MINISTERUL EDUCAIEI REPUBLICII MOLDOVA

UNIVERSITATEA TEHNIC A MOLDOVEI

Facultatea Calculatoare, Informatic i Microelectronic
FILIERA ANGLOFON

REFERAT
la Electrotehnica

A efectuat:

st. gr. FAF-141 (l. englez)

Mereuta Alex

A verificat:
Dr.hab si prof.universitar

Mihail Chiorsac

TOPIC
Three phase angular electrical circuits.
Calculation of the three phase angular electrical circuits.
Three Phase Power and Current
The power taken by a circuit (single or three phase) is measured in watts W
(or kW). The product of the voltage and current is the apparent power and
measured in VA (or kVA) . The relationship between kVA and kW is the
power factor (pf):

which can also be expressed as:

Single phase system - this is the easiest to deal with. Given the kW and
power factor the kVA can be easily worked out. The current is simply the kVA
divided by the voltage. As an example, consider a load consuming 23 kW of
power at 230 V and a power factor of 0.86:

Note: you can do these equations in either VA, V and A or kVA, kV and kA
depending on the magnitude of the parameters you are dealing with. To
convert from VA to kVA just divide by 1000.

Three phase system - The main difference between a three phase system
and a single phase system is the voltage. In a three phase system we have
the line to line voltage (VLL) and the phase voltage (VLN), related by:

or alternatively as:

to better understand this or gain more insight, you can read the Introduction
to Three Phase Electric Power post
To me the easiest way to solve three phase problems is to convert them to a
single phase problem. Take a three phase motor (with three windings, each
identical) consuming a given kW. The kW per winding (single phase) has to
be the total divided by 3. Similarly a transformer (with three windings, each
identical) supplying a given kVA will have each winding supplying a third of
the total power. To convert a three phase problem to a single phase
problem take the total kW (or kVA) and divide by three.
As an example, consider a balanced three phase load consuming 36 kW at a
power factor of 0.86 and line to line voltage of 400 V (VLL) :
the line to neutral (phase) voltage VLN = 400/3 = 230 V
three phase power is 36 kW, single phase power = 36/3 = 12 kW
now simply follow the above single phase method

Easy enough. To find the power given current, multiply by the voltage and
then the power factor to convert to W. For a three phase system multiply by
three to get the total power.

Using Formulas
The above method relies on remembering a few simple principals and
manipulating the problem to give the answer.
More traditionally formulas may be used to give the same result. These can
be easily derived from the above, giving for example:

Unbalanced Three Phase Systems

The above deals with balanced three phase systems. That is the current in
each phase is the same and each phase delivers or consumes the same
amount of power. This is typical of power transmission systems, electrical
motors and similar types of equipment.
Often where single phase loads are involved, residential and commercial
premises for example, the system can be unbalanced with each phase have
a different current and delivering or consuming a differing amount of power.
Balanced Voltages
Luckily in practice voltages tend to be fixed or very by only small amounts.
In this situation and with a little thought it is possible to extend the above
type of calculation to unbalanced current three phase systems. The key to
doing this is that the sum of power in each phase is equal to the total power
of the system.
For example, take a 400 V (VLL) three phase system with the following loads:
phase 1 = 80 A, phase 2 = 70 A, phase 3 = 82 A
the line to neutral (phase) voltage VLN = 400/3 = 230 V
phase 1 apparent power = 80 x 230 = 18,400 VA = 18.4 kVA
phase 2 apparent power = 70 x 230 = 16,100 VA = 16.1 kVA

phase 3 apparent power = 82 x 230 = 18,860 VA = 18.86 kVA

Total three phase power = 18.4 + 16.1 + 18.86 = 53.36 kVA
Similarly given the power in each phase you could easily find the phase
currents. If you also know the power factor you can convert between kVA
and kW as shown earlier.
Unbalanced Voltages
If the voltages become unbalanced or there are other considerations (i.e.
unbalanced phase shift), then it is necessary to revert to more traditional
network analysis. System voltages and currents can be found by drawing
out the circuit in full detail and using Kirchhoff's laws and other network
theorems.