1.

When a body is accelerating, the resultant force acting on it is equal to its

A.

change of momentum.

B.

rate of change of momentum.

C.

acceleration per unit of mass.

D.

rate of change of kinetic energy.

(1)

2.

The velocity of a body of mass m changes by an amount v in a time t. The impulse given to
the body is equal to
A.

mt.

B.

v
.
t

C.
D.

v
.
t

mv.
(1)

3.

A ball is held at rest at point X and is then released. It drops on to a flat horizontal surface and
rebounds to a maximum height at point Y.
p o in t X

p o in t Y

b e fo re

a fte r

Which one of the following graphs best shows the variation with time t of the momentum p of
the ball as it moves between point X and point Y?
A .

B .
p

C.

0 0

D .
p

(1)

4.

An object on the end of a light flexible string rotates in a circle as shown below.

o b je c t

The tension in the string is T when the string is at angle to the vertical. Which of the following
is true?
State

Resultant force

A.

not in equilibrium

B.

not in equilibrium

T sin

C.

in equilibrium

D.

in equilibrium

T sin
(1)

5.

A sphere of mass m strikes a vertical wall and bounces off it, as shown below.
w a ll

m o m e n tu m p B

m o m e n tu m p A

The magnitude of the momentum of the sphere just before impact is pB and just after impact is
pA. The sphere is in contact with the wall for time t. The magnitude of the average force exerted
by the wall on the sphere is

pB
A.

pA
t
.

pB p A
t

B.

pB
C.

pA
mt
.

pB p A
D.

mt

.
(1)

6.

An object is moving at constant velocity. Which one of the following quantities must have zero
magnitude?
A.

Weight of object

B.

Momentum of object

C.

Kinetic energy of object

D.

Resultant force on object

(1)

7.

A ball of weight W is dropped on to the pan of a top pan weighing balance and rebounds off the
pan.

pan

0 0 .0 0
At the instant that the ball has zero velocity when in contact with the pan, the scale will read
A.

zero.

B.

a value less than W but greater than zero.

C.

W.

D.

a value greater than W.

(1)

8.

A small boat in still water is given an initial horizontal push to get it moving. The boat gradually
slows down. Which of the following statements is true for the forces acting on the boat as it
slows down?
A.

There is a forward force that diminishes with time.

B.

There is a backward force that diminishes with time.

C.

There is a forward force and a backward force both of which diminish with time.

D.

There is a forward force and a backward force that are always equal and opposite.
(1)

9.

If the resultant external force acting on a particle is zero, the particle

A.

must have constant speed.

B.

must be at rest.

C.

must have constant velocity.

D.

must have zero momentum.

(1)

10.

A horse pulls a boat along a canal at constant speed in a straight-line as shown below.
h o rse

d ire c tio n o f tra v e l

boat

The horse exerts a constant force F on the boat. The water exerts a constant drag force L and a
constant force P on the boat. The directions of F, L and P are as shown. Which one of the
following best represents a free-body diagram for the boat?
A .

B .
F
L

C .

D .

F
L

P
P
(1)

11.

An elevator (lift) is used to either raise or lower sacks of potatoes. In the diagram, a sack of
potatoes of mass 10 kg is resting on a scale that is resting on the floor of an accelerating
elevator. The scale reads 12 kg.

e le v a to r

10 kg
s c a le

The best estimate for the acceleration of the elevator is

2

A.

2.0 m s downwards.

B.

2.0 m s upwards.

C.

1.2 m s downwards.

D.

1.2 m s upwards.

2
2
2

(1)

10

12.

A general expression for Newtons second law of motion is

p
F = t
What condition is applied so that the law may be expressed in the form F = ma?
A.

The mass m is constant.

B.

The acceleration a is constant.

C.

The force F is constant.

D.

The direction of the force F is constant.

(1)

11

13.

A ball of mass m, travelling in a direction at right angles to a vertical wall, strikes the wall with
a speed v1. It rebounds at right angles to the wall with a speed v2. The ball is in contact with the
wall for a time t. The magnitude of the force that the ball exerts on the wall is
m v1 v 2
A.
B.

m(v1 + v2)t.
m v1 v 2

C.
D.

m(v1 v2)t.
(1)

12

14.

A truck collides head on with a less massive car moving in the opposite direction to the truck.
During the collision, the average force exerted by the truck on the car is FT and the average
force exerted by the car on the truck is FC. Which one of the following statements is correct?
A.

FT will always be greater in magnitude than FC.

B.

FT will always be equal in magnitude to FC.

C.

FT will be greater in magnitude than FC only when the speed of the car is less than the
speed of the truck.

D.

FT will be equal in magnitude to FC only when the speed of the truck is equal to the speed
of the car.
(1)

13

15.

A light inextensible string has a mass attached to each end and passes over a frictionless pulley
as shown.
p u lle y

s trin g

m ass M
m ass m

14

The masses are of magnitudes M and m, where m < M. The acceleration of free fall is g. The
downward acceleration of the mass M is

A.

M m g
M m .

M m g
B.

C.

M m g
M m .

D.

Mg
M m .
(1)

15

16.

Two blocks having different masses slide down a frictionless slope.

Which of the following correctly compares the accelerating force acting on each block and also
the accelerations of the blocks down the slope?
Accelerating force

Acceleration

A.

Equal

Equal

B.

Equal

Different

C.

Different

Equal

D.

Different

Different
(1)

16

17.

This question is about conservation of momentum and conservation of energy.

(a)

State Newtons third law.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

17

(b)

State the law of conservation of momentum.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

18

The diagram below shows two identical balls A and B on a horizontal surface. Ball B is at rest
and ball A is moving with speed V along a line joining the centres of the balls. The mass of each
ball is M.
v
B e fo re c o llis io n

During the collision of the balls, the magnitude of the force that ball A exerts on ball B is FAB
and the magnitude of the force that ball B exerts on ball A is FBA.

19

(c)

On the diagram below, add labelled arrows to represent the magnitude and direction of
the forces FAB and FBA.

D u rin g th e c o llis io n

(3)

20

The balls are in contact for a time t. After the collision, the speed of ball A is +vA and the
speed of ball B is +vB in the directions shown.
vA
A fte r th e c o llis io n

vB
A

As a result of the collision, there is a change in momentum of ball A and of ball B.

21

(d)

Use Newtons second law of motion to deduce an expression relating the forces acting
during the collision to the change in momentum of
(i)

ball B.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

22

(ii)

ball A.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

23

(e)

Apply Newtons third law and your answers to (d), to deduce that the change in
momentum of the system (ball A and ball B) as a result of this collision, is zero.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

24

(f)

Deduce, that if kinetic energy is conserved in the collision, then after the collision, ball A
will come to rest and ball B will move with speed V.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 17 marks)

25

18.

This question is about modelling the thermal processes involved when a person is running.
When running, a person generates thermal energy but maintains approximately constant
temperature.
(a)

Explain what thermal energy and temperature mean. Distinguish between the two
concepts.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

26

The following simple model may be used to estimate the rise in temperature of a runner
assuming no thermal energy is lost.
A closed container holds 70 kg of water, representing the mass of the runner. The water is
heated at a rate of 1200 W for 30 minutes. This represents the energy generation in the runner.
(b)

(i)

Show that the thermal energy generated by the heater is 2.2 10 J.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

27

(ii)

Calculate the temperature rise of the water, assuming no energy losses from the
1 1
water. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg K .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

28

(c)

The temperature rise calculated in (b) would be dangerous for the runner. Outline three
mechanisms, other than evaporation, by which the container in the model would transfer
energy to its surroundings.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(6)

29

A further process by which energy is lost from the runner is the evaporation of sweat.
(d)

(i)

Describe, in terms of molecular behaviour, why evaporation causes cooling.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

30

(ii)

Percentage of generated energy lost by sweating: 50%

6
1
Specific latent heat of vaporization of sweat: 2.26 10 J kg
Using the information above, and your answer to (b) (i), estimate the mass of sweat
evaporated from the runner.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

31

(iii)

State and explain two factors that affect the rate of evaporation of sweat from the
skin of the runner.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 25 marks)

32

19.

This question is about an experiment designed to investigate Newtons second law.

In order to investigate Newtons second law, David arranged for a heavy trolley to be
accelerated by small weights, as shown below. The acceleration of the trolley was recorded
electronically. David recorded the acceleration for different weights up to a maximum of 3.0 N.
He plotted a graph of his results.
h e a v y tro lle y

a c c e le ra tio n

p u lle y

w e ig h t

33

(a)

Describe the graph that would be expected if two quantities are proportional to one
another.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

34

(b)

Davids data are shown below, with uncertainty limits included for the value of the
weights. Draw the best-fit line for these data.

1 .4 0
a c c e le ra tio n
/ m s2
1 .2 0
1 .0 0
0 .8 0
0 .6 0
0 .4 0
0 .2 0
0 .0 0

0 .0 0

0 .5 0

1 .0 0

1 .5 0

2 .0 0

2 .5 0
w e ig h t / N
(2)

35

(c)

Use the graph to

(i)

explain what is meant by a systematic error.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

36

(ii)

estimate the value of the frictional force that is acting on the trolley.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

37

(iii)

estimate the mass of the trolley.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

38

20.

This question is about momentum and the kinematics of a proposed journey to Jupiter.
(a)

State the law of conservation of momentum.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

39

A solar propulsion engine uses solar power to ionize atoms of xenon and to accelerate them. As
a result of the acceleration process, the ions are ejected from the spaceship with a speed of
4
1
3.0 10 m s .
x e n o n io n s
s p e e d = 3 .0 1 0 4 m s

s p a c e s h ip
m a s s = 5 .4 1 0 2 k g

40

(b)

The mass (nucleon) number of the xenon used is 131. Deduce that the mass of one ion of
25
xenon is 2.2 10 kg.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

41

(c)

The original mass of the fuel is 81 kg. Deduce that, if the engine ejects 77 10
7
ions every second, the fuel will last for 1.5 years. (1 year = 3.2 10 s)

18

xenon

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

42

(d)

The mass of the spaceship is 5.4 10 kg. Deduce that the initial acceleration of the
5
2
spaceship is 8.2 10 m s .
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(5)

43

The graph below shows the variation with time t of the acceleration a of the spaceship. The
solar propulsion engine is switched on at time t = 0 when the speed of the spaceship is 1.2 103
1
ms .
1 0 .0

9 .5

a / 1 0 5m s

9 .0

8 .5

8 .0

0 .0

1 .0

2 .0

3 .0
t / 107 s

4 .0

5 .0

6 .0

44

(e)

Explain why the acceleration of the spaceship is increasing with time.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

45

(f)

Using data from the graph, calculate the speed of the spaceship at the time when the
xenon fuel has all been used.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

46

(g)

The distance of the spaceship from Earth when the solar propulsion engine is switched on
is very small compared to the distance from Earth to Jupiter. The fuel runs out when the
11
spaceship is a distance of 4.7 10 m from Jupiter. Estimate the total time that it would
take the spaceship to travel from Earth to Jupiter.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 19 marks)

47

21.

This question is about a balloon used to carry scientific equipment.

The diagram below represents a balloon just before take-off. The balloons basket is attached to
the ground by two fixing ropes.

b a llo o n

b ask et

fix in g ro p e

50

fix in g ro p e

50

g ro u n d
3

There is a force F vertically upwards of 2.15 10 N on the balloon. The total mass of the
2
balloon and its basket is 1.95 10 kg.
(a)

State the magnitude of the resultant force on the balloon when it is attached to the ground.
...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Calculate the tension in either of the fixing ropes.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)

48

(c)

The fixing ropes are released and the balloon accelerates upwards. Calculate the
magnitude of this initial acceleration.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)

The balloon reaches a terminal speed 10 seconds after take-off. The upward force F
remains constant. Describe how the magnitude of air friction on the balloon varies during
the first 10 seconds of its flight.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

22.

Kinematics
(a)

State the principle of conservation of energy.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

An aircraft accelerates from rest along a horizontal straight runway and then takes-off.
Discuss how the principle of conservation of energy applies to the energy changes that
take place while the aircraft is accelerating along the runway.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)

49

(c)

The mass of the aircraft is 8.0 10 kg.

(i)

The average resultant force on the aircraft while travelling along the runway is 70
1
kN. The speed of the aircraft just as it lifts off is 75 m s . Estimate the distance
travelled along the runway.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

The aircraft climbs to a height of 1250 m. Calculate the potential energy gained
during the climb.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)

50

When approaching its destination, the pilot puts the aircraft into a holding pattern. This means
1
the aircraft flies at a constant speed of 90 m s in a horizontal circle of radius 500 m as shown
in the diagram below.

500 m

(d)

For the aircraft in the holding pattern,

(i)

calculate the magnitude of the resultant force on the aircraft;

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

state the direction of the resultant force.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

23.

Linear momentum
(a)

Define
(i)

linear momentum;
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

impulse.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)

51

(b)

Explain whether momentum and impulse are scalar or vector quantities.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

By reference to Newtons laws of motion, deduce that when two particles collide,
momentum is conserved.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(5)

A rubber ball of mass 50 g is thrown towards a vertical wall. It strikes the wall at a horizontal
1
1
speed of 20 m s and bounces back with a horizontal speed of 18 m s as shown below.
sp e e d b e fo re 2 0 m s

s p e e d a fte r 1 8 m s

The ball is in contact with the wall for 0.080 s.

(d)

(i)

Calculate the change in momentum of the ball.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

52

(ii)

Calculate the average force exerted by the ball on the wall.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Suggest, in terms of Newtons laws of motion, why a steel ball of the same mass
and the same initial horizontal speed exerts a greater force on the wall.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)

24.

This question is about Newtons laws of motion, the dynamics of a model helicopter and the
engine that powers it.
(a)

Explain how Newtons third law leads to the concept of conservation of momentum in the
collision between two objects in an isolated system.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(4)

53

(b)

The diagram illustrates a model helicopter that is hovering in a stationary position.

0 .7 0 m

0 .7 0 m

ro ta tin g
b la d e s

d o w n w a rd m o tio n o f a ir
The rotating blades of the helicopter force a column of air to move downwards. Explain
how this may enable the helicopter to remain stationary.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

The length of each blade of the helicopter in (b) is 0.70 m. Deduce that the area that the
2
2
blades sweep out as they rotate is 1.5 m . (Area of a circle = pr )
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)

54

(d)

For the hovering helicopter in (b), it is assumed that all the air beneath the blades is
1
pushed vertically downwards with the same speed of 4.0 m s . No other air is disturbed.
3

The density of the air is 1.2 kg m .

Calculate, for the air moved downwards by the rotating blades,
(i)

the mass per second;

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

the rate of change of momentum.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(e)

State the magnitude of the force that the air beneath the blades exerts on the blades.
...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(f)

Calculate the mass of the helicopter and its load.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)

55

(g)

In order to move forward, the helicopter blades are made to incline at an angle q to the
horizontal as shown schematically below.

While moving forward, the helicopter does not move vertically up or down. In the space
provided below draw a free body force diagram that shows the forces acting on the
helicopter blades at the moment that the helicopter starts to move forward. On your
diagram, label the angle q.
(4)

(h)

Use your diagram in (g) opposite to explain why a forward force F now acts on the
helicopter and deduce that the initial acceleration a of the helicopter is given by
a = g tan q
where g is the acceleration of free fall.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(5)

56

(i)

Suggest why, even though the forward force F does not change, the acceleration of the
helicopter will decrease to zero as it moves forward.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 25 marks)

25.

This question is about Newtons laws of motion, the dynamics of a model helicopter and the
engine that powers it.
(a)

Explain how Newtons third law leads to the concept of conservation of momentum in the
collision between two objects in an isolated system.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(4)

57

(b)

The diagram illustrates a model helicopter that is hovering in a stationary position.

0 .7 0 m

0 .7 0 m

ro ta tin g
b la d e s

d o w n w a rd m o tio n o f a ir
The rotating blades of the helicopter force a column of air to move downwards. Explain
how this may enable the helicopter to remain stationary.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

The length of each blade of the helicopter in (b) is 0.70 m. Deduce that the area that the
2
2
blades sweep out as they rotate is 1.5 m . (Area of a circle = pr )
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)

58

(d)

For the hovering helicopter in (b), it is assumed that all the air beneath the blades is
1
pushed vertically downwards with the same speed of 4.0 m s . No other air is disturbed.
3

The density of the air is 1.2 kg m .

Calculate, for the air moved downwards by the rotating blades,
(i)

the mass per second;

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

the rate of change of momentum.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(e)

State the magnitude of the force that the air beneath the blades exerts on the blades.
...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(f)

Calculate the mass of the helicopter and its load.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)

59

(g)

In order to move forward, the helicopter blades are made to incline at an angle q to the
horizontal as shown schematically below.

While moving forward, the helicopter does not move vertically up or down. In the space
provided below draw a free body force diagram that shows the forces acting on the
helicopter blades at the moment that the helicopter starts to move forward. On your
diagram, label the angleq.
(4)

60

(h)

Use your diagram in (g) to explain why a forward force F now acts on the helicopter and
deduce that the initial acceleration a of the helicopter is given by
a = g tanq
where g is the acceleration of free fall.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(5)

(i)

The helicopter is driven by an engine that has a useful power output of 9.0 10 W. The
engine makes 300 revolutions per second. Deduce that the work done in one cycle is 3.0
J.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)

61

(j)

The diagram below shows the relation between the pressure and the volume of the air in
the engine for one cycle of operation of the engine.
p re ssu re

A
v o lu m e
(i)

State the name given to the type of process represented by DA.

.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

During one cycle of the engine, the gas absorbs Q1 units of thermal energy and Q2
units of thermal energy are transferred from the gas. On the diagram above, draw
labelled arrows to show these energy transfers.
(2)

(iii)

The efficiency of the engine is 60%. Using your answer to question (i), calculate
the values of Q1 and Q2.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 30 marks)

62

26.

Linear motion
At a sports event, a skier descends a slope AB. At B there is a dip BC of width 12 m. The slope
and dip are shown in the diagram below. The vertical height of the slope is 41 m.
A
(n o t to s c a le )

s lo p e
41m

D
1 .8 m

d ip

12m

The graph below shows the variation with time t of the speed v down the slope of the skier.
2 5 .0
2 0 .0
1 5 .0
v / m s 1
1 0 .0
5 .0
0 .0

0 .0

1 .0

2 .0

3 .0

4 .0
t / s

5 .0

6 .0

7 .0

8 .0

The skier, of mass 72 kg, takes 8.0 s to ski, from rest, down the length AB of the slope.
(a)

Use the graph to

(i)

calculate the kinetic energy EK of the skier at point B.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

determine the length of the slope.

63

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)

(b)

(i)

Calculate the magnitude of the change DEP in the gravitational potential energy of
the skier between point A and point B.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Use your anwers to (a)(i) and (b)(i) to determine the ratio

EP E K .
E P

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Suggest what this ration represents.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)

64

(c)

At point B of the slope, the skier leaves the ground. He flies across the dip and lands on
the lower side at point D. The lower side C of the dip is 1.8 m below the upper side B.
(i)

Calculate the time taken for an object to fall, from rest, through a vertical distance
of 1.8 m. Assume negligible air resistance.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

The time calculated in (c)(i) is the time of flight of the skier across the dip.
Determine the horizontal distance travelled by the skier during this time, assuming
that the skier has the constant speed at which he leaves the slope at B.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

65

27.

Linear motion
At a sports event, a skier descends a slope AB. At B there is a dip BC of width 12 m. The slope
and dip are shown in the diagram below. The vertical height of the slope is 41 m.
A
(n o t to s c a le )

s lo p e
41m

D
1 .8 m

d ip

12m

The graph below shows the variation with time t of the speed v down the slope of the skier.
2 5 .0
2 0 .0
1 5 .0
v / m s 1
1 0 .0
5 .0
0 .0

0 .0

1 .0

2 .0

3 .0

4 .0
t / s

5 .0

6 .0

7 .0

8 .0

The skier, of mass 72 kg, takes 8.0 s to ski, from rest, down the length AB of the slope.

66

(a)

Use the graph to

(i)

calculate the kinetic energy EK of the skier at point B.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

determine the length of the slope.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)

(b)

(i)

Calculate the change DEP in the gravitational potential energy of the skier between
point A and point B.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Use your answers to (a) and (b)(i) to determine the average retarding force on the
skier between point A and point B.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)

67

(iii)

Suggest two causes of the retarding force calculated in (ii).

1.

...............................................................................................................

2.

...............................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

At point B of the slope, the skier leaves the ground. He flies across the dip and lands on
the lower side at point D. The lower side C of the dip is 1.8 m below the upper side B.
Determine the distance CD of the point D from the edge C of the dip. Air resistance may
be assumed to be negligible.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(4)

(d)

The lower side of the dip is altered so that it is inclined to the horizontal, as shown below.

s lo p e

D
1 .8 m

d ip
12m

(i)

State the effect of this change on the landing position D.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)

68

(ii)

Suggest the effect of this change on the impact felt by the skier on landing.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 20 marks)

28.

This question is about the breaking distance of a car and specific heat capacity.
(a)

A car of mass 960 kg is free-wheeling down an incline at a constant speed of 9.0 m s .

s p e e d = 9 .0 m s -1
15

The slope makes an angle of 15 with the horizontal.

(i)

Deduce that the average resistive force acting on the car is 2.410 N.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Calculate the kinetic energy of the car.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

69

(b)

The driver now applies the brakes and the car comes to rest in 15 m. Use your answer to
(a)(ii) to calculate the average braking force exerted on the car in coming to rest.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

The same braking force is applied to each rear wheel of the car. The effective mass of
1 1
each brake is 5.2 kg with a specific heat capacity of 900 J kg K . Estimate the rise in
temperature of a brake as the car comes to rest. State one assumption that you make in
your estimation.
estimate:
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
assumption:
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 9 marks)

70

29.

Two identical springs A and B each have a force constant (force per unit extension) of 2.5Ncm
1
. One end of each spring is attached to a trolley and the other ends are attached to rigid
supports, as shown.
su p p o rt

tro lle y
s p rin g A

s p rin g B

The springs are horizontal and, when the trolley is at rest, the extension of each spring is 3.0 cm.
The trolley is displaced 1.2 cm to the right.
su p p o rt

tro lle y
s p rin g A

s p rin g B

d is p la c e m e n t 1 .2 c m

(a)

Calculate the magnitude of the force on the trolley due to

(i)

spring A alone.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

spring B alone.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

71

(b)

The trolley is released. Determine the initial acceleration of the trolley of mass 0.75 kg.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

72

30.

This question is about energy and momentum.

1

A train carriage A of mass 500 kg is moving horizontally at 6.0 m s . It collides with another
train carriage B of mass 700 kg that is initially at rest, as shown in the diagram below.
6 .0 m s 1

tra in c a rria g e A
500kg

tra in c a rria g e B
700kg

The graph below shows the variation with time t of the velocities of the two train carriages
before, during and after the collision.
v / m s 1
6 .0
tra in c a rria g e B

5 .0
4 .0
3 .0
2 .0
1 .0
0 .0
1 .0

1 .0

2 .0

3 .0

4 .0

5 .0

6 .0

7 .0

8 .0

9 .0

1 0 .0

t / s

tra in c a rria g e A

2 .0

73

(a)

Use the graph to deduce that

(i)

the total momentum of the system is conserved in the collision;

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

the collision is elastic.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Calculate the magnitude of the average force experienced by train carriage B.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

74

31.

This question is about momentum.

(a)

Define
(i)

linear momentum.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

impulse.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

In a ride in a pleasure park, a carriage of mass 450 kg is travelling horizontally at a speed

1
of 18 m s . It passes through a shallow tank containing stationary water. The tank is of
1
length 9.3 m. The carriage leaves the tank at a speed of 13 m s .
1 8 m s1

w a te r-ta n k

1 3 m s 1

c a rria g e , m a s s 4 5 0 k g

9 .3 m
As the carriage passes through the tank, the carriage loses momentum and causes some
1
water to be pushed forwards with a speed of 19 m s in the direction of motion of the
carriage.

(i)

For the carriage passing through the water-tank, deduce that the magnitude of its
total change in momentum is 2250N s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

75

(ii)

Use the answer in (b)(i) to deduce that the mass of water moved in the direction of
motion of the carriage is approximately 120 kg.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Calculate the mean value of the magnitude of the acceleration of the carriage in the
water.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

For the carriage in (b) passing through the water-tank, determine

(i)

its total loss in kinetic energy.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

the gain in kinetic energy of the water that is moved in the direction of motion of
the carriage.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

76

(d)

By reference to the principles of conservation of momentum and of energy, explain your

answers in (c).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)

32.

Block on an inclined plane

A block is held stationary on a frictionless inclined plane by means of a string as shown below.

s trin g
b lo c k
in c lin e d p la n e

(a)

(i)

On the diagram draw arrows to represent the three forces acting on the block.
(3)

(ii)

The angle q of inclination of the plane is 25. The block has mass 2.6 kg. Calculate
2
the force in the string. You may assume that g = 9.8 m s .
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

77

(b)

The string is pulled so that the block is now moving at a constant speed of 0.85 m s
the inclined plane.
(i)

up

Explain why the magnitude of the force in the string is the same as that found in (a)
(ii).
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Calculate the power required to move the block at this speed.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

State the rate of change of the gravitational potential energy of the block. Explain
your answer.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

78

33.

Motion of a ball
A ball of mass 0.25 kg is projected vertically upwards from the ground with an initial velocity
1
2
of 30 m s . The acceleration of free fall is 10 m s , but air resistance cannot be neglected.
The graph below shows the variation with time t of the velocity v of this ball for the upward part
of the motion.
v / m s1

3 0 .0

2 5 .0

2 0 .0

1 5 .0

1 0 .0

5 .0

0 .0
0 .0

(a)

0 .5

1 .0

1 .5

2 .0

2 .5

3 .0
t/s

State what the area under the graph represents.

...................................................................................................................................
(1)

79

(b)

Estimate the maximum height reached by the ball.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Determine, for the ball at t = 1.0 s,

(i)

the acceleration;
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

the magnitude of the force of air resistance.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)

Use the graph to explain, without any further calculations, that the force of air resistance
is decreasing in magnitude as the ball moves upward.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)

80

(e)

The diagram below is a sketch graph of the upward motion of the ball.
Draw a line to indicate the downward motion of the ball. The line should indicate the
motion from the maximum height of the ball until just before it hits the ground.
v / m s 1

30
20
10
0 .0

0 .0

2 .0

4 .0

t / s

10
20
30
(2)

(f)

State and explain, by reference to energy transformations, whether the speed with which
1
the ball hits the ground is equal to 30 m s .
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(g)

Use your answer in (f) to state and explain whether the ball takes 2.0 s to move from its
maximum height to the ground.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)

81

34.

This question is about units and momentum.

(a)

Distinguish between fundamental units and derived units.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

The rate of change of momentum R of an object moving at speed v in a stationary fluid of

constant density is given by the expression
R = kv

where k is a constant.

(i)

State the derived units of speed v.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Determine the derived units of R.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Use the expression and your answers in (b)(i) and (b)(ii) to determine the derived
units of k.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

82

(c)

Define
(i)

linear momentum.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

impulse.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

In a ride in a pleasure park, a carriage of mass 450 kg is travelling horizontally at a speed

1
of 18 m s . It passes through a shallow tank containing stationary water. The tank is of
1
length 9.3 m. The carriage leaves the tank at a speed of 13 m s .
1 8 m s1

w a te r-ta n k

1 3 m s 1

c a rria g e , m a s s 4 5 0 k g

9 .3 m
As the carriage passes through the tank, the carriage loses momentum and causes some
1
water to be pushed forwards with a speed of 19 m s in the direction of motion of the
carriage.

(i)

For the carriage passing through the water-tank, deduce that the magnitude of its
total change in momentum is 2250N s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

83

(ii)

Use the answer in (d)(i) to deduce that the mass of water moved in the direction of
motion of the carriage is approximately 120 kg.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Calculate the mean value of the magnitude of the acceleration of the carriage in the
water.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(e)

For the carriage in (d) passing through the water-tank, determine

(i)

its total loss in kinetic energy.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

the gain in kinetic energy of the water that is moved in the direction of motion of
the carriage.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

84

(f)

By reference to the principles of conservation of momentum and of energy, explain your

answers in (e).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 20 marks)

35.

This question is about linear and circular motion.

A car moves along a straight road. At time t = 0 the car starts to move from rest and oil begins to
drip from the engine of the car. One drop of oil is produced every 0.80 s. Oil drops are left on
the road. The position of the oil drops are drawn to scale on the grid below such that 1.0 cm
represents 4.0 m. The grid starts at time t = 0.
d ire c tio n o f m o tio n

1 .0 c m

(a)

(i)

State the feature of the diagram above which indicates that, initially, the car is
accelerating.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

On the grid above, draw further dots to show where oil would have dripped if the
drops had been produced from the time when the car had started to move.
(2)

(iii)

Determine the distance moved by the car during the first 5.6 s of its motion.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
85

(b)

Using information from the grid above, determine for the car,
(i)

the final constant speed.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

the initial acceleration.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

The car then turns a corner at constant speed. Passengers in the car who were sitting
upright feel as if their upper bodies are being thrown outwards.
(i)

Identify the force acting on the car, and its line of action, that enables the car to
turn the corner.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Explain why the passengers feel as if they are being thrown outwards.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 13 marks)

86

36.

An impulse I acts on a body of mass m that is initially at rest. What is the distance moved by the
body in a time t after the impulse has been delivered?

A.

It
m

B.

Im
t

C.

I
m

D.

It
(1)

37.

A particle moves under the influence of a force F. The graph below shows the variation of the
force F with the distance d moved by the particle.
F

The shaded area is equal to

A.

the average value of F.

B.

the impulse produced by F.

C.

the work done by F.

D.

the power produced by F.

(1)

87

38.

A force of magnitude F1 accelerates a body of mass m from rest to a speed v. A force of

magnitude F2 accelerates a body of mass 2m from rest to a speed 2v.

work done by F2
is
work
done
by
F
1
The ratio
A.

2.

B.

4.

C.

8.

D.

16.
(1)

39.

The velocity of a particle is changing. The rate of change of the momentum of the particle is
equal to the
A.

acceleration of the particle.

B.

net force acting on the particle.

C.

work done on the particle.

D.

change in kinetic energy of the particle.

(1)

40.

Which one of the following correctly describes the changes, if any, of the kinetic energy and the
potential energy of the molecules of a liquid as it is boiling?
Kinetic energy

Potential energy

A.

increases

increases

B.

increases

stays constant

C.

stays constant

increases

D.

stays constant

stays constant
(1)

88

89

41.

A block of mass m is pulled along a horizontal, frictionless surface by a force of magnitude F.

The force makes an angle q with the vertical.
F
b lo c k
The magnitude of the acceleration of the block in the horizontal direction produced by the force
F is

A.

F
.
m

B.

F sin
.
m

C.

F cos
.
m

D.

F tan
.
m
(1)

42.

Three forces of magnitude F1 = 3.0 N, F2 = 4.0 N and F3 = 6.0 N act at a point. The point is in
equilibrium. The magnitude of the resultant of F1 and F2 is
A.

1.0 N.

B.

5.0 N.

C.

6.0 N.

D.

7.0 N.
(1)

90

43.

A frictionless trolley of mass m moves down a slope with a constant acceleration a. A second
similar frictionless trolley has mass 2m. The acceleration of the second trolley as it moves down
the slope is

A.

1
a.
2

B.

a.

C.

2a.

D.

4a.
(1)

44.

A body of weight 2W hangs vertically from a string attached to a body of weight W. Weight W is
released and both bodies fall vertically.
W

2W

Air resistance may be neglected. What is the tension in the string during the fall?
A.

Zero

B.

C.

2W

D.

3W
(1)

91

45.

A toy cannon is mounted vertically on a cart. The cart is moving along a straight-line with
constant speed. A spring inside the cannon shoots a ball vertically upwards.

cannon

ca rt

No resistance forces act on the cart and on the ball. Which one of the following statements is
true about the position where the ball will land?
A.

The position depends on the speed of the cart.

B.

The ball will land behind the cannon.

C.

The ball will land inside the cannon.

D.

The ball will land in front of the cannon.

(1)

92

46.

Mandy stands on a weighing scale inside a lift (elevator) that accelerates vertically upwards as
shown in the diagram below. The forces on Mandy are her weight W and the reaction force from
the scale R.

lift

a c c e le ra tio n

s c a le
The reading of the scale is
A.

R + W.

B.

W.

C.

R.

D.

R W.
(1)

93

47.

The graph below shows the variation with time t of the magnitude of the net force F acting on a
body moving along a straight-line.
F

The shaded area represents

A.

the total work done by F.

B.

the change in the kinetic energy of the body.

C.

the change in the momentum of the body.

D.

the change in the velocity of the body.

(1)

94

48.

A brick is placed on the surface of a flat horizontal disc as shown in the diagram below. The disc
is rotating at constant speed about a vertical axis through its centre. The brick does not move
relative to the disc.
b ric k
d is c
a x is o f ro ta tio n

Which of the diagrams below correctly represents the horizontal force or forces acting on the
brick?
A .

B.

C.

D .

(1)

95

49.

The net force acting on a body is zero. Which of the following quantities must also have zero
magnitude for this body?
A.

Momentum

B.

Velocity

C.

Speed

D.

Acceleration
(1)

50.

A body moving along a straight-line has mass 3.0 kg and kinetic energy 24 J. The motion is then
opposed by a net force of 4.0 N. The body will come to rest after travelling a distance of
A.

2.0 m.

B.

6.0 m.

C.

8.0 m.

D.

12 m.
(1)

96

51.

A block of mass M is held at rest on a horizontal table. A heavy chain is attached to the block
with part of the chain hanging over the table. The block and the chain can slide without friction.
b lo c k
ta b le

c h a in

The block is released. Which one of the following graphs best represents the variation with time
t of the speed v of the block as it moves on the table?
A .

B .

C .

D .

(1)

97

52.

An object is dropped from rest from a point several hundred metres above the surface of the
Earth at time t = 0. The object strikes the ground at t = T and air resistance is not negligible.
Which of the following sketch graphs best shows the variation with time t, of the speed v of the
object?
A .

B .

D .

C .

0
0

(1)

98

53.

In a fairground ride, a car of mass M travels on rails around a vertical loop of effective radius R.
At the top of the loop, the speed of the car is v. The car stays in contact with the rails, as shown
below.
v
R

The acceleration of free fall is g.

Which of the following is the correct expression for the force that the rails exert on the car?

A.

Mv 2 Mg
R

B.

Mv 2
R

C.

D.

Mg

Mv 2 Mg
R
(1)

99

54.

A constant force of magnitude F acts on a body. The graph shows the variation with time t of the
momentum p of the body.
200
180
160
140
120
p /k g m s

100
80
60
40
20
0
0

10

t / s
The magnitude of the force F is
A.

1000 N.

B.

200 N.

C.

20 N.

D.

0.05 N.
(1)

100

55.

A particle is moving around the circumference of a horizontal circle of radius r with constant
speed v.
Which of the following is the acceleration of the particle?

A.

v2
r towards the centre of the circle

B.

v2
r away from the centre of the circle
2

C.

v r towards the centre of the circle

D.

v r away from the centre of the circle

(1)

101

56.

A block on a frictionless horizontal table is attached by a light, inextensible string to an object P

of mass m that hangs vertically as shown below.
p u lle y
M

P
m ass m

The pulley has zero friction and the acceleration of free fall is g. The acceleration of the block
and object P is
A.

g.

B.

m g.
M

C.

m g.
m M

D.

mM
g.
m
(1)

102

57.

Two unequal masses M and m are joined by a light inextensible string. The string passes over a
light frictionless pulley as shown.
p u lle y

The masses accelerate when released.

Which diagram is the correct free-body diagram for the two masses?
A .

B .

C .

D .

(1)

103

58.

The graph below shows the variation with load F of the length L of a spring.
F
F

Which of the following expressions gives the force per unit extension (the spring constant) of
the spring?

A.

F1
L1

B.

F2
L2

F2 F1
C.

L2

F2 F1
D.

L2 L1

(1)

104

59.

Sand falls vertically on a conveyor belt at a rate of m kg s .

san d
b e lt

In order to keep the belt moving at constant speed v the horizontal force that must be exerted on
the belt is
A.
B
C.
D.

mv.
1
2

mv .
2

mv .
1
2

mv 2 .
(1)

60.

A rocket is moving through space. The rocket engine ejects a mass m of exhaust gases in time t.
The speed of the exhaust gases, relative to the rocket, is v as shown below.

ro c k e t
ex h au st g ases, sp eed v

d ire c tio n o f m o tio n

o f ro c k e t

Which of the following expressions is the magnitude of the force exerted on the rocket by the
exhaust gases?
A.

mv

B.

mv

C.

mvt

D.

mv
t

(1)

105

61.

An elevator (lift) of mass m is raised vertically with constant speed v for a time t. The work
done on the elevator during this time is
A.

mgv.

B.

mgvt.

C.

mgv
.
t

D.

mgt
.
v
(1)

62.

The diagram below shows five wooden blocks joined by inelastic strings. A constant force
accelerates the blocks to the right on a frictionless horizontal table.
W

a c c e le ra tin g
fo rc e
ta b le

In which string is the tension the greatest?

A.

B.

C.

D.

Z
(1)

106

63.

A rocket accelerates vertically upwards by ejecting high-speed gases vertically downwards as

shown in the diagram below. At the instant shown the weight of the rocket is W and the
magnitude of the force the rocket exerts on the gases is T.

d ire c tio n o f
a c c e le ra tio n

g ases
The magnitude of the net force on the rocket is
A.

W.

B.

T.

C.

T + W.

D.

T W.
(1)

107

64.

Which of the following quantities must be zero for a particle in equilibrium?

A.

Kinetic energy

B.

Acceleration

C.

Velocity

D.

Momentum
(1)

65.

An object of mass M is suspended from a spring. The extension of the spring is e. The same
object is suspended from an identical spring on the Moon where the acceleration of free fall is
less than that on Earth. Which of the following is correct?
Mass of the object on Moon

Extension of spring on Moon

A.

B.

less than M

less than e

C.

less than e

D.

less than M

e
(1)

108

66.

A fire-fighting helicopter is flying at constant speed along a horizontal straight-line carrying a

bucket of water as shown in the diagram below. The rope to the bucket makes a fixed angle with
the vertical.

c o n s ta n t s p e e d

ro p e

b u c k e t o f w a te r
Which of the following diagrams is the correct free body diagram of the forces acting on the
bucket?
A .

B .

C .

D .

(1)

109

67.

A frictionless trolley of mass m moves down a slope with a constant acceleration a. A second
similar frictionless trolley has mass 2m. The acceleration of the second trolley as it moves down
the slope is

A.

1
a.
2

B.

a.

C.

2a.

D.

4a.
(1)

68.

A trolley of mass 1.5 kg is pulled along a horizontal table by a force of 5.0N.

f o rc e 5 .0 N
The frictional force acting on the trolley is 0.50N.
The acceleration of the trolley is
2

A.

0.30 m s .

B.

0.33 m s .

C.

3.0 m s .

D.

3.3 m s .

2
2

(1)

110