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Synthesis , Characterization and Antibacterial Activities of

Co (II),Ni(II),Cu(II),Zn(II),Cd(II)and Hg(II) Mixed-Ligand
Complexes of L-Proline and Trimethoprim antibiotic
Taghreed.H.AL-Noor
Lekaa K. Abdul Karim*
Department of Chemistry.Ibn -Al-Haithem College of Education for pure science,Baghdad University
Corres. author : drtaghreed2@gmail.com;*lekaa khalid,mrs.alobidi@ gmail.com
Abstract
The Co(II), Ni(II) ,Cu(II), Zn(II) ,Cd(II) and Hg(II) complexes of mixed of amino acid (L-Proline ) and
Trimethoprim antibiotic were synthesized. The complexes were characterized using solubility, melting point,
conductivity measurement
,. and determination the percentage of the metal in the complexes by
flame(AAS).Magnetic susceptibility, Spectroscopic Method [FT-IR and UV-Vis]. Draw the proposed structure
of the complexes using program , Chem. office 3D(2006). The ligands and there metal complexes were
screened for their antimicrobial activity against four bacteria (gram + ve) and (gram -ve){Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus}.The proposed structure of the complexes using
program , Chem office 3D(2006).The general formula have been given for the prepared mixed ligand complexes
[M(Pro)2(TMP)(H2O)]where
L-Proline (abbreviated as (ProH ) = C5H9NO2
And
Pro- = C5H8NO2
deprotonated primary ligand, L-proline . Trimethoprim (abbreviated as (TMP ) =C10H11N3O3S .
Keywords: Trimethoprim antibiotic, L-Proline , Spectral and antibacterial activities.
Introduction
Trimethoprim (Systematic name ) 5-(3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine is on the world health
organization's list of essential medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system [1].
Proline is an atypical amino acid, because it has a cyclic form, where the residue binds to the NH3 group and is
an -amino acid, one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids. Systematic name Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
[2].To design effective chemotherapeutic agents and better anticancer drugs, it is essential to explore the
interactions of metal complexes with DNA [3]. Mixed metal complexes containing heterocyclic . Drugs and
amino acids compounds have been of considerable interest in terms of structural chemistry, and biological
functions. [4-6]. If the ligand (Drug) which combine with the metal forms one or more rings with the metal, the
resulting structure is said to be a metal chelate and the process is known as chelation[7].The pharmaceutical use
of metal complexes, therefore, has excellent potential. A broad array of medicinal applications of metal
complexes has been investigated. [8-10].
In this paper we present the synthesis and study of Co (II), Ni (II) ,Cu(II), Zn(II) ,Cd(II) and Hg(II)
complexes with L-Proline amino acid as a primary ligand and Trimethoprim antibiotic as a secondary ligand.
2. Experimental
2.1 Materials
Most of the chemicals used were of Analytical Grade.The drug (Trimethoprim) was obtained from (the state
Enterprise for the drugs Industries ,and Medical Appliances) in Samarra- Iraq (SDI)., L-proline was purchased
from (Merck), metals chloride and solvents from (B.D.H). The reagents were used without further purification .
2.2 Instruments: FT-I.R spectra were recorded as KBr discs using Fourier transform Infrared
Spectrophotometer Shimadzu 24 FT-I.R 8400s. Electronic spectra of the prepared complexes were measured in
the region (200- 1100) nm for 10-3M solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 25C using shimadzu-U.V160. A Ultra Violet Visible- Spectrophotometer with 1.000 0.001 cm matched quartz cell. While metal
contents of the complexes were determined by Atomic Absorption (A.A) Technique using Japan A.A-67G
Shimadzu. Electrical conductivity measurements of the complexes were recorded at 25C for 10-3 M solutions of
the samples in (DMSO) using pw 9527 Digital conductivity meter (Philips). Melting points were recorded by
using Stuart melting point apparatus. Magnetic susceptibility measurements were measured using Bruker
magnet BM6 instrument at 298K following the Faraday's method. The proposed molecular structure of the
complexes were drawing by using chem. office program, 3DX (2006).
2.3 General Synthesis of (mixing ligands complexes with some metal ions
I -Synthesis of Potassium Prolinate ( C5H8NO2K) :[11]
A solution [0.23,gm(2mmol)]of L-Prolin with [0.122 gm (2mmol)] solution of Potassium hydroxide in methanol
was deprotonated according to the following reaction, see Scheme

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H
N

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H
N

Methanol

2 KOH

2
O-

OH

L-proline

K+

L-Potassium Prolinate

Scheme (1): The synthesis route of L-Potassium Prolinate

II. Synthesis of [Cu(Pro)2(TMP) ] complex:
A solution of Trimethoprim (0.290 gm, 1mmole) in methanol (5 mL) and a solution of L-Potassium Prolinate
(0.230 gm, 2 mmole) were added to stirred of Cu(II) Chloride dihydrate (0.17 gm, 1 mmole ) in methanol (5 ml).
The resulting mixture was stirred for (1 hours). Then the mixture was filtered and washed with an excess of
ethanol and dried at room temperature during (24 hours). A blue solid was obtained m.p (240-243 C), yield 78%
III. Synthesis of [Co(Pro)2(TMP)(H2O)],[Ni(Pro)2(TMP)(H2O)], [Zn(Pro)2(TMP)(H2O)], [Cd(Pro)2(TMP)
(H2O)] and [Hg(Pro)2(TMP) (H2O)] ,complexes:[11]
The method used to prepare these complexes was similar method to that mentioned in preparation of
[Cu(Pro)2(TMP)] complex in paragraph(II) ,the obtained a solution complexes with Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II),Cd(II)
and Hg(II) were washed with an excess of ethanol and dried at room temperature during (24 hours).See Scheme
(2).
H
N

H
N

M e th a n o l

2 KOH

+ 2

2
O

OH

H 2N

H 2O

P o ta ss iu m p ro lin a te

L -p ro lin e
NH

CH

CH

H
N

O
+

M C l 2 .X H 2 O

O
CH

P o ta s s i u m p r o l i n a t e
Methanol

tr i m e t h o p r i m

NH

O
N

H 2N

CH

OH

M
NH
O

CH

H
N

CH

O
O

M (II) = C o (II), N i(II), C u (II), Z n (II),C d (II), a n d H g (II)

Scheme (2): The preparation route of the mixed ligand

[M(Pro)2(TMP)(H2O)]complexes
Results and Discussion
Six metallic complexes of L-Proline and Trimethoprim antibiotic with Co (II), Ni (II) ,Cu(II), Zn(II) ,Cd(II)
and Hg(II) ions ,were synthesized from ethanol aqueous medium; General of reaction as scheme (2) .
Generally, the complexes were prepared by reacting the respective metal salts with the ligands using
1:2:1 mole ratio, i.e. one mole of metal chloride
: two moles of potassium prolinate : one mole of
Trimethoprim).
The synthesis of mixed - ligand Metal complexes may be represented as shown in the general equation
below:
Pro H +KOH Pro - K+ + H2O
2 Pro- K+ +TMP+ MCl2. nH2O[M(Pro)2(TMP)(H2O)]+ 2KCl
proH= amino acid L-proline ( as aprimary ligand).
TMP = Trimethoprim ( as a secondary ligand).
The physical properties of the complexes are shown in (Table 1), All the complexes are colored, nonhygroscopic The complexes decomposed at high temperature on heating. The complexes are are insoluble in
water and most of the organic solvents like (benzene , carbon tetrachloride, Petroleum ether and Chloroform ),
and partially soluble in ( methanol, ethanol and acetone ) but soluble in strong donor polar DMF and dimethyl
sulfoxide (DMSO).[12] .The observed molar conductance (M) of 10-3solutions of the complexes in DMSO lie
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in low range (3.32 to 19.6) -1 cm2 mol-1 supporting their non-electrolytic behavior[13]. The electrical
conductivity of these complexes found in the order:
Co > Cu > Ni > > Hg > Zn> Cd. Insolubility of these complexes in water and there non-electrolytic
nature provide sufficient evidence for covalence of the ligands.[13]
The atomic absorption measurements (Table-1) for all complexes gave approximated values for
theoretical values .The analysis data (Table-1) of metal complexes are consistent with their general formulation
as 1:2:1, mixed ligand complexes of the type [M (Pro)2(TMP)].The test for chloride ion with AgNO3 solution
was negative (Nil%) indicating that there is no chloride ion outside the coordination sphere of the central metal
[14],
Fourier-transform infrared spectra and m[of coordination :
The relevant vibration bands of the free ligands and the complexes are in the region 4004000cm1[15-16].
Comparative study of IR spectra of the mixed ligand complexes with ligand reveals that several peaks are shifted,
vanished or have newly appeared. The FT-IR spectra assignment off free ligand (L-proline), was summarized
in (Table 2) , and (Trimethoprim),was summarized in Table (3).The important IR peaks of the complexes are
given in (Table 4) . As regards the chelation of amino acid such , L-proline is evidently present in its zwitterionic
form and, therefore, the N-H moiety must be protonated, generating a NH2 + group whereas the acid group
remains in the anionic COO- form , Scheme (3) and the IR spectra of these cannot be compared entirely with
those of metal complexes as amino acids in metal complexes do not exist as zwitterions.[17,18] .
HO

_O

N
H

+
NH2

Scheme (3): zwitterions of L-proline

The absorption band for stretching vibration C-N single bond appeared at1242 cm-1.The absorption
band for stretching vibration .All free amino acids shows a strong carboxyl asymmetric stretching band
asym(COO-)at (1506-1650)cm-1 and weaker symmetric stretching sym(COO-) band at ~ (1400-1360)cm-1
[17] in the spectrum of L-proline it appears at (1508 and 1379) cm-1 respectively. = [asym (COO-) sym(COO-)] is (159 cm-1). The asymmertic stretching band of (COO-) was shifted to a higher frequency in
all metal complexes within the range (1593-1604) cm-1, whereas the symmertic stretching band was shifted to a
lower frequency in all metal complexes within the range (1330-1377)cm-1,these values are quite agreeable with
the values reported earlier [ 17].
The energy difference between both vibrations [asym (COO-) - sym(COO-)] , > 200 cm1, from FTIR data) thats supports the collaboration of this group in monodentate binding [ 17,18,19].
The coordinated between the (H2O) molecules and the (M+2) resulted in the appearance of vibrational
bands at range (770-771) cm-1 (M-OH2) in the all complexes complexes [20]. TMP has characteristic very
strong band at 3471 cm1 and at 3319 cm1which account for v(N-H2)asym and v (N-H2) sym respectively. The
NH stretching frequencies of the pyrimidine NH2 in the free trimethoprim shifted slightly in the metal
complexes. It was observed in the same region, 3479-3379 cm-1, as in the free ligands. The slight shift is
ascribed to hydrogen bonding and other noncovalent interactions in the metal complexes. the complexes are
comparable with the bands in the ligand, so we can conclude that the NH2 groups are not involved in the metal
ligand vibration.[19] . three (OCH3 aromatic groups) has vibrations bands at 1128 cm1. [ 16, 20].
The band for stretching vibration of (C = N) showed at 1633 and1565 cm-1 .[18] The absorption
bands at 1263 and 1236 cm1 which account for C-O-C str. (asym.) and C-O-C str. (sym.)
respectively .Assessment of TMP , pro K showed that TMP bands corresponding to NH2 and C-H aromatic
stretching vibration were difficult to analyses due to overlapping with NH and CH of the proline . A sharp very
strong frequency band at 1633 cm1 in trimethoprim assigned to the pyrimidine nitrogen v(C=N) shifted to
[1643,1643,1647,1631,1635
and
1624
]cm-1
in
[Co(Pro)2(TMP)(H2O)],[Ni(Pro)2(TMP)(H2O)],Cu(Pro)2(TMP)(H2O)],[Zn(Pro)2(TMP)(H2O)],[Cd(Pro)2(TMP)(
H2O)] and [Hg(Pro)2(TMP)(H2O)]respectively. The significant shifts to a higher frequency band
for all
complexes except for [Hg(Pro)2(TMP) (H2O)] suggest the coordination of the metal ion to the ligand through
the pyrimidine nitrogen of the ligands. Interestingly, the C-N in the imine aromatic which confirms that the
nitrogen has interacted with the carboxylic group of proline acid. The symmetrical and asymmetrical stretching
bands of the NH group in the higher frequency region [17-18] are displaced slightly change frequency after
coordination, which may be due to inter and intra molecular hydrogen bonding, an effect caused by the
interactions of the metal with the ligand [19,20].The CH2 stretching vibrations bands show in and the CH2
bending vibrations show important mixing with ring modes in the region below 1000 cm1 . IR of the
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complexes also showed new low intensity bands non-ligand band in the region 430-460cm-1 and 510-520cm1, which could be assigned to (M-O) and (M-N) modes respectively [6,21]. The region related to the CH and
CH2 stretching vibrations is very reach in bands , Most of the deformational modes were found in similar ranges
as in the free ligand. [20,21].OCH3 aromatic groups did not show any strong changes. New bands of weak
intensity observed in the regions around (524-590) cm-1and (416-482) cm-1 may be ascribed to M-N and M-O
vibrations, respectively [11, 21 ].It may be noted that, these vibrational bands are absent in the spectra of the
ligands .All the complexes are in agreement with octahedral geometry as proposed .[17,19]. Trimethoprim
complexes of coordination of the metal to the ligands is through the nitrogen of the pyrimidine group
Table (1): Some physical properties of the ligands and their complexes

Table (2 ) : Selected FT-IR bands for L-Proline

Table (3 ) : Selected FT-IR bands for Trimethoprim

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Table (4 ) : Selected FT-IR bands for [M(Pro)2(TMP)(H2O)]complexes

3-5- The ultra violet visible spectra and Magnetic measurements for the mixed- ligand :
Magnetic moments eff ( B) of each of the complexes are given in Table ( 5). These values suggest octahedral
geometry which is in good agreement with data of electronic transition [7,20].
UV/Visible spectra of the ligands
The electronic spectral data of the free ligands TMP and L-proline and their complexes are summarized in
table-5. The u. v- vis spectrum of TMP in DMSO solvent appeared a high intense absorption band at (257nm)
(38910cm-1) ( max=2431 molar1.cm-1). is attributed to [ */n* (overlap of the two peaks)aromatic ring
and (C=N) of the pyrimidine group] transitions .The electronic absorption spectrum of the L- Proline showed
three band at 240,284 and 349 nm.the first one may be assigned to intraligand * transition, where as the
second and third band may be assigned to the n* transition of the heterocyclic and COO- groups [nnn]. It is
found that these bands were shifted to lower energy on complexation , [22.24]
UV/Visible spectra of the metal complexes [M(Pro)2(TMP)(H2O)] complexes (1 to 6) :
[Co(Pro)2(TMP) (H2O)] complex (1)
The spectrum of the complex [Co(Pro)2(TMP)] shows two absorption bands at (275nm)(36363 cm-1)( max
=1995 molar-1 .cm-1), attributed to the charge transfer transition and at (774nm)(12919 cm-1)( max =9 molar1
.cm-1) attributed to the 4T1g(F) 4T2g(F) suggesting octahedral geometry of this complex [23,24].
[Ni (Pro)2(TMP) (H2O)] complex (2)
T he spectrum of the [Ni (Pro)2(TMP)(H2O)]complex shows two absorption bands at (274nm)(36493cm-1)(
max =1917 molar-1 .cm-1 ) attributed to the charge transfer transition and at (882nm)(11337 cm-1)( max =3
molar-1 .cm-1) attributed to 3A2g 3T2g suggesting octahedral geometry of this complex [ 23,24].
[Cu (Pro)2(TMP)(H2O)]complex (3)
The electronic absorption spectrum for [Cu (Pro)2(TMP)(H2O)]complex shows three absorption band at about
12224 cm-1 36363 cm-1 but they are overlapped. Because, octahedral complexes of Cu(II) are observable
distorted by Jahn-Teller effect and the structure of complex is to name distorted octahedral. It was to taken notice
of top of the peak as absorption band and dd transition at about (798nm)(12533cm-1) ( max =14 molar-1 .cm-1)
and (818nm)(12224cm-1) ( max =10 molar-1 .cm-1) may be due to due to 2Eg 2T2g transition, [ 19-.20] and
the uv-visible peak corresponding to the *transitions in the ligands were observed at(275nm)
(36363cm-1)(max=1995molar-1.cm-1) attributed to the charge transfer transition (CT).[22,23].
[Zn(Pro)2(TMP)(H2O)]complex(4),[Cd(Pro)2(TMP)(H2O)](5)and[Hg(Pro)2(TMP)(H2O)](6)complexes:
The Zn(II), Cd (II) and Hg (II) complexes table (5) showed diamagnetic as expected from their electronic
configuration and did not display any peak in the visible region, no ligand field absorptions band was observed,
therefore the bands appeared in the spectra of complexes could be attributed to charge transfer transitions [15,
24]. The electronic spectra of d10 [Zn(II) ,Cd(II) and Hg(II)] complex shows absorption bands at range (2659537313) cm-1, attributed to the MLCT (metal to ligand charge transfer) transition, which are compatible with
those complexes that have the octahedral structure [23,25].

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Table (5 ): Electronic Spectral data, magnetic moment of the studied Complexes and two ligands

Antibacterial Activities
The ligands and synthesized metal complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activity by well plate
method in nutrient agar. The activities were expressed in terms of millimeter (mm) by measuring inhibition zone
diameters.( IZ) and compared with the standard DMSO
(as control) . [24-26]. Table (6) and Scheme (4) reveal that the synthesized compounds were potent as
bacteriostatic agents. The plates were incubated in incubator at 37C for 24 hours.. In order to ensure that solvent
had no effect on bacteria, a control test was performed with DMSO and found inactive in culture medium.
[26,27] .Trimethoprim showed activity against E-coli, S. aureus and Bacillus with 4. 5 and 10 mm zones of
inhibition respectively, while L-proline exhibit activity, against all bacterial used, which suggests that Lproline is more active than trimethoprim .Cd (II) and Hg (II) complexes exhibited a broad spectrum
antimicrobial activity as they are active against all selected bacterial isolates. They have also shown a stronger
antibacterial activity than the free ligands as well as the DMSO( as control).The investigation of antibacterial
screening data revealed that most of the synthesized complexes were found to possess various antimicrobial
activities toward Bacillus microorganism. On chelation, the ligand with the N and O donor system might have
inhibited enzyme production, since enzyme which requires a free OH group for their activity appear to be
especially susceptible to deactivation by the ions of the complexes. The chelation also reduces the polarity of
central metal ion because of partial sharing its + ve charge with the donor group and possible electron
delocalization within the whole chelate ring. [27].The other factors like solubility and bond length between the
metal and ligand may also increase the activity [28].

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Table(6):Biological activity of the mixed ligands complexes

(Zoneof inhibition) (mm)

Scheme (4): Chart of biological effects of the studied compounds

CONCLUSION
Six mixed M(II) complexes of L-Proline and trimethoprim have been synthesized and characterized by test
solubility, electric conductivity, melting point, and infrared Spectroscopy,.Electronic spectra and magnetic
susceptibility measurement reveal octahedral geometry for all complexes.
[Cd( Pro)2 (TMP)(H2O)] and [Cd( Pro)2 (TMP)(H2O)] complexes show stronger antibacterial activity than the
free drugs ,thus potential metal based bactericidal are identified.
References
[1] "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines". World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April
2014
[2] Lehninger, Albert L.; Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (2000), Principles of Biochemistry (3rd ed.), New
York: W. H. Freeman,
[3] Patra, A. K. Nethaji M., and Chakravarty A. R., Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, vol. 101, no. 2, pp. 233
244, 2007.
[4] Taghreed. H. Al-Noor, Amer. J. Jarad, Abaas Obaid Hussein. International Journal of Technical Research
and Applications ,Volume 2, Issue 5 ,Sep-Oct 2014; 22-28.
[5]Taghreed H. Al-Noor, Sajed. M. Lateef and Mazin H. Rhayma, ,J.Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research,

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2012, 4(9):4141-4148.
[6] RaheemTaher Mahdi, Taghreed H. Al-Noor, and Ahmed H. Ismael . Journal of Chemical and
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[7] Taghreed H. Al- Noor , Raheem Taher Mahdi , Ahmed .H. Ismail,Preparation,.,Advances in Physics
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[8] Sangeeta Jain,Sheela Longia,V.K. Ramnani, Peoples Journal of Scientific Research, .(2009).Vol.2(1), Jan
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[9]Sakurai H, Kojima Y, Yoshikawa Y, Kawabe K, Yasui H Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2002; 226 : 187198.
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[13]Geary, W. J.(1971)The Use of Conductivity Measurements in Organic Solvents for the Characterization of
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[14] Vogel AIA "Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis " 2nd Ed (Longman, London). 1978; 694.
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Characteristic Frequencies of Organic Molecules Academic Press; San Diego.
[17] Smith, B. (1999) Infrared Spectral InterpretationCRC-Press; Boca Raton.
[18]Nakamoto K. (1997) Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds,5th Edit.,
Part B, Wiley, New York.
[19] Zelenk, V., Z. Vargov & K. Gyryov (2007) Spectrochim. Acta A66: 262-72.
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[27] Tweedy , BG. J. Phytopathology. 1964 ; 55, 910914.
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