Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Respiration
Respirasi
RNI G
LEBAJECTIVN
ES
O
RESPIRATION
Structure of
respiratory organs
Transportation of oxygen
Breathing
mechanism
Importance of a healthy
respiratory system
Gas exchange at
lungs and tissues
Harmful
substances and
their effects
Adaptations
of alveolus
Inhalation
Ways to
improve air
quality
Exhalation
Diseases of
the respiratory
system
Bilingual Keywords
Breathing mechanism
Mekanisme pernafasan
Carcinogen Karsinogen
Diffusion Peresapan
Exhalation Hembusan nafas
Inhalation Tarikan nafas
1. http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/School_
Science/Bell_jar_model_lung
2. http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.
ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Pulmonary.
html
3. http://www.speech-therapy-informationand-resources.com/breathingmechanism.html
CHAPTER
Date:
1.1
2006 Sec. A, Q4
Materials
Inquiry-discovery
To identify the structures of the human respiratory system and the lung
3. Label the diagram with the following structures. / Label rajah dengan struktur yang berikut:
Lung
Bronchus
Alveolus
Alveolus
Tulang rusuk
Rib
Diaphragm
Nasal cavity
Trachea
Bronchiole
Intercostal muscle
Peparu
Nostril
Lubang hidung
Bronkus
Rongga hidung
Trakea
Bronkiol
Diafragma
Otot interkosta
Observation
Alveolus
Nasal cavity
Alveolus
Rongga hidung
Bronchus
Nostril
Bronkus
Lubang hidung
Bronchiole
Trachea
Lung
Intercostal muscle
Bronkiol
Trakea
Peparu
Otot interkosta
Diaphragm
Rib
Diafragma
Discussion
Tulang rusuk
Structure / Struktur
Diaphragma
Diafragma
TSTS
Function / Fungsi
Changes the air pressure in the thoracic cavity by increasing or decreasing the
thoracic volume
Mengubah tekanan udara di dalam rongga toraks dengan menambah atau mengurangkan
Protects the
Alveolus
Alveolus
Otot interkosta
gas-gas
gases
takes place
pernafasan
ribcage
tulang rusuk
peparu
/ Melindungi
lungs
Tempat pertukaran
Intercostal muscle
Attributing / Mencirikan
during breathing
semasa pernafasan
Relating / Menghubungkaitkan
Bronchiole
Bronkiol
Blood capillaries
Kapilari darah
Alveolus
Alveolus
Alveolus
Alveolus
Bronchiole
Blood capillary
Bronkiol
Kapilari darah
Nostril
Lubang hidung
TSTS
Nasal cavity
Trachea
Bronchus
Blood capillary
Alveolus
Bronchiole
Rongga hidung
Kapilari darah
Trakea
Bronkus
Alveolus
Bronkiol
Date:
1.2
Materials
Apparatus
Procedure
2005 Sec. A, Q5
Inquiry-discovery
Cork
Gabus
Y-shaped glass tube
Tiub kaca berbentuk Y
Balloons
Belon
Glass jar
Balang kaca
Rubber sheet
Kepingan getah
2.
Pull the rubber sheet downwards. Observe the two balloons.
Tarik kepingan getah ke bawah. Perhatikan keadaan kedua-dua belon.
3.
Push the rubber sheet upwards. Observe the two balloons.
Tolak kepingan getah ke atas. Perhatikan keadaan kedua-dua belon.
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
Observation
Action
Tindakan
Volume of
glass jar
Keadaan belon
Tekanan udara di
dalam balang kaca
Increases
Inflates
Decreases
Bertambah
Mengembang
Decreases
Berkurang
Deflates
Berkurang
Air pressure in
the glass jar
State of
balloons
Increases
Mengecut
Bertambah
Inference
Inferens
Air enters
the balloons.
Udara memasuki
belon.
Air leaves
the balloons.
Udara keluar
daripada belon.
1. Nama the parts of the human respiratory system that is represented by each of the following
parts in the model.
Namakan bahagian sistem respirasi manusia yang diwakili oleh setiap bahagian yang berikut dalam model ini.
TSTS Making analogies / Membuat analogi
Thoracic cavity
Rongga toraks
Lungs
Diaphragm
Peparu
Thoracic cavity
Rubber sheet
Diaphragm
Bronchus
Balloons
Lungs
Glass jar
Rib cage
Kepingan getah
Balang kaca
Rongga toraks
Diafragma
Bronkus
Peparu
2. From the observation of the activity, state the process that happens in human beings.
Daripada pemerhatian aktiviti, nyatakan proses yang berlaku pada manusia.
2.
Exhalation occurs when the diaphragm curves
Hembusan nafas berlaku apabila diafragma melengkung ke
Bronkus
Bronchus
Tulang rusuk
Rib cage
Diafragma
down
bawah
.
.
up
atas
.
.
CHAPTER
Date:
Breathing Mechanism
1.3
Mekanisme Pernafasan
Mastery Learning
Fill in the blanks with correct words about inhalation and exhalation.
Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang betul tentang tarikan nafas dan hembusan nafas.
bigger
masuk
outwards
lebih besar
outwards
ke luar
bigger
decreases
berkurang
masuk
flattened
upwards
lebih besar
enters
increases
menjadi rata
menjadi rata .
flattened
berkurang
decreases
ke luar
.
.
the lungs.
ke dalam peparu.
smaller
terdesak keluar
inwards
lebih kecil
ke dalam
inwards
ke dalam
smaller
lebih kecil
bertambah
upwards
ke atas
ke atas
increases
bertambah
.
.
forced out .
CHAPTER
1.4
Date:
2006 Sec. A, Q4(d)
Mastery Learning
The diagram below shows the gaseous exchange between an alveolus and a blood capillary.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan pertukaran gas antara alveolus dengan kapilari darah.
Alveolus
Deoxygenated blood
Darah terdeoksigen
Alveolus
Oxygenated blood
Darah beroksigen
Blood capillary
Kapilari darah
2. Identify
Kenal pasti
Gas X / Gas X: Carbon dioxide / Karbon dioksida
Feature of alveoli
Ciri-ciri alveolus
Moist walls
Function
Fungsi
Surrounded by a network of
blood capillaries
To describe the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood capillaries
To describe the transport of oxygen by blood
To describe the diffusion of oxygen from the blood capillaries into the cells
CHAPTER
4. Fill in the blanks with suitable words on transport of oxygen to the body cells.
Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai tentang pengangkutan oksigen ke sel badan.
oxygen
haemoglobin
low
blood capillary
oksigen
rendah
hemoglobin
heart
alveolus
lungs
body cells
jantung
kapilari darah
alveolus
peparu
sel badan
alveolus
blood capillary .
Semasa sedutan nafas, kepekatan oksigen adalah tinggi di dalam
alveolus
Oxygen diffuses from the alveolus into the blood capillary and combines with
kapilari darah
haemoglobin
to form
oxyhaemoglobin.
Oksigen dari alveolus meresap ke dalam kapilari darah dan bergabung dengan
oksihemoglobin.
heart
jantung
rendah
low
peparu
untuk membentuk
hemoglobin
oxygen
oksigen
CHAPTER
1.5
Date:
Inquiry-discovery
PEKA
Aim
Materials
Apparatus
Thermometer, conical flask, U-tube, vacuum pump, rubber stoppers, glass tube, rubber tube,
retort stand and clamp
Termometer, kelalang kon, tiub-U, pam vakum, penyumbat getah, tiub kaca, tiub getah, kaki retort dan pengapit
Procedure
100
90
80
70
60
Rubber tube
Tiub getah
50
40
30
Thermometer
Termometer
Glass tube
Tiub kaca
20
10
To vacuum pump
Ke pam vakum
0
10
Cigarette
Rokok
Conical flask
Kelalang kon
U-tube
Tiub-U
Universal indicator
Penunjuk semesta
Moist cotton
Kapas lembap
2. Light the cigarette and turn on the vacuum pump so that the cigarette smoke is sucked into
the apparatus.
Nyalakan rokok dan pasangkan pam vakum supaya asap rokok disedut memasuki radas.
3. Observe the change in the colour of the cotton and universal indicator. Note the reading on
the thermometer.
Perhatikan perubahan pada warna kapas dan penunjuk semesta. Catatkan bacaan termometer.
Observation
Substance
Observation
Bahan
Cotton
Kapas
Universal
indicator
Penunjuk
semesta
Inferens
brown
perang
green
kepada
Suhu
meningkat
kuning
increases .
Inference
Pemerhatian
tar
.
tar
gas berasid .
Cigarette smoke is
hot
E1C1
E1C4
Asap rokok
panas
.
E1C6
Discussion
E1
1
4
6
Sulphur dioxide
carbon dioxide
Sulfur dioksida
karbon dioksida
Attributing / Mencirikan
, hydrogen cyanide
, hidrogen sianida
4. What inference can be made about the effect of temperature of cigarette smoke on the
respiratory system?
Apakah inferens yang dapat dibuat tentang kesan suhu asap rokok terhadap sistem respirasi?
E1C4
high
The
Suhu
temperature dries up the walls of the respiratory tract and the lungs.
tinggi
(a) It causes
lung cancer
Menyebabkan
Menyebabkan
and bronchitis.
kanser peparu
arteries
arteri-arteri
dan bronkitis.
to harden.
mengeras.
respiratory tract
salur respirasi
Mengeringkan dinding
dan peparu.
6. State the substances of cigarette smoke that cause the following effects.
(a)
Nicotine
Conclusion
Nikotina
carcinogens
karsinogen
tar
tar
haba
acidic gases
gas berasid
yang
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
1.6
Date:
1. Collect information on the pollutants and fill in the blanks with the suitable words.
Kumpulkan maklumat tentang bahan pencemar dan isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai.
acidic solution
carbon monoxide
larutan berasid
cigarette
karbon monoksida
Pollutant
haze
rokok
alveolus walls
jerebu
dinding alveolus
Bahan pencemar
Tar
Sticks to the
Tar
Melekat pada
alveolus walls
dinding alveolus
Carbon monoxide
Sulphur dioxide
Forms
Karbon monoksida
Sulfur dioksida
acidic solution
larutan berasid
Membentuk
Nicotine
Nikotina
Haze
Causes addiction to
cigarette
Menyebabkan ketagihan
rokok
Jerebu
recycle
public
mengitar semula
(a) Avoid
terbuka
10
public
undang-undang
open
terbuka
burning of trash.
open
laws
awam
recycle
(d) Implement
laws
Menguatkuasakan
undang-undang
transportation.
awam
waste materials.
mengitar semula
bahan buangan.
CHAPTER
Date:
Nasal cavity
Alveolus
Rongga hidung
Alveolus
Bronchus
Nostril
Bronkus
Lubang hidung
Bronchiole
Trachea
Lung
Intercostal muscle
Bronkiol
Trakea
Peparu
Otot interkosta
Rib
Diaphragm
Tulang rusuk
Diafragma
Nostril
Lubang hidung
Nasal cavity
Rongga hidung
Blood capillary
Kapilari darah
Trachea
Bronchus
Alveolus
Bronchiole
Trakea
Bronkus
Alveolus
Bronkiol
Deoxygenated blood
Darah terdeoksigen
Namakan gas X.
Oxygenated blood
Darah beroksigen
Namakan gas Y.
Oxygen / Oksigen
(c) State four characteristics of the alveolus for ef cient gas exchange.
(i)
oxyhaemoglobin
Oksigen bergabung dengan hemoglobin dalam sel darah merah untuk membentuk
peparu ke sel badan.
oksihemoglobin
11
CHAPTER
Type of pollutant
Tar
Carbon monoxide
Sulphur dioxide
Forms acidic solution which corrodes the trachea and alveolus tissues
Nicotine
Haze
Tar
Karbon monoksida
Sulfur dioksida
Nikotina
Jerebu
12
CHAPTER
Date:
ssessment 1
Summative
Objective Questions
A
B
C
Karbon dioksida
Oksigen
Oxygen
Oxygen
Oxygen
Carbon
dioxide
Oksigen
Oksigen
Human
respiratory
system
Model of
respiratory
system
A
B
C
D
Lungs
Peparu
Diaphragm
Bell jar
Balang gas
Rubber sheet
Diafragma
Kepingan
getah
Bronchiole
Y-tube
Bronkiol
Tiub-Y
Air space in
Thoracic cavity the balloons
Rongga toraks
Ruang udara
di dalam belon
Red blood
cells
Sel darah
merah
Karbon
dioksida
Carbon
Carbon dioxide dioxide
Karbon dioksida
Diagram 1 / Rajah 1
Karbon
dioksida
Bronchiole
Alveolus
Destruction of alveoli
Kemusnahan alveolus
II and III
I and IV
III and IV
III dan IV
Diagram 3 / Rajah 3
Emphysema D
Tuberculosis
Tuberkulosis
Pneumonia
Pneumonia
I dan IV
Bronkitis
I and II
II dan III
Bronchitis
Emsema
I dan II
Bronchus
Bronkus
II
Alveolus
Trachea
Trakea
Bronkiol
Diagram 2 / Rajah 2
Oksigen
nicotine
caffeine
nikotina
kafein
heroin
heroin
barbiturate
barbiturat
Ribcage lowers
Diaphragm contracts
13
CHAPTER
W : Ribcage lowers
Sangkar rusuk menurun
X : Pressure of thoracic cavity
increases
Tekanan udara di dalam
rongga toraks bertambah
Y : Diaphragm relaxes
Diafragma mengendur
Z : Air leaves the lungs
Udara keluar dari peparu
A Y, W, Z, X
B X, Y, W, Z
C W, X, Z, Y
D Y, W, X, Z
14
Alveoli
Capillaries
High oxygen
content
High oxygen
content
Low oxygen
content
Low oxygen
content
Alveolus
Kandungan
oksigen tinggi
Kandungan
oksigen rendah
Kandungan
oksigen tinggi
Kandungan
oksigen rendah
Low oxygen
content
Low oxygen
content
High oxygen
content
Kandungan
oksigen rendah
Kapilari
High oxygen
content
Kandungan
oksigen tinggi
Kandungan
oksigen rendah
Kandungan
oksigen tinggi
B Glucose + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water
Glukosa + oksigen
karbon dioksida + air
C Protein + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water
Protein + oksigen
karbon dioksida + air
Nitrogen Oxygen
A
B
C
D
Nitrogen
Oksigen
70%
78%
78%
80%
6%
6%
16%
10%
Carbon
dioxide
Karbon
dioksida
14%
14%
4%
10%
Rajah 5 menunjukkan susunan radas yang diperlukan untuk menyiasat kesan merokok
terhadap sistem respirasi manusia. Antara pemerhatian yang berikut, yang manakah
benar?
Thermometer
Termometer
Rokok
Cigarette
U-tube
Tiub-U
Conical flask
Kelalang kon
Cotton wool
Kapas
X : Oxyhaemoglobin breaks
down and releases oxygen.
Oksihemoglobin mengurai dan
Universal indicator
Penunjuk universal
membebaskan oksigen.
A
B
C
D
Diagram 5 / Rajah 5
To filter pump
Ke pam turas
A I and II
C II and IV
B I and III
D III and IV
I dan II
II dan IV
I dan III
III dan IV
17. Diagram 6 shows some of the parts of the human respiratory system.
W, Y, X, Z
X, Z, Y, W
Y, Z, W, X
Z, X, Y, W
J
K
Diagram 6 / Rajah 6
Trachea
Bronchiole
Alveolus
Diaphragm
Trachea
Bronchus
Alveolus
Diaphragm
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveolus
Intercostal muscle
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
Intercostal muscle
Trakea
Trakea
Bronkus
Bronkus
Bronkiol
Bronkus
Bronkiol
Bronkiol
Alveolus
Alveolus
Alveolus
Diafragma
Diafragma
Diafragma
Otot interkosta
Otot interkosta
15
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
Entry of blood
Darah masuk
W
X
Y
Alveolus
Alveolus
Exit of blood
Darah keluar
X
Capillary
Kapilari
Z
Diagram 1 / Rajah 1
Diffusion / Resapan
16
Diagram 2 / Rajah 2
X : Oxygen / Oksigen
P : Haemoglobin / Hemoglobin
Q : Oxyhaemoglobin / Oksihemoglobin
(d) What happens to gas X when the blood reaches the
body cells?
Rokok
Cigarette
To filter pump
Ke pam turas
Bicarbonate
indicator
Penunjuk
bikarbonat
(c) (i) Which part of the body does the cotton wool
represent?
Apakah bahagian badan yang diwakili oleh kapas?
dapat
dibuat
this
daripada
kering
Chemical substance
Bahan kimia
Nicotine
dibuat
Harmful effect
Kesan buruk
Causes addiction to
smoking
Nikotina
Menyebabkan ketagihan
merokok
Tobacco tar
yang
from
keperangan.
dapat
made
yang
be
Apakah inferens
pemerhatian ini?
can
Diagram 3 / Rajah 3
U-tube
Tiub-U
Tar tembakau
daripada
Table 3 / Jadual 3
17
CHAPTER