Final Report

Synchronous Detection and Digital control of Shunt Active Power Filter in Power Quality
Improvement
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Power Quality is a set of electrical boundaries that allows apiece of equipment to function
in its intended manner withoutsignificant loss of performance or life expectancy. Thethree phase
power generated at the generating station is purelysinusoidal in nature[11][2]. Wide spread
application
of
static
powerelectronics
converters,
zero
and
negative
sequence
componentsoriginated by the use of single phase and unbalanced loads,reactive power, voltage
sag, voltage swell, flicker, voltageinterruption etc. results voltage and current harmonics.The
harmonics presence in the power lines results in variedproblems, like, greater power losses in
distribution; problemsof electromagnetic interference in communication systems;and operation
failures of protection devices, electronic equipmentsand, industrial processes. Due to these
problems, thequality of the electrical energy delivered to the end consumersis, more than ever, an
object of great concern. The passivefilters have been used as a conventional solution to
solveharmonic currents problems, but they have disadvantages likeelectromagnetic interference,
possible resonance, fixed compensation,bulkiness etc. To cope with these disadvantages,recent
efforts have been concentrated on the development of Active Power Filters (APF) [9].The
compensation strategy of Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) in two ways, Synchronous
DetectionMethod (SDM) and digital control based on instantaneouspower theory (p-q theory).
The control strategies of SAPFsystem are detailed in the second part of this paper.
Simulationresults in the third part demonstrate a comparative studybetween the two methods and
show the advantages of digitalcontrol over SDM.
Dept of E&E ,AIT Chikmaglure
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1.2 POWER QUALITY

1.2.1Definition
Power Quality means to maintain purely sinusoidal current wave form in phase with a
purely sinusoidal voltage wave form[11].
Power Quality is a set of electrical boundaries that allows a piece of equipment to
function in its intended manner without significant loss of performance or life expectancy[5].
1.2.2Power quality problems

Definitions for power quality problems in power systems with non-sinusoidal waveforms
and unbalanced loads are detailed in. The definitions and terminology used in conjunction with
power quality are as follows:
A) Voltage quality can be interpreted as the quality of voltage delivered by the utility to the
consumers and is concerned with the deviations of the voltage from the ideal one.
Theideal voltage is a single frequency sine wave of constant frequency and constant
magnitude.
B) Current quality deals with the deviations of the current from the ideal one which should
be sinusoidal wave current of constant frequency and required magnitude and should also
be in phase with the supply voltage. Voltage quality deals with what the utility delivers to
the customer and current quality deals with what the customers take from the utility and
are mutually dependent.
C) Power quality is the combination of voltage quality and current quality. Power quality is
concerned with deviations of voltage and/or current from the ideal.
D) Voltage magnitude variation is the increase or decrease in voltage magnitude due to
load variations, transformer tapchanging, switching of capacitor banks or reactors etc.
E) Voltage frequency variation is the variation in frequency of supply voltage due to the
imbalance between load and generation units.
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F) Current magnitude variation is the variation of the load current magnitude which also
results in voltage magnitude variations.
G) Current phase variation Ideally, the voltage and current waveforms should be in
phase so that the power factor perceived by the source is unity. Deviation from this
situation is termed as current phase variation.
H) Voltage and current imbalances Voltage imbalance in three phase systems where the
rms values of the voltages in each phase or the phase angle differences between
consecutive phases are not equal, can affect the ratio of negative sequence and positive
sequence voltage components. This can result in large differences between the highest
and lowest values of voltage magnitude and phase difference. The voltage imbalance
leads to large load current imbalances.
I) Voltage fluctuation The fast variation in voltage magnitude is called voltage fluctuation
or voltage flicker and can affect the performance of the equipment.
J) Harmonic voltage distortion The ideal voltage waveform is a sinusoidal wave of
constant frequency. But, when there is voltage distortion, it may be a sum of sine waves
with frequencies which are multiples of fundamental frequency. These non-fundamental
components contribute to harmonic distortion. The harmonic current components result in
harmonic voltage components and hence a non-sinusoidal voltage in the system.
K) Harmonic current distortion Harmonic current distortion is the complementary
phenomenon of harmonic voltage distortion. They are mutually dependent as harmonic
voltage distortion is mainly due to non-sinusoidal load currents.
L) Inter-harmonic voltage and current components are generated by equipment such as
cyclo-converters, heating controllers and arc furnaces, which generate current
components at such frequencies which are not integral multiples of fundamental
frequency. In fact, there may be sub-harmonic frequency currents as well. These interDept of E&E ,AIT Chikmaglure
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harmonic components can cause resonance between the line inductances and capacitor
banks. The sub-harmonic currents can lead to saturation of transformers and in turn to
damage of synchronous generators and turbines.
M) Voltage notching - In three phase converters during commutation from one device to
another, short circuits for short durations can cause voltage reduction or notching. Voltage
notching leads to higher order harmonics.
N) Interruptions Supply interruption is a condition in which the voltage at the supply
terminals is close to zero or less than 10% according to IEEE Standard 1159 -1995.
Faults or protection equipment mal-tripping can cause interruptions.
1) Under voltages Short duration under voltages are known as voltage sags and longer
duration under voltages are called under voltages. Voltage sag is a reduction in the supply
voltage magnitude followed by a voltage recovery after a short period of time. Voltage
sagsare mostly caused by short circuit faults in the system and by starting of large motors.
P) Over voltages- Over voltages of very short duration and high magnitude are called
transient over voltages/voltage spikes/voltage surges. Over voltages with duration
between one cycle and one minute are called voltage swells or temporary power
frequency over voltages. Longer duration over voltages are called over voltages. Over
voltages are caused by lightning strokes, switching operations, sudden load reduction,
single phase short circuits and nonlinearities.
Q) Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) EMC is defined by IEC (International
Electrotechnical Commission) as the ability of a device, equipment or system to function
satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment without introducing intolerable
electromagnetic disturbances to anything in that environment.
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1.2.3 SOLUTIONS TO POWER QUALITYPROBLEMS

There are two approaches to the mitigation of power quality problems.
A) The first approach is called loadconditioning, which ensures that the equipment is
lesssensitive to power disturbances, allowing the operationeven under significant voltage
distortion.
B) The othersolution is to install line conditioning systems thatsuppress or counteracts the
power system disturbances.
A flexible and versatile solution to voltage qualityproblems is offered by active power
filters. Currently theyare based on PWM converters and connect to low andmedium voltage
distribution system in shunt or in series.Series active power filters must operate in
conjunctionwith shunt passive filters in order to compensate loadcurrent harmonics. Shunt active
power filters operate as acontrollable current source and series active power filtersoperates as a
controllable voltage source. Both schemesare implemented preferable with voltage source
PWMinverters, with a dc bus having a reactive element such asa capacitor. Active power filters
can perform one or moreof the functions required to compensate power systemsand improving
power quality. As it will be illustrated inthis paper, their performance depends on the power
ratingand the speed of response. The selection of the type of active power filter to improve power
quality depends onthe source of the problem as can be seen in Table 1 [8] [3].
Active Filter
Connection
Shunt
Load on AC Supply
AC Supply on Load
-Current Harmonic
Filtering.
-Reactive current
Compensation.
-Current unbalance.
-Voltage Flicker.
Series
Current harmonic
-Voltage sag/swell.
filtering.
-Voltage unbalance.
-Reactive current
-Voltage distortion.
compensation.
-Voltage interruption.
-Current unbalance.
-Voltage flicker.
-Voltage Flicker.
-Voltage notching
-Voltage unbalance
Table1.2.3: The selection of the type of active power filter to improve power quality
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1.2.4 POWER QUALITY STANDARDS

To assure the harmonization of legislation within theEuropean Community, without
which the free interchangeof goods and services would be affected, several directiveshave been
released. One of such directives is the CouncilDirective 85/374, related to the liability for
defectiveproducts. Its 2nd article defines electricity as product and inthis sense it becomes
necessary to establish itscharacteristics [15].
A. EN 50160
Voltage Characteristics of Electricity Supplied by Public Distribution Systems This
standard, CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) defines the
main characteristics of the low and medium voltage supplied by public distribution networks at
the PCC (point of common coupling) [15].
Table1.2.4 (A):Harmonic voltages at PCC until order 25 in percentage of the nominal voltage
This standard also establishes that voltage total harmonicdistortion (THD), including the
first 40 harmonics, must notexceed 8%.
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B. IEC 61000
This set of IEC (International ElectrotechnicalCommission) standards [2-4] is concerned
withelectromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and includes thefollowing parts:
1. General General considerations, definitions andterminology: 61000-1-x.
2. Environment Description of the environment,classification of the environment,
compatibilitylevels: 61000-2-x.
3. Limits Emission limits, immunity limits: 61000-3-x.
4. Testing and Measurement Techniques Providestechniques and measurement rules in
order to assurethe compliance with the other parts of the standard:61000-4-x.
5. Installation and mitigation guidelines Providesguidelines in the application of
equipment such asfilters, compensators, surge arresters, etc, in order tosolve the problems
related with power quality:61000-5-x.
6. Generic standards Sets up the required immunitylevels for general-purpose
equipments or for specifictypes of equipment: 61000-6-x.
9. Miscellaneous: 61000-9-x
Table1.2.4(B): Compatibility levels for individual harmonic voltages in public low-voltage
Networks.
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Table 1.2.4 (C): Compatibility levels for harmonics
Class 1- applies to protected networks and it has the lowest lower compatibility levels (lower
than that publicnetworks). It concerns the use of devices and equipmentsvery sensitive to electric
disturbances, v. g. technologicallaboratories instrumentation, certain automation andprotective
equipments, specific computers, etc.
Class 2- applies to PCC and to the internal connectingpoints in the general industrial
environment. It also appliesto public networks.
Class 3- is only applicable to internal connection pointsof the industrial environments. The
compatibility level isgreater than that of the class 2 for certain disturbances. Thisclass should
always be considered whenever one of theseconditions is met:
- Most of the loads are fed through converters.
- There are melting machines.
- Large capacity drives are started up very often.
- The loads change rapidly.
C. ANSI/IEEE 519-1992
According to this standard, which is presently beingupdated, the distribution companies
are responsible forkeeping the quality of voltage in all their systems. Thisstandard sets up the
distortion limits for the different voltagelevels of the electric networks [15].
TABLE 1.2.4(D): Maximum distortion levels
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1.3. Motivation
Faster power quality improvement is a perquisite for industrial and consumer equipments
and SAPF offers better performance than other state of the art compensation methods. It
improves power quality by significantlyreducing the harmonic components in currents and
correcting the power factor.
1.4.Organization of the project

The project focus on synchronous detection and digital
control of shunt active power
filter in power quality improvement, where the main body of the project is preceded by detailed
tables of contents including list of figures, tables, and glossary followed by units used in the
report which is follower by appendices which contains the screen shots and explains some of the
key technology elements and off the shelf components used in the project. The body of the
project
also contains details of development and deployment environment used during the
implementation of the project, the test cases executed to validate the features of the project
followed by conclusion.
Outlines of the project

Chapter 1- explain the introduction of the project, definition power quality , power quality
problems, power quality standards, solution to power quality problems , motivation of research
workand organization of the project
Chapter 2- explains which papers refer in this project(literature survey).
Chapter 3- It explains the power filtersdefinition, classification and methods. It also explains the
active power filter market and objectives of active power filter.
Chapter 4- describe the simulation model of both p-q theory and SDM method, it indicates the
proposed method of p-q theory and also objectives p-q theory.It also clearly explains the data
flow diagrams of the overall project.
Chapter 5-describe the MATLAB tool and SIMULINK software used in this project.
Chapter 6-includes the results of simulation waveforms in p-q theory and SDM method with
different compensation. It also include conclusion of the project.
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1.5Objectives of the project

1) Introduction of SAPF device can helps us to improve power quality.
2) Reducing the harmonic components in currents.
3) Correcting the power factor.
4) The result of SAPF simulation method shows that balancing the 3 phase sinusoidal
supply voltage.
5) It balances and reduces the values of the currents supplied by the source to the load.
6)
It compensates dynamically, and instantaneously, the zero-sequence current.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURY SURVEY
Impact of Distributed Power Flow Controller to Improve Power Quality
Based on Synchronous Reference Frame Method Ahmad Jamshidi, S.
Masoud Barakati, and M. Moradi Ghahderijani. IACSIT International
Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 5, October 201[3].
Distributed power flow controller (DPFC) which is similar to unified power flow
controller (UPFC) in structure, is used to mitigate the voltage sag and swell as a power quality
issue. Unlike UPFC, the common dc-link in DPFC, between the shunt and series converters is
eliminated and three-phase series converter is divided to several single-phase series distributed
converters through the transmission lineAlso to detect the voltage sags and determine the three
single-phase reference voltages of DPFC, the synchronous reference frame method is proposed.
The power quality enhancement of the power transmissionsystems is an vital issue in power
industry. In this study, the, application of DPFC as a new FACTS device, in the voltage, sag and
swell mitigation of a system composed of athree-phase source connected to a non-linear load
through theparallel transmission lines is simulated in Mat lab/Simulinkenvironment.
The voltage dip is analyzed by implementing athree-phase fault close to the system load.
To detect thevoltage sags and determine the three single phase referencevoltages of DPFC, the
SRF method is used as a detection anddetermination method. The obtained simulation results
showthe effectiveness of DPFC in power quality enhancement,especially in sag and swell
mitigation.
Control of Shunt Active Filters for Power Quality Improvement.

Mr.B.Dastagiri Reddy, V.Naga Bhaskar Reddy, Mr.K.Rajasekhara
Reddy,DRDO Sponsored Eighth Control Instrumentation System Conference,
CISCON-2011(An International Conference)[4].
Active filtering of electric power has nowbecome a mature technology for various power
qualityproblems such as harmonics, reactive power, unbalance,neutral current, voltage sag/swell
and poor voltageregulation. Different configurations and control algorithmsfor power filters are
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used to eliminate these power qualityproblems. The work presented in this investigation
consistsof various aspects on design and control of shunt activefilter (AF) for 3-wire system.In
this paper, the performance of AF underdifferent load dynamics is verified using SRF
controlalgorithm. AF is operated in UPF mode, ZVR mode andalso under distorted supply mains
conditions. Moreover,SRF control scheme is best suited under distorted supplyconditions. In all
the cases, AF has yielded thesatisfactory response with self supported DC busvoltage.
Using Active Power Filters to Improve Power Quality. Luis A. Morn(1)

Juan W. Dixon(2) Jos R. Espinoza(1) Rogel R. Wallace(1)[8].
This paper describes different power quality problems in distribution systems and their
solutions with power electronics based equipment. Shunt, hybrid and series active power filters
are described showing their compensation characteristics and principles of operation. Different
power circuits topologies and control scheme for each type of active power filter are analyzed.
The compensation characteristics of each topology with the respective control scheme are proved
by simulation and experimentally.
In this paper the use and advantages of applying active power filters to compensation
power distribution systems has been presented. The principle of operation of shunt, series, and
hybrid active power filters has been presented. Also, a brief description of the state of the art in
the active power filter market has been described. The shunt active power filter performance
under fault power distribution system was discussed. Simulation and experimental results proved
the viability of using active power filters to compensate active power filter.
DSP Based Digital Controller for Shunt Active Power Filter to Improve
Power Quality.Ginnes K John1, Sindhu M R2, and Manjula G Nair3.
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol 2, No. 7, November
200[5].
Power quality has been very interesting research area for past many years. Current
harmonics are one of the most significant power quality issues, which is usually resolved by
using shunt passive filters or shunt active filters. In this paper ICOS algorithm based shunt
active filter is implemented in analog circuit and tested for a nonlinear load. The test results show
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that it can compensate for current harmonics. The algorithm was implemented digitally by dsPIC
30F 4011microcontroller with help of MPLAB C30 Compiler.
Shunt active filter for powerquality improvement, E. W. J. M. Joo

Maurcio Aredes,
International Conference UIE 2000 Electricity
Afonso,
for a
Sustainable Urban Development Lisboa, Portugal, Nov. 2000[1].

This paper describes the development of a low cost shunt active power filter with digital
control, which allows dynamic power factor correction and both harmonics and zero-sequence
current compensation. The active filter controller is based on the instantaneous power theory (p-q
theory) and was implemented using a standard 16 bits microcontroller. The p-q theory is
introduced followed by the presentation of some active power filters topologies. Then a brief
description of the implemented solution is made, including references to software tools used for
simulation and system development. Experimental results are also presented, showing the good
performance of the developed active filter.
This paper presents a shunt active power filter as a reliable and cost-effective solution to
power quality problems.The active filter controller is based on the p-q theory, which proved to be
a powerful tool, but simple enough they allow the digital implementation of the controller using
a standard and inexpensive microcontroller with minimum additional hardware.The filter
presents good dynamic and steady-state response and it can be a much better solution for power
factor and current harmonics compensation than the conventional approach
Active Power Filter for Nonlinear AC Loads.Janko Nastran, Member,

IEEE, Rafael Cajhen, Matija Seliger, and Peter Jereb, Member, IEEE
transactions on power electronics, vol. 9, no. 1, january 1994[9].
This paper describes an active power filter fornonlinear ac loads with the power part
carried out in the bridgeconnection. A theoretical approach to the implementation of thecurrent
reference is given for this original solution of the serialactive filter. The paper also provides
experimental results of thefilter application on two specific nonlinear loads, i.e., on theohmic
load, fed over a pair of anti parallel thyristor , and onthe accumulator feeder.The required
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modification of the input load current can be activated by the power filter only when capacitor C
ischarged with a particular voltage.
CHAPTER 3
POWER FILTER
3.1 FILTER
A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass a specified band of frequencies while
attenuating all the signals outside that band .It is a frequency selective circuit[1].
There are two types of filters
1) Passive power filter
2) Active power filter
1) Passive power filter

Passive filters have been most commonly used to limit the flow of harmonic currents in
distribution systems they are usually custom designed for the application. However, their
performance is limited to a few harmonics and they can introduce resonance in the power
system. Passive filter networks use only passive elements such as resister, inductors &
capacitors.
2) Active power filter

It is a type of analog electronic filter that uses active components such as amplifier and
Transistors. Active filters, different from the passive ones, have the capability to dynamically
adjust to the conditions of the system in terms of harmonics and reactive power
compensation.
Power electronics devices are widely used in different fields and for different practical
applications. Theexpansion of their field of applications is related to the knowledge of the device
behavior and of theirperformances. One of the most interesting field of application is load
compensation, i.e. active filtering of loadharmonics, load unbalance and / or load power factor
compensation. Both items require a proper drive of powerelectronics apparatus. This result can
be easily obtained by designing specific software programmes. Thedevelopment of these
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programmes can be satisfactorily made only on the basis of the theoretical knowledge and ofthe
preliminary evaluation of mathematical models of power electronics devices. It is well-known
that these devicesmake largely use of solid-state semiconductor switches. They have non-linear
electric characteristics that lead tocomplicate analytical expressions of mathematical models. An
important step for solving many practical problemsis researches devoted to evaluate solutions of
non linear system of differential equations that depict mathematicalmodels of such devices. It is
indeed not easy to get general solutions of these problems but it can be considered a
remarkable research effort to try to find solutions for specific devices. In order to obtain these
results, integraltransformations are sometimes useful, because operations in complex domains
make
it
possible
to
find
easier
solutions
in
analytical
closed
form.[11]
Figure 3.1.(A):Block diagram of a simple power system Figure.3.1.(B) Block diagram of a

simple power system
With APF ON
with
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Figure 3.2:Classification of active filters according to rating
3.2 Classification of active filters according to rating

i) Low power applications: It is concerned with systems of power ratings below 100kVA,
mainly in residential areas, commercial buildings and hospitals. These dynamic active filters are
high pulse number PWM VSI or CSI. Their response time is relatively much faster ranging from
tens of microseconds to milliseconds and can be used for single phase and three phase systems.
(ii)Medium power applications: are used in three phase systems ranging from 100kVA to
10MVA (for current harmonic compensation). Speed of response is in the range100ms-1 sec.
(iii) High power applications: Implementation of very high power dynamic filter
isextremely ineffective because of the lack of high switching frequency power devicesthat can
control the current flow at high power ratings. This is a major limitation forsuch systems. Here,
response time is in the range of tens of seconds.33However, the rating of active filters is very
close to load rating (up to 80%) and hence costof shunt active filters is high. They are difficult to
be implemented in large scale.
3.3 Methods of active power filter

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A) Shunt active power filter

B) Series active power filter
3.3.1 .SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER

A shunt active filter is an inverter driven by a pulse-width modulation technique (PWM)
and placed in parallelwith a load. The shunt active filter injects a harmonic currents with thesame
amplitude of those of the load into the ac system but with opposite phase displacement. The filter
control is implemented through a detection and extraction circuit of the load harmonic currents
[6]. At steady state,ideally, the compensating current can be supposed to be dependent on the
load current by means of a propertransfer function, representing the selected control technique of
active filter. With this simplification the analysis ofthe compensation characteristics of filters is
straightforward, if reference is made to the equivalent circuits at thedifferent harmonics. [8]
The shunt active power filter, with a self-controlled dc bus, has a topology similar to that
of a static compensator (STATCOM) used for reactive power compensation in power
transmission systems. Shunt active power filters compensate load current harmonics by injecting
equal but opposite harmonic compensating current. In this case the shunt active power filter
operates as a current source injecting the harmonic components generated by the load but phase
shifted by 180 [1].
Figure 3.3.1: Configuration of a shunt active filter system

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3.3.2 .SERIES ACTIVE POWER FILTER

Series active power filters were introduced by the end of the 1980s and operate mainly as
a voltage regulator and as a harmonic isolator between the nonlinear load and the utility system.
The series connected filter protects the consumer from an inadequate supply voltage quality. This
type of approach is especially recommended for compensation of voltage unbalances and voltage
sags from the ac supply and for low power applications and represents economically attractive
alternatives to UPS, since no energy storage (battery) is necessary and the overall rating of the
components is smaller. The series active filter injects a voltage component in series with the
supply voltage and therefore can be regarded as a controlled voltage source, compensating
voltage sags and swells on the load side. [8][1].
A series active filter has to be placed in series between the ac source and the load in order
to force the source current to become sinusoidal. The approach is based on a principleof
harmonic isolation by controlling the output voltage of the series active filter. In other words, the
series activefilter has to present high impedance to harmonic currents and then it is able to block
these currents from the load tothe ac source and from the ac source to the load [1].
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Figure 3.3.2:Configuration of a series active filter system
3.3.3. Active power Filter Market

Many different electrical companies are offering powerline conditioner or active power
filter equipment tocompensate power quality problems. Based on state of theart power electronic
technology, they have developeddifferent system to compensate not only current harmonic,but
also flicker compensation and voltage regulation.Specially Siemens, ABB, Hitachi, Fuji and
many othercompanies are offering power line conditioners to improvepower quality. These
power line conditioners are based inshunt active power filter and series active power
filtertopologies. Specially Siemens has developed bothapproaches as well as ABB.Currently
active power line conditioner are typicallybased on IGBT or GTO thyristors voltage source
PWMconvertersand connected to low and medium voltagedistribution systems in shunt, series or
both at the sametime. In comparison to conventional passive LC filters,active power filters offer
very fast control response andmore flexibility in defining the required control tasks for
aparticular application. Some of the active power filtersavailable in the market and in use to
compensate powerdisturbance problems are described below.The selection of equipment for
improvement of powerquality depends on the source of the problem. In case of them Siemens
Power Conditioner (SIPCON), which is based onstandard IGBT drive-converters, the seriesDept of E&E ,AIT Chikmaglure
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connected PowerConditioner, also called Dynamic Voltage Regulator,(DVR) is most preferable

to protect the consumer fromsupply voltage disturbances. However, if the objective is toreduce
the network perturbations due to distorted loadcurrents the shunt-connection (also called
DSTATCOM), ismore appropriate. Many shunt active filter consisting of PWM invertersusing
IGBTs or GTO Thyristors have been operatingproperly in Japan, with a rating capacity which
ranges from10 kVA to several MVA. Fuji Electric has developed andintroduced in the market
shunt active power filters with rated power between 50 and 400 kVA for low voltageapplication.
For a specific application, Toshiba hasdeveloped a shunt active power filter based on three
voltagefed PWM inverters using GTO thyristors, each of which israted at 16 MVA. The three
active power filters are used tocompensate the fluctuating reactive current and negativesequence
current component generated by the Japanesebullet trains. In this case, the purpose of the shunt
activepower filters with a total rating power of 48 MVA is tocompensate for voltage regulation,
voltage variation andunbalance at the terminals of the 154 kV power systems toimprove the
power quality. In this particular application,the active filters are effective in compensating not
only voltage regulation, but also in reducing the voltageunbalance from 3.6% to 1 %. Also,
CEGELEC hasdeveloped shunt active power filters based on GTO voltage
source inverters [8].
The use of such system developed byCegelec in collaboration with Electricite de France
(EDFs)R&D Group is to control interference in the Paris masstransit authority network, which
was caused by the 15 kVbus bar. In this case, by using a GTO active power filter, thegeneral
harmonic distortion in the current was reducedfrom 5.8 % to 2 %.Another Japanese company
named Meiden, hasdeveloped the Multi-Functional Active Filter, also based onvoltage-fed PWM
IGBTs inverters. This is a shunt activepower filter designed to compensate current
harmonics,power factor and voltage regulation. Current harmoniccompensation is possible from
the second component to the25th. The rated powerof the different models rangebetween 50 to
1000 kVA. The standard specifications ofthese active power filters are the followings:
Number of phases: 3-phase and three wires [8].
Input voltage: 200, 210, 220 10%, 400,420, 440 10 %, 6600 10 %.
Frequency: 50/60 Hz 5 %.
Nos. of restraint harmonic orders: 2 to 25 th.
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Harmonic restraint factor: 85 % or more atthe rated output.

Type of rating: continues.
Response: 1 ms or less.
CHAPTER 4
HIGH LEVEL DESIGN

Design is one of the most important phases of software development. The design is a
creative process in which a system organization is established that will satisfy the functional and
non-functional system requirements. Large Systems are always decomposed into sub-systems
that provide some related set of services. The output of the design process is a description of the
Software architecture.
A robust watermarking algorithm for JPEG images need to be designed in which the
watermark can be embedded in a predictable manner in compressed-encrypted byte stream by
exploiting the homomorphic property of the cipher scheme.
4.1 Design Considerations

The purpose of the design is to plan the solution of the problem specified by the
requirements document. This phase is the first step in moving from problem to the solution
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domain. The design of the system is perhaps the most critical factor affecting the quality of the
software and has a major impact on the later phases, particularly testing and maintenance.
System design describes all the major data structure, file format, output as well as major modules
in the system and their Specification is decided.
4.1.1 Development Methods

The development method used in this software design is the functional development method.
Digital control of SAPF based on p-q theory
Control of SAPF system using synchronous Detection method (SDM)
4.2. P Q THEORY
4.2.1. Principles of p-q theory
The Generalized Theory of the Instantaneous Reactive Power in Three-Phase Circuits",
proposed by Akagiet al., and also known as the p-q theory, is an interesting tool to apply to the
control of active power filters, or even to analyze three-phase power systems in order to detect
problems related to harmonics, reactive power and unbalance[12].
The p-q theory implements a transformation from a stationary reference system in a-b-c
coordinates, to a systemwith coordinates --0. It corresponds to an algebraic transformation,
known as Clarke transformation, whichalso produces a stationary reference system, where
coordinates - are orthogonal to each other, and coordinate 0corresponds to the zero-sequence
component. The zero sequence component calculated here differs from the oneobtained by the
symmetrical components transformation, or Fortescue transformation, by a 3 factor. The voltages
and currents in --0 coordinates are calculated as follows: [7][1].
[ v0
v ] =A* [ v a v b v c ] (1)
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[ i0
i i ] =A* [ i a i b i c ]
Where,
[ ]
1
2
A =
2/3 . 1
0
1
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
Is the Clarke transmission matrix, and,

p0=v 0 . i 0
p=v i + v i
q=v i v i
p
A. Instantaneous Zero-Sequence Power ( 0)
p0=v 0 i 0= p 0+~
p 0 (2)
p 0 Mean value of the instantaneous zero-sequencepower. It corresponds to the energy per

time unity thatis transferred from the power source to the loadthrough the zero-sequence
components of voltage andcurrent.
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~
p0 -Alternating value of the instantaneous zero-sequencepower. It means the energy per time
unity that is exchangedbetween the power source and the load through the zero-sequence
components of voltage andcurrent.
The zero-sequence power exists only in three-phase systems with neutral wire. Moreover,
the systems must have both unbalanced voltages and currents, or the same third order harmonics,
in both voltage and current, for at least one phase. It is important to notice that
exist in apower system without the presence of
~
p0
. Since
~
p0 is
p 0
cannot
clearly an undesired power
component (it only exchanges energy with the load, and does not transfer any energy to the
load), both
p 0
and
~
p0
must be compensated[15].
B. Instantaneous Real Power (p)

p=v . i + v i = p + ~
p
(3)
p Mean value of the instantaneous real power. It correspondsto the energy per time unity
that is transferredfrom the power source to the load, in a balanced way,through the a-b-c
coordinates (it is, indeed, the onlydesired power component to be supplied by the powersource).
~
p Alternating value of the instantaneous real power. It isthe energy per time unity that is
~
exchanged betweenthe power source and the load, through the a-b-c coordinates.Since p does
not involve any energy transferencefrom the power source to load, it must becompensated.
C. Instantaneous Imaginary Power q )

q=v .i v . i =q +~q (4)
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q Mean value of instantaneous imaginary power

~
q -Alternating value of instantaneous imaginary power.
The instantaneous imaginary power, q, has to do withpower (and corresponding

undesirable currents) that is exchangedbetween the system phases, and which does notimply any
transference or exchange of energy between thepower source and the load.Rewriting equation (4)
in a-b-c coordinates the followingexpression is obtained:
q=
[ ( v a v b ) . ic + ( v bv c ) .ia + ( v cv a ) . ib ]
3
(5)
This is a well known expression used in conventionalreactive power meters, in power systems
without harmonicsand with balanced sinusoidal voltages. These instruments, of the
electrodynamics type, display the mean value of equation(5). The instantaneous imaginary power
differs fromthe conventional reactive power, because in the first case all the harmonics in voltage
and current are considered.
In the special case of a balanced sinusoidal voltagesupply and a balanced load, with or without
q =3. V . I 1 . sin 1 )
harmonics, q is equal to the conventional reactive power (
It is also important to note that the three-phase instantaneouspower (
p3
) can be
written in both coordinates systems,a-b-c and --0, assuming the same value:
p3=v a . i a +v b . i b+ v c . i c = pa + pb + pc
p3=v . i +v . i +v 0 .i 0= p+ p0
Thus, to make the three-phase instantaneous power constant,it is necessary to compensate the
alternating powercomponents
compensate only
~
p0
~
p0
p and ~
. Since, as seen before, it is not possibleto
, all zero-sequence instantaneouspower must be compensated.
Moreover, to minimize the power system currents, theinstantaneous imaginary power, q,

must also be compensated.
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~
The compensation of the p-q theory undesired power components ( p
p0
and q)
can be accomplished with the use of an active power filter. The dynamic response of this active
filter will depend on the time interval required by its control system to calculate these values[15].
4.2.2. Proposed Method
Fig. 4.2.2: Operation of Three Phase Shunt Active Power Filter.

The compensation principle of a three phase shunt active power filter. The source is a
balanced Y-connected three-phase voltage source where the phase voltages are
va vb vc
while
the nonlinear loads connected to each phase produces nonlinear load currents
i a , i b ,i c
.When
the SAPF block is not operating the nonlinear load current are themselves the line currents
i sa , i sb ,i sc
, which causes degradation in power factor and introduces harmonic distortion.
When the SAPF block is operating it injects currents
i ca ,i cb , i cc ,
equal in magnitude but in
phase opposition to harmonic currentin each of the lines. This compensates the harmonic
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distortion and makes the source current balanced sinusoidal while the load current remains
nonlinear. The SAPF block is basically divided into two parts. The first part is a control block
which does necessary computations and operations to generate the compensation current
reference. This reference is fed to the IGBT based Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). A dc capacitor
usually works as the source of power for the VSI.
4.2.3. The p-q theory applied to SAPF
Figure 4.2.3: SimulinkModel for Instantaneous power Theory (p-q theory)

with SAPF
The only desirable quantity among all the power componentsobtained through the p-q theory is
p because itcorresponds to the energy transferred from the supply to theload. To compensate
all the other quantities SAPF is used.Watanabe et al. presented a convenient way to compensate
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p0 by delivering it from the power source to the active filterthrough
coordinates, so
that the active filter can supplythis power to the load through the 0 coordinate (see Fig.4.2.3) in
abalanced way. Also the active filter capacitor can compensate
p0
~
and p . The instantaneous
imaginary power (q), which includesthe conventional reactive power, can be compensated
withoutany capacitor .So for a three-phase system with balancedsinusoidal voltages, the supply
currents are also sinusoidalbalanced, and in phase with the voltages. Thus, the powersupply now
considers the nonlinear load as a purely resistive symmetrical load. The reference compensation
i ,i
currents in the coordinates c c can be calculated from [10].
[]
][ ]
i c
1
v v p z
= 2 2.
.
qz
i c v +v v v
px =~
p p
p = p0
q x =q=q + ~
q
Where
x q x
are the powers to be compensated. Also,the reference compensation current in
p
the 0 coordinate is
i0
itself,
i c0 =i0
, since all the instantaneous zero sequencepower will be
compensated. In order to obtain the referencecompensation currents in the a-b-c coordinate

inverse Clarketransformation is applied[13][10].
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[]
ca
cb
cc
i
i
i
[ ][ ]
1
2
1
= 2/3 . 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
i c 0
3
ic
2
3 i c
2
i cn=( i ca +i cb +i cc )
When the currents are fed to the VSI it generates theexact replica of these currents but in
magnitude equal to theoriginal line currents. These replicated compensation currentsare then
injected to the system to obtain in-phase sinusoidalsource currents with the line voltages that is
to conform powerquality.
This theory is based on time-domain, what makes it validfor operation in steady-state or
transitory regime, as wellas for generic voltage and current power systemwaveforms, allowing to
control the active power filters inreal-time. Another important characteristic of this theoryis the
simplicity of the calculations, which involves onlyalgebraic calculation (exception done to the
need ofseparating the mean and alternated values of the calculated power components)[12].
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4.2.3. (A) Calculation of p-q theory

The p-q theory calculations are done in the shunt activepower filter controller block. The
controller allows, in asystematic way, and according to the receivedinformation, to verify the
needing of compensationcurrents by the active filter. The controller receives theinformation of
phase voltages, load currents and DCvoltage, and based on its control algorithm, proceeds tothe
calculations of the p-q theory values, generating, ornot, the necessary reference compensation
currents,which are injected in the power system by the inverter block [12]
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Figure 4.2.3(A): Calculation of p-q theory
Figure 4.2.4:p-q Theory without Shunt Active Power Filter for load set A
Figure 4.2.5:p-q Theory without Shunt Active Power Filter for load set B
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4.3. Objectives of p-q theory

1) It compensates dynamically the harmonic currents;
2) It corrects dynamically the power factor;
3) It compensates dynamically, and instantaneously, thezero-sequence current;
4)It balances and reduces the values of the currentssupplied by the source to the load;
5) It turns the instantaneous three-phase power that sourcedelivers to load into a
constant value (the source onlydelivers conventional active power).
4.4. Synchronous Detection Method

Control of APF system using SDM: Figure showsthe control circuit of an APF system
using SDM. Thecontrol circuit consists of an outer voltage control loopand two inner current
control loops. The outer controlloop is used to maintain the capacitor voltage constantand to
determine the amplitude of the mains currentsrequired in an APF system. SDM method is
basicallyused for the determination of amplitude of the sourcecurrents. [4] [11].
In the SDM, it is assumed that the three-phase main currentsare balanced after
compensation, and it tries to determine thatrequired amplitude of the main currents.
P(t)= [ v a ( t ) v b ( t ) v c ( t ) ][ i a ( t ) i b ( t ) ic ( t ) ]
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pa=( p dc v am ) / ( v am +v bm + v cm )
pb=( p dc v bm ) / ( v am+ v bm + v cm )
pc =( pdc v cm ) / ( v am +v bm + v cm )
Where
v am , v bmv cm
are the amplitude of
v a ( t ) , v b ( t )v c ( t )
respectively .From here, the
balanced line currents can be determined.

i sa =( 2 v a pa ) / v 2am
i sb=( 2 v b pb ) /v 2bm
i sc =( 2 v c pc ) /v 2cm
The compensation current reference is thus,
i ca=i sai a
i cb=i sb ib
i cc=i sc i c
The compensation current references
replica of these currents
i ca , i cbi cc
i ca , i cb and i cc are fed to the VSI which supplies the

to the line. Since the PWM VSI is assumed to be
instantaneous to track the compensation currents, it is modeled as a current amplifier with unity
gain.[11][7].
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Figure 4.4: Simulink Model Developed for SDM with SAPF
4.5.Architecture Strategies
The architectural design process is concerned with establishing a basic structural
framework for a system. It involves identifying the major components of the system and
communications between these components. The initial design process of identifying these subsystems and establishing a framework for sub-system control and communication is called
architecture design and the output of this design process is a description of the software
architecture. The architecture of the proposed approach is
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Fig 4.5: System power components in a-b-c coordinate

Power Quality means to maintain purely sinusoidal current wave form in phase with a
purely sinusoidal voltage wave form. Power quality improvement using traditional compensation
methods include many disadvantages like electromagnetic interference, possible resonance, fixed
compensation, bulkiness etc. So power system and power electronic engineers need to develop
adjustable and dynamic solutions using custom power devices. These power conditioning
equipments use static power electronic converters to improve the power quality of distribution
system customers.
4.6. Data Flow Diagrams

A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through
an information system. Data Flow models are used to show how data flows through a sequence
of processing steps. The data is transformed at each step before moving on to the next stage.
These processing steps or transformations are program functions when Data Flow diagrams are
used to document a software design. DFD diagram is composed of four elements, which are
process, data flow, external entity and data store. The DFD can be decomposed into three levels
such as level 0, level 1
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4.6.1. Data Flow Diagram Level 0

The level-0 is the initial level DFD and its generally called as the context level diagram.
Source Voltages
Va,Vb,Vc
Non linear load connected
each phase
Produces
Nonlinear load currents
Ia,Ib,Ic
NO
SAPF operating
YES
SAPF injects Ica,Icb,Icc equal

in magnitude
Causes
Phase opposition to harmonic

current in each lines
Compensate harmonic
distortion
Ia,Ib,Ic
themselves
current
i sa
Stop
Figure4.6.1: Data Flow Diagram Level 0
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i sb
i sc
Degration in PF
&harmonic distortion
Source current balanced

sinusoidal
line
Improvement
4.6.2 Data Flow Diagram Level 1

The Level-1 DFD gives more information than the level-0 DFD. The Figure shows the Level-1 DFD.
p transferred energy from supply to load
p 0 delivers from power source to

Active filter supply power to load
Balanced Sinusoidal Voltage
p
Capacitor Compensate p & 0
Imaginary power q compensate without capacitor
Sinusoidal balanced supply current & in phase with
voltage
Figure 4.6.2: Data Flow Diagram Level 1
The power components obtained through the p-q theory is p because it corresponds to the
energy transferred from the supply to the load. To compensate all the other quantities SAPF is
used. To compensate
p0
by delivering it from the power source to the active filter through
alpha and betacoordinates, so that the active filter can supply this power to the load through the 0
~
~
p
coordinate in a balanced way. Also the active filter capacitor can compensate p and 0
The instantaneous imaginary power (q), which includesthe conventional reactive power, can be
compensated withoutany capacitor. So for a three-phase system with balancedsinusoidal
voltages, the supply currents are also sinusoidalbalanced, and in phase with the voltages.
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4.7.DETAILED DESIGN
Once the high level design is completed the next stage is to perform detailed design of the
software. While the high level design focuses on the tasks to be performed, the detailed design
concentrates on how these can be performed. Detailed design is a phase where in the internal
logic of each of the modules specified in high-level design is determined. In this phase details
and algorithmic design of each of the modules is specified. Other low-level components and
subcomponents are also described in this section. Each subsection of this section will refer to or
contain a detailed description of system software component. Each subsection of this section
refers to or contains a details description of a system software component. The Algorithm has the
following operations on:
Synchronous Detection Method (SDM)
Digital control based on instantaneouspower theory (p-q theory).
4.7.1. Functional Description of the Modules

This section provides the complete description of all the modules use as part of this project.
Introduction: To improve the power quality of distribution system customers. The devices
include Active Power Filter (APF), dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) and Unified Power Quality
Conditioner (UPQC). APF is a compensator used to eliminate the disturbances in current. There
are basically two types of APFs: the shunt type and the series type. This paper examines the
control of Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) from two different aspects: Synchronous Detection
Method (SDM) and digital control based on instantaneous power theory (p-q theory).
Purpose:Power quality improvement using traditional compensation methods include many
disadvantages like electromagnetic interference, possible resonance, fixed compensation,
bulkiness etc. So power system and power electronic engineers need to develop adjustable and
dynamic solutions using custom power devices. These power conditioning equipments use static
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power electronic converters to improve the power quality of distribution system customers this
work shows that digital control provides better power quality improvement than SDM.
Input: sinusoidal source voltage.

Output: sinusoidal balanced source current.
Algorithm:
Phase voltage are Va,Vb,Vc
Nonlinear load currents are Ia,Ib,Ic
Step 1: The source is a balanced Y-connected three-phase voltage source areVa,Vb,Vc
Step 2: The nonlinear loads connected to each phase produces Ia,Ib,Ic.
Step 3: The SAPF block is not operating the nonlinear load current are themselves the
line currents Isa,Isb,Isc
Step 4: It causes degradation in power factor and introduces harmonic distortion.
Step 5: When the SAPF block is operating it injects currents Ica,Icb,Iccequal in magnitude.
Step 6: In phase opposition to harmonic current in each of the lines.
Step 7: This compensates the harmonic distortion.
Step 8: Makes the source current balanced sinusoidal while the load current remains nonlinear.
p 0 is the mean value.

~
p0 is the alternated value of the instantaneous zero-sequence power.
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P is the instantaneous mean value.

~
p is the instantaneous alternated value of the real power.
Algorithm 2
Step 1:The power components obtained through is p because it corresponds to the energy
transferred from the supply to the load.
Step 2: To compensate all the other quantities SAPF is used.
Step 3: To compensate
p0
by delivering it from the power source to the active filter through
alphaand betacoordinates.
Step 4: The active filter can supply this power to the load through the 0 coordinate in a balanced
way.
Step 5:The active filter capacitor can compensate
~
p0
p and ~
Step 6:The instantaneous imaginary power (q), which includes the conventional reactive power,
can be compensated without any capacitor.
Step 7: Three-phase system with balanced sinusoidal voltages, the supply currents are also
sinusoidal balanced, and in phase with the voltages.
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CHAPTER 5: ABOUT MATLAB

INTRODUCTIONTOMATLAB
5.1.MATLAB
1
MATLAB is a software package for computation in engineering, science, and
applied mathematics. It offers a powerful programming language, excellent graphics, and

a wide range of expert knowledge. MATLAB is published by and a trademark of The
Math Works, Inc.
2
It provides interactive environment that enables to perform computations faster
than other numerically oriented languages like C++ and FORTRAN.

3
Here, in our project we are using the MATLAB7.1 version.
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5.1.1.SIMULINK
Computersimulationisawidelyacceptedtoolforanalysisanddesignofelectricalsystems,thelargeinterc
onnectedpowersystems.DigitalsimulationtoolslikeMATLABofferaconvenientmechanismtosolvet
heseproblems.Itcanbeusedinalmostallfieldofscience,engineeringandinanyotherfieldinwhichextens
ivemathematicalsimulationandvisualreferencerequired.MATLABoffersexcellentplottingfeaturesa
ndgraphicshandlingtechniquessothattheusercanhaveavisualreference.
SIMULINK (Simulation and Link) works with MATLAB to offer modeling, simulating,
and analyzing of dynamical systems under a graphical user interface (GUI) environment. The
construction of a model is simplified with click-and-drag mouse operations. SIMULINK
includes a comprehensive block library of toolboxes for both linear and nonlinear analyses.
Models are hierarchical, which allow using both top-down and bottom-up approaches. As
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SIMULINK is an integral part of MATLAB, it is easy to switch back and forth during the
analysis process and thus, the user may take full advantage of features offered in both
environments.
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5.1.2SIMPOWERSYSTEMS
SimPowerSystemsandSimMechanicsofthePhysicalModellingproductfamilyworktogether
withSimulinktomodelelectrical,mechanical,andcontrolSystems.
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5.1.2.1.TheRoleofSimulationinDesign
Electricalpowersystemsarecombinationsofelectricalandelectromechanicaldeviceslikemotorsandge
nerators.Engineersworkinginthisdisciplineareconstantlyimprovingtheperformanceofthesystems.R
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equirementsfordrasticallyimprovedefficiencyhaveforcedpowersystemdesignerstousepowerelectro
nicDevicesandsophisticatecontrolsystemconceptsthattaxtraditionalanalysistoolsandTechniques.Fu
rthercomplicatingtheanalystsroleisthefactthatthesystemisoftensononlinearthattheonlywaytounder
standitisthroughsimulation.
Landbasedpowergenerationfromhydroelectric,steam,orotherdevicesarenottheonlyuseofpowersyst
ems.Acommonattributeofthesesystemsistheiruseofpowerelectronicsandcontrolsystemstoachievet
heirperformanceobjectives.
SimPowerSysemsisamoderntoolthatallowsscientistsandengineerstorapidlyandeasilybuildmodelst
hatsimulatepowersystems.SimPowerSystemsusestheSimulinkenvironment,allowingyoutobuildam
odelusingsimpleclickanddragprocedures.Notonlycanyoudrawthecircuittopologyrapidly,butyouran
alysisofthecircuitcanincludeitsinteractionswithmechanical,thermal,control,andotherdisciplines.Th
isispossiblebecausealltheelectricalpartsofthesimulationinteractwiththeextensiveSimulinkmodelin
glibrary.SinceSimulinkusesMATLABasitscomputationalengine,designerscanalsoMATLABtoolbo
xesandSimulinkblocksets.SimPowerSystemsandSimMechanicsshareaspecialPhysicalModelingbl
ockandconnectionlineinterface.
5.2SimPowerSystemsLibraries
WecanrapidlyputSimPowerSystemstowork.Thelibrariescontainmodelsoftypicalpowerequipments
uchastransformers,lines,machines,andpowerelectronics.Thesemodelsareprovenonescomingfromt
extbooks,andtheirvalidityisbasedontheexperienceofthePowerSystemstestingandSimulationLabora
toryofHydroQuebec,alargeNorthAmericanutilitylocatedinCanada,andalsoontheexprienceofEcol
edeTechnologiesuprieureandUniversiteLaval.ThecapabilitiesofSimPowerSystemsformodelingty
picalelectricalSystemsareillustratedindemonstrationfiles.AndforuserswhowanttorefreshtheirKno
wledgeofpowersystemtheory,therearealsoselflearningcasestudies.Followingaretheblocksusedforthesimulation.
5.2.1Three Phasesource
5.2.1a.Description:
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TheThree-PhaseSourceblockimplementsabalancedthreephasevoltagesourcewithinternalRLimpedance.ThethreevoltagesourcesareconnectedinYwithaneutralconnectionthatcanbeinternally
groundedormadeaccessible.Youcanspecifythesourceinternalresistanceandinductanceeitherdirectly
byenteringRandLvaluesorindirectlybyspecifyingthesourceinductiveshort-circuitlevelandX/Rratio.
5.2.1b.DialogBoxandParameters
5.2.1c.Phase-to-phasermsvoltage
Theinternalphase-to-phasevoltageinvoltsRMS(Vrms).
5.2.1d.PhaseangleofphaseA
ThephaseangleoftheinternalvoltagegeneratedbyphaseA,indegrees.Thethreevoltagesaregen
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eratedinpositivesequence.Thus,phaseBandphaseCinternalvoltagesarelaggingphaseArespectivelyb
y120degreesand240degrees.
5.2.1e.Frequency
Thesourcefrequencyinhertz(Hz).
5.2.1f.Internalconnection
Theinternalconnectionofthethreeinternalvoltagesources.Theblockiconisupdatedaccordingt
othesourceconnection.
Selectoneofthefollowingthreeconnections:
Y-ThethreevoltagesourcesareconnectedinYtoaninternalfloatingneutral.
YnThethreevoltagesourcesareconnectedinYtoaneutralconnectionwhichismadeaccessiblethro
ughafourthterminal.
Yg-ThethreevoltagesourcesareconnectedinYtoaninternallygroundedneutral.
Specifyimpedanceusingshort-circuitlevel:
Selecttospecifyinternalimpedanceusingtheinductiveshort-circuitlevelandX/Rratio.
3-phaseshort-circuitslevelatbasevoltage:
L=
v 2base 1
.
p sc 2 f
Thethree-phaseinductiveshort-circuitpower,involtsamperes(VA),atspecifiedbasevoltage,usedtocomputetheinternalinductanceL.Thisparameterisavail
ableonlyifSpecifyimpedanceusingshort-circuitlevelisselected.
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TheinternalinductanceL(inH)iscomputedfromtheinductivethree-phases
short-
circuitspowerPsc(inVA),basevoltageVbase(inVrmsphase-tophase),andsourcefrequencyf(inHz)asfollows:
5.2.1g.Basevoltage
Thephase-to-phasebasevoltage,involtsRMS,usedtospecifythethree-phaseshortcircuitlevel.Thebasevoltageisusuallythenominalsourcevoltage.ThisparameterisavailableonlyifSpe
cifyimpedanceusingshort-circuitlevelisselected.
5.2.1h.X/Rratio
R=
X
2 fL
=
X
X
R
R
( )
TheX/Rratioatnominalsourcefrequencyorqualityfactoroftheinternalsourceimpedance.This
parameterisavailableonlyifSpecifyimpedanceusingshort-circuitlevelisselected.
TheinternalresistanceRiscomputedfromthesourcereactanceX(in)atspecifiedfrequency,and
X/Rratioasfollows:
5.2.1i.Sourceresistance
ThisparameterisavailableonlyifSpecifyimpedanceusingshortcircuitlevelisnotselected.Thesourceinternalresistanceinohms.
5.2.1j.Sourceinductance
ThisparameterisavailableonlyifSpecifyimpedanceusingshortcircuitlevelisnotselected.Thesourceinternalinductanceinhenries(H).
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5.2.2Three-PhaseV-IMeasurement:
5.2.2a.Description:
TheThree-PhaseV-IMeasurementblockisusedtomeasurethreephasevoltagesandcurrentsinacircuit.Whenconnectedinserieswiththreephaseelements,itreturnsthethreephase-to-groundorphase-to-phasevoltagesandthethreelinecurrents.
Theblockcanoutputthevoltagesandcurrentsinperunit(p.u.)valuesorinvoltsandamperes.Ifyouchooset
omeasurethevoltagesandcurrentsinp.u.,theThree-PhaseVIMeasurementblockdoesthefollowingconversions:
V abc ( p. u)=
V abc ( volt )
( V baseLL )
3
Where
V baseLL
I abc ( p . u)=
.2
I abc ( amperes )
P base
.2
V baseLL 3
isthebaseline-to-linevoltageinvoltsRMSand
phasebasepowerinvolts-amperes.Thetwobasevalues
V baseLL
and
Pbase
Pbase
isthethree-
arespecifiedintheThree-
PhaseMeasurementblockmenu.
Thesteady-statevoltageandcurrentphasesmeasuredbytheThree-PhaseVIMeasurementblockcanbeobtainedfromthePowerguiblockbyselectingSteadyStateVoltagesandCurrents.ThephasormagnitudesdisplayedinthePowerguistayinpeakorRMSvalues
eveniftheoutputsignalsareconvertedtop.u.
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5.2.2b.DialogBoxandParameters
5.2.2c. Voltage measurement

Select no if you do not want to measure three-phase voltage. Select phase-to-ground if
you want to measure the phase-to-ground voltages. Select phase-to-phase if you want to measure
the phase-to-phase voltages.
Use a label
If selected, the voltage measurements are sent to a labeled signal. Use a From block to
read the voltages. The Goto tag of the From block must correspond to the label specified by
the Signal label parameter. If not selected, the voltage measurements are available via the
V abc
output of the block.
Signal label
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Specifies a label tag for the voltage measurements.Voltages in pu, based on peak value of
nominal phase-to-ground voltage .If selected, the measured phase-to-ground voltages are
converted in pu.Voltages in Pu, based on peak value of nominal phase-to-phase voltage
If selected, the measured phase-to-phase voltages are converted in pu. This parameter is
not visible in the dialog box if Voltage measurement parameter is set to phase-to-ground or no.
Nominal voltage used for pu measurement (Vrms phase-phase)
The nominal voltage, in volts RMS, used to convert the measured voltages in pu. This
parameter is not visible in the dialog box if Voltage measurement parameter is set to no.
5.2.2d. Current measurement
Select yes if you want to measure the three-phase currents that flow through the block.
Use a label
If selected, the current measurements are sent to a labeled signal. Use a From block to
read the currents. The Goto tag of the From block must correspond to the label specified by
the Signal label parameter. If not selected, the current measurements are available via the
I abc
output of the block.

Signal label
Specifies a label tag for the current measurements.
Currents in pu
If selected, the three-phase currents are measured in pu. Otherwise they are measured in
amperes.
5.2.2e. Base power (VA 3 phase)
The three-phase base power, in volt-ampere (VA), used to convert the measured currents
in pu. The Base power (VA 3 phase) parameter is not visible in the dialog box if Currents in pu is
not selected.
5.2.2f. Output signal
Specifies the format of the measured signals when the block is used in a phasor
simulation. The Output signal parameter is disabled when the block is not used in a phasor
simulation. The phasor simulation is activated by a Powergui block placed in the model.
Set to Complex to output the measured voltages and currents as complex values. The
outputs are complex signals.
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Set to Real-Imag to output the real and imaginary parts of the measured voltages and
currents.
Set to Magnitude-Angle to output the magnitudes and angles of the measured voltages
and currents.
Set to Magnitude to output the magnitudes of the measured voltages and currents. The
output is a scalar value.
5.2.2g. Inputs and Outputs
V abc
.
V abc
The
three
measured
phase-to-ground
or
phase-to-phase
voltages.
The
output disappears when the Use a label parameter is selected or when the Voltage
measurement menu is set to no.

I abc
The three measured line currents. The
I abc
output disappears when the Use a
label parameter is selected or when the Current measurement menu is set to no.
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CHAPTER 6
6.1: SIMULATION RESULTS

Matlab simulink toolboxes are used to develop the modelsto execute both the SDM and
p-q theory calculations. Thesimulink models are shown in figures 4.2.3& 4.4.
According to the load currents the SAPF generates compensationcurrents in each phase.
These currents for SDM and p-qtheory are shown in figure 6.6 and 6.4 respectively. The
resultantsinusoidal supply currents for both the methods are shown infigures 8 and 5. The
implication of SAPF results the supplyphase currents to become sinusoidal, balanced and in
phase with the supply phase voltages. Moreover SAPF has also madecurrent through the neutral
wire to zero.
Table 6.1 Shows values of total harmonic distortion (THD)for the phase and neutral
currents and displacement powerfactor (DPF), power factor (PF) for each of the phases of the
power source before and after applying SAPF. Results showthat SAPF can compensate the
power factor to one and theharmonic currents to zero at the source end.
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Figure 6.1:The three phase load currents for load set A (a)
ia
(a)
ib
and (a)
ic
Figure 6.2:The three phase load currents for load set B (a)
ia
(a)
ib
and (a)
ic
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Figure 6.3:The three phase source currents before compensation for load
(P-q-SAPF) (a)
i sa
(b)
i sb
and (c)
i sc
Figure 6.4: The three phase compensation currents for load (p-q SAPF) (a)
Page 56
i ca
(b)
i cb
Improvement
(C)
i cc
Figure 6.5:The three phase source currents after compensation for load
(p-q -SAPF) (a)
i sa
(b)
i sb
and (c)
i sc
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Figure 6.6:The three phase compensation currents for load (SDM- SAPF) (a)
i cb
(C)
i cc
Figure 6.7:The three phase source currents before compensation for load
(SDM-SAPF) (a)
i sa
(b)
i sb
and (c)
i sc
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i ca
(b)
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Figure 6.8:The three phase source currents after compensation for load
(SDM-SAPF) (a)
i sa
(b)
i sb
and (c)
i sc
6.2: CONCLUSION& FUTURE SCOPE

Faster power quality improvement is a prerequisite forindustrial and consumer equipment
and SAPF offers betterperformance than other state-of-the-art compensation methods.It improves
power quality by significantly reducing the harmoniccomponents in currents and correcting the
power factor.
The results of simulations performed in this work shows thatdigital control of SAPF
based on p-q theory provide fasterpower quality improvement than SDM technique. In
summing,digital control of SAPF should be the preferred choice forpower quality improvement.
Comparing the performance of the two methods it is realizedthat digital control based on
p-q theory is much fasterthan compensation using SDM. The resultant source currentwaveforms
show that p-q theory compensates the undesirablecurrent components within 1st cycle whereas
SDM takes about14 cycles (approximately 0:23 seconds for 50 Hz source).So for faster power
quality improvement digital control ispreferable to SDM.
Reactive power compensation and harmonic compensation are essentially twodifferent
requirements from the frequency of operation of inverter perspective. Harmonic compensation
requires a high frequency low power inverter whereas reactive power requires low frequency
high power operation. Therefore, itis important to develop a suitable methodology such that these
tasks aredecoupled and compensation can be done by two different inverters
To meet higher power requirements multi-level inverter would be used, anSAPF using
such inverter and control strategies suitable for such invertershould be taken up.
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BIBILOGRAPHY
[1]
E. W. J. M. Joo Afonso, Maurcio Aredes, Shunt active filter for power quality
improvement, International Conference UIE 2000 Electricityfor a Sustainable Urban
Development Lisboa, Portugal, Nov. 2000.
[2]
M. Najafi, M. Hoseynpoor, M. Davoodi, T. KarimiBushehr Branch, Islamic Azad

University, bushehr, Iran A Simple Control of Shunt Active Power Filter to Enhancing
Current Quality. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(7): 678-683, 2011
ISSN 1991-8178.
[3] Ahmad Jamshidi, S. Masoud Barakati, and M. Moradi Ghahderijani. Impact of Distributed
Power Flow Controller to Improve Power Quality Based on Synchronous Reference
Frame Method. IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 4,
No. 5, October 2012.
[4]
Mr.B.Dastagiri Reddy, 2V.Naga Bhaskar Reddy, 3 Mr.K.Rajasekhara Reddy, Control of

Shunt Active Filters for Power Quality Improvement. DRDO Sponsored Eighth Control
Instrumentation System Conference, CISCON-2011(An International Conference).
[5]
Ginnes K John1, Sindhu M R2, and Manjula G Nair3. DSP Based Digital Controller for
Shunt Active Power Filter to Improve Power Quality. International Journal of Recent
Trends in Engineering, Vol 2, No. 7, November 2009.
[6]
Sangu Ravindra#1, Dr.V.C.Veera Reddy#2, Dr.S.Sivanagaraju. Design of Shunt Active

Power Filter to eliminate the harmonic currents and to compensate the reactive power
under distorted and or imbalanced source voltages in steady state. International Journal
of Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume2Issue3- 2011 .
Page 60
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[7]
Vedat M. KarslMehmet Tmay Berrin Sslolu
An evaluation of time domain
techniques for compensating currents of shunt active power filters.

[8]
Luis A. Morn(1) Juan W. Dixon(2) Jos R. Espinoza(1) Rogel R. Wallace(1) Using

active power filters to improve power quality.
[9]
Janko Nastran, Member, IEEE, Rafael Cajhen Matija Seliger, and Peter Jereb, Active
power filter for nonlinear ac loads .Member, IEEE transactionson power electronics,
vol. 9, no. 1, january 1994
[10]
Mauricio Aredes1,2,a, Student Member, IEEE and Edson H. Watanabel, Member,

IEEENEW CONTROL ALGORITHMS FOR SERIES AND SHUNT THREEPHASE
FOUR-WIRE ACTIVE POWER FILTERS EEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.
10, No. 3, July 1995
[11]
Moleykutty George and 2Kartik Prasad Basu Three-Phase Shunt Active Power Filter.
63100 Cyberjaya, Malaysia American Journal of Applied Sciences 5 (8): 909-916, 2008
ISSN 1546-9239
[12]
Emlio F. Couto, Jlio S. Martins, Joo L. Afonso Simulation Results of a Shunt Active
Power Filter withControl Based on p-q Theory. Department of Industrial Electronic
University of Minho Campus de Azurm 4800-058 Guimares (Portugal)
[13]
Moinuddin k Syed, 2dr. BV Sanker ram Instantaneous power theory based active
power filter: a matlab/ simulink approach.
[14]
Control of Shunt Active Filters for Power Quality Improvement.

Mr.B.Dastagiri Reddy, V.Naga Bhaskar Reddy,
Mr.K.Rajasekhara Reddy, DRDO
Sponsored Eighth Control Instrumentation System Conference, CISCON-2011(An

International Conference).
[15]
Joo L. Afonso, M. J. Seplveda Freitas, and Jlio S. Martins, p-q Theory Power
Components Calculations.ISIE2003 - IEEE International Symposium on Industrial
Electronics Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 9-11 Junho de 2003, ISBN: 0-7803-7912-8
[16] Joo L. Afonso, Member IEEE, H. J. Ribeiro da Silva and Jlio. S. Martins, Member IEEE
Active Filters for Power Quality Improvement. 2001 IEEE Porto PowerTech, 10-13 Set. 2001,
Porto, Portugal, ISBN: 0 7803 7139 9.
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BIODATA
NAME: Mahesh C Giriyappanavar
USN: 4AI12EPS05
DATE OF BIRTH: 4TH December 1990
MAIL ID: Maheshgiriyappanavar@gmail.com
ADDRESS:M.C. Giriyappanavar
Near S.R.S High School, Guttal
Tq/dst: Haveri (581108)
ACADEMIC QULIFICATION: Electrical and Electronics Engineering
S.T.J.I.T College Ranebennure
Visvesvaraya University
First Class (64.63%)
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Synchronous Detection and Digital control of Shunt Active Power Filter in Power Quality

Dept of E&E ,AIT Chikmaglure

1.2 POWER QUALITY

1.2.2Power quality problems

Dept of E&E ,AIT Chikmaglure

1.2.3 SOLUTIONS TO POWER QUALITYPROBLEMS

1.2.4 POWER QUALITY STANDARDS

Dept of E&E ,AIT Chikmaglure

Dept of E&E ,AIT Chikmaglure

Table 1.2.4 (C): Compatibility levels for harmonics

Dept of E&E ,AIT Chikmaglure

1.4.Organization of the project

control of shunt active power

Outlines of the project

1.5Objectives of the project

It compensates dynamically, and instantaneously, the zero-sequence current.

Dept of E&E ,AIT Chikmaglure

Control of Shunt Active Filters for Power Quality Improvement.

Using Active Power Filters to Improve Power Quality. Luis A. Morn(1)

Shunt active filter for powerquality improvement, E. W. J. M. Joo

International Conference UIE 2000 Electricity

Sustainable Urban Development Lisboa, Portugal, Nov. 2000[1].

Active Power Filter for Nonlinear AC Loads.Janko Nastran, Member,

Dept of E&E ,AIT Chikmaglure

1) Passive power filter

2) Active power filter

Figure 3.1.(A):Block diagram of a simple power system Figure.3.1.(B) Block diagram of a

Dept of E&E ,AIT Chikmaglure

Figure 3.2:Classification of active filters according to rating

3.2 Classification of active filters according to rating

3.3 Methods of active power filter

A) Shunt active power filter

3.3.1 .SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER

Figure 3.3.1: Configuration of a shunt active filter system

3.3.2 .SERIES ACTIVE POWER FILTER

Dept of E&E ,AIT Chikmaglure

Figure 3.3.2:Configuration of a series active filter system

3.3.3. Active power Filter Market

connected PowerConditioner, also called Dynamic Voltage Regulator,(DVR) is most preferable

Harmonic restraint factor: 85 % or more atthe rated output.

HIGH LEVEL DESIGN

4.1 Design Considerations

4.1.1 Development Methods

Digital control of SAPF based on p-q theory

Control of SAPF system using synchronous Detection method (SDM)

Is the Clarke transmission matrix, and,

p 0 Mean value of the instantaneous zero-sequencepower. It corresponds to the energy per

Dept of E&E ,AIT Chikmaglure

clearly an undesired power

B. Instantaneous Real Power (p)

C. Instantaneous Imaginary Power q )

q Mean value of instantaneous imaginary power

The instantaneous imaginary power, q, has to do withpower (and corresponding

, all zero-sequence instantaneouspower must be compensated.

Moreover, to minimize the power system currents, theinstantaneous imaginary power, q,

4.2.2. Proposed Method

Fig. 4.2.2: Operation of Three Phase Shunt Active Power Filter.

, which causes degradation in power factor and introduces harmonic distortion.

When the SAPF block is operating it injects currents

equal in magnitude but in

4.2.3. The p-q theory applied to SAPF

Figure 4.2.3: SimulinkModel for Instantaneous power Theory (p-q theory)

Dept of E&E ,AIT Chikmaglure

p0 by delivering it from the power source to the active filterthrough