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Implementing
You will be asked to carry out one of the following experiments:
Planning
You will be asked to plan one of the following experiments:
IMPLEMENTING
General points:
ANALYSING
The most likely analysing exercises are:
a)
an acid-alkali titration
b)
an enthalpy change
c)
a gravimetric analysis
Dont forget:
a)
b)
EVALUATING
1.
2.
Calculate the difference between the calculated value and the correct value and
express this as a percentage of the correct value.
- Give the difference before you express it as a percentage
3.
4.
Suggest how the accuracy of the experiment could be improved and explain how
the change would improve accuracy.
-
Look at the percentage errors for the apparatus used. For the apparatus
giving the largest error, suggest a way to make that measurement larger, such
as
Using more concentrated solutions
Using larger volumes
Using larger masses
Possible reactions:
- oxidation of an alcohol (partial or complete)
- hydrolysis of a haloalkane
- elimination of a haloalkane
- dehydration of an alcohol
6.
Qualitative analysis
Although unlikely, you may be asked to plan a simple procedure to identify some simple
ions:
Just be aware of the following:
7.
how silver nitrate, nitric acid and ammonia are used to test for halide ions in
solution
how concentrated sulphuric acid can be used to test for halide ions in solid
samples
that magnesium and calcium ions give a precipitate when a few drops of sodium
hydroxide solution are added
that barium ions and sulphate ions give a precipitate of barium sulphate
that alkenes can be identified by their reaction with bromine water
that aldehydes can be identified by their reaction with Fellings or Tollens reagent
that primary alcohols, secondary alcohols and aldehydes turn acidified potassium
dichromate solution from orange to green
Making up a standard solution and titrating (acid-alkali)
1. Work out how many moles you need for a sensible titration (25 cm3)
2a. If solid:
- work out the mass you need
- weigh a weighing bottle
- add the correct amount of solid
- pour the contents of the solid into a beaker
- weigh the bottle again
- dissolve the solid in a little distilled water
- pour the solution into a volumetric flask
- wash the beaker several times, pouring the washings into the flask
- make up to the mark with distilled water, shaking repeatedly
2b. If liquid:
- pipette the required amount from the stock solution
- release it under gravity into the volumetric flask
- make up to the mark with distilled water, shaking repeatedly
3. wash out the burette with the acid
4. Pour the acid into the burette and take the reading
5. Use a pipette to take a sample of the alkali and release it into a conical flask
6. Add a few drops of indicator (phenolphthalein)
7. Add acid to alkali
8. Add alkali dropwise at the end-point
9. Until colour change from pink colourless
10. Record volume in butette
11. Repeat until three concordant results obtained