Computer Material PDF

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Windows Shortcut Keys

Alt + F File menu options in current program.
Alt + E Edit options in current program
F1 Universal Help in almost ever Windows program.
Ctrl + A Select all text.
Ctrl + X Cut selected item.
Shift + Del Cut selected item.
Ctrl + C Copy selected item.
Ctrl + Ins Copy selected item
Ctrl + V Paste
Shift + Ins Paste
Home Goes to beginning of current line.
Ctrl + Home Goes to beginning of document.
End Goes to end of current line.
Ctrl + End Goes to end of document.
Shift + Home Highlights from current position to beginning of line.
Shift + End Highlights from current position to end of line.
Ctrl + Left arrow Moves one word to the left at a time.
Ctrl + Right arrow Moves one word to the right at a time.
Alt + Tab Switch between open applications.
Alt + Shift + Tab Switch backwards between open applications.
Alt + Print Screen Create a screen shot only for the program you are currently in.
Ctrl + Esc Bring Up start menu.
Alt + Esc Switch Between open applications on taskbar. F2 Renames selected Icon.
F3 Starts find from desktop.
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F4 Opens the drive selection when browsing.

F5 Refresh Contents.
Alt + F4 Closes Current open program.
Ctrl + F4 Closes Window in Program.
Ctrl + (the '+' key on the keypad) Automatically adjust the widths of all the columns in Windows explorer
Alt + Enter Opens properties window of Selected icon or program.
Shift + F10 Simulates right click on selected item.
Shift + Del Delete programs/files without throwing into the recycle bin.
Holding Shift Boot safe mode or by pass system files.
Holding Shift When putting in an audio CD, will prevent CD Player from playing.
WINKEY + D Brings the desktop to the top of all other windows.
WINKEY + M Minimizes all windows.
WINKEY + SHIFT + M Undo the minimize done by WINKEY + M and WINKEY + D.
WINKEY + E Open Microsoft Explorer.
WINKEY + Tab Cycle through open programs through the taskbar.
WINKEY + F Display the Windows Search / Find feature.
WINKEY + CTRL + F Display the search for computers window.
WINKEY + F1 Display the Microsoft Windows help.
WINKEY + R Open the run window.
WINKEY + Pause / Break key Open the system properties window.
WINKEY + U Open Utility Manager.
WINKEY + L Lock the computer (Windows XP and above only).
Excel Shortcut Keys :

F2 Edit the selected cell.
F5 Go to a specific cell. For example, C6. F7 Spell check selected text and/or document.
F11 Create chart.
Ctrl + Shift + ; Enter the current time.
Ctrl + ; Enter the current date.
Alt + Shift + F1 Insert New Worksheet.
Shift + F3 Open the Excel formula window.
Shift + F5 Bring up search box.
Ctrl + A Select all contents of the worksheet.
Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection.
Ctrl + I Italic highlighted selection.
Ctrl + K Insert link.
Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection.
Ctrl + 5 Strikethrough highlighted selection.
Ctrl + P Bring up the print dialog box to begin printing.
Ctrl + Z Undo last action.
Ctrl + F9 Minimize current window.
Ctrl + F10 Maximize currently selected window.
Ctrl + F6 Switch between open workbooks / windows.
Ctrl + Page up Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel document.
Ctrl + Page down Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel document.
Ctrl + Tab Move between Two or more open Excel files.
Alt + = Create a formula to sum all of the above cells
Ctrl + Insert the value of the above cell into cell currently selected.
Ctrl + Shift + ! Format number in comma format.
Ctrl + Shift + $ Format number in currency format.
Ctrl + Shift + # Format number in date format.
Ctrl + Shift + % Format number in percentage format.
Ctrl + Shift + ^ Format number in scientific format.
Ctrl + Shift + @ Format number in time format.
Ctrl + Arrow key Move to next section of text.
Ctrl + Space Select entire column.
Shift + Space Select entire row.
Word Shortcut Keys

Ctrl + A Select all contents of the page.
Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection.
Ctrl + C Copy selected text.
Ctrl + X Cut selected text. Ctrl + P Open the print window.
Ctrl + F Open find box.
Ctrl + I Italic highlighted selection.
Ctrl + K Insert link.
Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection.
Ctrl + V Paste.
Ctrl + Y Redo the last action performed.
Ctrl + Z Undo last action.
Ctrl + L Aligns the line or selected text to the left of the screen.
Ctrl + E Aligns the line or selected text to the center of the screen.
Ctrl + R Aligns the line or selected text to the right of the screen.
Ctrl + M Indent the paragraph.
Ctrl + Shift + F Change the font.
Ctrl + Shift + > Increase selected font +1.
Ctrl + ] Increase selected font +1.
Ctrl + Shift + < Decrease selected font -1.
Ctrl + [ Decrease selected font -1.
Ctrl + Shift + * View or hide non printing characters.
Ctrl + <left arrow> Moves one word to the left.
Ctrl + <right arrow> Moves one word to the right.
Ctrl + <up arrow> Moves to the beginning of the line or paragraph.
Ctrl + <down arrow> Moves to the end of the paragraph.
Ctrl + Del Deletes word to right of cursor.
Ctrl + Backspace Deletes word to left of cursor.
Ctrl + End Moves the cursor to the end of the document.
Ctrl + Home Moves the cursor to the beginning of the document.
Ctrl + Spacebar Reset highlighted text to the default font.
Ctrl + 1 Single-space lines.
Ctrl + 2 Double-space lines.
Ctrl + 5 1.5-line spacing.
Ctrl + Alt + 1 Changes text to heading 1.
Ctrl + F1 Open the Task Pane.

F1 Open Help.
Shift + F3 Change the case of the selected text.
Shift + Insert Paste.
F4 Repeat the last action performed (Word 2000+)
F5 Open go to window.
F7 Spell check selected text and/or document. Shift + F7 Activate the thesaurus.
F12 Save as.
Shift + F12 Save.
Alt + Shift + D Insert the current date.
Alt + Shift + T Insert the current time.
Basics Of Computers :
Central Processing Unit (CPU) : This component is like the brain center of the computer,
responsible for processing all the functions your computer allows.This is the home of Random
Access Memory (RAM), which gives your computer the space it needs to process information.
More RAM is typically associated with faster processing time; an important feature in computer
efficiency.
Bits And Bytes:
A computer stores data in units called bits and bytes. Computer chips called integrated circuits
have one of two states, off or on. Therefore, a system was developed that used only two
numbers, 0 and 1. Zero representing off and 1 representing on. You can think of this as a sort of
light switch. Each switch is called a bit.
Bits are grouped together in sets of eight. Each set of eight bits is called a byte. Setting different
combinations of those eight "on and off" combinations can be developed to stand for letters
numbers, spaces, and symbols. For practical purposes, think of a byte as one character. When
computers refer to memory or storage they refer to terms using the following forms of
measurement.
8 bits = 1 byte
1024 bytes = 1 Kilobyte (K)
1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte (MG)
1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte (GB)
Today's hard drives are usually two or more gigabytes of memory and a floppy disk has 1.44
megabytes of memory.
Graphics cards : Responsible for producing clear images on the computer monitor. These cards
also come in a wide variety of options, and should be chosen based on what the computer will
be primarily be used for. Gamers tend to need higher quality graphics cards than those who
typically use their computers for typing documents or researching websites.
Disk drives : Disk drives are another important feature for a home computer, allowing the user
to play CDs and DVDs on the system or store information from the computer to these disks.
Floppy disk drives are also an option, albeit a much older one, but these drives tend to store
much smaller units of information. Computer users now tend to opt for flash drives, temporary
storage units that can be transported from one device to another, for storage purposes.
Hard drive : A hard drive is also an essential element of the CPU, and may come in two
different types; the hard drive (HD) or solid:state drive (SSD). This drive hosts all of the
programs and operating systems on the computer. Most desktop computers use an SSD as a
main hard drive. However, this drive offers limited space and may be more expensive. A hard
drive can also be added to host data, leaving the SSD to run the operating systems. This choice
often results in the best performance from the computer.
Modem : Users that want to be able to access the Internet will need a method for connecting
the PC to other computers. A modem is a device that serves just this purpose, allowing the
computer to receive outside information over phone lines or high:speed cable.Some computers
come with built:in modems, but external devices tend to offer faster processing.
Monitor : The computer monitor provides the visual image of what is being done on the
computer. It is also essential for watching movies or playing games on the computer. CRT
monitors were the popular choice for many years, until flat screen monitors using LCD
technology came into existence. These screens offer a brighter, clearer image, with much
narrower components that take up less space on the workstation.
Speakers : Just as the monitor is required to see the computer work, speakers are required to
hear the computer. Monitors may come equipped with built:in speakers, but many users prefer
to connect separate speakers for better sound quality.
Keyboard and Mouse : These devices allow the user to communicate with the computer,
initiating various actions by typing keys or clicking a button. Both the keyboard and the mouse
provide very similar functions, although the keyboard is necessary for typing text. The mouse
operates by pointing to a function on the screen and clicking. .
Printer : To create hard copies of work completed on the computer, a printer is necessary. This
device is hooked up to the computer so that the two devices can communicate with one
another. Printers can be used for strictly printing images and words on the screen, but they can
also provide additional functions, such as scanning and faxing documents and making copies.
Important Computer Abbrevations :

AI: Artificial Intelligence
ALGOL: Algorithmic Language
ALU: Arithmetic Logic Unit
ANSI: American National Standards Institute
API: Application Program Interface
APIPA: Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing

APT: Automatically Programmed Tooling
ARP: Address Resolution Protocol
ARPANET: Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
ASCII: American Standard Code For Information Interchange
ASF: Advanced Streaming Format
ASP: Active Server Pages
ATAPI: Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AUI: Attachment Unit Interface
AVI: Audio Video Interleave
BASIC: Beginner`s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
BCD: Binary Coded Decimal
BDPS:: Business Data Processing Systems
BHTML: Broadcast Hyper Text Markup Language
BIOS: Basic Input Output System
BIU: Bus Interface Unit
BMP: Bitmap
BPS: Bytes Per Seconds
C-DAC: Centre For Development Of Advanced Computing
CAD: Computer Aided Design
CADD: Computer Added Drafting And Design
CAI: Computer Aided Instructuion
CAM: Computer Aided Manufacturing
CAR: Control Address Register

CASE: Computer Aided Software Engineering
CCIS: Common Channel Interoffice Signaling
CCNA: Cisco Certified Network Associate
CD: Compact Disc
CD RW: Compact Disc ReWritable
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
CDROM: Compact Disc Read Only Memory
CFG: Control Flow Graph
CGI: Common Gateway Interface
CGM: Computer Graphics Metafile
CIDR: Classless InterDomain Routing
CIM: Computer Integrated Manufacture
CISC: Complex Instruction Set Computers
CIX: Commercial Internet Exchange
CLR: Common Language Runtime
CMOS: Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
CMS: Content Management System
CMYK: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Key (Black)
COBOL: Common Business Oriented Language
CORBA: Common Object Request Broker Architecture
CPI: Clock Cycle Per Instruction
CPU: Central Processing Unit
CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check
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CRM: Customer Relationship Management

CROM: Control Read Only Memory
CRT: Cathode Ray Tube
CUI: Character User Interface
DAC: Digital To Analog Converter
DAO: Data Access Objects
DARPANET: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
DBA: Data Base Administrator
DBMS: Data Base Management System
DCA: Defence Communication Agency
DCL: Data Control Language
DCOM: Distributed Component Object Model
DCP: Data Communication Processor
DDL: Data Definition Language
DDOS: Distributed Denial Of Service
DDP: Distributed Data Processing
DFD: Data Flow Diagram
DFS: Distributed File System
DHCP: Dynamic Host Control Protocol
DHTML: Dynamics Hyper Text Markup Language
DLC: Data Link Control
DLL: Dynamic Link Library
DMA: Direct Memory Access
DML: Data Manipulation Language
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DMTF: Distributed Management Test Force

DNA: Distributed Internet Architecture
DNS: Domain Name System (Server)
DOM: Document Object Model
DOS: Disk Operating System, Denial Of Service
DPI: Dots Per Inch
DRAM: Dynamic Random Access Memory
DSL: Digital Subscriber Line
DSN: Digital Subscriber Network
DTD: Document Type Definition
DVD: Digital Versatile Disc
E: Electronic
EAROM: Electrically Alterable Read Only Memory
EBCDIC: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
EDC: Electronic Digital Computer
EDCDIC: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
EEPROM: Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
EFS: Encrypted File System
EJB: Enterprise Java Beans
ENIAC: Electronics Numerical Integrator And Calculator
EPROM: Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
EROM: Erasable Read Only Memory
ERP: Enterprise Resource Planning
EULA: End User License Agreement
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FAT: File Allocation Table

FDD: Floppy Disk Drive
FDDI: Fiber Distributed Data Interface
FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access
FIFO: First In First Out
FLOPS: Floating Point Operations Per Second
FO: Fiber Optics
FORTRAN: Formula Translation
FPS: Frames Per Second
FRAM: Ferro Electric Random Access Memory
FTP: File Transfer Protocol
GB: Giga Bytes
GIF: Graphic Interchange Format
GIGO: Garbage In Garbage Out
GML: General Markup Language
GPL: General Public License
GUI: Graphical User Interface
HDD: Hard Disk Drive
HFS: Hierarchical File System
HP: Hewlett Packard
HPC: High Performance Computing
HPFS: High Performance File System
HSR: Horizontal Scan Rate
HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language
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HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

IO: Input Output
IBM: International Business Machines
IC: Integrated Circuit
ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol
ICS: Reduce Instruction Set Computer
ICT: Information And Communication Technology
IDE: Integrated Development Environment
IE: Internet Explorer
IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol
IL: Intermediate Language
IOP: InputOutput Processor
IP: Internet Protocol
IPX: Internetworked Packet Exchange
IRAM: Integration Ram
IRC: Internet Relay Chat
IRDA: Infrared Data Association
IRQ: Interrupt Request
ISAPI: Internet Server Application Program Interface
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network
ISO: International Standard Organization
ISP: Internet Service Provider
ISR: Interrupt Service Routine
IT: Information Technology
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ITPL: Information Technology Park Limited (India)

JCL: Job Control Language
JDBC: Java Data Base Connectivity
JHTML: Java Within Hyper Text Markup Language
JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group
JSP: Java Server Pages
KB: Kilo Bytes
KBPS: Kilo Bytes Per Second
L2TP: Layer Two Tunneling Protocol
LAN: Local Area Network
LCD: Liquid Crystal Display
LDAP: Light Weight Directory Access Control
LIFO: Last In First Out
LIPS: Logical Interfaces Per Second
LOC: Lines Of Code
LSI: Large Scale Integration
LSP: Layered Service Provider
MAC: Media Access Control
MAN: Metropolitan Area Network
MAU: MultiStation Access Unit
MB: Mega Bytes
MBONE: Multicast Backbone
MBPS: Mega Bytes Per Second
MBR: Master Boot Record
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MCP: Microsoft Certified Professional

MCS: Multicast Server
MDI: Multiple Document Interface
MDS: Microcomputer Development System
MFC: Microsoft Foundation Classes
MFT: Master File Table
MG: Mega Bytes
MICR: MagneticInk Characters Reader
MIDI: Musical Instrument Digital Interface
MIMD: Multiple Instruction Multiple Data
MIME: Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
MIPS: Millions Of Instructions Per Second
MISD: Multiple Instruction Single Data
MODEM: Modulator And Demodulator
MP3: Motion Pictures Experts Group Layer 3
MPEG: Motion Pictures Experts Group
MS: Microsoft
MSDN: Microsoft Developer Network
MSIIS: Microsoft Internet Information Server
MSIL: Microsoft Intermediate Language
MSMQ: Microsoft Message Queue
MSN: Microsoft Network
MSRAP: Microsoft Remote Administration Protocol
MSRPC: Microsoft Remote Procedure Call
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MTS: Microsoft Transaction Server

MTU: Maximum Transmission Unit
MUDS: MultiUser Dungeons
NAS: Network Attached Storage
NASSCOM: National Association Of Software & Service Companies
NCP: Network Control Protocol
NDIS: Network Driver Interface Specification
NDRO: Nondestructive Read Out
NETBEUI: Netbios Enhanced User Interface
NIC: National Informatics Centre,
NIIT: National Institute Of Information Technology
NNTP: Network News Transfer Protocol
NSFNET: National Science Foundation Network
NTFS: New Technology File System
NTP: Network Time Protocol
OCR: Optical Character Readers
ODBC: Open Data Base Connectivity
OLE: Object Linking And Embedding
OMR: Optical Mark Reader
ONE: Open Network Architecture
OOA: Object Orient Analysis
OOAD: Object Oriented Analysis And Design
OOP: Object Oriented Programming
OOPS: Object Oriented Programming System
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OPEN GL: Open Graphics Library

OS: Operating System
OSI: Open System Interconnection
PC: Personal Computer
PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect
PCMCIA: Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
PDA: Personal Digital Assistant
PDF: Portable Document Format
PDL: Page Description Language
PDU: Protocol Data Unit
PIC: Programming Interrupt Control
PILOT: Programmed Inquiry Learning Or Teaching
PLA: Programmable Logic Array
PLC: Programmable Logic Controller
PNG: Portable Network Graphics
PNP: Plug And Play
PPP: Peer To Peer Protocol
PPTP: Point To Point Tunneling Protocol
PROM: Programmable Read Only Memory
PS: Post Script
RADSL: RateAdaptive Digital Subscribes Line
RAID: Redundant Array Of Independent Disks
RAM: Random Access Memory
RAMDAC: Random Access Memory Digital To Analog Converter
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RAS: Remote Access Network

RD RAM: Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory
RDBMS: Relational Data Base Management System
RDO: Remote Data Objects
RDP: Remote Desktop Protocol
RFC: Request For Comments
RGB: Red Green Blue
RICS: Reduced Instruction Set Computer
RIP: Raster Image Processor
RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computer
ROM: Read Only Memory
RPC: Remote Procedure Call
RTC: Real Time Clock
RTF: Rich Text Format
RTOS: Real Time Operating System
SACK: Selective Acknowledgements
SAM: Security Access Manager
SAP: Service Access Point, Systems Applications Products
SCMP: Software Configuration Management Plan
SD RAM: Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
SDD: Software Design Description
SDK: Software Development Kit
SDL: Storage Definition Language
SDN: Integrated Service Digital Network
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SDRAM: Static Dynamic Random Access Memory

SDSL: Symmetric Digital Subscribes Line
SG RAM: Synchronous Graphics Random Access Memory
SGML: Standard Generalized Markup Language
SIM: Subscriber Identification Module
SIMD: Single Instruction Multiple Data
SISD: Single Instruction Single Data
SIU: Serial Interface Unit
SMP: Symmetric MultiProcess
SMS: Short Message Service
SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNA: System Network Architecture
SNAP: Sub Network Access Protocol
SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol
SNOBOL: String Oriented Symbolic Language
SOAP: Simple Object Access Protocol
SPX: Sequenced Packet Exchange
SQA: Statistical Quality Assurance
SQL: Structured Query Language
SRAM: Static Random Access Memory
SRS: Software Requirements Specification
STP: Shielded Twisted Pair
SVVP: Software Verification And Validation Plan
SW: Software
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TAPI: Telephony Application Program Interface

TB: Tera Bytes
TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
TCPIP: Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol
TDI: Transport Data Interface
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
TPM: Transactions Processing Monitor
TSR: Terminate And Stay Residents
UDD: User Datagram Protocol
UDP: User Datagram Protocol
UI: User Interface
UML: Unified Modelling Language
UNC: Universal Naming Convention
UNIX: Uniplexed Information And Computer Systems
URL: Universal Resource Locator
USB: Universal Serial Bus
USRT: Universal Synchronous Receiver Transmitted
UTP: Unshielded Twisted Pair
VAN: Virtual Area Network
VAST: Very Small Aperture Terminal
VB: Visual Basic
VC++: Visual C++
VCD: Video Compact Disc
VDL: View Definition Language
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VGA: Video Graphics Array

VHS: Video Home System
VLIW: Very Long Instruction Words
VLSI: Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits
VPN: Virtual Private Network
VRAM: Video Random Access Memory
VRML: Virtual Reality Modelling Language
VS: Visual Studio
VSNL: Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited
VVR: Software Validation And Validation Report
VXD: Virtual Device Driver
W3C: World Wide Web Consortium
WAIS: Wide Area Information Servers
WAN: Wide Area Network
WAP: Wireless Application Protocol
WBEM: WebBase Enterprise Management
WDM: Wave Division Multiplexing
WHQL: Windows Hardware Quality Lab
WINDOWS ME: Windows Millennium Edition
WINDOWS NT: Windows New Technology
WINDOWS XP: Windows Experienced
WINS: Windows Internet Name Service
WMI: Windows Management Instrumentation
WML: Wireless Markup Language
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WORM: Write Once Read Many

WSH: Windows Script Host
WWW: World Wide Web
WYSIWYG: What You See Is What You Get
XHTML: Extensible Hyper Text Markup Language
XML: Extensible Markup Language
XSL: Extensible Style Sheet Langauge
Y2K: Year 2000
Basics Of Computer Hardware :
Input/Output (I/O) devices : These allow you to send information to the computer or get
information from the computer.
Central Processing Unit : CPU or Processor for short. The brain of a computer. Approximately
1.5 in X 1.5 in. Does all the computation/work for the computer.
23
Random Access Memory: RAM. Where information is stored temporarily when a program is
run. Information is automatically pulled into memory, we cannot control this. RAM is cleared
automatically when the computer is shutdown or rebooted. RAM is volatile (non-permanent).
Hard Drive : Where you store information permanently most frequently. This is also
nonvolatile.
Motherboard: A circuit board that allows the CPU to interact with other parts of the computer.
Ports: Means of connecting peripheral devices to your computer.
a. Serial Port : Often used to connect a older mice, older external modems, older digital
cameras, etc to the computer. The serial port has been replaced by USB in most cases. 9-pin
connector. Small and short, often gray in color. Transmits data at 19 Kb/s.
b.Monitor Ports : Used to connect a monitor to the computer.PCs usually use a VGA (Video
Graphics Array) analog connector (also known as a D-Sub connector) that has 15 pins in three
rows. Typically blue in color.Because a VGA (analog) connector does not support the use of
digital monitors, the Digital Video Interface (DVI) standard was developed.
C. Parallel Port : Most often used to connect a printer to the computer.25-pin connector. Long
and skinny, often pink in color. Transmits data at 50-100 Kb/s.
D.USB Port : Universal Serial Bus. Now used to connect almost all peripheral devices to the
computer. USB 1.1 transmits data at 1.5 Mb/s at low speed, 12 Mb/s at full speed. USB 2.0
transmits data at 480 Mb/s.
e. Firewire/ IEEE 1394 Port: Often found on Apple Computers. Often used with digital
camcorders. Firewire transmits data at 400 Mb/s.Firewire 1394B (the new firewire) transmits
data at 3.2 Gb/s.
f. PS/2 Port : sometimes called a mouse port, was developed by IBM. It is used to connect a
computer mouse or keyboard. Most computers come with two PS/2 ports.
g. Ethernet Port : This port is used for networking and fast internet connections. Data moves
through them at speeds of either 10 megabits or 100 megabits or 1 gigabit (1,000 megabits)
depending on what speed the network card in the computer supports. Little monitor lights on
these devices flicker when in use.
Power Supply : Gives your computer power by converting alternating current (AC) supplied by
the wall connection to direct current (DC).
24
CD ROM : A device used to read CD-ROMs. If capable of writing to the CD-ROM, then they are
usually referred to as a burner or CD-RW.
DVD ROM : A device that is used to read DVDs/CDs. If capable of writing to the DVD, then it is
often referred to as a DVD-burner or a DVD-RW.
Floppy Drive : A device that is used to read/write to floppy diskettes.
Fan : Keeps your computer cool. If the inside of your computer becomes too hot, then the
computer can overheat and damage parts.
Heatsink : Used to disperse the heat that is produced inside the computer by the CPU and other
parts by increasing surface area.13. The little parts : Capacitors : store energy, Resistors : allows
a current through, Transistors : a valve which allows currents to be turned on or off.
Case : (Tower if standing upright.) What your motherboard, CPU, etc is contained in.
Network Topologies :
Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:
1.Bus
2.Ring
3.Atar
4.Tree
5.Mesh
Bus Topology : Bus networks (not to be confused with the system bus of a computer) use a
common backbone to connect all devices. A single cable, the backbone functions as a shared
communication medium that devices attach or tap into with an interface connector. A device
wanting to communicate with another device on the network sends a broadcast message onto
the wire that all other devices see, but only the intended recipient actually accepts and
processes the message.
Ring Topology : In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for communication
purposes. All messages travel through a ring in the same direction (either "clockwise" or
"counterclockwise"). A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the
entire network.To implement a ring network, one typically uses FDDI, SONET, or Token Ring
technology. Ring topologies are found in some office buildings or school campuses.
25
Star Topology : Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central
connection point called a "hub node" that may be a network hub, switch or router. Devices
typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet.Compared to the bus
topology, a star network generally requires more cable, but a failure in any star network cable
will only take down one computer's network access and not the entire LAN. (If the hub fails,
however, the entire network also fails.)
Mesh Topology : Mesh topologies involve the concept of routes. Unlike each of the previous
topologies, messages sent on a mesh network can take any of several possible paths from
source to destination. (Recall that even in a ring, although two cable paths exist, messages can
only travel in one direction.) Some WANs, most notably the Internet, employ mesh routing.A
mesh network in which every device connects to every other is called a full mesh. As shown in
the illustration below, partial mesh networks also exist in which some devices connect only
indirectly to others
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OSI And TCP/IP Models :
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Windows Shortcut Keys

F4 Opens the drive selection when browsing.

Excel Shortcut Keys :

Word Shortcut Keys

Ctrl + F1 Open the Task Pane.

Important Computer Abbrevations :

APIPA: Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing

CAR: Control Address Register

CRM: Customer Relationship Management

DMTF: Distributed Management Test Force

FAT: File Allocation Table

HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

ITPL: Information Technology Park Limited (India)

MCP: Microsoft Certified Professional

MTS: Microsoft Transaction Server

OPEN GL: Open Graphics Library

RAS: Remote Access Network

SDRAM: Static Dynamic Random Access Memory

TAPI: Telephony Application Program Interface

VGA: Video Graphics Array

WORM: Write Once Read Many

Basics Of Computer Hardware :

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OSI And TCP/IP Models :

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