IMPERFECTION IN SOLIDS

MS 2101 Hand-out by Husaini Ardy

 Defects

in Metals

MS 2101 Hand-out by Husaini Ardy

Point Defects in Metals

Self interstitial

The equilibrium number of

vacancy :

Nv N A exp Q / kT

MS 2101 Hand-out by Husaini Ardy

Impurities in Metals

Pure metals consists only of

one type of atom
Difficult to produce 100% metal
Alloy : addition of foreign
atoms for special purpose
(strengthening, special
properties) : substitutional and
interstitial atoms
The formation of solid solution
:

Solvent : the major component

Solute : the minor component

MS 2101 Hand-out by Husaini Ardy

Line Defect - Dislocation

Dislocation : one extra

atom plane
There are two types :

Edge dislocation
Screw dislocation

Burgers vector ( b ) : the

magnitude and lattice
distortion

MS 2101 Hand-out by Husaini Ardy

Planar Defect Grain Boundaries

Atomic mismatch at the

boundaries

There are two types :

High angle g b ( > 15o)
Low angle g b ( < 15o)

Based on rotation :

Tilt boundaries
Twist boundaries
MS 2101 Hand-out by Husaini Ardy

Twist Boundary

MS 2101 Hand-out by Husaini Ardy

MS 2101 Hand-out by Husaini Ardy

Introduction

Diffusion : material transport by the movement of atoms

Affected by : Temperature and Time

Diffusion types :

Substitutional diffusion (Vacancy diffusion)

Interstitial diffusion

MS 2101 Hand-out by Husaini Ardy

MS 2101 Hand-out by Husaini Ardy

MS 2101 Hand-out by Husaini Ardy

Steady State Diffusion

Steady state diffusion : diffusion flux does not change with time

Ficks first law :

C
J D
x
J : diffusion flux [atom/m2-sec.]
D : diffusion coefficient [m2/sec.]
(C/ x) : concentration gradient [atom/m4]

MS 2101 Hand-out by Husaini Ardy

Example

A plate of iron is exposed to

a carburizing atmosphere on
one side and a decarburizing
atmosphere on the other side
at 700 oC. If a condition of
steady state is achieved,
calculate the diffusion flux
of carbon through plate if
the concentrations of carbon
at position 5 and 10 mm
beneath the carburizing
surface are 1.2 and 0.8
kg/m3. Assume a diffusion
coefficient of 3.10-11 m2/s at
this temperature

J D

C
x

C = (1.2 0.8) kg/m3

x = (5 10) x 10-3 m
J = -(3 x 10-11) x (0.4/-5.10-3)
= 2.4 x 10-9 kg/m2-s

MS 2101 Hand-out by Husaini Ardy

Non-Steady State Diffusion

Diffusion flux and the

concentration gradient at
some particular point in a
solid vary with time.
Ficks second law :

C
2C
D
t
x 2

The differential equation shall

be solved by considering the
boundary conditions
MS 2101 Hand-out by Husaini Ardy

Solution of diff. eqn.

Semi infinite solid exposed

to diffusing species
(carburizing, nitriding)

Boundary conditions :
For t = 0, C = Co at 0 x ~
For t > 0, C = CS (the constant
surface concentration) at x = 0
C = Co at x = ~

The solution is :
C x Co
1 erf
C S Co

2 Dt

MS 2101 Hand-out by Husaini Ardy

MS 2101 Hand-out by Husaini Ardy

Carburizing of steel

Steel surface will be

carburized by exposing to
CH4 gas.
Initial carbon content of
steel = 0.25 wt%
Temperature = 950 oC
Carbon content at the
surface = 1.20 wt%.
D = 1.6 x 10-11 m2/s
Time to achieve carbon
content of 0.80 wt% at a
position 0.5 mm below the
surface

Co = 0.25 wt%, CS = 1.20 wt%

Cx = 0.80 wt%, x = 5.10-4 m
D = 1.6 . 10-11m2/s

(Cx Co)/(Cs Co) = 0.5790

0.4210 = 1 - erf (62.5/t)

Tabel 6.1 : erf (z) = 0.4210,

z = 0.392

t = 25,400 s = 7.1 hour

MS 2101 Hand-out by Husaini Ardy

Factors that Influence Diffusion

Diffusing species : diffusion coefficient

Temperature : affected D and diffusion rates

MS 2101 Hand-out by Husaini Ardy

Qd
D Do exp

RT