Paint Glossary

ACRYLIC:
A type of synthetic polymer used as the binder for high-performance water-based paints and
caulks. Some acrylic polymers are used in auto finishes, appliance coatings, etc.
ADHESION:
The ability of a dry paint film or caulk to remain attached to the surface. Adhesion is probably
the single most important property of a paint or caulk.
AEROSOL:
A container (usually a hand-held size) of coating material that is pressurized for spray
(atomized) applications. Enamels and varnishes are often sold in aerosol cans.
ALKALI:
An alkaline, or "basic," chemical substance such as lime or lye. Generally present in fresh
cement, concrete, or plaster.
ALKALI BURN:
A condition that occurs when the alkalinity in fresh masonry causes the breakdown of a paint's
binder, resulting in color loss and overall deterioration of the paint film. Most likely to occur with
vinyl-acrylic latex and oil-based paints applied to masonry surfaces that are less than a year old.
ALKYD:
A synthetic resin used in oil-based paints. An alkyd resin is made by reacting a drying oil with a
hard, synthetic material.
ALLIGATORING:
A scaly pattern that appears on paint due to the inability of the paint to bond to a glossy coating
beneath it. It can also be due to the application of a hard coating over a soft primer, or (with oilbased paint) because the wood was recoated before the undercoat was dry.
ALUMINUM PAINT:
A paint, usually solvent-based, that contains aluminum particles and provides a metallic
appearance.
ANTI-CORROSIVE PAINT:
A paint designed to minimize rust or corrosion when applied directly to metal.
ANTI-FOULING PAINT:
Specially formulated paint for surfaces such as boat hulls and piers. It discourages attachment
and growth of marine plants and animals.
APPLIED HIDING:
Refers not only to the opacity of the paint film, but also to how it hides, depending on its
thickness and how smoothly it flows out. Must take into account how the paint is applied (brush,
roller, spray, etc.).
BACKER ROD:
An extruded foam rod that is typically placed in joints that are deeper than 1/2" (12.5 mm) to
fill in some of the space before the sealant is applied. Foam backer rods come in a variety of
diameters, ranging from 1/8" (3 mm) to3/4/" (20 mm)

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BINDER:
1. A component of paint that "binds" the pigment particles into a uniform, continuous paint film,
and makes the paint adhere to the surface. The nature and amount of binder helps determine
most of the paint's performance properties - washability, toughness, adhesion, color retention,
and durability. 2. In caulk, a component that "binds" the pigment particles into a homogeneous
compound and makes the caulk adhere to the surface. The main performance properties of caulk
- durability, adhesion, and flexibility at low temperatures - are determined by the binder.
BIOCIDE:
A biologically active paint and caulk additive designed to keep bacteria from spoiling the paint or
caulk during storage; or to keep mildew from growing on the applied paint.
BLEACHING:
Loss of color, usually caused by exposure to sunlight.
BLEEDING:
The migration of material from the substrate, causing discoloration of the paint.
BLISTERING:
The formation of dome-shaped, hollow projections of paint.
BLOCK FILLER:
A thick, paint-like material used to smooth out very rough masonry surfaces like cinder block. It
is generally brush-applied, then painted.
BLOCK RESISTANCE:
The capability of a coating to resist sticking to itself when used on two surfaces that come into
contact with each other, e.g., door and jamb; window sash and sill.
BOXING:
The mixing together of the different cans of like paint to be used on a job, to ensure uniformity,
especially of color.
BREATHE:
To allow the passage of moisture vapor from the substrate through the paint film.
BUILD (or FILM BUILD):
The thickness that a paint tends to be applied in, when using the normal application technique
for that paint.
BURNISHING:
The formation of shiny areas on a painted surface, as a result of rubbing or washing.
CALCIUM CARBONATE:
A mined material (chalk) that is used as an extender or filler for paint and caulk.
CAULK:
A generic term for a compound used to fill cracks, gaps, seams and joints.
CHALKING:
Deterioration of the surface of an exterior paint upon weathering into a faded, powdery
substance. Chalking occurs when the paint's binder is degraded by harsh environmental
conditions. Chalk should be removed prior to repainting.

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CHECKING:
Patterns of short, narrow breaks in the top layer of paint. Checking occurs when the paint loses
its elasticity.
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE:
The ability of a coating to resist damage by chemicals.
CHIME:
The lip around the opening of a paint can into which the lid is placed.
CLAY:
A white, mined mineral used as an extender - mostly in interior paints.
COALESCENT:
An organic solvent used in latex paints that acts as a temporary plasticizer, to aid in film
formation. It helps the binder form a continuous film when applied, particularly at the low end of
the application temperature range recommended for the coating.
COATING:
A paint, stain, varnish, lacquer, or other finish that provides a protective and/or decorative layer
over a substrate.
COLOR RETENTION:
The ability of a paint to keep its original color and resist fading. This term is generally applied to
exterior paints.
COLOR WHEEL:
A circular chart with wedge-shaped segments of different specific colors. Used in color
decorating.
COLORANT:
A concentrated liquid or dry color that is added to a paint to obtain a chosen color.
COLORFAST:
The ability to maintain color and not fade excessively under normal conditions.
COMBUSTIBLE:
Refers to any liquid with a flash point at or above 100oF (37.50C).
COMPLEMENTARY COLORS:
Two colors directly opposite one another on the color wheel.
CONSISTENCY:
The thickness or brushability of a paint.
CONTRASTING COLORS:
Colors separated by at least three others on the color wheel.
CORROSION INHIBITOR:
Any material used to prevent the oxidation (rusting) of metals. May be a paint undercoat, an
additive, a pigment, or a coating applied to the surface.

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CORROSION-RESISTANT:
Ability of a substance to resist deterioration due to a chemical reaction with its environment.
Coatings that do this usually contain a corrosion inhibitor.
COVERAGE:
The spread rate of a paint or coating, usually expressed in sq. ft./gal. or m2/l. With pigmented
coatings, it can refer to applied hiding power.
CRACKING:
The splitting of a dry paint or varnish film, usually a result of aging or movement of the
substrate. Different forms are hair-line cracking, checking, crazing, grain cracking, or
alligatoring.
CRYSTALLINE SILICA:
See Silica.
CUSTOM COLOR:
Special colors that are made by adding colorant to paint or by intermixing paints of different
colors. Permits the preparation of a selected color paint at the point of sale.
CUTTING IN:
The painting of a surface adjacent to another surface that must not be painted. For example,
painting the frame of a window but not the glass.
DEAD FLAT:
Having no sheen or gloss.
DEGLOSSER:
A liquid preparation used to remove the gloss of a painted surface, to slightly roughen or give
"tooth" to the substrate. This lends improved adhesion to the coating being applied.
DEGREASER:
Solvent or compounded material used for removing oils, fats, or grease from a substrate.
DEW POINT:
The temperature at which water vapor in the air begins to condense.
DILUENT:
A liquid that is included in a coating, or can be added primarily to reduce its viscosity. A diluent
is not necessarily a solvent for the binder.
DRY DUST-FREE:
Drying stage of a coating at which airborne dust particles will not adhere to it.
DRY TACK-FREE:
Drying stage of a coating at which it is not sticky or tacky to the touch.
DRY TO RECOAT:
Drying stage of a coating at which another coat of paint can be applied without damaging the
previous coat.
DRY TO SAND:
Drying stage of a sandable coating at which it can be sanded without the excess sticking to or
clogging the sandpaper.

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DRY TO TOUCH:
Drying stage of a coating at which it has hardened enough that it may be touched lightly without
any of it adhering to the finger.
DRYING TIME:
The interval between the application of a coating and when it is ready for service.
DRYWALL COMPOUND:
A highly extended paste used to make a continuous seam between pieces of drywall
(Sheetrock); also used to repair cracks, holes and other defects. It is sanded smooth before
painting.
DURABILITY:
The degree to which a coating or caulk can withstand the destructive effects of the environment
to which it is exposed. The term also refers to interior applications, including the ability to
withstand scrubbing, abrasion, etc.
EASE OF APPLICATION:
Characteristics of a paint or caulk that facilitate its application, e.g., spatter resistance, lapping
properties, and open time.
EFFLORESCENCE:
Whitish powder (salt deposits) that sometimes appears on masonry surfaces; it is carried to the
surface by moisture.
EGGSHELL:
An interior paint that has a low lustre, satin-like appearance. Its gloss level is between flat and
semigloss.
ELASTICITY:
The ability of paint or caulk to expand and contract with the substrate without suffering damage
or changes in its appearance. Expansion and contraction are usually caused by temperature and
humidity fluctuations.
EMULSION:
A mixture (usually milky-white) in which one liquid is dispersed (but not dissolved) in another. A
latex paint or caulk binder is often referred to as an emulsion, even though it is a dispersion of
solid polymer particles in a liquid (water). In Europe, latex paints are often referred to as
"emulsion paints."
ENAMEL:
Technically, an enamel is a colored varnish, or high gloss paint. Generally, the term is used for
high quality, dirt-resistant paints (generally for interior use) that may have a sheen level from
satin to glossy. These coatings are used for more demanding applications as in kitchens,
bathrooms, etc.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA):
An agency of the federal government that has the responsibility of protecting the environment.
EPOXY:
A tough, water-resistant and chemical-resistant polymer or coating, adhesive or patching
material made with this type polymer; usually made with two components blended at time of
application. For more information, see EPOXY in the FAQ section.

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EXTENDER:
A low-hiding, inexpensive pigment that fills out and extends the high-hiding and colored
pigments' capabilities, provides bulk to the paint, and can positively or negatively have an
impact on many properties. Some common extenders are clay, calcium carbonate, and silica.
FADING:
Lightening of the paint's color, usually caused by exposure to light, heat or the weather.
FEATHERING:
A process used to blend a small area into its surroundings after spot-priming, applying a filler, or
scraping off an area of old paint.
FERROUS:
A metal that contains iron; most ferrous metals are subject to rusting.
FILM FORMATION:
The formation of a continuous dry film by a binder, either pigmented or not. In a latex paint this
process is the result of the water evaporating and the subsequent fusion of the binder particles.
FLAKING:
The detachment of pieces of paint from the substrate, caused by a loss of adhesion and/or
elasticity.
FLAMMABILITY:
The ability of a substance to ignite, having a flash point under 1000 F (37.50C).
FLASH:
Uneven gloss or color resulting from an unsealed substrate or excessively high or low
temperatures during drying.
FLASH POINT:
The lowest temperature at which the vapors of a liquid can catch fire.
FLAT PAINT:
A paint with little or no sheen. Used mostly on interior walls and ceilings, and exterior wall
areas.
FLEXIBILITY:
Degree to which a coating or sealant, after drying, is able to conform to the movement of its
substrate without damage.
FLOW:
The ability of a coating to even out upon application, so that brush and roller marks are not
visible.
FUNGICIDE:
An ingredient used in some coatings and sealants to help keep mildew and other fungi from
growing on the surface.
GALVANIZED:
A ferrous metal that is covered with zinc to protect it from rusting.

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GLAZING:
Glass, such as that used in doors and windows.
GLAZING COMPOUND:
A caulk, sealant, or putty that is used to seal a glass pane into its frame.
GLOSS:
The shininess or reflectiveness of a coating. Flat paints have no gloss; high gloss paints have
very noticeable gloss.
GLOSS RETENTION:
The ability of a coating to maintain its gloss - pertains especially to semigloss and gloss exterior
coatings.
GRAIN:
The direction, size, arrangement or appearance of the fibers in wood or veneer.
GRAIN CRACKING:
Cracking of a coating, parallel to the grain of the wood substance.
GRAIN RAISING:
The swelling and standing up of short, broken fibers of wood caused by absorption of a liquid.
Water is particularly inclined to cause this.
GYPSUM:
Natural crystalline calcium sulfate used as an extender pigment in paint, and in the manufacture
of gypsum wallboard and plaster of Paris.
HARDBOARD:
A generic term for a smooth or textured grainless panel manufactured primarily from
compressed wood fibers. Used as exterior siding.
HARDNESS:
The degree of pressure a material will withstand without becoming deformed or scratched.
HARDWOOD:
Trees that have broad leaves (in contrast to conifer or softwoods). The term has no reference to
the actual hardness of the wood. Examples are: oak, maple, ash, beech, walnut, and hickory.
HIDING POWER:
The ability of paint or stain to obscure the surface over which it has been applied. Hiding power
is provided by the paint's pigment, and is affected by how thickly the paint tends to apply, and
how well brush marks flow out.
HUE:
The basis of a color, e.g., whether it is a red or green. Lighter or darker variations are still the
same hue. Thus, a light red and a deep red are of the same hue.
INERT:
Chemically inactive; resistant to corrosion.
INORGANIC:
Matter other than that of animal or vegetable origin. For example, minerals and simple salts are
inorganic materials.

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INSOLUBLE:
The inability to be dissolved.
INTERCOAT:
A layer of paint that is "sandwiched" between two others. Also refers to something occurring
between coats, as in "intercoat adhesion."
JOINT:
The gap or space created when two building materials come together, such as where two pieces
of molding join or where the bathtub and bathroom wall meet.

LACQUER:
Coating based on synthetic thermoplastic film-forming material that is dissolved in organic
solvent. Dries by solvent evaporation.
LAP:
Area where a coat of paint or other coating extends over an adjacent fresh coat. The painter's
objective is to make this juncture without visible lap marks.
LATEX:
A milky-white, fine dispersion of a solid resin in an aqueous medium. Also used to describe
water-thinned paints, the principal vehicle of which is latex.
LATEX PAINT:
Water-based paint made with a synthetic binder (latex), such as acrylic, vinyl acrylic, or styrene
acrylic latex.
LEAD:
A soft, malleable heavy metal. In the past, compounds of lead were used as a white pigment,
and were used in primers to prevent tannin bleed-through.
LEVELING(or FLOW and LEVELING):
The ability of a coating to form a smooth film without brush marks.
LIGHT REFLECTANCE VALUE (LRV):
The amount of light reflected from a painted surface.
LINSEED OIL:
Drying oil obtained from flaxseed. It is darker and slower drying than most other drying oils.
Once widely used in coatings, it now has limited use in oil-based house paint and oil wood
finishes.
LIQUID SANDER, LIQUID SANDPAPER:
Liquid chemical used to degloss a painted surface in order to improve adhesion of an applied
coating.
MARBLING:
A decorative painting technique that imitates the color and figure of marble.
MARING FINISHES:
Paints and varnishes specifically formulated to withstand saltwater immersion and exposure to
marine atmosphere.

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MASONRY:
Mineral-based building material such as cement, mortar, stone, brick, and stucco.
MILDEW:
A black, gray or brown fungus that can grow on the surface of a paint or caulk. It forms most
often on areas that tend to be damp and receive little or no sunlight.
MILDEW RESISTANCE:
The ability of a paint or caulk to resist mildew growth on its surface.
MILDEWCIDE:
A chemical agent, often included in exterior paints and caulks, that discourages mildew growth
on the paint surface.
MILL SCALE:
A term that refers to the combination of dirt, rust, and general grime that forms on a ferrous
metal surface.
MINERAL SPIRITS:
A hydrocarbon solvent distilled from petroleum; paint thinner may be mostly or all mineral
spirits.
MOISTURE RESISTANCE:
The ability of a coating to resist swelling, blistering or other damage caused by moisture.
MSDS:
Material Safety Data Sheet. An informational document provided by the manufacturer regarding
the safety and handling procedures and precautions for materials used in the workplace.
MUD-CRACKING:
A paint failure that looks like cracked mud. It occurs when a coating is applied too thickly, such
as with heavy application in corners.
NAIL HEAD RUSTING:
The rusting of the exposed heads of iron nails. It can show through and discolor the coating
covering it. Can occur if bright nails, rather than galvanized, are used outdoors.
NAP:
The fibers on a paint roller cover.
NAPHTHA:
A petroleum distillate solvent used mainly by professional painters to thin oil-based coatings and
to clean up.
NEUTRAL COLORS:
White, off-white, light beige and gray - colors that generally go well with all other colors.
NON-VOLATILE:
The solid portion of a coating consisting of pigment and binder; it is the portion of the coating
left on the surface after it is dry.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (OSHA):
An agency of the federal government that sets workplace health and safety standards for U.S.
employees.

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OIL-BASED PAINT:
Paints made with a drying oil, such as linseed, soya or tung oil, as the vehicle and binder, and
mineral spirits or paint thinner as the thinning agent. They generally dry very hard, but take
longer to dry than latex paints and require more time to recoat.
OPACITY:
The ability to keep light from passing through. A paint with a high opacity will hide the substrate
well.
OPAQUE STAIN :
Exterior stain that obscures the natural color and grain of wood, but still allows the texture to
show through. Generally, one coat is applied to bare wood.
ORGANIC:
Refers to a substance derived from living matter; the molecular structure contains carbon.
OXIDATION:
A chemical reaction with oxygen. For example, the drying of oils in oil-based paint, or the
rusting of iron or steel.
PAINT:
An opaque coating generally made with a binder, liquids, additives, and pigments. Applied in
liquid form, it dries to form a continuous film that protects and improves the appearance of the
substrate.
PEELING:
The detachment of paint from the surface in ribbons or sheets. Like flaking, it is the result of
loss of adhesion and film integrity. Peeling can be intercoat, or down to the substrate.
PENETRATING FINISH:
A coating that is absorbed into the substrate, rather than forming a film on its surface.
PERMEABLE:
Capable of allowing something (such as water vapor) to pass through without harm.
PETROLEUM DISTILLATE:
Liquid hydrocarbon solvents (such as mineral spirits) that are isolated or made from petroleum.
PIGMENT:
A powdery substance that is one of the basic components of a paint or caulk. It provides
whiteness or color, hiding power, and bulk.
POLYMER:
A plastic-like material produced from chemical "monomers" which in turn have been produced
from alcohols and petrochemicals. Certain polymers are used as latex paint and caulk binders.
The binder's polymer particles are small and carried in water. The binder polymer particles and
water mixture is known as an emulsion or as "latex."
POLYURETHANE VARNISH:
A clear coating that is based on a modified alkyd resin.
POLYVINYL ACETATE:
A binder most widely used in interior latex wall paints.

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PRESERVATIVE:
A substance used to prevent the growth of microorganisms in or on an organic base. An
example is an ingredient in latex paint used to prevent spoilage.
PRIMARY COLORS:
Colors that cannot be produced by mixing any two other colors. They are: red, yellow, and blue.
PRIMER:
The first complete coat of paint applied in a painting system. Many primers are designed to
provide adequate adhesion between the surface and subsequent topcoats. Most primers contain
some pigment, some lend uniformity to the topcoat, some inhibit corrosion of the substrate, and
some stop the discoloration of the topcoat.
PRIMER-SEALER:
A priming system that minimizes or prevents the penetration of the topcoat into the substrate.
PRINT RESISTANCE:
The capability of a coating to not retain pressed-in markings from an object placed on it.
PVA:
Polyvinyl acetate. A binder used in water-based paints. Same as vinyl acrylic.
PVC:
Pigment Volume Concentration. The ratio of the volume of pigment to the volume of total nonvolatile material (i.e. pigment and binder) present in a paint. The figure is usually expressed as
a percentage. Higher percentage figures (e.g., 40% - 75%) are associated with flat paints; and
lower figures (e.g., 10% - 25%) with gloss and semigloss paints. (PVC has a second meaning:
polyvinyl chloride, the major component of vinyl plastic.)
RE-COAT TIME:
Interval required between the application of successive coats of paint. This time period is usually
listed on the label.
REDUCER:
Material that lowers a paint's viscosity but is not necessarily a solvent. (See Diluent.)
REFLECTANCE:
The ratio of the light that radiates onto a surface to the amount that is reflected back.
RELATED COLORS:
Two colors that are next to each other on the color wheel.
RESIN:
A natural or synthetic material utilized as the binder for a paint or caulk. Term used generally for
oil-based or latex binders, as "alkyd resin" or "acrylic resin."
RUST:
The reddish, brittle oxide formed on iron or its alloys. It is a result of exposure to air and
humidity or chemicals.
SAG:
Narrow (or wide curtain-like) downward movement of a paint or varnish film; may be caused by
the application of too much coating, the collection of excess quantities of paint at irregularities in

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the surface (cracks, holes, etc.), or excessive material continuing to flow after the surrounding
surface has set. Also referred to as runs or tears.
SAND FINISH:
Rough finish plaster wall, or a paint that has been texturized with sand.
SANDING SEALER:
Especially hard first coat that can seal and fill, but will not obscure, the grain of the wood. The
surface is then sanded before subsequent coats are applied.
SAPONIFICATION:
A chemical decomposition of a paint's binder by alkali and moisture from a substrate (e.g., new
concrete or fresh plaster). Saponified paint may deteriorate, lose its adhesion, and become
discolored.
SCRUBBABILITY:
The ability of a coating to resist wearing away or changing its original appearance when rubbed
with a brush, sponge, or cloth and an abrasive soap.
SEALANT:
Often used as a synonym for "caulk." The word "sealant" usually means a compound that has
greater performance than a caulk, i.e., it can accommodate movement in a joint or crack.
SEALER:
A liquid coat that seals wood, plaster, etc., and prevents the surface from absorbing paint or
varnish. Sealers may be transparent, and can act as primers. Some sealers are designed to be
left uncoated.
SECONDARY COLORS:
Colors formed by mixing together two primary colors. They are: orange, green, and purple.
SELF-CLEANING:
Certain exterior paints that are designed to chalk relatively quickly to maintain a white, clean
appearance.
SEMIGLOSS FINISH:
A paint with a gloss level between high gloss and eggshell/satin.
SEMI-TRANSPARENT STAIN:
Stain that alters the natural color of the wood, yet allows the grain and texture to show through.
The term is generally applied to exterior products, but technically applies also to interior wiping
stains used for trim, furniture and floors.
SETTLING:
The sinking of pigments or other solid matter in a paint on standing in a container, with the
subsequent accumulation on the bottom of the container.
SHADE:
A shade is created when black is added to a color. It is a darker variant of a color.
SHEEN:
A moderately low degree of gloss; gloss with poor distinctness-of-image reflectance.
Characteristic where a coating appears to be flat when viewed near to the perpendicular, but
appears to be glossy when viewed from a low or grazing angle.

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SHELLAC:
Alcohol-soluble, clear to orange-colored resin derived from lac. (Lac is a substance secreted by
insects on tree branches, mainly in India.) Used as a sealer and clear finish for floors, for sealing
knots, and in "alcohol-based" primers. Thinner is denatured alcohol.
SILANE:
A silicone-like substance that is added to caulks and sealants to improve their adhesion to glass
and aluminum under wet conditions.
SILICA:
A pigment made from quartz sand that has been crushed or ground. A reinforcing filler for
paints; it imparts burnish resistance, sheen uniformity and good flatting.
SILICONE:
Compound used in the manufacture of binders that is characterized by outstanding heat
resistance, high water repellency, and chemical resistance. A key ingredient in some caulks and
sealants, and in the formulation of many effective defoamers for latex paints.
SILICONIZED ACRYLIC SEALANT:
Similar to an acrylic sealant, except it has a small amount of silane (hence, its name) added to
it, which enhances adhesion to glass and aluminum under wet conditions.
SINGLE-COLOR SCHEME:
Utilization of different values of a single color in a decorating scheme. Also called
monochromatic.
SIZE:
A liquid composition that prevents excessive absorption of paint or wallpaper adhesive into
plaster, wallboard, or a similar porous interior surface.
SKIN:
The film that forms on the surface of a stored paint or caulk. It is caused by exposure to air.
SOFTWOOD:
The group of trees (fir, pine, spruce, hemlock) characterized by its needles and being (for the
most part) evergreen. The term does not refer to the hardness of the wood.
SOLIDS:
Non-volatile matter in the composition of a coating or a caulk, i.e. the ingredients in a coating
that, after drying, constitute the dry film. Solids are composed mostly of pigment and binder.
SOLUBLE:
The ability of a material to be dissolved in a liquid. For example, sugar is soluble in water.
SOLVENT:
A usually volatile liquid in which a paint's film-forming particles are dissolved or dispersed.
SPACKLING COMPOUND:
A powder mixed with water or a ready-mix compound that is primarily used to fill large cracks in
walls. It dries hard and can be sanded and painted, but does not tolerate much movement in the
substrate.

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SPAR VARNISH:
Exterior varnish with good water resistance and the capability to resist weathering. Named for
its original use on the spars of ships.
SPATTER:
Droplets of paint that spin or mist off the roller as paint is being applied.
SPONGE PAINTING (SPONGING):
Interior painting technique in which natural sea sponges are used to apply or partially remove a
"glaze coat" of paint.
SPOT-PRIME:
To apply a primer to those areas where paint has been removed or stripped to the original
surface.
SPRAY:
Method of application in which the paint is broken up into a fine mist and directed to the surface
under pressure. Specific types of spray equipment are: aerosol, airless, and air assisted.
SPREAD RATE:
The volume of a coating that can cover a given area. The recommended spread rate is usually
indicated on the paint can, e.g., 450 sq. ft./gallon (11 m2/l). Spread rate depends on application
method and technique, porosity of the substrate, etc., as well as on the nature of the particular
coating.
STAIN:
A partly transparent coating that can color wood without obscuring the grain and/or the texture.
Also refers to materials that soil the surface of a coating.
STAIN BLEED-THROUGH:
When tannin found in certain types of wood (such as cedar or redwood) migrates through the
coating, causing discoloration. Also, discoloration from a contaminant on the substrate.
STAIN RESISTANCE:
The ability of a coating to resist soiling.
STENCILING:
A method of applying a design by brushing or sponging paint through a cutout overlay placed on
the surface.
STRIPPING:
Removing old paint, varnish, etc., by using paint remover, sandpaper, heat gun, or scraping
tools. Also, the removal of wallpaper.
STYRENE-BUTADIENE:
A synthetic latex similar to synthetic rubber. Used in certain types of latex paint.
SUBSTRATE:
Any surface to which a coating or sealant is applied.
SURFACTANT LEACHING:
Also called water-spotting and weeping. It is often a tan-colored, glossy residue that can form
on the surface when exterior latex paint is applied under conditions that are cool and damp, that

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result in slow dry of the paint. May not readily wash off, but generally will weather off within a
month's time.
SYNTHETIC:
Man-made, rather than occurring naturally.
TACK CLOTH:
A fabric impregnated with a tacky substance that is used to remove dust from a surface after
sanding or rubbing down, and prior to further painting. It should be stored in an airtight
container to preserve its tackiness.
TACKY:
The stage in the paint's drying process at which the film is sticky when lightly touched.
TALC:
Magnesium silicate; a white extender pigment used in paint. The base for talcum powder.
THINNER:
A liquid that, along with the binder, forms the paint's vehicle. The thinner evaporates after the
paint is applied. Water is the thinner used in latex paint, while turpentine, mineral spirits and
denatured alcohol are thinners associated with different solvent-based coatings; the liquid used
to thin the coating.
TINT:
A tint is created when white is added to a color. Also, to add colorant to a liquid paint.
TITANIUM DIOXIDE (TiO2):
An expensive, high opacity, bright white pigment that is used as a prime pigment in paints, both
latex- and solvent-based.
TOLUENE, TOLUOL:
An aromatic solvent used in the manufacture of some paints and lacquers; also used as a
"reducer," particularly in lacquers.
TONE:
A tone is created when gray is added to a color.
TOOTH:
In a dry paint film, a fine texture imparted either by a proportion of relatively coarse or abrasive
pigment, or by the abrasives used in sanding; this texture improves the burnish properties and
also provides a good base for the adhesion of a subsequent coat of paint.
TOPCOAT:
The coating intended to be the last coat applied in a coating system. Usually applied over a
primer, undercoater, or surfacer. Finish coat.
TOUCH UP:
Application of paint on small areas of painted surfaces to repair misses, mars, scratches and
places where the coating has deteriorated, in order to restore the finish.
TOXIC:
Harmful or poisonous.

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TRANSPARENT:
Having the property of allowing light to permeate without diffusion or scattering; clear.
TRIADIC COLOR SCHEME:
A color scheme using three colors that are equidistant on the color wheel.
TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE (TSP):
A cleaning compound based on an alkaline material. Because it contains phosphate, its use may
be controlled in certain geographical areas.
TUNG OIL:
A fast-drying oil obtained from the nut of the tung tree; also known as chinawood oil. Generally
used in fine wood finishing and in spar varnishes.
TURPENTINE:
A colorless, volatile oil distilled from pine. Used as a thinner and cleaning solvent in the past, it
has since been replaced by mineral spirits or white spirits.
ULTRAVIOLET ABSORBER:
A substance used in some exterior coating that absorbs UV radiation, and reduces or delays
damaging UV effects from sunshine to the coating or substrate.
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION (UV):
The portion of the radiant energy of the sun's spectrum that causes damage to coatings and
sealants and to the surface of unprotected wood.
ULTRAVIOLET RESISTANCE:
The ability of a coating or sealant to remain undamaged when subjected to UV radiation, as from
direct sunlight.
UNDERCOAT:
A coating, generally pigmented, that provides improved adhesion and/or maximized gloss and
uniformity of a finish coat when used on bare wood.
UNDERTONE:
A subtle or subdued color of limited intensity that lends character to the dominant color of a
coating.
URETHANE:
A type of binder used in coatings. Characterized by excellent flexibility and chemical resistance.
For more information, see URETHANE in the FAQ section.
URETHANE-MODIFIED ALKYD:
An alkyd that has been chemically modified for improved flexibility and chemical resistance. A
binder used in "polyurethane" varnishes.
U.S. GALLON:
A unit of volume equal to four liquid quarts, eight liquid pints, 231 cubic inches, or 3.785 liters.
A U.S. gallon of water weighs 8.33 pounds (3.78 kg).
VALUE:
The lightness or darkness of a color, i.e. light blue, medium blue and dark blue have different
values.

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VARNISH:
A liquid composition that is converted to a transparent solid film after being applied in a thin
layer.
VARNISH STAIN :
A varnish that has a transparent color added. It usually has less penetrating power than a true
stain.
VEGETABLE OIL :
Oil obtained from the seeds or nuts of vegetable growth. Some of these are "drying oils," such
as linseed, soya, tung and oiticica, which are used as binders for oil-based paints and varnishes.
VEHICLE:
The liquid portion of paint, in which the pigment is dispersed. The vehicle is composed of thinner
and binder.
VINYL:
A clear, synthetic resin used in some water-based paints, particularly interior flats, and some
caulks.
VISCOSITY:
The fluid thickness of a coating.
VOC:
Volatile Organic Compound. Any carbon compound that evaporates under standard test
conditions. Essentially, all paint and caulk solvents except water are classified as VOCs. Some
government agencies are limiting the amount of volatile organic compounds permitted in paint
because of concerns about environmental and health effects.
VOLATILE:
Easily evaporated; the easily evaporated components of any coating or caulk composition.
VOLUME SOLIDS :
The volume of the solid components (pigment plus binder) of a paint or caulk, divided by its
total volume, expressed as a percentage. High volume solids provide a thicker dry film, resulting
in improved hiding and high durability. A top quality oil-based paint will typically have volume
solids of 45% - 65%, while quality latex paints are generally in the 35% - 45% range. A top
quality acrylic sealant will have volume solids of 70% - 80%.
WASHABILITY:
Ease with which washing will remove dirt from the surface of the paint without causing damage.
WATER BLASTER:
Cleaning equipment that uses water under high pressure.
WATER REPELLENTS:
Exterior clear finishes that are specially formulated to cause water to bead up on the surface and
minimize penetration of water into the substrate.
WATER-BASED PAINT:
Paint made with acrylic, vinyl or other latex resin types, and thinned with water. It dries more
quickly than oil-based paint, has relatively low odor, some water vapor permeability, and cleans
up easily. The liquid component is predominantly water.

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WATER-REDUCIBLE:
Ability to be diluted with water or a water/cosolvent mixture.
WEATHER ETCH:
A method of improving the adhesion to a metal substrate by allowing it to weather naturally
before painting.
WEATHER RESISTANCE:
The ability of a coating or caulk to withstand the effects of wind, rain, sun and temperature
fluctuation, and retain its appearance and integrity.
WET ADHESION:
The ability of dry paint or caulk to adhere to the surface in spite of wet conditions. This is of
particular importance for exterior paints and caulks.
WET EDGE RETENTION:
The length of time a newly applied coating can stand, then be brushed or rolled again, without
showing lap marks.
WET FILM THICKNESS:
Thickness of a liquid film immediately after application, before it begins to dry.
WIPING STAIN:
A stain applied to bare wood, and the excess is wiped off before it dries. Mainly for interior use:
trim, furniture, floors.
WIRE-BRUSHING:
Cleaning a surface with a wire brush, or wire power brush.
WOOD FILLER:
Heavily pigmented product used to fill the grain of wood before undercoats or finishes are
applied. Used on open-grain hardwoods such as oak, ash, walnut and chestnut. Used for
furniture and trim.
XYLENE:
A strong aromatic solvent sometimes used as a component of paint remover and lacquer thinner.
Also called XYLOL..
YELLOW IRON OXIDE:
A generally durable earthtone yellow pigment that may be natural (mined) or synthetic .
ZINC OXIDE:
A white pigment used in primers to impart corrosion resistance and resistance to stain bleedthrough. Also used in exterior paints to inhibit mildew growth on the surface of the paint .

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