Ghana
Para awak Kapal Samudraraksa mendapat Satya Samudraraksa (1) crew (2&3) were granted Satya
Lencana dari Presiden Megawati Soekarno Putri
Lencana Award by President Megawati Soekarno Putri
Akhirnya.
After (1) braving the ocean waves during thousands of
Kapal perkasa yang telah mengarungi ribuan kilometer long voyage, the courageous ship
kilometer dan memecah gelombang samudra Samudraraksa (2) was (3) ultimately (4) harbored
bersemayam di museum ini
permanently in this museum.
Kapal Samudraraksa menuju Capetown, Afrika Samudraraksa (1&2) sailed to Cape town, South Africa
Selatan
16 November 2003 singgah di Richard Bay
November 16th, visited Richard Bay
1 Desember 2003 singgah di Pelabuhan Durban
December 1st, visited the Harbor of Durban
7 Desember 2003 singgah di Pelabuhan Elizabeth
December 7th, visited the Elisabeth Harbor
5 Januari 2004 tiba di Cape Town, Afrika Selatan
January 5th, arrived at Cape Town, South Africa
17 Januari 2004 berangkat menuju Ghana
January 7th, left for Ghana
3 Februari 2004 mencapai Jamestown Bay, St. Helena February 3rd, arrived at Jamestown Bay, St. Helena
29
September
2003
Kapal
Samudraraksa September 29th, 20003 Samudraraksa left Saychelles for
meninggalkan Saychelles menuju Madagaskar
Madagascar
Pelayaran mencapai Pelabuhan Victoria, Seychelles
Samudraraksa arrived at the Victoria Harbor, Seychelles
Kapal Borobudur meninggalkan Benoa menuju Ancol, Borobudur Ship left Benoa for Ancol, Jakarta, via
Jakarta, melewati Surabaya, Karimunjawa, dan Surabaya, Karimunjawa, and Semarang

(1)2d, (2) 2e
2e
(1)2d, (2)2d
(1)2a, (2)2d, (3)2e
(1)1b, (2) 2d, (3) 1b,
(4)1c
(1)1c, (2)2d
2d
2d
2d
2d
2d
2d
2d
2d
2d

70
71
72.1
72.2
75.1
75.2
75.3
77.1
77.2
77.3
77.4
77.5
77.6
77.7
78.1

Semarang
Kapal Borobudur di luncurkan ke laut
Kapal Borobudur mulai dibuat oleh As ad Abdullah di
pulau pagerungan Kecil, Kabupaten Sumenep, Madura
dengan menggunakan teknologi traditional
Philip Beale berkunjung ke Candi Borobudur
dan mengagumi relief kapal pada candi tersebut.
Kapal Borobudur pertama kali diuji dengan berlaya ke
Banyuwangi,
Dilanjutkan menuju Benoa, Bali
Dengan diawaki para pelaut dari Pagerungan
MEWUJUDKAN REPLIKA KAPAL BOROBUDUR
Mewujudkan replica Kapal Borobudur berdasarkan
gabar relief memang tidak mudah.
Namun, dengan perhitungan yang cermat, rancangan
Kapal Borobudur dapat dibuat oleh Nick Burningham.
Dalam kenyataannya tidak semua unsure rancangan
dapat diterapkan.
Akhirnya, hanya dengan memadukan perhitungan
tekhnis yang cermat dan kearifan local para pembuat
kapal di Pagerungan,
Dibawah arahan As ad Abdullah
Kapal Borobudur dapat diwujudkan dan mampu
mengarungi samudra
Perancang Kapal Borobudur sempat tidak yakin

The Borobudur Ship (1) was (2) initially launched on to

the sea
As ad Abdullah (1&2) started to build the Borobudur
ship on Pagerungan Kecil island in the District of
Sumenep, Madura using traditional technology.
Philip Beale visited the Borobudur monuments,
He (1&2) was amazed by the ship reliefs and inspired to
enact the voyage of the Borobudur ship.
The ship was initially tested to sail from Pagerungan to
Banyuwangi,
And then (1&2) continued to Benoa (Bali)
The (1) crew (2&3) were (4) traditional sailors from
Pagerungan
CONSTRUCTION OF BOROBUDUR SHIP REPLICA
To construct a replica of Borobudur Ship based (1)
merely on the ship depiction (2) was no easy task.
With prudent calculation, however, Nick Burningham
was able to design the Borobudur Ship.
In fact, not all the design components were possible to
be implemented.
Only trough a blend of accurate technical calculation
and the local wisdom of the traditional ship builders in
Pagerungan,
Under the leadership of Asad Abdullah,
A (1) replica of Borobudur Ship (2) was (3) finally
managed to be built and capable to sail in the ocean.
The ship designer, Nick Burningham, (1) was once

(1)2d, (2)1c
(1)2e, (2)2d
2d
2d
2d
2d
(1)2a, (2) 2d, (3) 2e,
(4) 1b
1b
(1)1b, (2) 2d
2e
2d
1b
1b
(1)1b, (2)2d, (3)1b
(1)2d, (2)2e

78.3
78.4
78.6
79
80.1
80.2
81
82.1
82.2
83.1
83,.2
83.3

Namun, pembuat perahu Pagerungan yakin kapal akan

menjadi penjelajah laut yang tangguh,
Karena telah diperhitungkan matang berdasarkan
hitungan ganjil.
agar kapal tetap mempunyai hasrat mencari
kesempurnaan melalui kiprahnya di lautan.
Berdasarkan kearifan local, keseimbangan kapal
hanya ditentukan melalui pandangan mata

almost (2) convinced

On the other hand, the Pagerungan ship builders
ensured that ship would become a tough sea explorer,
Since it (1) was (2) traditionally calculated as a ship
with odd number (considered to be lucky and
strong).
So that the ship will always have the desire to seek
perfection through its performance in the ocean.
(1)Amazingly, the ship balance (2) was merely
determined by the builder (3) Perception, not by
scientific calculation.
The materials of the ship (1) were chosen with care
according to traditional wisdom and through many (2)
religious ceremonies.
The initial step (1) was (2) to lay up the kneel

Bahan Kapal Borobudur dipilih dengan teliti

berdasarkan kearifan lokal disertai dengan berbagai
upacara
Pembetukan kapal diawali dengan pembentukan tunas
kapal
Papan ditatah langsung mengikuti lambung kapal
The planks were chiseled to follow the contour of the
body shape
Tahap berikut adalah meletakkan dasar lambung The next step was to build the base of the hull planks.
kapal.
Dasar kapal dibuat dari kayu tahan air, antara lain
(1) These (2) were made of water resistant wood (3)
kayu keasambi.
especially Kesambi wood
Setelah cadik dan layar di pasang,
After fitting the outriggers and the sail to the ship,
Kapal diuji coba berlayar sampai ke perairan A trial sail was conducted to Banyuwangi, East Java.
Banyuwangi.
Beberapa perlengkapan lain dipasang saat perjalanan Some additional *equipments (1) were fitted during the
dari benoa ke Jakarta dan beberapa saat sebelum voyage from Benoa to Jakarta, and just before (2)
memulai pelayaran ke Seychelles.
leaving for Chichelles.

2e
(1)2d, (2)1b
2d
(1)1b, (2)2d, (3)1b
(1)2d, (2)1b
(1)2d, (2)2e
2d
2d
(1)2c, (2)2d, (3)1b
2e
2d
(1)2d, (2)1c

84.2

Tanggal 15 agustus 2003 secara resmi ekspedisi Kapal On August 15, 2003 the Borobudur ship expedition to
Borobudur ke Accra, Ghana, diluncurkan oleh Accra, Ghana was officially launched by President
Presiden Megawati Soekarno Putri dari Ancol Jakarta. Megawati Soekarno Putri in Ancol, Jakarta. The ship
was named Samudraraksa, meaning the guardian of the
ocean.
85.5 Dan lebih didominasi oleh savanna gurun.
And consist predominantly of savannah and desert.
85.6 Daerah di belahan timur lebih subur
The eastern portion of the island is more fertile
85.9 Sebagian penduduknya adalah keturunan orang Malayo-Indonesian descents, such as Merina-Barsilevo
melayo-Indonesia, antara lain suku Merina dan ethnic groups,a re the major population.
Betsilevo.
85.11 Bahasa daerah utamanya adalah dialek Merine- The main language is Marina-Malagasy dialect which is
Malagasi yang termasuk rumpun Austronesia.
a member Austronesian language family.
85.12 Sejak 3000 tahun lalu, para pelaut Nusantara telah Since about 3000 years ago, Indonesian sailors and sea
singgah di pantai Timur Afrika, termasuk Madagaskar. traders have visited the eastern coast of Africa,
including Madagascar.
85.13 Namun, mereka mulai menghuni lebih intensif sejak However, they (1) began to stay (2) longer and settled
jaman kejayaan Kerajaan Sriwijaya di Sumatera (abad this island in the Golden Age of the Sriwijaya Kingdom
ke 7-9 masehi)
of Sumatera (7th-9th C AD).
86.3 Diantaranya siter dari bamboo (valiha) xpylophon e.g Valiha (a simple bamboo zither), antratana (wooden
kayu (antratana), seruling bamboo (sodina), gerabah, xylophone), sodina (bamboo flute), and breadfruit.
dan budidaya sukun
88.2 yang dulunya dibuang oleh Belanda ke Afrika who (1) was exiled by the Dutch to South Africa, (2)
menyempatkan diri berkunjung ke kapal
took their time to visit the ship
88.2 Salah satu kegiatan yang paling disukai adalah (1)Playing chess (1&2) was the best choice for killing
bermain catur
time
89.1 St. Helena
St. Helena
Pelayaran ke utara menuju St. Helena membuat udara When sailing northward to St. Helena, the ship faced
lebih bersahabat
more friendly weather,

2d

2e
1b
1b
1b
2d
(1)2d, (2)1b
1b
(1)2d, (2) 2d
(1)2d, (2)2e
1b

89.2
90

Karena mendekati garis katulistiwa

As it was approaching equator
2d
Saat kapal melintasi garis katulistiwa, Neptunus yang When the ship was crossing the equator, Neptunus 2d
diperankan oleh Muhammad berkunjung ke kapal
(role-played by Muhammad) visited the ship