The problem is shown in Fig.A.

1Two bares where, bar number (2) has a length (2L)

and cross sectional area (A), while the other bar number (1) has length (L) and cross
sectional area (2A).

Fig.A. 1 Two Bar Problem Structure

There are cyclic thermal loading applied on bar (2) such that the specification of the
applied thermal loading will be as shown in Fig.A.2 . While no temperature applied on
the other bar.

Fig.A. 2 Cyclic loading on bar (2)

Elastic Solution:

By applying equilibrium equation

1 . + 2 . =

(1)

= 1 . 2 = 2 .

(2)

= /

(3)

By applying compatibility equation

From elasticity relation

Where (E) is the modulus of elasticity, () are the stresses in bar (1) and (2), () are the
strains in bar (1) and (2), (q) is the displacement of the two bares, (A) are the
crossectional area and (L) is the length of the bars.
From the last equations we can get the stresses in each bar where:
1 =

, 2 =

Fig.A. 3 Elastic Stresses without Temperature

(4)

After applying a cyclic temperature loading on bar (2) where, temperature are vary
through time according to Fig.A. 4, which shows that the temperature applied only on bar
(2) and the other bar do not affected by any temperature gradient.

Fig.A. 4 Temperature variation through time in the two bar structure.

Elastic Solution after applying temperature:

There are no changes happened in the equilibrium and compatibility equations, the only
change happened in the equation of the elasticity relation where
1 =

, 2 =

(5)

So according to that change, the stresses value in each bar will change to
1 =

2 =

+
1

(6)
(7)

According to equations (6) and (7) the cyclic thermal loading in each of the two bares
cane be written in the following form:
During the heating half cycle:
1 th = ET
1

During the cooling half cycle:

(8)

2 th =

(9)

1 th =

(10)

2 th =
2

(11)

Fig.A. 5 Cyclic stresses on the 2 bar structure

Condition for no plasticity due to thermal loading:

Condition # 1:
1 y

(12)

Where

+ y
1
+
=

=
y

Condition # 2:

2 y

y
2

(13)
(14)

(15)
(16)

(17)
(18)
(19)

Equations (14) and (19) explain when the structure will exceeds the elastic limit
and begins to shakedown.

Fig.A. 6 Bree Diagram for the 2 bar problem.

Once the structure exceeds the limit of the elastic limit it means that it will enter the
area that we call it the shakedown area, in a simple way and by explaining what Melan
(Melan, 1938) had explained before in his theory, the shakedown region as indicated in
the Fig.A. is the region where the structure begins to have plastic deformation due to the
load in one of the cycles by exceeding the boundary of elasticity but on the other hand if
we put a cyclic loading value which was less in the value than the last cycle which causes
plasticity in that case the structure will behave elastically again without any new plastic
deformations, and that is why we say on any structure on similar condition that the
structure is shaking down.
In the next step we are trying to know what will happen if the structure exceeds that
shakedown load boundary and explaining a two new phenomenon that we call them
Reversed Plasticity and Ratcheting.

What happened if the structure exceeds the Elastic limit of the first bar (Bar
(1))?
The answer of this question can be according to the following relation, where we
consider that condition # 1. of equation (1.15) was violated:
+
> 1

(20)

1 = y

(21)

During the first cycle half (Heating of bar (2)):

By substituting in the equilibrium equation to find (2 )

2 =

Q
A

y
2

(22)

By applying the compatibility condition to find the resulting plastic strain after violating
condition # 1. We can get the following
=

+ 1 . =

+ . 2

(23)

Fig.A. 7 stresses after violation of condition # 1

According to the last equation of the compatibility condition we can get the plastic
strain generating in bar one for this case in the heating step which can be written in the
following form

Where,

1 = 2[ + 1]

(24)

1 = 1 /( . )

(25)

By comparing the result of equation (20) by the last analysis we can deduce that the
plastic strain in bar (1) will be zero if equation (14) for condition # 1 was not violated
which is logical.
During the 2nd cycle half (Cooling of bar (2)):
1 th =

(26)

1 = y

(27)

It is obviously appear in equation (26) that the stresses in bar (1) during the cooling that
happened in bar (2) in the second half cycle, the stresses in bar (1) are in a decreasing
manner so we can put anther condition to know what will happened in the structure if
condition # 3 is violated where:
Condition # 3:
For no Yielding .

1 = y > y

(28)
(29)

By the same sequence that happened to make condition # 3, there is also anathor
conation for bar (2) to check that the stresses in that bar do not reach the yielding during
the first half cycle, so condition # 4 will be:
1

2 th = +

2 =

Q
A

+
2

1
+
3/2
2

(30)
(31)
(32)

After the last analysis steps we answered the last question whish was, what will
happened if the structure exceeded the elastic limit? We knew that there also a limit for
the shakedown area, according to conditions # 3 & 4 we were able to find the borders of
this area, also we proofed what had mentioned before in Melans theory (Melan, 1938)
that the limit load for the shakedown area for any structure will be reached for such
perfectly plastic material if the residual stresses reach twice the residual stresses for each
element in the structure which happened in the case of bar (2) in condition # 3.
Limit Load Condition:

= 2

(33)

Also there are anther methods that used to find the limit load in any structure like the
twice elastic slope method.
Reversed plasticity boundary:
Know we are going to investigate the behavior of the structure if condition # 3 is
violated:

> 2

This violation will lead us to:

(34)

Fig.A. 8 Reversed plasticity

2 =
1

1 = 2y
+

2
2

+ 1 . =

(35)
2
2

= y

. 2

(36)
(37)

 1 = 1 /( . )

(38)

According to Fig.A. 7 and equation (38) we found a new phenomenon that called
reversed plasticity or (Law cycle fatigue area), in this are one of the structure element
begins to reversed the value of its stresses in each cycle with the presence of a significant
amount of plastic strain ( 1 ) so according to that strain we could be able to guss the
life of any structure according to the corresponding plastic strain obtained in each cycle.
Ratcheting Boundary:
Ratcheting boundary can be obtained by answering the question that say, what will
happen if condition # 4 was violated? In this case structure will behave in a very
dangerous way for any structure exposing to cyclic loading.
Retching means that each element in the structure starts to have a significant
progressive value of plastic strain after each cycle of the cyclic load, leading to large
plastic strain that the structure cannot with stand then the total collapse or failure for the
structure or the mechanical component occurs.
After the violation of condition # 4:
1
> 3/2
+

(39)

During cooling:

1 = 2 y

1 = 2 y y =

2 = y

q = L.

1
E

= 2L.

y
2

2
E

(40)
2Q
A

3y

= 3y

2Q
A

(41)
(42)
(43)

Fig.A. 9 Ratcheting behavior for two bar structure

1 = 2[2 + 3]

Where,

1 =

During 2nd heating of bar (2):

1

q = L.

(44)

p 1 E

(45)

+ 1 = 2L.

2
E

1 = y 2 y = 3y

2 = 2 y y =

2Q
A

2Q
A

3y

2 = 2[2 + 3]

(46)
(47)
(48)
(49)

Where,
2 =

p 2 E
y

(50)

So according to the last investigation for the ratcheting in the 2 bar structure we would
be able to fine the plastic strain value for each element in the structure corresponds to the
applied cyclic loading, this allows us to find the total plastic strains and estimate the life
time of the structure at the corresponding plastic strain values calculated from equations
such as (50) & (45).