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P. Fonti
Foreword
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no. 195
Current transformers:
specification errors
and solutions
Paola FONTI
INPG engineer (Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble).
Graduated in 1970.
Joined Merlin Gerin in 1981 as consultant and head of the Medium
Voltage Export engineering and design department. She is currently
responsible for the MV project completion and tender support group
for Schneider Electric.
Lexicon
Current transformers:
specification errors and solutions
Contents
1 Specifying current transformers
properly
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Reminder of CTs
p. 4
p. 4
p. 7
p. 8
p. 9
p. 12
p. 15
p. 15
p. 16
p. 16
4 Conclusion
p. 17
5 Bibliography
p. 18
1.1 Introduction
Traditional current transformers (see Cahier
Technique no. 164) and hybrid current
transformers (see Cahier Technique no. 170)
form an essential link within the protection chain
of electrical networks.
Their specification, even if it is handled by
specialists, often includes errors and is
insufficiently optimised.
This often leads to technological impossibilities,
operating delays, extra costs, incorrect operation
of protections and can even jeopardize the
safety of installations and people.
Proper specification of CTs (see Cahier
Technique no. 194) requires sound knowledge of:
c the electrical installation diagram,
c the electrical data (voltage, nominal current,
short-circuit current, etc.),
c the associated protections,
Protection
Metering
2500/1 A
15 VA
5P
20
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d-1)
500/5 A
20 VA
cl 0.5
FS3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d-2)
I1
In
In
Vs
CT secondary: I 2 = I s + I m .
I1
In1
In2
I2
Is
Im
Lm Vs
Rct
Im
Rp
1 - Non-satured zone
2 - Intermediate zone
3 - Satured zone
10
= 0.4 , the calculation yields:
52
Pn
In2
I1
I2
In1
In2
Rct
Ie
Vs
Is = 15 In
Rp =
Pn
In2
2 Ir , i.e. k = 24.
r
In
Knowing that k r =
k n (Pi + Pn )
, where:
Pi + Pp
kr = real ALF
220.0
200.0
v kn = 20,
180.0
v CT internal losses at In = Pi
160.0
140.0
Pi = 0.5 VA
120.0
Pi = 2 VA
100.0
80.0
60.0
Pi = 5 VA
40.0
20.0
0.0
0
10
(Pn)
12
Pp (VA)
Functional CTs
Additional CT
300-600/1 A
5 VA-5P20
Sepam
Distance protection
300-600/1 A
15 VA-0.5
Metering
Metering
300-600/1 A
class X
Distance protection
Sepam
Delivered arrangement
Chosen solution
Fig. 6 : a 33 kV switchboard CT arrangement: the unsatisfactory diagram and the new solution proposed.
200/1
1000/1
Cl. X
200/1
200/1
1000/1
15 VA Cl. 0.5
1000/1
10 VA-5P20
200/1
15 VA Cl. 0.5
200/1
10 VA-5P20
1000/1
Cl. X
Rct
Rwiring
RO/C relay
Rct
Rwiring
RO/C relay
Rwiring
RO/C relay
Rct
Rh
Applications
Through Imax
Excess through
Comments
Imax
BB differential
protection
Switchboard Ith
Motor differential
protection
Motor starting I
7 In (motor)
otherwise
7 x In (CT)
Generator differential
protection
7 In (generator)
otherwise
7 x In (CT)
X = generator
subtransient reactance
as a %. If unknown, we
assume X % u 15
i.e. 100/15 = 6.67
(7 is taken by excess)
If Pa unknown, we
take
Psc = Pt
Pt = Pn (100 / Zsc)
Line differential
protection
Isc at 80 % of line
Switchboard Ith by
default
Switchboard Ith by
default
RL
RL
Fig. 10 : RL is given by the wiring between the CT and the relays located on the same side of the line.
830 x 100
5
x
(Rct +1.5)
25
1000
Vk = 33.2 Rct + 50
The difference is marked and shows the
importance of obtaining the right information and
of knowing the safety margins.
Length (m)
10
20
50
100
200
400
0.04
1
0.08
2
0.16
4
0.4
10
0.8
20
1.6
40
3.2
80
Fig. 11 : losses in wiring for a 2.5 mm2 cross-section (8 /km at 20 C). With 1 A, losses are 25 times less.
300/5
RL1
11 kV
Distance
500 m
RL3
5 MVA
Zsc = 8 %
Rr
87T
3.3 kV
1000/5
RL2
5 x 100
= 62.5 MVA) .
8
v Short-circuit power becomes:
current to: (Psct =
600 x 62.5
= 56.6 MVA .
600 + 62.5
v The through current at the secondary is:
- 11 kV side:
Psc =
I f1 =
56.6 x 106
5
x
= 49.5 A ,
300
11 3 x 103
- 3.3 kV side:
I f2 =
56.6 x 106
5
x
= 49.5 A ,
1000
3.3 3 x 103
5
5/ 3
4 I f1
Rsr + 3 RL3 + Rp
3
v Calculating main CTs
- 11 kV side: 300/5
)]
5
5 3
c Optimisation approach.
Let us examine the case of the 300/5 CT placed
in the 11 kV switchboard.
v First hypothesis
5
The matching CT
is the one proposed as
5/ 3
standard by the relay manufacturer. It is located
with the relay on the 3.3 kV side. Wiring is
2.5 mm2 throughout.
RL1 = 4
RL2 = 0.08
RL3 = 0.024
Rsr = 0.25 , secondary winding resistance of
the matching CT,
Rsp = 0.15 , primary winding resistance of the
matching CT,
Rp = 0.02 , relay resistance.
We find:
- Vka mini = 43.7 V (standard Vka= 58 V),
- Vkp1 mini = 198 Rct + 847
v Second hypothesis
The same as the first, except that RL1 wiring is in
10 mm2, hence RL1 = 1
The result is:
- Vkp1 mini = 198 Rct + 243
v Third hypothesis
The matching CT is on the 11 kV side as well as
the relay: RL1 = 0.08
- Vkp1 mini = 198 Rct + 61
v Fourth hypothesis
Same as the third hypothesis, except for the
matching CT which is not standard, but which is
imposed on the CT manufacturer where:
Rs i 0.1 ,
Rp i 0.1 ,
which results in:
- Vka mini = 26.5 V
- Vkp1 mini = 198 Rct + 41
Pn
Pn
Vs1 = Rct + 21 k1 In = Rct + 22 k 2 In
In
In
k2 =
Pn
= Rct + 2i k i In
In
(Pi + Pn1 )
(Pi + Pn2 )
k1 or k 2 =
k1
Pn2 =
k1
Pn1 + 1 - 1 Pi
k2
k2
or else:
Pn2 =
k
k1
Pn1 + 1 - 1 Rct In2
k2
k2
Pn
Vs1 = Rct + 21 k1 In
In
Pn2 =
Pn
Vs2 = Rct + 22 k 2 In
In
1.6 k 2
1.9 k
1 - 1 R I2
Pn1 +
ct n
1.6 k 2
But:
Vs1 =
1.9 k1
1.6
Vs2
1.9
c if Pn2 is imposed:
k2 =
2
1.9 (Rct In + Pn1 )
k1 or
k2 =
k1
Pn
Vs1 = Rct + 21 k In
In
Vk =
and Vk =
1.4
1.6
hence Vk =
Vs1
1.4
Pn
Rct + 2 k In
In
1.6
1.4
Vs
1.9 2
hence
Vk =
1.4
Pn
Rct + 2 k In
In
1.9
3.4 How to move from a class X (Vk, Rct) to a class 5P: Pn-5Pk
c Assuming that k is imposed, we shall obtain:
Pn =
1.6 Vk In
2
- Rct In
1.4 k
Vk In
1.6
2
1.4 Pn + Rct In
Note:
In this section, the induction levels: 1.4 - 1.6 - 1.9
are given as examples since they vary from one
manufacturer to another.
4 Conclusion
Bibliography
Standards
c IEC 60185: Current transformers Characteristics.
c IEC 60044-1: Instrument transformers - Part 1:
Current transformers (replaces the IEC 185).
c IEC 60044-8: Instrument transformers - Part 8:
Electronic current transformers.
c NF C 42-502: Measuring instruments. Current
transformers. Characteristics.
c BS 3938 (replace by BS 7626): Specification
for current transformers.
Schneider Electrics Cahiers Techniques
c Protection des machines et des rseaux
industriels HT.
P. ROCCIA, Cahier Technique no. 113.
c Current transformer for HV protection.
M. ORLHAC, Cahier Technique no. 164.
c Protection of industrial and tertiary MV
networks.
A. SASTRE, Cahier Technique no. 174.
c Directional protection equipment.
P. BERTRAND, Cahier Technique no. 181.
c Dynamic stability of industrial electrical
networks.
B. DE METZ NOBLAT and G. JEANJEAN,
Cahier Technique no. 185.
c Current transformers: How to specify them.
P. FONTI, Cahier Technique no. 194.
Various works
c Guide de lingnierie lectrique
ELECTRA - 07.86
c Protection des rseaux lectriques
Ch. PREVE - Ed. Hermes - 06.98
037597
Schneider Electric