MODIFICATION-SECTION B

FORM 4

4.

Suggestion
Choose large force constant spring

CHAPTER 1
1.

Suitable ruler to use in laboratory

Suggestion
Smallest size scale 0.1 cm
High accuracy
High consistency
Plastic material
Thin thickness

Explanation
More accurate
Less error in measurement
Low relative deviations
Avoid parallax error
Avoid parallax error

CHAPTER 2
2.

Explain the suitability feature of arm exercise equipment.

Suggestion
Spring made of steel
Two // more spring arrange in
parallel
Spring with ticker wire
Smaller diameter coil of spring
Choose large force constant spring
3.

Explanation
Can withstand higher force
The spring system is stiffer
Wire will not easily break
The smaller the diameter coil less elastic the
spring, so the arm exercise would not so hard
Will make strong spring, the spring will stiffer and
not broken easily

Suggest the suitable cloth , equipment and techniques to improve high jumper
athlete and their safety .

Suggestion
Use tight and light suit
Use spikes shoes
Use thicker mattress
The athlete have to sprint before
jump
Athlete have to bend the body
during fall

Explain the characteristic of spring to make babys cradle.

Explanation
Less air fraction
Better grip support while running and prevent
slippery
Increase time impact , reduce impulsive force .
prevent back injury
Can increase kinetic energy
Increase the time impact , reduce impulsive force

Choose large diameter of wire

Large diameter coil of spring
The spring is made of steel or alloy
The arrangement of spring is two or
more line in parallel
5.

Explain the most suitable design of spring for shock absorber for motorcycles.

Suggestion
Small diameter of spring coil
Choose large diameter of wire
Force constant is more than 1000N
Higher spring constant
Small natural frequency
6.

Explanation
Will make strong spring, the spring will stiffer
and not broken easily.
The larger diameter the stiffer the spring is.
The larger the diameter coil more elastic the
spring is
Steel and alloy is stiffer than iron
The spring is stiffer

Explanation
Enough space for the spring
The larger the diameter the stiffer the spring
Can support motorcyclist and passenger up to
100kg
Small compression of the spring
To reduce bumping, comfortable for user

Explain the simple characteristic of the rocket than can travel with greater
acceleration.
Suggestions
Explanations
Choose metal with high strength and
Even under pressure the shape will not change
hardness
easily
Frame of rocket is made of low density
Lighter, can increase acceleration
metal
Multistage rocket invented
Each stage has burning fuel, pump and
combustion chamber. It will slip off when fuel
of each chamber completely burn. When the
mass decreases, the acceleration increase
Rocket need to carry a tank of oxygen
To enable the combustion of fuel in space
Silver color rocket
Reflect light efficiently so the temperature of
the rocket will not rise
Cover the body of rocket with heat
Friction between air and body will increase
insulator
heat. The insulator will reduce heat
conductivity
Aerodynamic shape
Reduce air friction, move faster

7.

Suggest and explain the build of water bottle rocket in school competition to move
higher altitude and has longer time on the air.
Suggestions
The body of rocket must be tough
Smaller mass
The shape is
streamline/aerodynamic
Nose cone or bullet shape on top of
body
45 angle of launching
The volume of water is half or 1/3
from the whole volume
Attach 3 or 4 fins at the tail of rocket
space equally
Attach parachute

8.

Explanations
Do not break easily in high pressure and when
landing
Rocket will accelerate faster
Reduce air resistance
To improve the aerodynamic of rocket
The rocket can travel maximum distance
To increase momentum and impulsive force
Rocket will move smooth and stable
will make the rocket floating and has longer time
on the air before landing//decrease the speed of
falling due to air resistance

Give suggestion to improve the design of jet engine so that it can be use for larger
airplane at the higher speed.

Suggestions
Increase more fuel injectors
Increase the size of the combustion
chamber
Decrease the diameter of the nozzle
Increase the speed of blade/use
bigger blade
Blade and engine made of strong
materials

Explanations
More fuel to be burnt to produce greater force
More space for fuel to burnt
Exhaust gas ejected at higher velocity
Increase the air intake
Can withstand strong pressure and wont break
easily

9.

Base on the physics principle, suggest the design of roller skate track so it can be
used to oscillate skate continuously.
Suggestions
Semicircular curve shape

Smooth surface
The slope slightly increase and
decrease
Use strong material such concrete
of foundation of the track
Soft layer at the surface

Explanations
Exchange between kinetic energy and gravitational
potential easily
Reduce frictional force/easy to slide
Easy to oscillates cause by changing of energy
Withstand high impact such as high force of
jumping and landing
Reduce impulsive force when landing, low risk if
accident

10. Explain the most suitable design of motorcycle that can move fast, safe and save time
in racing.
Suggestions
Lower seat height
Bigger width of tire
Less thread pattern
Smaller mass
With ABS

Explanations
Lower center of gravity or more stable or safer to
turn.
Bigger surface area, better support or low pressure
acts on the tires or more friction when breaks.
To decrease friction of tires to the road, can move
fast
Lighter, can move faster or low inertia
Motorcycle does not stop immediately or can be
controlled if direction changes or does not move
sideways or more friction with ABS

11. Suggest and explain how to make suitable beach motorcycle which able to move on
the sand smoothly and comfortable.
Suggestions
Deep thread patter // more
definitive pattern
Large tire (big surface contact with
ground)
Soft seat and water resistance
Excellent resistance to rusting
Attach shock absorber with higher
spring constant and small natural
frequency.
Low density body

Explanations
Better grip on sand, able to move smoothly on sand
Reduce total pressure of car, increase stability and
the car would not get stuck in the sand
Comfortable for cycles and would not get wet easily
Everlasting. Would not rust easily
Reduce bumping, comfortable to cycle with
Lighter, would not stuck in sand

12. Suggest the suitable cloth and the best techniques to catch ball to prevent injury for
goalkeeper.
Suggestion
Wear glove
Use soft material for glove
Wear cloth which is made from
material with moderate specific
heat capacity
Base of shoes has stud
When catching the ball, the goal
keeper should move his hand
backwards
The ball should have enough air
pressure inside

Explanations
Reduce painful of the players hands when touching
the ball with big impulsive force.
Lengthen the time impact, reduce impulsive force.
The cloth can absorb more heat when the player is
sweating to maintain the temperature of player.
Player give great pressure to make stud sink into
ground and give stronger support without slipping.
This action lengthen the time impact between ball
and hand, so it reduce the impulsive force.
Shorter the time impact between foot and ball, so
impulsive force increase then the ball will has high
speed and travel far away.

13. Using physics concept, suggest and explain suitable athletes attires, running,
jumping, landing techniques and other aspects to help the long jumper can jump
further.
Suggestion
Use tight and light suit
Use spike shoes
The athlete have to sprint before
jump
The athlete have to push the body
infront while jumping
Athlete have to bent the body during
fall

Explanation
Less air friction
Better grip support while running and prevent
slippery
Can increase the kinetic energy//momentum
Increase the elastic potential energy//able to
increase longer distance of jumping
Increase the time impact, reduce impulsive force,
less injured

14. Safety feature in car

Characteristic
The bumper of car is prone to crash
The sitting space of the passenger is
reinforced
Use safety belt
Use air bag
Antilock breaking system(ABS)
Strong steel struts
Tire with tread

Explanation
It will increase the time impact, the impulsive force
will reduce
To protect the passenger
During collision, safety belt will hold the
passengers from thrown infront due to inertia
Will inflate when accident occurs, the driver safe
from hitting steering
Allow car to stop quickly on slippery road and
prevent from skidding
Give good protection from side on collision
Can stays contact with road, prever slippery

15. Explain the suitable loaded lorry which can carry liquid, such as petrol
Suggestion
The load of lorry should be divided
into many smaller tank
The load must be tied
Far gap distances between tractor
and trailer
Use more tire for lorry
Small belt behind lorry
Use antilock break system (ABS)

Explanation
To reduce effect of inertia
So it will no fall of from the lorry
Prevent collision between tractor and trailer,
easier when turning
Pressure will be separate to all tires, able to carry
more loads. Lower pressure better support and
stability
To discharge spark, safety reason to prevent from
burning the petrol
The lorry can stop easily without skidding

16. Explain the design of and how kayak which can travel faster and safer.
Suggestion
Streamline /aerodynamic shape of
body
Smooth surface body /coated with
wax
Low density material
Strong material body and peddle
Wider peddle surface
Wear safety jacket

Explanation
Reduce water resistance
Reduce friction of body towards water
Lighter , easier to float, easy to carry and sail faster
Everlasting , not easily broken
Greater force because more water are peddled up
Passenger can float and safe if they fall into water.

17. Give suggestion to design a sail boat which can travel faster and smooth.
Suggestion
Streamline /aerodynamic shape of
board
Smooth surface board/coated with
wax
Low density material
Strong material
Wider sail

Explanation
Reduce water and air resistance,can increase
lifting
Reduce friction toward water
Lighter, easier to float and sail faster
Withstand strong wind, not easily damage
Greater lifting force because more wind are
captured

18. Modified the ship that can carry more and heavier load, move faster and safe while
travelling.
Suggestion
Strong material
Low density material
Has more than two stage,plimsoll line
Big size
Aerodynamic/streamline shape
Waterproof sail

Explanation
Can withstand great force
Light weight
Safe to travel on the fresh and salt water
Can place more goods
Reduce water friction.
Sail would not get e=wet easily.

19. Suggest how to increase the safety for motorbike racer to reduce injuries / accident
Suggestion
Use helmet
Use helmet with hard outer casing and
soft inner liner
Use safety jacket
Use gloves
Use padded leathers suit

Explanation
To protect the head
Helmet reduce head injuries in a crash by
spreading the impact with hard outer casing and
absorb energy with soft inner linear of styrofoam
To protect the from injuries , cut ,burn
To protect the hand
Will soften any impact and protect the skin from
abrasion

20. An earth-monitoring satellite falls into the earths atmosphere at a high velocity and
reaches a high temperature. This is caused by the earths gravitational force and air
resistance.Using the appropriate physics concepts, suggest and explain suitable
designs or ways to protect the satellite and its equipment:
Suggestion
Aerodynamic shape
Heat shield / material that is hard to
burn
High melting point //ceramic
Landing in water // air bag
Light material / / small mass // low
density
Parachute / /Retro rocket
Hard material // stiff composite

Explanation
To reduce air resistance
To protect the capsule
Do not melt
Increase time of impact// Reduce impulsive force
-Reduce the inertia // -reduce the momentum //
-reduce impulse
To reduce speed
Not easy to bend

21. Explain how you would design the pile driving system.[the ram hammer is lifted to a
height by the crane and allowed to fall on the pile.
Modification
Large hammer weight
Ram hammer made from hard
material such as alloys
Hammer raised at higher position
Stronger End of the top of the
concrete pile
Sharp End of the bottom of the
concrete pile

Reason
Large momentum when it hit the pile
Not break easily/last longer
Inrease the gravitational potential energy
To avoid break at the top couse by the hammer
To increase the pressure

CHAPTER 3
22. Efficient brake system
Suggestions
Type of liquid: oil
Thickness of brake line :high
The ratio of cross sectional area for
wheel piston and master piston :high
The chosen of type of brake for front
rear wheel:
Front wheel - disc
Rear wheel - drum

Explanations
Uncompressible
To counter the high pressure from the liquid
To produce larger force on wheel piston
Disc brake is more efficient than drum brake

23. Explain the design of hydrometer which can be use to determine a wide range of
densities of liquid.
Suggestions
Small stem and long
Glass wall
Large diameter of bulb
Scale can be made bigger or smaller
than the density of water.[calibration]
The hydrometer is floated in
alcohol. The liquid level at
the stem is marked (upper
level)
Then, the hydrometer is
floated in higher density
liquid like mercury and
marked (lower level)
Lead shots

Explanations
Increase sensitivity where the scale division are
far apart so that small changes in density can be
detected
Do not erode and small adhesive force
High up thrust / displaces more liquid / able to
float easily
Ability to measure a wide range of densities of
liquids.

Hydrometer can stay upright

24. Describe the suitable design to build mobile tent for Sure Heboh event which will be
construct at open space for a week. Using appropriate physics concept, suggests and
explain.
Suggestion
Choose low density metal for frame
Use hollow rod which can assemble
easily
Water proof canvas
Antirust rod
Sharp end rod

Explanation
Light weight and strong
Hollow rod is not heavy, but equally strong, easy
to mobile anywhere, faster to build, can reduce
the cost of construction and transport
If raining, would not getting wet
Can withstand rain and long lasting
Small surface area, so higher pressure to ground,
yet the tent can be planted into ground firmly
and stand still