Part 2: Tutorial Sheet 1

(SOLUTIONS)
(Q1)
SOLUTION
A

Pa
1m
h=2m

Pc
B
(a) Accelerating upward
From the lecture note:
p

axx

az

az

gz

pa

Since ax = 0 and az = 5 m/s2

The above equation becomes
gz

pa

The total force on face AB = pressure at centre of pressure (Pc) x area of AB

1000 0.8 (5 g )( 1)

101300

1.5

=339.44 kN
(b) Accelerating downward
ax = 0 and az = -5 m/s2
The total force on face AB =

1000 0.8 ( 5 g )( 1)

=315.45 kN

101300

1.5

(Q2)
z
x

ax= 4 m/s2

0.3

0.5

(a)
p

axx

az

gz

pa

Since ax = 4 m/s2 and az = 0 m/s2

p

axx

gz

pB

pB

g (0.3) p a

pa

At B, x = 0, z =-0.3
g ( 0.3)

pa
(1)

At C, x = 0.5, z = -0.3
pc

(4)(0.5)

g ( 0.3)

pa

pc

(4)(0.5)

g (0.3) p a

(2)

(1) (2) gives

pB

pC

(4)(0.5)

(1000)(4)(5)

2 kN / m 2

z
A

x
Isobar (atmospheric)

0.3

0.5

For point C to be atmospheric, tan

300
500

ax
g

Therefore ax = -5.886 m/s2

At B, x = 0, z =-0.3
pB

g ( 0.3)

pB

g (0.3) p a

pa
(3)

At C, x = 0.5, z = -0.3
pc

(4)(0.5)

g ( 0.3)

pa

pc

(5.886)(0.5)

g (0.3) p a

(5.886)(0.5)

2.943 kN / m 2

(3) - (4) gives

pB

pC

(4)

(Q3)

2.5 m
Water surface on
horizontal ground

z
2.0 m

4 m/s2

1.0 m

15o

Note: x-axis is parallel to the ground

(a)

tan

ax
az

ax = 4 cos 15

tan

Therefore,

az = 4 sin 15

4 cos15
4 sin 15 9.8

0.356

=-19.62o

From geometry, it can be shown that the slope at which the water surface makes witht
ehorizontal ground when it is about to spill is
= tan -1(2.0/2.5) -15o = -23.65o
Since the slope 19.62o made by the surface is less than -23.65o, therefore the water will
not spill when the acceleration is 4 m2/s.
(b) Let the acceleration at which the water will just spill = a
This occurs when

tan

= -23.65o

a cos 15
a sin 15 9.8

or
tan

a cos 15
a sin 15 9.8

tan ( 23.65) = -0.438

Therefore
acos15 0.438 a sin15=0.438 9.8
a = 5.03 m/s2

(Q4)

z
300

zo
400

400

300
a

Let zo be the minimum reference level of the broken parabolic curve, and zA, zB and zC
the liquid level above the base.
From your lecture note:
p

g (z z o )

r2
2

po

At air-water interface, p=po

po

g (z z o )
2

r2
2g

r2
2

po

zo

(1)

At A, r = 0.3m; at B, r = 0.1m and at C, r =0.5 m

Substitute into equation 1, we get

2 x50
(0.3)
60
2 x9.81

zA

r12 2
2g

zo

zo

(2)

2 x50
(0.1)
60
2x9.81

2 x50
60
2x9.81

zB

zC

r22 2
2g

r32 2
2g

zo

zo

(3)

zo

(4)

(0.5) 2
zo

Before the rotation, the original zA + zB + zC = 0.9. Since there is no spillage, the
volume of fluid remains the same

2 x 50
(0.3)
60
2 x 9.81
2

2 x 50
(0.1)
60
+
2 x 9.81
2

2 x 50
(0.5)
60
+
2 x 9.81

+3zo=0.9

zo= 0.137
Substitute into equations (2), (3) and (4), we get
zA= 0.263, zB= 0.151, zC= 0.486
pC - pA= g (zC-zA)
= (1000)(9.81)(0.486-0.263) = 2.188 kN/m2

(Q5)

h
ho

z
r
g

From your lecture, the equation of pressure distribution in the liquid is given by
p

gz

r2
2

pa

Substituting the following boundary conditions into the above equation:

(a) at r =D, z =ho: p = pa , we get p a

gh o

(b) at r =D+d, z =ho+h: p = pa , we get p a

1
D2
2
g ho

(1)

c2
1
2

D d

c2

(2)

Substract equation (2) from equation (1), and after some simple manipulation, we get

D 2 2d
2g
D

d
D

(Q6)

(1)
b
P01
A1
u1

C.V.
(2)
c

Nozzle

P02
A2
u2

d
a

Consider the control volume abcd as shown above. Since the atmospheric pressure acts
all over the control surface normal to it, its net effect is zero. The fluid entering and
leaving at p1 and p2 exerts pressure
p 01

pa

p1 gauge pressure

p 02

pa

over areas A1 and A2, respectively.

Use momentum equation
F

m u2

(A)

u1

Consider x-direction:
Force on the fluid by solid boundary in the x-direction
Fx
Body force in x-direction = 0
Surface force acting on CV in x-direction:
p1 A 1

p2 A 2

Substitute the above forces into momentum equation (A), we get

p2

p1A1

But p 2 A 2

p2 A 2

Fx

m u2

(1)

u1

0 (since the gauge pressure of atmopsheric pressure is zero)

Therefore equation (1) becomes

Fx

But m

p1 A 1

m u2

(2)

u1

A1
u1
A2

A 2 u 2 which gives u 2

A1u 1

Substitute the above into equation 2, therefore

Fx

p1 A 1

A1u 1

A1
u1
A2

u1

Force on the nozzle by the fluid, F = -Fx , Therefore

A1u12

p1 A 1

A1
A2

(3)

For inviscid flow, apply Bernoullis Equation between (1) and (2)
p 01

1 2
u1
2

gz1

1 2
u2
2

p 02

gz 2

(4)

But p02=atmospheric pressure, and gz1= gz2

p 01

p 02

p 01

p atm

1 2
u2
2

1 2
u1
2

or

or

1
2

u 22

u12

p1 A 1

1
A1 u 22
2

u12

A2
1
A1 12 u12
2
A2

p1 A 1

1
A1 u 22
2

u 12

A2
1
A1u12 12
2
A2

10

u12

(5)

Substituting equation (5) into equation (3), we get

A1
A2

1
A1u12
2

A1
1
A1u12
2
A2

A1u12

11

A1
A2

(Q7)
V1=5

C.V.

P1=25 kPa
gauge

0.5

c
y

Fy
V2=10
P2
A2
a

0.18

Fx
0.2

P3, A3
V3
45o

e
From continuity
V1A1
or

V1

V2 A 2
d12
4

V3 A 3

V2

d 22
4

V3

d 32
4

Substitute all known values into the above equation, we get

V3

23.15 m / s

Now consider the control volume abcde as shown above.

Since location 2 and 3 are opened to the atmosphere, therefore
p2 (gauge) = p3 (gauge) =0.
Net surface force acting on it in
x-direction:
p2A2

p 3 A 3 cos 45 o

12

(1)

y-direction:

p1 A 1

(2)

p 3 A 3 sin 45 o

The force exerted on the fluid in the control volume in

x-direction:
Fx

(3)

Fy

(4)

y-direction:
The body force of the fluid in the control volume in
x-direction:

(5)

y-direction:

- gVinside the bend

(6)

The net momentum rate leaving the control volume in

x-direction:
m 3 V3 cos 45o

m 2 V2

Mout

(7)

0
Min

y-direction:
(8)

m 3 V3 sin 45 o ) ( m 1 V1
Mout

Min

Applying momentum equation

x-direction:
p2 A 2

p 3 A 3 cos 45o

Fx

m 3 V3 cos 45o

m 2 V2

(9)

y-direction:
p1 A 1

p 3 A 3 sin 45 o +Fy - g.1= m 3 V3 sin 45 o

13

m 1 V1

(10)

Substituting all known quantities into equation (9) and (10) keeping in mind that p2 and
p3 are zero, we get
Fx
Fy

9360.5 N
7718.27 N

Therefore, the reaction force on the elbow

Rx

Fx

9360.5N

Ry

Fy

7718.27 N

14

(Q8)
To simply the problem, it is better to travel with the aeroplane as it makes the problem
steady. Note that location 1 and location 4 are so far away from the propellor such the
pressure is atmospheric.

Fx

V4

V1

B
A

V1

23

1
200x1000
60x 60

55.55 m/s

V4

300 x1000
60x 60

83.33 m / s

Apply momentum equation to control volume ABCD. The force acting on the fluid is
F

m u2

(A)

u1

Consider x-direction:
Force on the fluid (air) by solid boundary (propellor) in the x-direction
Fx
Body force in x-direction = 0
Surface force acting on CV in x-direction = 0 (since atmospheric pressure is acting all
along the control surface)
The net momentum rate leaving the control volume in the
Q V4

V1

Substitute into equation (A), we get the force exerted on air by the propeller
Fx

Q V4

V1

15

From your lecture note:

V4

V2

and
Therefore

V1
2

55.55 83.33
2

(2.5) 2 x 69.44

69.44 m / s

340.86 m 3 / s

Fx = 1.283 x 340.86 (83.33-55.55)= 12.15 kN

(a) Thrust on propeller =12.15 kN
(b) H.P. ouput = 12.15 x 55.55 =674.93 kW
(c) Propeller efficiency=V1/V2= 55.55/69.44 = 0.80 = 80%
(d) Velocity through the plane of propeller (V2) =69.44m/s
(e) Pressure difference across the propeller disc
p3

p2 A

p3

p2

AV V4

V1

1.283x 69.44 83.33 55.55 = 2.48 kN/m2

16

(Q9)
Uo
Uo=100 mm/s

Control volume

C
u-Uo

c/3

oscillating

x
oscillating

15

Umax -Uo =0.5Uo

c/3
c= 60

Equation of the sloping part of the wake profile is:

0.5U o
c/3

u Uo
(c / 3) y

0 .5 U o
(c / 3) y
c/3

Uo

Consider the control volume ABCD

Mass flow rate per unit depth OUT of control volume (BC)
c

Uo

0.5U o 1

3y
dy
c

5c
Uo
6

(1)

Mass flow rate per unit depth IN of control volume (AD)

17

LU o
From continuity

(2)

(1) = (2)
5c
Uo
6

LU o
L=

5c
6
c

Momentum OUT of the control volume

u 2 dy

0
c

2
3

2
0

3
y
Uo 1
2
c

9 2
2y
Uo 1
4
c

2
0

dy

y2
c2

dy

19c 2
Uo
18

2.5c

Momentum in of the control volume

(3)

u 2 dy

2
0
2.5c

U o2dy

2
0

5c 2
Uo
6

18

(4)

Consider x-direction:
Net force in the x-direction is
Fx

m u2

u1

Force on the fluid by oscillating airfoil in the x-direction

Fx

Body force in x-direction = 0

Surface force acting on CV in x-direction = 0 (since atmospheric pressure is acting all

along the control surface)
Fx = equation (3) Equation (4)

19c 2
Uo
18
U o2 c
Therefore it is thrust per unit length

5c
U o2
6

4
18
U o2c

4
18

By substituting all the known value into the above equation, we get
Total Thrust (1000)(0.1) 2 (0.06)

19

4
18

0.133 N

(Q10)

30o

1
150 mm

45o

200 mm

Since water is discharged equally through each nozzle, therefore

(a) when rotating freely at an angular velocity of
Q1 = Q2 = 0.5 x10-4 m3/s.
Vr1 = Vr2 =

0.5x10

(0.005 2 ) / 4

=2.54 m/s

Since Vt1 and Vt2 are in OPPOSITE direction.

Torque on fluid

Q r2 Vt 2

r1Vt1

Torque on Sprinkler by fluid

- Q r2 Vt 2

r1Vt1

External torque on Sprinkler (friction) + Torque on Sprinkler by fluid = 0 (1)

External torque on Sprinkler + Q r2 Vt 2

r1Vt1

where Vt1 and Vt2 are the absolute velocities of flow relative to the rotating axis.
Vt1=Vr1cos - r1
Vt2= Vr2cos - r2

20

Since there is no friction involved

Q r2 Vr 2 cos

r2

r1 Vr1 cos

r1

[0.15 {(2.54 cos 45- (0.15)} +0.2{(2.54 cos 30- (0.2)}] =0

0.0625 = 0.71
=11.36 rad/s or 108.4 rpm
(b) When stationary ( =0), the torque due to each nozzle is
For nozzle 1:

Torque on fluid (T1)= Q1Vr1cos30 x 0.2

=1000x0.5x10-4x2.54 cos30x0.2
=0.022 Nm

For nozzle 2:

Torque on fluid (T2) = Q2Vr2cos45 x 0.15

=1000x0.5x10-4x2.54 cos45x0.15
=0.0135 Nm

Total torque on fluid at nozzles 1 and 2 are: 0.022 +0.0135 =0.0355 Nm

Total torque on Sprinkler by fluid= -0.0355
External torque on Sprinkler (friction) + Torque on sprinkler by fluid = 0
Torque on Sprinkler

0.0355 =0

Torque on Sprinkler = 0.0355

21