1.

0$Basic$Brain$Anatomy
Structure$&$Func6on
Carter$(2014)$pp$40=67
Plus$DVD

Objectives Lecture 1.0

Learn basic structure of central and

peripheral nervous system

Characteristics of brain - Size, neurons,

glia

Major lobes of brain

Neural terminology
Learn to use Carter DVD (responsible for
all nerves and neural areas that are RED)

The Nervous System

Anatomical and functional subdivisions
Central nervous system (CNS) - includes the
brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes

Consists of
Autonomic system (ANS) - Autonomic nervous
system shares nerves with CNS and PNS but
functions automatically to control heart rate,
breathing, temperature, blood pressure, etc

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Tuesday, September 9, 2014

 31 pairs

spinal nerves
originate from
the spinal cord
Afferent
signals

12 Pairs

cranial
nerves
(except optic
nerve) originate
from brain
Relays
information

Efferent
signals

Carter DVD:
Go To: The Nervous System:
System Overview

(Responsible for all nerves and areas that

light up in RED)

!Brain!Size
!Weight!Head
*
Weight!Brain

Size!Brain
Approx.
Consistency
Firm!Jello
Gender!dierences!in!weight?

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Tuesday, September 9, 2014

Brain!Weight!&!Gender
Male
Female

Weight

Brain!weight!increases!*!max!at!adolescence
Male!brain!consistently!heavier!than!female!over!all!ages
Percent!of!body!weight!*

% of total body weight

Brain Size, Sulci & Gyrus By Species

(Elephant, Human, Dolphin, Wolf, Cat)

Is!Brain!Size!Related!to!Genius

Jonathan!SwiD!*!2000!gr
Pavlov!*!1500!gr
Einsteins!brain!?!*!1230!gr
Had!very!wide!parietal!

area/lacked!sulcus!(STS)!
Superior!temporal!sulcus!
Enhanced!

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Tuesday, September 9, 2014

Cerebral!Cortex!(Neocortex)

Cortex!.!Gray!maEer!
Outer!layer!*!thickness!2!*!5!mm!/!1/4!inch
Responsible!for!higher!cogniWve!processes!*!
percepWon,!aYenWon,!focus!and!

concentraWon,!memory,!decision!making!and!
problem!solving
Motor!..
Gyrus!&!Sulcus!
Gyri!(pl)*!Bulges!of!parts!of!cortex
Sulci!(pl)!*!Deep!folds!in!cortex

10

Gyrus!and!Sulcus

Purpose:!Greatly!
increases!the!surface!
area!and!processing!
capability!of!the!brain
If!the!human!cortex!was!
aYened!out,!it!would!
cover!an!area!of!

Gyrus

Sulcus

approx.!?

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Sulcus!&!Gyrus!(contd)
Central!sulcus!*!division!
between!

Sylvian!Fissure!*!deep!
sulcus!separates

Superior!temporal!sulcus!
(STS)!*!temporal!and!
parietal!from!occipital

associated!with!
higher!levels!of

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Tuesday, September 9, 2014

Brain Is Composed of
Neurons & Glia Cells

13

Neurons - at birth highest number - approx 500

billion - undifferentiated
Growth, development & life experiences reduce to
about 86 billion
Neurons (yellow) are replaced over our lifetime
Myth of neuron death Neurogenesis -

14

Neurons & Glia Cells

Glia cells - 10x number glia cells (860 billion glia)

Glia (blue and red) means glue (Greek);

supports neurons; provides nutrition, carries out

housekeeping
NEW - glia recently linked to higher intelligence
and problem solving (human glia placed within

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Tuesday, September 9, 2014

Four Major Lobes of Cerebral Cortex

Cortex is the thin outer
layer
Only 3-5 mm/ 1/4 inch thick

16

16

Major Lobes of Brain

Carter DVD:
Go To
Whole Brain Anatomy

17

Major Functions of 4 Lobes

Occipital Lobe - in motor

learning/control - visual input

often influences motor
behaviour first

processes
Parietal lobe - computes
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Tuesday, September 9, 2014

Major Function of 4 Lobes

Temporal lobe center of

Frontal lobe - higher

thought center;

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LeJ!and!Right!Hemispheres
2"Hemispheres"Linked"by"corpus"callosum
200"million$connec6ng$nerve$bres$
Le7"hemisphere"controls$right$hand$and$
foot
Right"hemisphere$control$leK$hand
Le7"hemisphere$=$more$linear,$speech$
and$language,$

Right"hemisphere$=$more$sensi6ve$to$
sensory$input,$auditory$and$visual$
awareness,

Gender"dierence$in$corpus$callosum=$
more"connec=ons$in$women$(DVD$&$pp.$
198)
Lobotomy$=$severed$corpus$collosum$=$
1950s$treatment$for$epilepsy,$mental$
illness

20

20

LeD!and!Right!Hemispheres!of!Brain

Can$we$live$without$one$
hemisphere?$
Yes.$Surgical$removal$as$
child.$Led$a$normal$life.$
Child$could$speak$2$
languages$(p.$199$Carter)
What$makes$this$case$so$
interes6ng?
$

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Tuesday, September 9, 2014

Neural Terminology
Location and Direction

22

Terminology:
Location
&
Direction
Medial
Anterior
23

23

The Brains Surface Features

often difficult to determine front
and back of brain - which view is
most difficult to ID?
Clues: cerebellum/orientation of
temporal lobe/check for labels
Dorsal view
left and right hemisphere
separated by

Ventral view:
cerebellum (small or little brain)

visible

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Tuesday, September 9, 2014

24

The Brains Surface

Features

Lateral view:
Frontal, parietal, occipital,
temporal lobes and cerebellum
Pre-motor and motor
cortices are in the frontal lobe
Medial view:
Corpus callosum and
cingulate gyrus
Cingulate cortex or gyrus
above corpus callosum
critical in
25

25

Carter DVD
Go to:
MRI Atlas
MRI Terms for Location & Direction

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Tuesday, September 9, 2014