Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pirates attack
Rani Bai, Rajas wife, challenged MBQ with 15,000 soldiers and
defeated. She burnt herself
MBQ REFORMS
12 Dirham tax
Suleman bin Abdul Malik called MBQ back and perished him in 715
MBQ 712
Muslim sufis
o
Ali Makhdom Hajveri came Lahore in 1035, Bahud Din Zakaria, Shaikh
Fareed Dud Din, Khawaja Bukhtiar Kaki, Nazam Ud Din Olia, Mujadid Alaf Sani,
Hazrat Shahi Wali Ullah , Muin ud Din Chishty
IMPACT OF ISLAM
Cultural Influence
Caste system
Religious Influence
o
Ramananda, Ghuru Nanik and Chaitanya were Hindu prominent leaders
influenced by Islam
HINDU REACTION
I.
Bagti Movement
No difference between Ram and Raheem, Parn and Quran, Kasshi and
Kahba
Bagt Kabir, Ramananda, Guru Nanak and Dadu were prominent leaders
II.
Din-E-Ilahi (1582)
Worship of sun
Bakhti Movement
Mujadids efforts
1.
2.
Theory of Wahdat-ul-Sahood
a.
Countering Wahdat-ul-Wajood
3.
a.
4.
5.
Preparation of Disciples
6.
Maktaba-e-Imam-e-Rabbani
a.
b.
7.
Books
a.
Isbat ul Nabuwwat
b.
Risla e Nabuwwat
i.
c.
d.
Toheed e Shaheedi
i.
Islamic philosophy
8.
a.
9.
Shaikh imprisoned
IH Qureshi :
When seen in the perspective of history, whether accepted by Sufis
or not, it is in the rejection of monism that Sheikhs claim for being
the Mujadad of his age.
Q NO 1:
Went to Arabia for higher education and came back in July 1732
Aim Revive the past glory of Muslims and purify the society inwardly
Conditions
Un-Islamic trends,
Shia-Suni conflicts,
SHAHS EFFORTS
1.
Religious work
a.
b.
Commentary on Hadith collection of Imam Muttah in Arabic and
persian
c.
Urged Muslims to follow Holy prophet & abandon un-Islamic
trends
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Removed misunderstanding b/w Shai & Sunni Khilafat-alKhulafa
2.
Political work
a.
b.
Wrote letters to seek help from Muslim nobles against Sikhs
won over
Najib ud Dola, Shuja ud Daula
c.
Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated Sikhs at the Third battle of
Panipat in 1761
3.
Social work
a.
b.
i.
ii.
iii.
c.
Concept of economy
i.
Production of wealth
ii.
Consumption of wealth
iii.
Distribution of wealth
iv.
Exchange of wealth
4.
Literary work
a.
Izalat-al-Akifa
b.
Khalifa-al-Khulafa
c.
Al-Insaf-fi-Bayan-Sababa-al-Ikhtilaf
d.
e.
f.
g.
Alfauz-ul-Qabir Fi-Usool-e-Tafseer
h.
Quoted by SM Ikram
I was informed through Ilham that I would
have to undertake this responsibility. The time has come when every
injunction of the Sharia and instruction of Islam should be presented to the
world in a rational manner.
Q NO 2:
Condition
NWFP by Sikhs
Objective
Jehad Movement
Battles
1.
OKARA 1826
2.
HAZRO 1827
3.
4.
5.
HAZARA II 1830
1.
1.
Causes of Failure
1.
Western generals Vantura and Elite in Ranjits army training &
modern war strategy
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ranjit attracted Pathans by bribing who did spy, revolt & slaughtered
Mujahideen
6.
7.
8.
Severe punishment
9.
Q NO 3:
FARAIZI MOVEMENT
Wide scale ignorance of Muslims resulted in Hindu emergence in 19th
century.
1.
2.
Dudu Mian
(Mohsan Ud Din Ahmad) divided Bangal into circles and appointed Khalifa
opposed tax of Durga and land Khas Mehal occupied on his direction
established his own state harassed by Zamindars thorough false charges
died in Sep 1824
3.
Nisar Ali (Titu Mir) born in Bengal Visited Makkah in 1819 and influenced by
Syed Ahmed Barelvi. On arrival back, he started preaching He made a fort
in Narkalberia, asked followers not to give beard tax (Kishan Rai) Kishan
attacked but defeated 183 British army attacked Narkalberia and killed Titu
Mir.
Organization:
1.
2.
Doctrine: 4 steps
1.
Tauba
2.
Fraiz
3.
Tuheed
4.
Dar-ul-Arab
Khalafat System:
1.
Ustaad
2.
3.
Superintendent Khalifa 10 G K
4.
__________________
Q NO 4:
ALIGARH MOVEMENT
The War of Independence 1857 ended in disaster for the Muslims. The British
chose to believe that the Muslims were responsible for the anti-British
uprising; therefore they made them the subject of ruthless punishments and
merciless vengeance. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as
their adversaries because they had ousted them from power. With the
rebellion of 1857, this feeling was intensified and every attempt was made to
ruin and suppress the Muslims forever. Their efforts resulted in the liquidation
of the Mughal rule and the Sub-continent came directly under the British
crown.
After dislodging the Muslim rulers from the throne, the new rulers, the British,
implemented a new educational policy with drastic changes. The policy
banned Arabic, Persian and religious education in schools and made English
not only the medium of instruction but also the official language in 1835. This
spawned a negative attitude amongst the Muslims towards everything
modern and western, and a disinclination to make use of the opportunities
available under the new regime. This tendency, had it continued for long,
would have proven disastrous for the Muslim community.
Seeing this atmosphere of despair and despondency, Sir Syed launched his
attempts to revive the spirit of progress within the Muslim community of
PM)
Objective:
1.
2.
1.
Schools
2.
Muradabad (1859)
Ghazipur (1863)
Anjuman-i-Taraqi-i-Musalmanan-i-Hind (1870)
5.
2.
2.
2.
3.
4.
3.
1866 Sir Syed formed British India Association at Aligarh to express
grievances of
Indians to govt.
4.
Indian Patriotic Association 1888 forum for those who did not join
Congress
5.
Muhammadan Political Association 1903 Against Hindu Revivalist
movements
a.
b.
c.
Shudhi -
d.
Shangtahn -
3.
4.
Shakespeare dialogue
Features of Aligarh
Islamic Education
Residential College
Non-Muslim students
Loyalist Disposition
Q NO 5:
Apr 1866 Madrasah established at Deoband 2nd to Al Azhar
Cairo
Jamiat-i-Milia (1920)
__________________
Q NO 6:
NADVA-TUL-ULEMA OF LUCKNOW
(1894)
Objective
father
Established academyDar-ul-Musanifin
__________________
Q NO 7
ANJUMAN-I-HIMAYAT-I-ISLAM LAHORE (Sep
1884)
Objective
Orphanage houses
Organize Muslims
Educational Services
1894
Islamia College Railway road, Islamia College civil lines, Islamia College
cant, Hamayat I Islam Law College & Center for adult education Lahore
Political Services
Students of Islamia College Railqway road body guard of the Quaid role in
1940 resolution MSF led by Hamid NizamiSINDH MADRASAH, KARACHI
(1886)
Q NO 8
ISLAMIA COLLEGE, PESHAWAR
Sahibzada Abdul Qayum established Funding committee in 1912 Darul-Uloom raised to Islamia College Peshawar
Qaid got education from this institute Sahibzada called Sir Syed of
NWFP
Q NO 9:
Babur and Rana Sanga and Aurangzeb and Shivaji are cases in point.
When the Hindus of South Asia failed to establish Hindu Padshahi through
force, they opted for back door conspiracies. Bhakti Movement, Akbars
diversion.
IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
WHAT IS AN IDEOLOGY?
An ideology emerges when people feel strongly that they are being
mistreated under an existing order, when their status is threatened by
fundamental changes occurring in the society, and when the prevailing
ideology no longer satisfies them
Consciousness
Legitimate De-legitimate
Role of Leadership
IMPORTANCE OF IDEOLOGY
It is a motivating force
It was due to the realization of the Muslims of South Asia that they are
different from
the Hindus that they demanded separate electorates.
However when they realized
that their future in a Democratic India
dominated by Hindu majority was not safe, they changed their demand to a
separate state.
Based on fact that Muslims were separate nation having their own
culture,
civilization, customs, literature, religion and way of life.
Despite living together for more than one thousand years, they
continue to develop
different cultures and traditions. Their eating habits,
music, architecture and script, all are poles apart.
The basis of the Muslim nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or
linguistic or ethnic rather they were a nation because they belonged to the
same faith, Islam. They demanded that the areas where they were in
majority should be constituted into a sovereign state, wherein they could
order their lives in accordance with the
teachings of Holy Quran and
Sunnah of Holy Prophet (PBUH).
The Muslims were put into the backwardness with the help of Hindus.
Due to British and Hindu exploitation they were forced to safe guard
their national
and relational identity.
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan is pioneer of two nation theory. The Ali-Garh
movement produced educated leadership who could protect the Muslims
rights on the Western
political lines.
Two Nation Theory means that Pakistan should be a state where the
Muslims should
have an opportunity to live according to their faith and
creed established on the Islamic principals. They should have all the
resources at their disposal to enhance
Islamic culture and civilization.
There are two major nations in British India. The Muslims are not a
community but a nation with a distinctive history, heritage, culture,
civilization, and future aspirations.
(All India Muslim League)
The Muslims wanted to preserve and protect their distinct identity and
advance their
interests in India. They wanted to order their lives in
accordance with their ideals and
philosophy of life without being
overwhelmed by an unsympathetic majority.
a.
Quaid said We do not demand Pakistan to acquire a piece of land, but
we wanted a
homeland where we could introduce Islamic principals
2.
a.
Quaid at Sibbi in 1948 It is my firm belief that our salvation lied in
following the
golden rules of conduct as given by our great law giver,
the prophet of Islam. Let us
lay the foundation our democratic system on
Islamic ideals and practices
3.
4.
a.
b.
5.
6.
a.
All highly courts and military positions were reserved for Hindus.
b.
c.
Islamic system has the benefit for poor as well as rich Zakat, Ushar.
Q NO 10:
PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY AND QUAID E AZAM
1.
He changed the course of history. He was a real charismatic leader
possessing a
visionary leadership.
2.
Gave practical shape to the ideology given by Sir Syed and Allama
Iqbal
3.
He started his political career in 1906 by joining the Indian National
Congress. He was elected to the Legislative Council in 1909 and in 1913 he
also joined the All India Muslim League (AIML). Now he was member of both
the political parties.
4.
complete
freedom from the British and on using extra-constitutional
means, Jinnah resigned from the Congress in 1920.
5.
His early efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity were materialized
when THE LUCKNOW PACT (1916) was signed. The Hindus accepted the
Muslim demands:
o
Separate Electorate
6.
In the Nehru Report, the accepted Muslim rights were ignored. Jinnah
retaliated
forcefully by presenting 14 Points in 1929.
7.
1935 onwards Quaid started emphasizing on separate identity of
Muslim and a
separate nation. Started mobilizing masses.
8.
1937 there are only two parties in India said Nehro on performance of
ML in elctions. Quaid said Muslims are third party in India
9
1939 Muslim and Hindu are two nations. We are going to live as a
nation and play
a role as a nation.
10.
March 9, 1940 Quaid wrote his only article published in British media
namely
Time and Tide. He discussed 1.How Hindu and Muslims are
separate nations? 2.
What should be future of India and how Muslims can
be accommodated well?
11.
He emphasized on Islam as well as modern democracy, Social
economic justice and
rights of minorities.
12.
Pakistan was to be a modern democratic state that derived its
ethical foundation
from Islam where the source of guidance and
inspiration for constitution making and governance is going to be
Islam
13
It has been taken for granted mistakenly that Muslims are a
minority, and of course
we got used to it for such a long time
that these settled notions sometimes difficult
to remove. The
Muslims are not a minority; the Muslims are a nation by every
definition. By all canons of international law we are a nation.
14
India is not a nation, nor a country. It is a sub continent of
nationalities, Hindus and Muslims belong the two major nations. The Hindus
and the Muslims belong to two different religion, philosophies. Social
customs and literature. They belong to two different civilizations which are
based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions.
Their aspect on life
and of life are different. It is quite clear that both derive their
inspirations
from different sources of history 23rd March 1940
15.
We are a nation with our distinct culture and civilization,
language and literature, art
and architecture, sense of values
and proportions, legal laws and moral codes,
customs and
calendars, history and traditions. In short we have our distinct
outlook
on life and of life By all canons of International law we
are a separate nation. 1942
16.
The Muslims are nation by every right to establish their
homeland 1942
17.
We should base our democracy on the principals and concepts of
Islam Feb 1942
18.
Pakistan does not mean freedom and independence only, but the
Islamic ideology
as well which has to be preserved. June 1945
19.
I cannot understand a section of people who deliberately want to
create a mischief and make propaganda that the constitution of Pakistan will
not be made on the basis
of Shariat. Islamic principals today are as
applicable to life as they were 1300 years
ago. Jan 25, 1948 Eid Milad Un
Nabbi Karachi Bar Association
__________________
Q NO 11:
Gave the famous Allah Abad Address which late on provided base for
Lahore
resolution.
Q NO 12
people. Although the policy did lead to weakening of the empire but the
major cause of decline was the lack of worthy and competent successors
after him. The character of Mughal kings had deteriorated over a period of
time. The successive rulers after Aurangzeb were weak and lacked the
character, motivation and commitment to rule the empire strongly. They had
become ease loving and cowardly. They totally disregarded their state duties
and were unable to detain the declining empire from its fall.
The absence of any definite law of accession was another important factor.
The war of successions not only led to bitterness, bloodshed, and loss of
money and prestige of the empire over a period of time, but to its eventual
fall. The degeneration of the rulers had also led to the moral degeneration of
the nobility. Under the early Mughals, the nobles performed useful functions
and distinguished themselves both in war and peace. But the elite under the
later Mughals was more interested in worldly pursuit and self-enhancement.
The nobles who had once been talented men with integrity, honesty, and
loyalty, turned selfish and deceitful. Growth of hostile and rival clique in the
court also undermined the strength of the government. Widespread
corruption in the administration started and taking bribes became common.
One of the most potent causes of the fall of the Mughal Empire was the
deterioration and demoralization of the army. The military had not only
become inefficient but also lacked in training, discipline and cohesion. The
army was out-dated in regard to equipment. It consisted of contingents
maintained by various nobles, which was the main source of Army's
weakness. As the weakening of the nobles occurred, so did the army. This was
because of the soldiers, instead of identifying and uniting as Mughal Indians,
identified themselves with different ethnic groups like Persian, Afghans and
Central Asians. The Mughals had no navy and only maintained small ships
that were no match for the well-equipped ships of the foreign traders. It was
this weakness that the French and the British used to their advantage, and
were eventually able to establish their control over India.
Another factor contributing to the decline was the financial position of the
Mughals, which had become deplorable. The war of successions, rebellions
and luxurious style of living had depleted the once enormous treasury and
had led to financial bankruptcy. During the time of Aurangzeb, the Mughal
Empire had expanded to reach its maximum size. This vast area had become
impossible for one ruler to control and govern from one center. It was during
the later Mughals that Deccan, Bengal, Bihar and Orrisa declared their
independence. The raids by Nadir Shah, and repeated invasions of Ahmad
Shah Abdali, resulted in further weakening of the empire. The already
weakened empire faced further encroachment by the British and the French,
which proved to be the last nail in the already drowning empire's coffin. The
British and French, who had initially come as traders, took full advantage of
the weakening empire and soon became masters of the whole of India.
2.
3.
b.
b.
c.
b.
"The sword was the grand arbiter of right and every son was
prepared to try
his fortune against his brothers." Erskine
4.
5.
Degeneration of Nobility
a.
6.
7.
Deterioration of Army
a.
b.
Loss of confidence
c.
Demoralization
Corrupt Administration
a.
8.
Stoppage of Adventures from Persia, Afghanistan and
Turkistan
a.
9.
b.
10.
a.
conquest
11.
13.
15.
Intellectual Bankruptcy
a.
b.
14.
12.
Rise of Marathas
a.
b.
Rise of Sikhs
a.
During the reign of Jahandar Shah (1712 13) and Farrukhsiyar
(1713 19)
16.
17.
b.
Buxer
18.
ii.
British
__________________
Q NO 13
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
By 1845, the British Empire had expanded from Bengal to Sindh, and all that
remained free was Punjab. The Sikhs were ruling over Punjab and after the
Second Sikh War in 1848, the British gained control over the Indus. The Koh-iNoor diamond that Ranjit Singh had worn in his headdress now became a part
of the crown jewels at Westminster.
The War of Independence broke out in January and March 1857. The British
army had recruited local Indians in their forces. These soldiers were issued
cartridges greased with fat from tabooed animals. The soldiers refused to use
these cartridges. In 1857, starting with an uprising in Meerut, soldiers in the
British Army in Bengal launched a full-scale mutiny against the British. This
mutiny spread swiftly across the Sub-continent. Initially, the Indian soldiers
were able to push back the British forces. The British army was driven out of
Delhi and the Indian soldiers took control of the city. Bahadur Shah Zafar, the
last Mughal King, was compelled to lead the freedom fighters. In Bahadur
Shah Zafar, the rebels found a symbol of freedom, but a mere symbol was all
he was. Wanting to spend his days writing poetry, the man was in no way
even a remnant of the glory of his forefathers. He proclaimed himself the
Emperor of the whole of India. The civilians, citizens and other dignitaries
took oath of allegiance to the Emperor. The Emperor issued his own coin and
appointed his sons to key posts.
The initial success of the freedom fighters gave a boost to the War of
Independence. The Indian army captured the important towns of Haryana,
Bihar and Mahdya Pardesh. However, the British forces at Meerut and Ambala
put up a resolute resistance to the royal army and held them back for several
months. The British proved to be a formidable foe with their superior
weapons and better strategy. The freedom fighters badly lacked in adequate
resources and their planning proved to be extremely brittle. The royal forces
were finally defeated. The British army entered Delhi and the Mughal
emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar went into hiding.
The British quickly regained control of Delhi. They ransacked and destroyed
the city. They took revenge in the most gruesome manner by killing innocent
people indiscriminately. A wide scale massacre of the inhabitants of Delhi was
carried out to avenge the killings of the British soldiers. The Mughal emperor
was captured from his sanctuary, the tomb of Emperor Humayun. The
emperor's sons were slaughtered in cold blood. Their bodies were beheaded
and their heads were presented to the aging emperor in prison. Bahadur
a result, they stayed away from it. Thus, within a few years of loss of political
power, the Muslims lost all avenues of employment, were dispossessed of
their estates and deprived of the benefits of education. A highly cultured
community turned into a backward and poor people. In their place Britisheducated Hindus began to occupy positions in governments offices formerly
held by the Muslims.
Q NO 14:
Goal of ML
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Role of Quaid
Updated Strategy
1.
2.
Good relations and cooperation with any organization working for same
Q NO 15:
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
Background:
The Lucknow pact showed that it was possible for middle-class,
English-educated Muslims and Hindus to arrive at an amicable settlement on
Hindu-Muslim constitutional and political problems. This unity reached its
climax during the Khilafat and the Non-Cooperation Movements.
Introduction:
Religio-political movement
Goals:
1.
2.
Territorial solidarity
3.
Muslim Media:
1.
2.
3.
Urging Force
1.
2.
Why Cooperation?
1.
2.
3.
Triggering factors
1.
b.
Features
c.
2.
i.
ii.
iii.
No right to appeal
iv.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Events:
1.
2.
Khilafat Committee formed by Hakim Ajmal Khan & Dr. M A Ansari
July 1919
a.
1919
i.
ii.
iii.
AT
Important points:
1.
2.
3.
4.
A separate homeland for the Muslims of India comprising of Punjab,
sindh,
Balochistan and NWFP.
a.
He Said I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier
Provinces, Sindh
and Balochistan into a single State. SelfGovernment within the British
Empireor without the British
Empire. The formation of the consolidated
North-West Indian
Muslim State appears to be the final destiny of the
Muslims, at
least of the North-West India.
b.
5.
Suggestions for the constitution. (He was against the central legislative
assembly and
wanted assembly of representative of federal
States).
6.
Hindu Reaction:
Muslims supported his ideas. News papers like Daily Hindu and Daily hamdam
supported him and propagated his message and ideas through the
Subcontinent.
Q NO 16:
The civil disobedience movement was declared illegal and Gandhi was
arrested.
Quaid-e-Azam.
1.
Approval of federal system for India (Executive will be responsible to
legislature).
2.
Fully representative government, responsible to provincial and federal
legislature will be made. (Note: In Nehru report Hindu Wanted Strong Central
Govt. while Muslims demanded for loose federation in Jinnahs 14 Points).
3.
4.
Saprus proposal of dominion status and abolition of diarchy in the
provinces.
Deadlock: Deadlock occurred on the distribution of subjects in the federal
system
From 17-19 February 1931 talks were held between Gandhi and Irwin.
2.
3.
The government will withdraw all cases against congress and release
prisoners.
The pact shows that the British government was anxious to bring the
congress to round table conference. It was triumph of the congress and
Indian Nationalism.
Allama Iqbal participated in 2nd round table conference because of the
death of
Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhur.
2.
Conference on Minorities.
o
Principle of Wieghtage was applied (Muslim lost majority in
Punjab, Sikh got
advantage in Punjab, Europeans got
advantage in Bengal because of principle
of Wieghtage).
o
depressed
as result
o
Hindu Reaction:
Gandhi took fast until death on account of accepting scheduled class Hindus
as separate nation and giving them right of separate electorate. Dr.
Ambedkar, leader of untouchable made an agreement to withdraw from the
right of separate electorate under Poona Pact. Gandhi ended his fast.
The report of three round table conferences was published in a white paper in
1933 and later on it was discussed in the British parliament. As a resulted a
bill was drafted which was approved and became Indian Act of 1935.
Elections 1937
Muslim League manifesto (i) 1935 Act is unworkable; (ii) ML
would get maximum benefit out of it. The manifesto was same but two
things; Urdu Language and separate electorates.
The manifestos show that there was not unbridgeable gape. Yet, there was
no such a will.
The League manifesto was clearly an offer for cooperation. Had the congress
accepted the offer, the whole constitutional scene would have been
different. IH Qureshi
Provincial elections:
Muslim League 102 out of 482 Muslim seats (26% Muslim votes)
CONGRESS RULE
Congress refused to formed ministries till July 1937 on the basis of GGs
discretionary powers in Muslims favor.
The period of less than two and a half years, from July 1939 to October 1939,
when congress ministries ruled eight of the eleven Indian provinces was
extremely crucial in the history of Hindu Muslim relations.
A.
The Election results had strengthened this hope, for congress had not
bothered to contest more than a small number fraction of Muslim seats and
not won even a
majority of that. Therefore, everyone looked forward to
the formation of congress
league coalition in all Hindu Majority
provinces. The refusal of the Congress to
cooperate belied all such hopes.
2.
3.
IH Qureshi:
B.
Comment:
Maulvi Abdul Hakeem, Punjab Moderate Muslims Association, warned
Muslims against this and called it conversion of Muslims.
C.
Muslim Response:
The Muslims were well aware of the theocratic inclination of the Hindu
people. They arranged a close monitoring of the government. They
publicized their policies and raised the issues. The mobilization of
1.
On March 28, 1938, the Council of ML appointed an eightmember commitee under the presidentship of Raja Syed Muhammad
Mehdi of Pirpur that presented its report on, November 15, 1938. It
tried to dig out the cruelties of the Congress ministries in seven
provinces. The report took up the Congress support to the rival Muslim
organizations, intimidation and threats to the pro-Muslim League
people.
2.
3.
of what can happen under the Congress rule and urged for serious
thinking about the future political and constitutional arrangements.
They unearthed the real objectives of the Congress and urged the need
of unity among the Muslims under the banner of Muslim League.
The Second World War (September 1939) proved blessing for the
Muslims in a sense that the Congress Ministries resigned in November
1939. The Muslims observed Day of Deliverance on December
22, 1939.
The rise of congress, to power made the Muslims feel for the first time
2.
3.
The more aggressive became the tone of congress the greater grew
the confidence of Muslim League. ML countered every argument of the
congress;
Slowly but relentlessly the congress was forcing the Muslim of India
into separation. IH Qureshi
5.
Communal Tensions
I foresaw that the result of the present congress party policy will be
class bitterness, communal war and strengthening of the imperialistic
hold as a consequence. Quaid
Q NO 17:
1.
Background
Pakistan
India
Pakistan
India
Repercussion!
India and Pakistan had no boundaries for the first two days of their
existence.
In some cases officials sent to work in territories that later became port
of India or Pakistani. Many administrators joined the last-minute flow of
refugees themselves,
disrupting administrative system by leaving their
posts empty.
Why?
2.
Kashmir :
Area of 84,471 square miles, 77% muslims, 4 million population in
1944. The most important state was Kashmir naturally connected with
Pakistan. Its ruler was Hindu while population was Muslim. The population
inclined towards Pakistan but the Hindu ruler declared to join India. The
Kashmiri people revolt against the ruler in Poonch area and soon it became
widespread. The ruler sought Indian support. India demanded accession. On
October 27, 1947 Indian troops landed in Srinagar. The people continued their
struggle for independence and India promised to finally settle the matter with
reference to the people under the UN Resolutions.
Hyderabad :
Hyderabad was one of the richest Hindu Majority state covering 82000
sq miles of area, 260 million Revenue. Surrounded by Indian Territory. The
state was situated in the south of India. Their rulers were Muslim who were
called Nizam. Nizam wanted to maintain independent status for his state but
as being Muslim he had desire to accede with Pakistan if ever need arose.
Due to the important position of the state, Mountbatten the first governor
general of India put pressure on Nizam to accede with India but Nizam
refused to do so. On September 13, 1948 just two days after the death of
Quaid-e-Azam Indian forces entered in Hyderabad and occupied it forcibly.
Pakistan submitted a complaint in UNO against the illegal action of India
which is still pending.
Junagadh:
Junagadh was a small Hindu majority state covering 3337 sq miles of
the area. It situated 300 miles down to the coast of Karachi Indian coast of
Kathiawar. The Muslim rulers ruled the state. After independence the request
for the accession with Pakistan by its rulers was accepted by the Quaid-eAzam. Indian government reacted sharply and an economic blockade of the
state of Junagardh was imposed that resulted in food shortage. By the end of
October 1947 the rulers of the state of Junagadh were forced to leave the
state. On 9th November 1947 the Indian army occupied the state. Pakistan
took that matter in UNO where it is still pending.
Hindus were angry over the division of the Subcontinent whereas Sikhs
were unhappy over the loss of their religious places. Sikhs and Hindu armed
with deadly weapons slaughter the man woman and even the small children.
Condition in East Punjab was worse than anywhere else where rulers of the
states of Alwar, Kapurthala, Patiala and Bharatpure played the most inhuman
role in that human tragedy.
Due to the communal violence millions of Indian Muslims leaving there
4.
It had its origin in Radcliff Award which drew the boundary India and
Pakistan in way that it cut across the rivers and canal making India the upper
beneficiary and Pakistan the lower beneficiary, It also handed over the control
over two important head works over river Ravi (Madhupure Head works) and
Sutlej (Ferozpure Head works) to India. India proved it by stopping the flow of
water in March 1948.
Dispute was finally settled when an agreement called Indus Basin treaty. The
treaty was signed between Ayub Khan the president of Pakistan and Nehru
the Indian Prime Minister on September 19, 1962. According to that
agreement India was allocated the use of two Eastern Rivers namely Ravi and
Sutlej whereas three western Rivers Indus, Jehlum and Canab were given to
Pakistan. To overcome the shortage of water World Bank, India and other
friendly countries provided Pakistan financial assistance to construct two
dams, five barrages and seven link canals.
5.
DIVISION OF ASSETS:
Military Assets:
It was announced on July I, 1947 that Indian army assets would also be
divided in ratio 65 to 35 in India's favour it was with reference of the
communal balance present in the British Indian Army. Field Martial Auchinleck
was appointed as incharge of the distribution of military assets. Whatever
Pakistan received was nothing but scrap and out of order machines, broken
weapons, unserviceable artillery and aircraft. There were 16 ordnance
factories and all were located in India. Pakistan was given 60 million rupees
towards its share in the ordnance factories. Later an ordnance factory was
established in Wah. Pakistan received six Armour divisions to India's fourteen,
eight artillery divisions to India's forty and eight infantry divisions to India's
twenty one. Pakistan also received Staff College in Quetta and Service Corps
College at Kakul, which latter became the Pakistan military Academy.
6.
7.
ISSUE OF PAKHTOONISTAN:
At the time of partition N.W.F.P was controlled by the "red shirts" the
ally of Congress. The Khan Brothers, Dr Khan Sahib and Abdul Ghaffar Khan,
were their leaders. Despite the 1947 referendum in which the people of the
region voted to join Pakistan, the leaders of the" red shirts" demanded union
with Afghanistan or complete regional autonomy. The Afghan Government
also supported the issue by saying that the "Pakhtoons" or pathans living in
both Afghanistan and Pakistan belong to the same race and the "Pakhtoons"
of Pakistan wanted to be the part of the union with Afghanistan called
"Pakhtoonistan".
8.
9.
CONSTITUTION MAKING
DEATH OF QUAID-E-AZAM:
2.
Quaid-e-Azam was as opposed to religious intolerance as he was to
provincialism and racialism. Even after the movement of refugees Pakistan
had millions of non Muslims and India had millions of Muslims. The Quaid
Quaid established the State bank of Pakistan, to help develop the economy.
2. In 1948 Jinnahs Industrial policy statement made it clear that he,
and the government, saw that it was important to set up industries in
Pakistan, as quickly as possible.
3. The Quaid also reached a compromise with India in the Canal Water
Dispute which ensured that Pakistans agriculture would not be denied
precious water supplies. He also helped persuade the Indian government to
hand over the agreed share of financial asserts from pre-partition India.
ESTABLISHING NATIONAL SECURITY:
Although Pakistan had been given poor military equipment and it
lacked senior cadre officer for the army, the Quaid worked to ensure that the
new country was able to defend itself.
1.
The Pakistan Army needed more officer and the gaps were filled by
offering temporary commissions and using British officers. He was
determined that the army should know that its role was to be the servant of
people and warned it that you do not make national policy. The Quaid did
not want to see Pakistan become a military dictatorship.
2.
Although Pakistans Army was ill equipped, the Quaid was not afraid to
use it, and the army saw its first action in Kashmir. Despite being
outnumbered and having inferior arms and ammunition, it stood up well and
held its own in fighting.
CONCLUSION:
The Quaid died on 11 September 1948. Despite his failing health he
had worked tirelessly to establish his new country. By the time of his death a
new government and administration had been taken to unite the diverse
people into single Pakistani nation and the steps made in developing
Pakistans economy. Equally significant was that by the end of 1948 the first
fighting had taken place against troops from Pakistans great rival, India. As
the English newspaper, the times wrote shortly after his death: No
succeeding Governor General can quite fill his place as FATHER OF NATION
such was the greatness of Quaid.
Q NO 18
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES
Constitution is a set of basic principles and framework for governance and
exercise of political power and legal authority. It clarifies the scope of power,
relationship among various institutions within the government and society. It
has precedence over ordinary laws and cannot be changed like ordinary laws.
The Government of India Act (1935) was modified and promulgated in the
newly state of Pakistan. The elected members in the 1946 elections made the
first Constituent Assembly that faced grievous circumstances.
Major Issues
The major issues, the first constituent assembly faced, were about:
1.
Federalism
2.
Representation
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
Federalism
There was consensus on federalism but yet there were many issues to
be setled. The main was that Pakistan consisted of two territorial parts, East
Pakistan (with more population, less territory but administratively one unit)
and West Pakistan (administratively 4 units). Federalism is meant to
accommodate such kind of diversity maintaining the unity of the state or
country.
2.
Division of power:
It was the most difficult question that how the power would be divided
between Centre and the Provinces. The heritage of British rule gave the
tradition of a Strong Centre. But the provinces were demanding more
Autonomy and Provincial Rights.
In the Interim Constitution and the 1956 Constitution tradition of strong
centre continued.
3.
Representation
b.
c.
Both wings would have equal strength in joint sessions of the two
houses.
4.
5.
Opposition against Urdu was there in East Bengal. This became more
pronounced after the death of Jinnah as controversies erupted on constitution
making. Language Movement started in East Pakistan February, 1952. There
was a complaint about anti Bengali language atitude of the federal
government. Two-language formula was adopted in 1954. Since 1973 Urdu
was adopted as national language along with the support for development of
regional languages.
6.
Parliamentary or Presidential
7.
in which the Islamic and democratic values were adopted as grounds for the
future constitution. The Basic Principles Commitee (BPC) consisting of 24
members was made to work for the constitutional powers. The various subcommitees on Federal and provincial powers, Franchise, Judiciary, and
Fundamental Rights started working. Board of Talimat-i-Islamia was also set
up to seek advice on the religious maters.
5:
Criticism:
This report was severely criticized throughout the country. It could not
satisfy both the wings, East and West. The religious group objected that the
report contained nothing about Islamisation. On the question of
representation, the East Pakistan (EP) protested that their majority had been
denied by the Report. They remarked that they were thrown into a permanent
minority. The population of EP was slightly larger than that of the West
Pakistan (WP) but it was treated as the smal provinces because both the
Houses were given equal powers. So the domination of WP was intolerable for
the East wing.
The language issue proved subversive to the national solidarity. The Eastern
Pakistanis condemned the proposal that made Urdu as official language.
2.
3.
More powers were given to Lower House. Cabinet was made
responsible to Lower House.
4.
It was promised that law making would be in accordance with ISLAM.
No law would be made in violation of Islamic principles.
5.
6.
Criticism:
The politicians particularly from the Punjab deplored the Report
because formation of the UH on the basis of representation was not
acceptable. It was declared against the principle of federation. The WP
favoured equality only for Upper House. The political crisis removed Prime
Minister Nazimuddin and atention diverted from the core issue.
The proposals were revised in the light of the criticism and decided:
10
40
Lower House
165
135
175
Criticism:
It suggested some difficult process but mostly it was widely
acceptable. Two languages, Urdu and Bengali, were approved as official
languages that injured the national unity as Quaid-i-Azam had wished Urdu as
national language.
This is important that after the Formula, the work began on constitution
drafting because the deadlock was over.
CA Dissolution
In October 1954, GG (Governor General) dissolved the CA that was
chalenged in the Sindh court by Maulvi Tamizuddin. The court declared the
dissolution ilegal but the Federal Court upheld the GG action but asked for
seting up an elected CA.
Constitution-making
One Unit scheme helped the task of constitution making to accomplish
successfuly. The previous commitees report helped the new Assembly that
completed its work and presented in the 2nd CA on January 9, 1956. It, with
certain amendments, was approved on January 29, 1956 and enforced on
March 23. With this Pakistan had become an Islamic Republic.
Q NO 19:
Introduction:
Remembrance of national tragedies is as important as
celebrating victories. In short but tremulous history of our beloved homeland,
we have often found ourselves pitched against mighty challenges in both
scope and scale, sometimes by chance and sometimes by design. We
managed to negotiate many of them fairly, if not with perfection like
achievement of Nuclear capability as a minimum deterrent despite inordinate
global pressure and offsetting Brass tacks crisis (1986-87). Butone such
instance has become a perpetual source of torment and shame for us
Dismemberment of Pakistan. The purpose of writing this article is to review
the catechism of this tragedy and to evaluate our post debacle national
performance to understand whether or not we have learnt any lessons from it
and to trace its relevance with our contemporary socio-politics.Separation of
East Pakistan was a tremendous loss and unbearable tragedy. Cocktail of
various factors generated, directed and expedited the flow of unfortunate
events towards this debacle. It was the outcome of perpetual deficit of good
governance which created an unbridgeable hiatus between the two wings of
Pakistan. The bruised sentiments of National unity and the constant conflict
between them dramatically erupted into mass civil disorder that was
blatantly and shamefully fuelled by India, which tragically resulted in the
brutal and violent amputation of Pakistans Eastern Wing.
our founding fathers right from the first step i.e. we miserably failed in
framing a unanimously agreed upon constitution. Whereas in India, passed by
the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949, the constitution came into
effect on January 26, 1950.
The delay in producing a constitutional framework made the reconciliation of
these two dialectically different inheritances a far more difficult and almost
hopeless task.
-Lawrence Ziring
2.
Economic FactorS
3.
Geographical factors
i. Geographical discontinuity:.
The integration of the nation, split at its birth into two segments
separated from one another by a thousand miles of India territory, was a
daunting exercise.
-Lawrence Ziring
4. Social Factors
i. Language and emotive issues:
This was the first schism in the Centre-East Pakistan relationship and
developed immediately after the Quaid declared in a speech in Dhaka on
March 24, 1948, that Urdu alone would be the official language of Pakistan.
This took an ugly turn when 3 students of Dhaka University were killed by the
riot police when they were protesting against the announcement.
5. Administrative Factors
i. Issue of the Capital:
East Pakistan, that was culturally homogenised, politically sensitive and
socially united, wanted to have Dhaka as the capital of Pakistan but instead
of negotiating a mutually agreed upon solution to this problem, unilaterally,
Karachi was declared capital of Pakistan, a decision that was greatly resented
by East Pakistan.
6. Military Surrender:
After a lacklustre military performance, on 16 December 1971, LieutenantGeneral A. A. K. Niazi, supreme commander of Pakistani Army in East
Pakistan, surrendered to the Allied Forces (Mitro Bahini) represented by
Lieutenant General Arora of Indian Army at the surrender.
While many others share the blame for this monumental tragedy,
neither President Yahya Khan nor the military can escape
responsibility.
- Khaki Shadows (Gen. K. M. Arif)
The location of the Capital, it was said, created great economic imbalance,
uneven distribution of national wealth and privileges, and better jobs for the
people of West Pakistan, because they were able to sway decisions in their
own favor.
Secondly, Bengalis resented the vast sums of foreign exchange earned from
the sale of jute from East, which were being spent on defense. They
questioned how the expenditure for the Kashmir cause would be justified,
when it could otherwise have been productively used to build dams and
barriers to control floods, eradicate poverty and illiteracy, and supply food
and shelter for the ever-growing population in East Pakistan.
Thirdly, the people of the East believed that it was sheer regional prejudice
that all white-collar jobs were taken by West Pakistanis.
Many mistakes were made early in the short history of Pakistan. There lived
in East Pakistan about 15 million Hindus who, with the help of their fellow
West Bengali Indians from across the border, were able to exploit East-West
differences that emerged as a result of these mistakes. Grievances were
exaggerated to foster anti-West Pakistani feelings that eventually created
Bengali Nationalism and separatist tendencies. Bengali political leaders went
around depicting the Central Government and West Pakistan as hostile
exploiters. However, no effective efforts were made by the Government to
check these anti-national trends.
Awami League, formed in 1951, was headed by Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman. He
had always been an ardent Bengali nationalist. He began to attract popular
support from Bengalis in East Pakistan. He put forward his Six Points that
demanded more autonomy for the Provinces in general, and East Pakistan in
particular. He was arrested in April 1966, and soon released, only to be
rearrested and imprisoned in June the same year. He languished in prison
until February 1969.
Being deeply aware of the explosive political situation in the country, the
then Chief Martial Law Administrator, Yahya Khan, set in motion moves to
transfer power to the elected representatives of the people, and announced
that the general elections would be held on October 5, 1970.
In all his election speeches, Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman reiterated his demand
for implementation of his Six Points and provincial autonomy plans.
The 1970 elections were postponed from October to December due to heavy
floods that caused immense destruction and havoc in East Pakistan. The
sheer enormity of the disaster attracted worldwide attention. This gave
Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman a golden opportunity to have an international
audience for his anti-West Pakistan feelings, which he accused of brutal
callousness. The Awami League gained much sympathy and benefit out of
this suffering, and Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman and his people were portrayed on
On December 10, 1971, the first feeler for surrender in East Pakistan was
conveyed to the United Nations. On December 17, 1971, a formal surrender
was submitted and accepted. Forty five thousand troops and an almost equal
number of civilians of West Pakistan were taken as prisoners of war.
recommended public trials of the concerned officers responsible for the 1971
debacle.
The inquiry was reopened in 1974. The Commission again interviewed 73
bureaucrats and top military officers and submitted its supplementary report
in November 1974. It was this supplementary report that was presumably
published by an Indian magazine in August 2000, and afterwards allowed to
be published in the Pakistani press. Publicizing of the Report by the Indian
media was not a surprise since it had come out at a time when there was
international pressure mounting on India to resolve the Kashmir dispute.
Immense human rights violations were being reported by international
organizations such as Amnesty International and Asia Watch with reference to
the role of Indian Security Forces in the Indian-held Kashmir. The publication
of the Report was seen in Pakistan as an attempt by India to divert the world
attention from its inhumane and unjustified actions in Kashmir.
Volume I of the main report dealt with political background, international
relations, and military aspects of the events of 1971. Volume I of the
supplementary report discussed political events of 1971, military aspect,
surrender in East Pakistan and the moral aspect.
A large number of West Pakistanis and Biharis who were able to escape from
East Pakistan told the Commission awful tales of the atrocities at the hands of
the Awami League militants. It was revealed that many families of West
Pakistani Officers and other ranks serving with East Bengal Units were
subjected to inhuman treatment. Their erstwhile Bengali colleagues had
butchered a large number of West Pakistani Officers.
As the tales of slaughter reached West Pakistani soldiers of other Units, they
reacted violently, and in the process of restoring the authority of the Central
Government, committed severe excesses on the local Bengali population. The
Report's findings accuse the Army of carrying out senseless and wanton
arson, killings in the countryside, killing of intellectuals and professionals and
burying them in mass graves, killing of Bengali Officers and soldiers on the
pretence of quelling their rebellion, killing East Pakistani civilian officers,
businessmen and industrialists, raping a large number of East Pakistani
women as a deliberate act of revenge, retaliation and torture, and deliberate
killing of members of the Hindu minority.
Having dealt with the claim of General Niazi that he had no legal option but to
surrender, the Commission proceeded to consider whether it was necessary
for General Niazi to surrender, and whether he was justified in surrendering at
that particular juncture, for most of the messages that emanated from the
General Head Quarters were studiously ambiguous and designed. Secondly,
General Farman Ali had suggested to him that instead of ordering surrender
en masse, he should leave it to each Divisional Commander to surrender or
not, according to his own circumstances. It was pointed out in the Report,
that despite the assurances given by the Chief of Staff of the Indian Army and
the terms of surrender, the killing of loyal East Pakistani population, West
Pakistani civilians, and civil armed forces by the Mukti Bahini started in full
swing soon after Army's surrender.
It was maintained in the Report that the defeat suffered by the armed forces
was not a result of military factors alone, but had been brought about as the
cumulative result of political, international, moral and military factors. The
political developments that took place between 1947 and 1971, including the
effects of the two Martial Law periods, hastened the process of political and
emotional isolation of East Pakistan from West Pakistan.
The dismemberment of Pakistan was also accelerated by the role played by
the two major political parties, Awami League and the Pakistan Peoples Party,
in bringing about a situation that resulted in postponement of the National
Assembly session, scheduled to be held at Dhaka on the March 3, 1971. The
events occurring between March 1 and 25, 1971, when the Awami League
had seized power from the Government, resulting in the military action of
March 25, 1971, were deplorable. The Commission also touched upon the
negotiations, which General Yahya Khan was pretending to hold during this
period with Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman on the one hand, and political leaders
from West Pakistan on the other. Although he never formally declared these
negotiations to have failed, yet he secretly left Dhaka on the evening of
March 25, 1971, leaving instructions behind for military action to be initiated
as soon his plane landed at Karachi.
The Commission declared that military action could not have been substitute
for a political settlement, which was feasible once law and order had been
restored within a matter of few weeks after the military action. No serious
effort was made to start a political dialogue with the elected representatives
of the people of East Pakistan. Instead fraudulent and useless measures were
adopted. The use of excessive force during the military action had only
served to alienate the sympathies of the people of East Pakistan. The
arbitrary methods adopted by the Martial Law Administration in dealing with
respectable citizens of East Pakistan and their sudden disappearances made
the situation worse. The attitude of the Army authorities towards the Hindu
minority also resulted in a large-scale exodus to India.
Although General Yahya Khan was not totally unaware of the avowed
intention of India to dismember Pakistan, he didn't realize the need for early
political settlement with the political leaders of East Pakistan. There was
wastage of considerable time during which the Indians mounted their training
program for the Mukti Bahini and freely started guerillas raids into the
Pakistan territory. Pakistan Army was almost unable to prevent infiltration of
Mukti Bahini and Indian agents all along the borders of East Pakistan. In the
presence of these two factors, the Pakistan Army was obviously fighting a
losing battle from the very start.
There had been a large exodus of people from East Pakistan to India, as a
result of the military action. The results of Indian efforts to propagate this
refugee problem on an international level cannot be undermined. The Indian
propaganda was so forceful that all endeavors made by the military regime in
Pakistan to defuse the situation proved to be futile and left the world
unimpressed. The mutual assistance treaty signed between India and the U.
S. S. R. in August 1971 further aggravated the situation.
No rational explanation was available as to why General Yahya did not take
the dispute to the Security Council immediately after the Indian invasion of
East Pakistan on November 21, 1971. Nor was it possible to explain his
refusal to accept the first Russian resolution, if indeed the situation in East
Pakistan had become so critical that surrender was inevitable. The Army High
Command did not carry out any in-depth study of the effect of these new
factors, nor did it pay any attention to the growing disparity in war
preparedness and capability between the armed forces of Pakistan and India
as a result of the Indo-Soviet Treaty of August 1971.
The traditional concept of defense adopted by the Pakistan Army that the
defense of East Pakistan lays in West Pakistan was never implemented in a
determined and effective manner. The concept remained valid, and if ever
there was need to invoke this concept, it was on November 21, 1971, when
Indian troops crossed the East Pakistan borders in naked aggression.
Unfortunately, the delay in opening the Western front and the half-hearted
and hesitant manner in which it was ultimately opened only helped in
precipitating the catastrophe in East Pakistan. Besides, the detailed narrative
of events, as given in the supplementary report, clearly shows that the
planning was hopelessly defective. There was neither any plan at all for the
defense of Dhaka, nor any concerted effort to stem the enemy onslaught with
a Division or a Brigade battle at any stage. It was only when the General
found himself gradually being surrounded by the enemy which had
successfully reached Faridpur, Khulna, Daudkandi and Chandpur (the shortest
route to Dhaka), that he began to make frantic efforts to get the troops back
for the defense of Dhaka.
The Report maintained that there was no actual order to surrender. In view of
the desperate picture painted by the Commander Eastern Command, higher
authorities gave him permission to surrender if he, in his judgment, thought it
necessary. General Niazi could have opted not to surrender if he thought that
he had the capability of defending Dhaka. On his own estimate, he had
26,400 men to hold out for another two weeks. The enemy would have taken
a week to build up its forces and another week to reduce the fortress of
Dhaka. But evidence showed that he had already lost the will to fight after
December 7, 1971, when his major fortresses at Jessore and Brahmanbari
had fallen. Detailed accounts of witnesses given to the Commission indicate
that Lt-General Niazi had suffered a complete moral collapse during the
closing phases of the war.
It had been concluded that apart from the political, international and military
factors, an important cause for defeat of the Pakistan Army was the lack of
moral character and courage in the senior Army Commanders. The process of
moral degeneration among the senior ranks of the armed forces was set in
motion by their involvement in Martial Law duties in 1958. These tendencies
were intensified when General Yahya Khan imposed Martial Law in the
country once again in March 1969. A large number of senior army officers had
not only indulged in large-scale acquisition of lands and houses and other
commercial activities, but had also adopted highly immoral and lewd ways of
life, which seriously affected their professional capabilities and their qualities
of leadership. It appears that they had lost the will to fight and the ability to
take vital and critical decisions required for the successful prosecution of the
war. These remarks particularly applied to General Yahya Khan, his close
associates, General Abdul Hamid Khan, Major General Khuda Dad Khan and
Lt-General A. A. K. Niazi, apart from certain other officers. The Commission
recommended that these grave allegations be dealt with seriously.
The surrender in East Pakistan had been a tragic blow to the nation and had
caused, not only dismemberment of Pakistan, but also shattered the image of
Pakistan Army as an efficient and excellent fighting force. In the end it was
hoped in the Report that the Nation would learn the necessary lessons from
these tragic events, and that effective and early action will be taken in the
light of the conclusions reached.
The Hamood-ur-Rahman Commission Report is a valuable document. It was
prepared with the explicit purpose of not repeating the various mistakes
committed by the Army, General Yahya Khan and Z. A. Bhutto, which resulted
in the separation of East Pakistan. Writings and memoirs disclose that apart
from its inquiry into the 1971 crisis, it also makes thoughtful
recommendations about the defense of the country as a whole.
Critical Analysis:
What would have happened had there been good governance and political
stability; had there been a logical and a mature approach of our brain dead
politicians and ear jammed bureaucracy towards simmering domestic issues;
had Mr. Bhutto, instead of insisting on power sharing, decided to sit in the
parliament as the opposition leader? - is a realm of speculation. But there is
an intellectual consensus that had it been so, the situation would not have
come to such a shameful denouement. Today East Pakistan debacle still offer
us many lessons to learn such as:
i. Federalism can only work if each of the units is a willing and an equal
partner.
ii. Resource distribution formula must be transparent and mutually agreed
upon. It cannot be and must not be tilted by force in favour of any single unit.
iii. Political stability and good governance is the only way to survive as a
nation state and to rise among the comity of nations with dignity and respect.
iv. Finally yet importantly, Military option must be carefully planned and
executed and must be backed by a profound political vision.
Q NO 20
GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF
PAKISTAN.
Geo strategic means the importance of a country or a region as by virtue of
its geographical location. Geo political is defined as, stressing the influence of
geographic factors on the state power, international conduct and advantages
it derives from its location.
Geographical Importance:
Bridge between South Asia and South West Asia; Iran and Afghanistan are
energy abundant while India and China are lacking of.
China finds way to Indian ocean and Arabian Sea through Korakaram. China
with its fastest economic growth rate of 10%; is developing its southern
provinces because its own port is 4500 km away from Sinkiang but Gawader
is 2500 km away.
Pakistan offers to CARs the shortest route of 2600 km as compared to Iran
(4500 km) or Turkey (5000 km).
land locked Afganistan now at the phase of Reconstruction, finds its ways
through Pakistan..
Economic Blocs: SAARC, ASEAN, ECO. A link between them. Gawader port
with its deep waters attracts the trade ships of China, CARs and South East
Asian Countries
Gas pipelines:
1.
IPI: Iran is struggling to export its surplus gas and oil to eastern
countries. Pakistan would get 400 million dollar annually if IPI gets success.
2.
Qatar Pakistan and Turkmenistan Pipeline project: highlights the
position.
3.
TAPI:
Political importance:
US interests in the regions to contain the Growing China, nuclear Iran,
terrorist Afghanistan, and to benefit from the market of India. Security and
Business are two main US interests in the region while Pakistan is playing a
front line role against terrorism.
Today the political scenario of the region is tinged with pre emption policy
and US invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan, Irans nuclear program, Indias
geopolitical muscles(new strategic deal with US) to gain the hegemony and to
counter the The Rise of China which has earned all the qualities to change
unipolar world into Bipolar world. In all these issues, Pakistan is directly or
indirectly involved, especially after Al Qaeda operations.
The American think tanks have repeatedly accepted that war against terror
could never be won without the help of Pakistan. Pakistan has rigorously
fought, and ongoing military operation in Wazirstan is also targeting the
suspected Taliban in the bordering area.
3.
4.
Instable governments in Pakistan have contributed in weakening the
strong position.