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General Certificate of Education

Advanced Subsidiary Examination
June 2013

Psychology (Specification A)
Unit 1

1
2

PSYA1

Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology

and Research Methods

Wednesday 22 May 2013

Mark

9.00 am to 10.30 am

3
4
5
6
7
8

You will need no other materials.

9
Time allowed
1 hour 30 minutes

10

Instructions
Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
Answer all questions.
You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write
outside the box around each page or on blank pages.
Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
to be marked.

TOTAL

Information
The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
The maximum mark for this paper is 72.
Question 8 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the
space provided to plan your answer. In Question 8, you will be assessed
on your ability to:
use good English
organise information clearly
use specialist vocabulary where appropriate.

(JUn13psyA101)

G/T90614

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Section A Cognitive Psychology and Research Methods

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

Total for this question: 4 marks

1

According to the multi-store model of memory, there are several ways in which
short-term memory and long-term memory differ.
Explain how the findings of one or more studies demonstrate that short-term memory
and long-term memory are different.

The Case
study HM shows us that both are different
............................................................................................................................................
as , after he went through brain sugery he lost his long term
............................................................................................................................................
memory this lead to him remebering little of public or personal
events............................................................................................................................................
that had occured in the past 45 years he wasnt able to
to form............................................................................................................................................
new memeories however his short term memory was
............................................................................................................................................
still intact
.
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(4 marks)
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Total for this question: 4 marks

2

Briefly describe the working memory model.

............................................................................................................................................
The working
memory consists on the central executive
............................................................................................................................................
this allocates
the data to thew subsyestems
, this ............................................................................................................................................
also takes charge in tasks such as qucik maths and
............................................................................................................................................
problem
solving . The viso spatial sketchpad - stores
............................................................................................................................................
and processes
infomation in a visual or spaital form .
............................................................................................................................................
It is used
in naviagtion.The Phonological store holds
............................................................................................................................................
infomation
in a speach based form for 1-2 seconds .
The Articulatory
Control Process , is used for speech
............................................................................................................................................
production
and is used to reherse and store infomation from
............................................................................................................................................
phonological
store.
............................................................................................................................................
(4 marks)
Extra space ........................................................................................................................
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Total for this question: 16 marks

3

A researcher investigated whether memory for words presented with pictures was
better than memory for words presented without pictures. The researcher used an
independent groups design.
In Condition 1, participants were given a limited time to learn a list of 20 words.
They were then asked to recall the 20 words in any order.
In Condition 2, participants were given the same time to learn the same 20 words,
but this time each word was presented with a picture. For example, the word apple
was presented alongside a picture of an apple. They were then asked to recall the
20 words in any order.

3 (a)

A pilot study is a small-scale investigation carried out before the main study.
Explain why it would be appropriate for this researcher to use a pilot study. In your
answer you must refer to details of the experiment given above.

A pilot study would allow the investigator to

see , to see if 20 words is too hard as they may
............................................................................................................................................
get a floor effect , becuase none of the
............................................................................................................................................
perticipants can score at all or can complete
............................................................................................................................................
the task.They can also see if any confsuions
............................................................................................................................................
was given to participants or problems with the
............................................................................................................................................
task .
............................................................................................................................................

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(4 marks)
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3 (b)

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State a non-directional hypothesis for this experiment.

Memory
will differ when being presented with pictures
............................................................................................................................................
and
words , than when just being presented with words
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
3 (c)

Explain two reasons why it was more appropriate to use an independent groups design
than a repeated measures design.
Reason 1 ...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
Reason 2 ...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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(2 marks + 2 marks)

Question 3 continues on the next page

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Table 1:

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The range and median number of words correctly recalled for participants shown
words without pictures and for participants shown words with pictures

3 (d)

Condition 1
Words without pictures

Condition 2
Words with pictures

Median number of
words correctly recalled

13

16

Range

11

13

What do the scores in Table 1 show?

............................................................................................................................................
The recall
of words was higher in condition to
............................................................................................................................................
however
there was more variation due to the higher range
............................................................................................................................................
although
it wasnt by much .
............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
After he had carried out the experiment, the researcher noticed that one participant in
Condition 1 had recalled all 20 words. The researcher thought that this participant
might have used a strategy for memory improvement, even though he had not been
told to do so.
3 (e)

Identify a memory improvement strategy that this participant might have used.
Explain how this strategy could have been used to learn the list of 20 words.

Organisation and cues

Memory improvement strategy ......................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................
Explanation ......................................................................................................................

orgainse
infomation into section with heading
............................................................................................................................................
They
act as cues to help you to recall infomation.
............................................................................................................................................
Organisation
can be orgainsed in a sequnce such as
............................................................................................................................................
alaphbetically
.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark + 3 marks)

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Extra space ........................................................................................................................

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Total for this question: 8 marks

4

Outline and evaluate research into how age can affect the accuracy of eyewitness
testimony (EWT).
............................................................................................................................................

Dogdson and Kruegar , They used College Students

............................................................................................................................................
and older
citzens (60-80) , they watched a 5 minutes
............................................................................................................................................
of a buglary
and police chase and answered 24 yes/no
............................................................................................................................................
questions
, however 8 questions were not included
in the video
.They had the same error rate , however the
............................................................................................................................................
older were
more confident they were correct .
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................

This was a video and the age difference may not have occurered
............................................................................................................................................
due to the fact there was no real life implication , as
............................................................................................................................................
a real buglary
would be different situation , so there is
............................................................................................................................................
low ecological
validty .
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(8 marks)

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Extra space for question 4 .................................................................................................

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Total for this question: 4 marks

5

Outline how a cognitive interview can be used to improve the accuracy of eyewitness
testimony (EWT).

Context
Reinstatement , allows the image to be
............................................................................................................................................
recreated
this allows the person memeory to be jogged
............................................................................................................................................
recall
from changed persoective
............................................................................................................................................
Reverse recall
............................................................................................................................................
report everything
............................................................................................................................................
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(4 marks)
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Section B Developmental Psychology and Research Methods

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

Total for this question: 2 marks

6

What is meant by the term attachment?

............................................................................................................................................
The
emtional bond between two that seeks closeness
and
feels more secure when in the prsence if the
............................................................................................................................................
attachment
figure
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
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Total for this question: 6 marks

7

When Max was born, his mother gave up work to stay at home and look after him.
Maxs father works long hours and does not have much to do with the day-to-day care
of his son. Max is now nine months old and he seems to have a very close bond with
his mother.
Use learning theory to explain how Max became attached to his mother rather than to
his father.

Due to............................................................................................................................................
classical condtioning the food the mother fed
............................................................................................................................................
the child
is the Unconditional stimulus , this
produces
pleasure , the child associates the food and
............................................................................................................................................
mother
together .The Mother becomes the conditional
............................................................................................................................................
and happiness
is the conditional reponse and the atachem
............................................................................................................................................
is formed
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................

Operant
condtioning
............................................................................................................................................
the infant
feels rewarded when they are fed
............................................................................................................................................
the behaviour
of the infant is reinforcing for the caregiver
............................................................................................................................................
The reinfocment process is therefore reciprocal
............................................................................................................................................
of strengths the emtional attchment between the two
............................................................................................................................................
(6 marks)

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Total for this question: 12 marks

8

Outline and evaluate research into cultural variations in attachment.

You may use this space to plan your answer

Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) . Meta

analysis 32 studies in 8 countries .They calculate
the average percentage for different attachment
styles .
............................................................................................................................................
Secure Attachement 70 %
............................................................................................................................................
-Lowest - China
............................................................................................................................................
-Highest
-UK
............................................................................................................................................
- ............................................................................................................................................
Independant countries (Germany ) high levels
Insecure
avoidant
............................................................................................................................................
-Japan
High levels of insecure resistant
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................

Evaultion
............................................................................................................................................
-Biased
sample 36 chinese children
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
Most
were western cultures
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
cultrally
biased
............................................................................................................................................
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(12 marks)

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Extra space for question 8 .................................................................................................

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Total for this question: 12 marks

A psychologist wanted to investigate the effects of age of adoption on aggressive
behaviour. He compared children who had been adopted before the age of two with
children who had been adopted after the age of two. The children were observed in
their school playground when they were six years old.
9 (a)

Suggest two operationalised behavioural categories the psychologist could use in his
observation of aggressive behaviour. Explain how the psychologist could have carried
out this observation.

shouting

Behavioural Category 1 ..................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

Violence

Behavioural Category 2 ..................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................
Explanation of how the observation could have been carried out ............................

Recording
Playground behaviour on CCTV for
............................................................................................................................................
later
analysis by Ticking a box when relevant behaviour
............................................................................................................................................
is............................................................................................................................................
shown
............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks + 2 marks)
9 (b)

Explain one ethical issue the psychologist would have needed to consider when
carrying out this research. How could the psychologist have dealt with this issue?

............................................................................................................................................
infomred
consent may be a issue as the children
............................................................................................................................................
would not
be aware they were being observed perhaps
............................................................................................................................................
this could
be addressed by gaining the parents permission
............................................................................................................................................
before starting
the investigation as the children
can not............................................................................................................................................
give consent and this avoid the hawthorne effect as
children............................................................................................................................................
are still unaware
............................................................................................................................................
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(4 marks)

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Extra space ........................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................
The psychologist wanted to investigate how aggressive the children were when they
were at home. He interviewed a sample of their parents to investigate this.
9 (c)

Explain why using interviews might be better than using questionnaires in this situation.
............................................................................................................................................
The
intreview allows they investigator to see the reactions
Therefore
they may be able to tell if they are lying
............................................................................................................................................
-Lots
of qualitve data
............................................................................................................................................
-Clairfy
questions
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(4 marks)
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Total for this question: 4 marks

10

Outline one research study into the effects of day care on peer relations.
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(4 marks)
Extra space ........................................................................................................................
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END OF QUESTIONS

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