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Indefinite Integration
If f & g are functions of x such that g(x) = f(x), then indefinite integration of f(x) with respect to x is
defined and denoted as
Standard Formula:
ax b n 1
dx =
a n 1
(i)
(ax + b)n
(ii)
dx
1
= n |ax + b| + C
ax b a
(iii)
eax+b dx =
1 ax+b
e
+C
a
(iv)
apx+q dx =
1 a pxq
+ C; a > 0
p n a
(v)
sin (ax + b) dx =
(vi)
cos (ax + b) dx =
1
sin (ax + b) + C
a
(vii)
tan(ax + b) dx =
1
n |sec (ax + b)| + C
a
cot(ax + b) dx =
1
n |sin(ax + b)| + C
a
(viii)
+ C, n
1
cos (ax + b) + C
a
1
tan(ax + b) + C
a
(ix)
sec (ax + b) dx =
(x)
cosec(ax + b) dx =
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
(xiv)
cosec x dx = n |cosecx
1
cot(ax + b)+ C
a
1
sec (ax + b) + C
a
1
cosec (ax + b) + C
a
x
n tan + C
4 2
OR
cotx| + C OR n tan
x
+ C OR
2
n |cosecx + cotx| + C
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MATHS
(xv)
(xvi)
(xvii)
(xviii)
(xix)
(xx)
ax
dx
1
ln ax + C
2 =
a x
2a
(xxi)
xa
dx
1
ln xa + C
2 =
x a
2a
(xxii)
(xxiv)
(xxvi)
a x
2
= sin1
1
x
dx
= tan1
+C
2
a
a
a x
dx
x x a
2
dx
x2 a2
dx
x a
2
1
x
sec 1
+C
a
a
2
2
= n x x a + C
2
2
= n x x a + C
OR
OR
sinh1
x
+C
a
cosh1
x
+C
a
a 2 x 2 dx =
x
2
a 2 x2 +
x
2
x 2 a 2 dx =
x
x a dx =
2
2
eax. sin bx dx =
x
+C
a
(xxiii)
(xxv)
dx
a2
x
sin1
+C
2
a
x2 a 2 +
x a
2
a2
x x 2 a2
n
+C
a
2
x x 2 a2
a2
n
+C
a
2
e ax
(a sin bx b cos bx) + C
a 2 b2
eax. cos bx dx =
e ax
(a cos bx + b sin bx) + C
a 2 b2
Theorems on integration
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
C f (x).dx = C f (x).dx
(f (x) g(x)) dx = f ( x)dx g(x) dx
f (x)dx g( x) C
f (ax b)dx =
g(ax b)
+ C2
a
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MATHS
Example # 1
Evaluate :
Solution.
4x
Example # 2
Evaluate :
Solution.
4x
dx
4 6
2 6
x +C=
x + C.
6
3
dx =
5x 2 4
7
2
dx
x
x
5x 2 4
5x
dx +
7
dx +
x
dx 4 . 1 . dx + 7 .
4dx +
dx
dx + 5 .
7
2
dx
x
x
2
x
dx
1
dx + 2 .
x
1/ 2
dx
x 1/ 2
x3
x4
=
+5.
4x + 7 n | x | + 2 1/ 2 + C
3
4
5 3
x4
+
x 4x + 7 n | x | + 4
3
4
Example # 3
Evaluate :
Solution.
We have,
(e
xn a
xn a
e anx e ana ) dx =
Example # 4
Evaluate :
2x 3x
Solution.
Example # 5
Evaluate :
Solution.
5x
2x 3x
dx =
5x
sin
+C
(e
na x
e nx e na ) dx =
a x dx +
x a dx +
(a
a a dx =
x a a a ) dx
ax
x a 1
+
+ aa . x + C.
n a
a 1
dx
2x 3x
5x 5x
dx =
x
x
2
3
(2 / 5) x
(3 / 5 ) x
dx =
+
+C
2
5
5
3
n
n
5
5
x cos3 x dx
sin3 x cos3 x dx =
=
1
8
1
32
(2 sin x cos x)
dx =
1
8
sin3 2x dx =
1
8
3 sin 2x sin 6 x
dx
4
1 3
2 cos 2x 6 cos 6 x + C
32
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MATHS
Example # 6
Solution.
Evaluate :
x4
2
dx
dx =
x4 1 1
Example # 7
Evaluate :
Solution.
We have
4 9x
x4
x2 1
dx =
( x 2 1) dx +
4 9x
1
9
dx =
x4 1
1
dx
x 2 1 x 2 1
1
2
dx =
x3
x + tan1 x + C
3
dx
4x
dx =
2
1
9
( 2 / 3)
x2
dx
1
x
3x
1
1
+C=
+C
.
tan1
tan1
( 2 / 3)
9
6
2/3
2
cos x cos 2x dx
Example # 8
Evaluate :
Solution.
1
2
(cos 3x cos x) dx
1 sin 3 x sin x
+C
2 3
Evaluate :
tan
(2)
Evaluate :
1 sin x
x dx
dx
(2) tanx sec x + C
Integration by Substitution
If we substitution (x) = t in an integral then
(i)
everywhere x will be replaced in terms of new variable t.
(ii)
dx also gets converted in terms of dt.
Example # 9
Evaluate :
Solution.
We have
=
1
4
sin x 4 dx
sin x 4 dx
Let x 4 = t
=
sin t dt =
d(x 4) = dt
4x 3 dx = dt dx =
1
4x 3
dt
1
1
cost + C =
cos x 4 + C
4
4
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MATHS
Example # 10 Evaluate :
Solution.
(n x )2
dx
x
Let =
Let =
(1 sin
Solution.
x ) cos x dx
Put sinx = t
dx =
x 1
1
2
1
=
.
2
t3
sin3 x
+ c = sin x +
+C
3
3
dx
(x
1
t2 t 1
1
3
2
tan
x
) x2 1
2 2
dt
1
2
dx
2
3
1
2
2
t 1
1
2 +C =
tan1
3
3
(iii)
dx
; n N Take x n common & put 1 + x n = t.
n
x ( x 1)
(iv)
(v)
x x 1
( n1)
dx
x 1 x
n
; n
2x 2 1
+ C.
( f ( x ))n1
+C
n 1
f (x)
( f ( x ))1n
dx
=
+C,n1
1 n
f (x)n
dx
dt
}
2
dt
2t 1
1
+C=
tan1
3
3
(ii)
x.dx =
{Put x 2 = t
[ f(x)]n f (x) dx =
(i)
cosx dx = dt
We have,
=
Note:
x ) cos x dx
x2 1
1
dx = dt
x
t3
( n x )3
+c =
+C
3
3
(1 t 2 ) dt = t +
Example # 12 Evaluate :
Put nx = t
t 2dt =
(1 sin
Example # 11 Evaluate :
Solution.
(n x )2
dx
x
n 1/ n
Evaluate :
sec 2 x
dx
1 tan x
(4)
Evaluate :
sin(nx )
dx
x
(4) cos (n x) + C
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MATHS
Integration by Parts : Product of two functions f(x) and g(x) can be integrate using formula :
f( x) g(x) dx
= f(x)
g(x) dx dx f ( x) g( x) dx dx
g( x) dx then it will not contain arbitarary constant.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Inverse function
L
Logarithmic function
A
Algebraic function
T
Trigonometric function
E
Exponential function
Example # 13 Evaluate :
Solution.
Let =
x tan
= (tan1 x)
x dx
x dx
x2
1 x
x2
dx
2
x2 1 1
1
x2
tan1 x
2
2
1
x2
tan1 x
[x tan1 x] + C.
2
2
Example # 14 Evaluate :
Solution.
x tan
Let =
x2 1
dx =
1
x2
tan1 x
2
2
1 x
dx
1
1
2
x n(1 x) dx
x n(1 x) dx
= n (x + 1) .
x2
1
x2
n (x + 1)
2
2
1
x2
.
dx
x 1
2
1
x2
x2
dx =
n (x + 1)
2
x 1
2
1
x2
n (x + 1)
2
2
x2 1
1
x 1 x 1 dx
1
x2
n (x + 1)
2
2
( x 1) x 1 dx
2
1 x x n | x 1 |
x2
+C
n (x + 1)
2 2
2
x 2 1 1
dx
x 1
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MATHS
Example # 15 Evaluate :
Solution.
Let =
2x
2x
sin 3x dx
sin 3x dx
cos 3 x
= e2x
3
2e
cos 3 x
dx
3
2x
1 2x
2
e cos 3x +
3
3
sin 3 x
1 2x
2 2 x sin 3 x
2e 2 x
dx
e cos 3x +
e
3
3
3
3
1 2x
2
4
e cos 3x + e2x sin 3x
3
9
9
2x
cos 3x dx
2x
sin 3x dx
1 2x
2
4
e cos 3x + e2x sin 3x
3
9
9
13
e 2x
=
(2 sin 3x 3 cos 3x)
9
9
4
e 2x
=
(2 sin 3x 3 cos 3x)
9
9
e 2x
(2 sin 3x 3 cos 3x) + C
13
Note :
(i)
(ii)
Example # 16 Evaluate :
Solution.
( x 1)2
Given integral =
Example # 17 Evaluate :
Solution.
Given integral
dx
x 1 1
ex
( x 1)2
dx =
1
ex
1
dx =
ex
+C
( x 1) ( x 1)2
( x 1)
1 sin x
dx
1 cos x
x
x
1 2 sin cos
2
2
dx
2 x
2 sin
x
x
x
1
cos ec 2 cot dx = ex cot
+C
2
2
2
2
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MATHS
Example # 18 Evaluate :
Solution.
n (nx ) (nx)
Let =
n (nx ) (nx)
dx
dx {put x = et et dt}
nt 2 dt =
t
1 1 1
nt 2 dt
t t t
1
1
= et nt + C = x n (nx )
+C
t
nx
(5)
Evaluate :
x sin x dx
(6)
Evaluate :
x e
2 x
dx
f (x)
If f(x) and g(x) are two polynomials, then g( x ) defines a rational algebraic function of x.
f (x)
If degree of f(x) < degree of g(x), then g( x ) is called a proper rational function.
f (x)
If degree of f(x) degree of g(x) then g( x ) is called an improper rational function.
f (x)
f (x)
If g( x ) is an improper rational function, we divide f(x) by g(x) so that the rational function g( x ) is
( x )
expressed in the form (x) + g( x ) , where (x) and ( x ) are polynomials such that the degree of ( x )
f (x)
is less than that of g(x). Thus, g( x ) is expressible as the sum of a polynomial and a proper rational
function.
f (x)
Any proper rational function g( x ) can be expressed as the sum of rational functions, each having a
simple factor of g(x). Each such fraction is called a partial fraction and the process of obtained them is
f (x)
called the resolutions or decomposition of g( x ) into partial fractions.
f (x)
The resolution of g( x ) into partial fractions depends mainly upon the nature of the factors of g(x) as
discussed below :
CASE I When denominator is expressible as the product of non-repeating linear factors.
Let g(x) = (x a1) (x a2) .....(x an). Then, we assume that
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MATHS
A1
A2
An
f (x)
+
+
.....
+
g( x )
x a1
x a2
x an
where A1, A2, ...... An are constants and can be determined by equating the numerator on R.H.S. to the
numerator on L.H.S. and then substituting x = a1, a2, ........,an.
Example # 19 Resolve
Solution.
3x 2
x 6 x 2 11x 6
3
3x 2
We have,
x 3 6 x 2 11x 6
3x 2
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
Let
3x 2
C
A
B
=
+
+
. Then,
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
x 3
x 1
x2
3x 2
A( x 2)( x 3) B( x 1)( x 3) C( x 1)( x 2)
=
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
3x + 2 = A(x 2) (x 3) + B (x 1) (x 3) + C(x 1) (x 2)
Putting x 1 = 0 or x = 1 in (i), we get
5 = A(1 2) (1 3) A =
...........(i)
5
,
2
3x 2
x 6 x 11x 6
3
11
.
2
3x 2
5
11
8
=
+
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
2( x 1)
2
(
x
3)
x2
Note : In order to determine the value of constants in the numerator of the partial fraction corresponding to the
non-repeated linear factor (px + q) in the denominator of a rational expression, we may proceed as
follows :
Replace x by
q
(obtained by putting px + q = 0) everywhere in the given rational expression except
p
in the factor px + q itself. For example, in the above illustration the value of A is obtained by replacing
x by 1 in all factors of
A=
3x 2
except (x 1) i.e.
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
3 1 2
5
=
(1 2)(1 3)
2
Similarly, we have
B=
3 2 1
33 2
11
= 8 and, C =
=
(1 2)(2 3)
(3 1)(3 2)
2
Example # 20 Resolve
Solution.
x 3 6 x 2 10 x 2
x 2 5x 6
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MATHS
x 3 6 x 2 10 x 2
x 5x 6
2
we have,
So, let
( x 4)
=x1+
x 4
x 5x 6
2
...........(i)
( x 5 x 6)
2
x 4
( x 2)( x 3)
x 4
B
A
=
+
, then
( x 2)( x 3)
x
3
x2
B = 1.
Putting x 2 = 0 or x = 2 in (ii), we get
2 = A (2 3) A = 2
x 4
1
2
=
+
( x 2)( x 3)
x 3
x2
x 3 6 x 2 10 x 2
Hence
=x1
x 5x 6
2
1
2
+
x 3
x2
CASE II When the denominator g(x) is expressible as the product of the linear factors such that some
of them are repeating.
1
1
Example g( x ) =
this can be expressed as
k
( x a) ( x a1 )( x a 2 ).......( x a r )
A3
A2
Ak
B1
B2
Br
A1
+
2 +
3 + ....+
k + ( x a ) + ( x a ) + ...... + ( x a )
( x a)
( x a)
( x a)
x a
1
2
r
Now to determine constants we equate numerators on both sides. Some of the constants are determined
by substitution as in case I and remaining are obtained by equating the coefficient of same power of x.
The following example illustrate the procedure.
3x 2
Example # 21 Resolve
(3 x 2)dx
( x 1) ( x 1)( x 2)
2
3x 2
Solution.
Let
( x 1) ( x 1)( x 2)
2
( x 1) (x 1)(x 2)
2
A2
A3
A1
A4
+
+
2 +
( x 1)
x 1
x 1
x2
3x 2 = A1 (x 1) (x + 1) (x + 2) + A2 (x + 1) (x + 2)
+ A3 (x 1)2 (x + 2) + A4 (x 1)2 (x + 1) .......(i)
Putting x 1 = 0 or, x = 1 in (i) we get
1
1 = A2 (1 + 1) (1 + 2) A2 =
6
Putting x + 1 = 0 or, x = 1 in (i) we get
5
5 = A3 (2)2 (1 + 2) A3 =
4
Putting x + 2 = 0 or, x = 2 in (i) we get
8
8 = A4 (3)2 (1) A4 =
9
Now equating coefficient of x 3 on both sides, we get 0 = A1 + A3 + A4
A1 = A3 A4 =
8
13
5
=
9
36
4
3x 2
( x 1) ( x 1)( x 2)
and hence
1
13
5
8
+
+
2
36( x 1)
4( x 1)
9( x 2)
6( x 1)
(3 x 2)dx
( x 1) (x 1)(x 2)
2
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10
MATHS
=
1
13
8
5
n |x 1|
n |x + 1| +
n |x + 2| + C
6
(
x
1
)
36
9
4
CASE III When some of the factors of denominator g(x) are quadratic but non-repeating. Corresponding
Ax B
, where A and
ax bx c
B are constants to be determined by comparing coefficients of similar powers of x in the numerator of
both sides. In practice it is advisable to assume partial fractions of the type
A(2ax b)
ax 2 bx c
B
ax 2 bx c
2x 1
Example # 22 Resolve
2x 1
( x 1)( x 2)
2
2x 1
Solution.
Let
( x 1)( x 2 2)
2x 1
( x 1)( x 2 2)
(x 1)(x
2)
dx
Bx C
A
+ 2
. Then,
x 1
x 2
A( x 2 2) (Bx C)( x 1)
( x 1)( x 2 2)
2x 1 = A (x 2 + 2) + (Bx + C) (x + 1)
...(i)
Putting x + 1 = 0 or, x = 1 in (i), we get 3 = A(3) A = 1.
Comparing coefficients of the like powers of x on both sides of (i), we get
A + B = 0, C + 2A = 1 and C + B = 2
1 + B = 0, C 2 = 1 (Putting A = 1)
B = 1, C = 1
2x 1
( x 1)( x 2)
2
x 1
1
+ 2
x 1
x 2
2x 1
Hence
(x 1)(x
2)
dx
= n |x + 1| +
1
x
1
n |x 2 + 2| +
tan1
+C
2
2
2
CASE IV When some of the factors of the denominator g(x) are quadratic and repeating fractions of the
A (2ax b)
A2
A
A 0 (2ax b)
2 1
+ 2
form 2
2
2
ax bx c ax bx c
ax bx c
ax bx c
A
A 2k
2k 1( 2ax b )
+ .......+ 2
k
2
ax bx c
ax bx c
2x 3
Example # 23 Resolve
( x 1)( x 2 1)2
2x 3
Solution.
Let
( x 1)( x 2 1)2
Dx E
Bx C
A
+ 2
+
. Then,
2
(
x
1)2
x 1
x 1
......(i)
1
4
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11
MATHS
Comparing coefficients of like powers of x on both side of (i), we have
A + B = 0, C B = 0, 2A + B C + D = 0, C + E B D = 2 and A C E = 3.
1
and solving these equations, we get
4
Putting A =
B=
1
1
5
= C, D =
and E =
4
2
2
2x 3
( x 1)( x 1)
2
2x
Example # 24 Resolve
Solution.
x 1
x5
1
+
+
2
4( x 1)
4( x 1)
2( x 2 1)2
x3 1
2x
2x
We have,
x 1
3
( x 1)( x 2 x 1)
2x
So, let
( x 1)( x x 1)
2
Bx C
A
+ 2
. Then,
x 1
x x 1
2x = A (x 2 + x + 1) + (Bx + C) (x 1)
.......(i)
2
3
2
3
2
4
2
+ 2B
B=
3
3
3
2=
2x
x 1
3
2
2x
2
2
1
1
( 2 / 3) x 2 / 3
.
+
or 3
=
+
2
3
3 x 1
3
x 1
x 1
x x 1
1 x
x x 1
2
(i)
Evaluate :
(x 2)(x 3) dx
(ii)
Evaluate :
( x 1)(x
dx
Integration of type
ax
1)
x2
+C
x3
dx
2
bx c
(ii)
1
1
1
n |x + 1|
n (x 2 + 1) +
tan1 (x) + C
2
4
2
dx
2
ax bx c
ax 2 bx c dx
Express ax 2 + bx + c in the form of perfect square & then apply the standard results.
Example # 25 Evaluate :
Solution.
x 2 2x 5 dx
We have,
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12
MATHS
x 2 2x 5
1
(x + 1)
2
( x 1)2 2 2 +
1
(x + 1)
2
x 2 2x 5 + 2 n |(x + 1) +
x 2 2x 1 4 dx =
Example # 26 Evaluate :
Solution.
1
2
x 1
1
2
x 1
dx =
( x 1)2 2 2
1
. (2)2 n |(x + 1) +
2
x 2 2x 5 | + C
dx
1
dx =
1 1
x 1
4 4
( x 1/ 2)
( x 1)2 2 2 | + C
3 /2
( x 1/ 2)
3/4
dx
x 1/ 2
+C
tan1
3 /2
3 /2
1
dx =
2x 1
+ C.
tan1
3
3
2
=
Example # 27 Evaluate :
Solution.
dx
9 8x x 2
1
dx
9 8x x 2
{ x 8 x 9}
2
dx =
{( x 4)
5 }
2
dx =
1
{ x 8 x 16 25}
2
1
5 ( x 4)
2
dx
x 4
+C
dx = sin1
5
Evaluate :
(9)
Evaluate :
Answers : (8)
2x
1
2
x 1
dx
2x 2 3x 2
1
n
3
2x 1
2x 2
dx
3
3
2
log x 4 x 2 x 1 + C
1
+C
(9)
Integration of type
ax
px q
2
bx c
Express
dx,
px q
ax bx c
dx,
(px q)
ax 2 bx c dx
Example # 28 Evaluate :
2x 3
x 2 4x 1
dx
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13
MATHS
Solution.
2x 3
dx
x 4x 1
2
( 2x 4) 1
dx
x 2 4x 1
2x 4
x 4x 1
2
dt
t
dx
1
( x 2)
2
t n | (x + 2) +
=2
1
x 4x 1
2
Solution.
( x 5)
dx,
x 2 4x 1 | + C
= 2 x 2 4 x 1 n | x + 2 +
Example # 29 Evaluate :
dx
x 2 4x 1 | + C
x 2 x dx
d
(x 2 + x) + . Then,
dx
x 5 = (2x + 1) + .
Let (x 5) = .
( x 5)
x 2 x dx
11
2 (2x 1) 2
2 (2x 1)
1
=
2
x 2 x dx
x 2 x dx
11
t dt
2
11
2
x 2 x dx
1
x
2
dx
2
2
t3 / 2
1
11 1 x 1 x 1 1
=
.
2
2 2
2
3/2
2 2
2
2
2
x 1 x 1 1
1 1
. n
2
2 2 + C
2 2
1 3/2 11 2x 1 x 2 x 1 n
t
8
3
2 4
2
x x x + C
2
1 2
11 2x 1 x 2 x 1 n
(x + x)3/2
8
3
2 4
2
x x x + C
2
"manishkumarphysics.in"
14
MATHS
Self Practice Problems
x 1
(10)
Evaluate :
(11)
Evaluate :
(12)
Evaluate :
( x 1)
x3
dx
6x 5
3x 2 5x 1
1 x x 2 dx
2x 1
+ C
tan1
11
11
1
1
log |x 2 + x + 3| +
2
3x 2 5 x 1 + C
(11) Ans. 2
(12) Ans.
dx
1 2
3
(x + x + 1)3/2
(2x + 1)
3
8
9
2
1 x x 2 16 log (2x +1 + 2 x x 1 ) + C
(ii)
dx
OR
dx
OR
dx
a b sinx c cos x
a b cos x
a b sin 2 x
Multiply Nr & Dr by sec x & put tan x = t.
dx
a b sinx
OR
dx
a b cosx
dx
OR
Convert sines & cosines into their respective tangents of half the angles and then, put tan
(iii)
a.cos x b.sinx c
dx.
.cos x m.sinx n
Express Nr A(Dr) + B
1 sin x cos x
dx
dx
1
1
2 tan x / 2
1 tan 2 x / 2
2
1 tan x / 2 1 tan2 x / 2
1 tan
Putting tan
=
d
(Dr) + C & proceed.
dx
1 sin x cos x
Example # 30 Evaluate :
Solution.
x
=t
2
t 1
dx
1 tan 2 x / 2
2
x / 2 2 tan x / 2 1 tan x / 2
2
dx =
sec 2 x / 2
dx
2 2 tan x / 2
x
1
x
= t and
sec 2
dx = dt, we get
2
2
2
dt = n | t + 1| + C = n tan
x
1 + C
2
"manishkumarphysics.in"
15
MATHS
Example # 31 Evaluate :
Solution.
3 sin x 2 cos x
3 cos x 2 sin x
3 sin x 2 cos x
3 cos x 2 sin x
dx
dx
d
(3 cos x + 2 sin x)
dx
12
5
and =
13
13
1 . dx +
=x+
dt
3 sin x 2 cos x
3 cos x 2 sin x
= x + n | t | + C =
Example # 32 Evaluate :
Solution.
dx
3 cos x 2
sin x 2 cos x 3
dx
We have,
=
3 cos x 2
sin x 2 cos x 3
dx
6
3
8
,=
and =
5
5
5
dx sin x 2 cos x 3
where 1 =
sin x 2 cos x 3
Putting, sin x =
1 =
dx +
sin x 2 cos x 3
dx
dx
2 tan x / 2
1 tan 2 x / 2
, cos x =
1 tan 2 x / 2
1 tan 2 x / 2
1
2 tan x / 2
2(1 tan 2 x / 2)
3
1 tan2 x / 2
1 tan 2 x / 2
, we get
dx
"manishkumarphysics.in"
16
MATHS
=
1 tan 2 x / 2
2 tan x / 2 2 2 tan
tan
x / 2 2 tan x / 2 5
dx
dx
x
1
x
= t and
sec 2
= dt or
2
2
2
sec 2
2t 5
(t 1)
22
tan 1
t 1
2
2
= tan1
=
tan1
2
tan 1
2
+C
6
3
8
,=
and =
5
5
5
where =
dx
1 3 cos
Example # 33 Evaluate :
Solution.
x
dx = 2 dt, we get
2
2dt
2
dt
=2
x / 2 3(1 tan 2 x / 2)
sec 2 x / 2
Putting tan
1 =
sec 2 x dx
tan x 4
2
tan x
1
+C
tan1
2
2
Evaluate :
Answer : (13)
Integration of type
4 sin x 5 cos x
5 sin x 4 cos x
dx
40
9
x+
log |5sinx + 4cosx| + C
41
41
sin
x.cosn x dx
Case -
If m and n are even natural number then converts higher power into higher angles.
Case -
If at least one of m or n is odd natural number then if m is odd put cosx = t and vice-versa.
Case -
When m + n is a negative even integer then put tan x = t.
"manishkumarphysics.in"
17
MATHS
Example # 34 Evaluate :
Solution.
sin
Let =
sin
Solution.
x cos 4 x dx
(1 t
(sin x)
put cos x = t
2 2
) . t4 . dt =
1/ 3
Here m + n =
x cos 4 x dx
1
8
sin
1
8
1
=
16
(t
2t 6 t 4 ) dt
sin
(tan x )1/ 3
1/ 3
dt =
1
cos 2 x
dx
3 4/3
3
t +C =
(tanx)4/3 + C
4
4
x cos 4 x dx
sin
2t 2 1) t4 dt =
1
7
= 2 (a negative integer)
3
3
Solution.
sinx dx = dt
(cos x ) 7 / 3 dx
Example # 36 Evaluate :
(t
t9
t5
cos 9 x
cos 5 x
2t 7
cos7 x
+
+C =
+2
+C
9
5
9
5
7
7
Example # 35 Evaluate :
2x dx +
1
8
(1 cos 4 x ) dx
sin
1
16
2x cos 2x dx
sin3 2x
x
sin 4 x
sin 3 2x
+
+C
16
64
48
Integration of type
x2 1
x 4 Kx 2 1
1
= t.
x
"manishkumarphysics.in"
18
MATHS
Example # 37 Evaluate :
Solution.
Let =
Solution.
dx
1 x2 x4
1 x2
1 x x
2
Example # 38 Evaluate :
1 x2
dt
dx
t 1
1
1
t 1
t 1
1
n
2
1 2 dx
x
1
2
x 2 1
x
{put x +
1
= t 1 2 dx = dt}
x
1
1
x
+C
1
x 1
x
x
+C =
1
n
2
dx
We have,
1
4
dx =
1
x2
2
1
=
2
1
=
2
Putting x
1
x2
dx
2
x2
2
1
x2
dx
1
1
1 2
x2
x
1
dx =
1
1
2
x2 2 x2 2
x
x
1
1
x2
dx
2
2
1
x 2
x
1
1
x2
dx
1
2
x2 2
x
1
1
x2
1 dx
x2 2
x
1
1
x2
dx
2
1
1
1
= u in 1st integral and x +
= in 2nd integral, we get
x
x
du
u 2
1
2
1
=
2
1
2
2
2
u
2
1
1
tan1
n
+C
2
2 2
2 2 2
2
1
x 1/ x
x 1/ x 2
1
tan1
n
+C
x 1/ x 2
2 2
4 2
2
1
=
2 2
tan
x 2 1
x2 2 x 1
1
2 x 4 2 n x 2 x 2 1 + C
"manishkumarphysics.in"
19
MATHS
Self Practice Problem :
x2 1
(14)
Evaluate :
x 4 7x 2 1
(15)
Evaluate :
tan x dx
dx
1
3
x
1
x 3
x
x
Answers :
1
n
6
(14)
+C
y
1
+
tan1
n
2
2 2
2
1
(15)
y 2
+ C where y =
y 2
tan x
1
tan x
Integration of type
(ax
dx
b) px q
dx
ax
OR
bx c px q
Put px + q = t2.
( x 3)
Example # 39 Evaluate :
Solution.
( x 3)
=2
Let =
dx
Let =
(t
(x
x 1
{Put x + 1 = t2 dx = 2t dt}
dx
1
2
(x
Example # 40 Evaluate :
Solution.
x 1
2t
dt
1 3) t 2
dt
2
t2
1
n
+ C
t2
2( 2)
=2.
1
n
2
x 1 2
x 1 2
+ C.
x2
2
3 x 3) x 1
dx
x2
2
3 x 3) x 1
dx
( t 2 1)
4
t2 1
dt = 2
1
t2
dt
1
t2 2 1
t
( t 2 1) 2t dt
2
1)2 3( t 2 1) 3} t 2
du
=2
{(t
u 3
2
{put t
u
2
+C=
tan1
tan1
3
3
3
2
=
1
= u}
t
"manishkumarphysics.in"
1
t
t
3 +C
20
MATHS
2
tan
t 2 1
2
1
t 3 + C = 3 tan
+C
3 ( x 1)
Integration of type
(ax
(ax
dx
b) px
qx r
b) px q
put x =
1
;
t
1
t
dx
(x 1 ) x
x 1
dx
Let =
(x 1 ) x
Example # 42 Evaluate
dt
2
1
t2
t
1
1
1
t
t
dt
t
=
1 1
1
t2 t
dt
t t 1
2
1
1
3
t
2
2
4
+ C, where t =
1
x 1
dx
2
) 1 x 2
dx =
(t
1
1
dx = 2 dt }
t
t
1
3
t
2
4
(1 x
= n t
Put x =
{put x + 1 =
x 1
dt
Solution.
put ax + b =
dx
Example # 41 Evaluate
Solution
dt
t2
dt
2
{put
1) t 2 1
(y
y dy
2
2) y
t2 1 = y2 tdt = ydy }
y
+ C = 1 tan1
tan1
2
2
2
1
=
1 x2
2x
+C
(16)
Evaluate :
( x 2) x 1
(17)
Evaluate :
( x 5 x 6) x 1
(18)
Evaluate :
dx
2
dx
( x 1) 1 x x 2
"manishkumarphysics.in"
21
MATHS
dx
(19)
Evaluate :
(2 x 2 1) 1 x 2
(20)
Evaluate :
( x 2 x 2) x 2 2 x 4
dx
2
2 tan1
Answers : (16)
x 1 + C
(17) 2 tan1
1
2 x 1
+C
5
1 x2
tan1
3
3 x
(18)
sin1
(20)
x 2 2x 4 6 ( x 1)
n 2
+C
2 6
x 2x 4 6 ( x 1)
(19)
x 1
1
+C
2 tan
2
x 1
+C
Integration of type
x dx or
dx
x x
dx or
2.
3.
n =
tan
put x =
cos2 + sin2
x
x
dx;
put x =
sec2 tan2
put x
tan
Reduction formula of
1.
dx;
tan
x dx =
= t2 or x = t2.
x dx ,
x tann2 x dx =
n =
sec
n =
tann1 x
n 2 , n 2
n 1
n =
cot
x dx =
n =
n =
sec
x tann2 x dx
cot
cos ec
n =
cot
x dx ,
(sec
sec
x dx ,
cos ec x dx
n
x 1) tann 2x dx
n 2
x . cot n2 x dx =
(cos ec x 1) cot
2
n 2
x dx
x cot n2 x dx n 2
cot n1 x
n 2 , n 2
n 1
x dx =
sec
x sec n 2 x dx
n = tanx sec n 2x
n3
"manishkumarphysics.in"
22
MATHS
n = tanx sec n 2 x (n 2)
(n 1) n = tanx sec n 2x + (n 2) n 2
n =
4.
(sec
n =
x 1) sec n 2x dx
n2
tan x sec n2 x
+
n 1 n 2
n 1
n2
x dx
n = cotx cosec n 2x +
cotx cosec n 2x (n 2)
n = cotx cosec n 2x (n 2)
(n 1) n = cotx cosec n 2 x + (n 2) n 2
n =
cot
n =
x cosec x cot x) dx
x cos ec n2 x dx
(cos ec
x 1) cosec n 2 x dx
cot x cos ec n 2 x
n2
+
n 1
n 1 n 2
n3
(sin x) (sin x)
n 1
dx
(sin x)
(sin x)
n2
n2
cos 2x dx
(1 sin2x) dx
n =
(n 1)
cos x(sin x )n1
+
n2
n
n
(n 2)
3 cos x(sin x ) 1 x
cos x(sin x )3
+C
+
2
2
4
4
Hence 4 =
x 3
dx
x4
(21)
Evaluate :
(22)
Evaluate :
[( x 1)(2 x )]3 / 2
(23)
Evaluate :
[( x 2) ( x 1)6 ]1/ 7
(24)
(25)
If
dx
dx
8
m,n =
(sin x)
dx
(1 x )
4 n
dx
(1 x 4 )2
"manishkumarphysics.in"
23
MATHS
m,n =
Answers :
n 1
(sin x )m1(cos x )n1
+
.
m n m,n2
mn
(21)
( x 3)( x 4) + n
(22)
x 1
2 x
2 2 x x 1 + C
(23)
7 x 1
3 x 2
(24)
n =
x3 x4 + C
1/ 7
+C
x
4(n 1)(1 x 4 )n 1
4n 5
4(n 1) n1
x
x
3 1
1
1
x
tan
n
2 =
+
4 (1 x 4 )
4 2 2
2 4 2
"manishkumarphysics.in"
2
x
+ C
1
2
x
24